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Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

Box containing 100 COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca doses
Vaccine description
Target	SARS-CoV-2
Vaccine type	Viral vector
Clinical data
Trade names	Vaxzevria, Covishield
Other names	AZD1222, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, ChAdOx1-S, COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine,
License data	EU EMA: by INN US DailyMed: AstraZeneca_COVID-19_Vaccine
Pregnancy category	AU: B2
Routes of administration	Intramuscular
ATC code	None
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: Schedule D; Authorized by interim order UK: Conditional and temporary authorisation to supply EU: Conditional marketing authorisation KR, BR – Approved IND, INA, BD, AG, SV, DOM, TU,MEX, NE, SL, SRB: Emergency Authorization only
Identifiers
CAS Number	2420395-83-9
DrugBank	DB15656
UNII	B5S3K2V0G8

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The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, codenamed AZD1222, and sold under the brand name Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca given by intramuscular injection, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1. One dosing regimen showed 90% efficacy in preventing contracting COVID-19 when a half-dose was followed by a full-dose after at least one month, based on mixed trials with no participants over 55 years of age, no individuals who were clinically obese and individuals who for the most part had no underlying condition. Another dosing regimen showed 62% efficacy when given as two full doses separated by at least one month.

The vaccine has a good safety profile; though more than 10% of recipients during clinical trials reported mild adverse effects including injection site pain, headache and nausea; all generally resolving within a few days. More rarely, anaphylaxis may occur (the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has 234 reports out of approximately 11.7 million vaccinations as of 7 March 2021).

On 30 December 2020, the vaccine was first approved for use in the UK's vaccination programme, and the first vaccination outside of a trial was administered on 4 January 2021. The vaccine has since been approved by several medicine agencies worldwide, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and has been approved for an Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the World Health Organization (WHO).

In March 2021, a number of countries paused use of the vaccine out of fears it may be implicated in cases of blood clotting observed in vaccine recipients. The EMA updated the vaccine information to inform patients about the remote possibility of such syndromes but confirmed that the vaccine is not associated with an increase in the overall risk of blood clots and that the vaccine's benefits still outweigh the risks. After the EMA's statement European countries resumed their AstraZeneca inoculations. In late March, Germany announced that it would only 'routinely' give the jab to those aged over 60. Younger patients may still be given the AstraZeneca vaccine, but only "at the discretion of doctors, and after individual risk analysis and thorough explanation". Canada and the Netherlands issued temporary pauses in the administration of the jab to those under 55 and 60, respectively, until a new analysis can be completed.

Vaccine platform

The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector, containing the full‐length codon‐optimised coding sequence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein along with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence.

The adenovirus is called replication-deficient because some of its essential genes were deleted and replaced by a gene coding for the spike protein. Following vaccination, the adenovirus vector enters the cells, releases its genes, those are transported to the cell nucleus, thereafter the cell's machinery does the transcription into mRNA and the translation into proteins.

The protein of interest is the spike protein, an external protein that enables the SARS-type coronavirus to enter cells through the enzymatic domain of ACE2. Producing it following vaccination will prompt the immune system to attack the coronavirus through antibodies and T-cells if it later infects the body.

History

The vaccine was co-invented by Oxford University's Jenner Institute, and Vaccitech, a University spin-off, financed by Oxford Sciences Innovation, Google Ventures, and Sequoia Capital, among others. The first batch of the COVID-19 vaccine produced for clinical testing was developed by Oxford University's Jenner Institute and the Oxford Vaccine Group in collaboration with Italian manufacturer Advent Srl located in Pomezia. The team is led by Sarah Gilbert, Adrian Hill, Andrew Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Sandy Douglas and Catherine Green.

2020 development

In February 2020, the Jenner Institute agreed a collaboration with the Italian company Advent Srl for the production of the a batch of 1,000 doses of a vaccine candidate for clinical trials.

In May 2020, after the Gates Foundation urged the University of Oxford to find a large company partner to get its COVID-19 vaccine to market, the university backed off from its earlier pledge to donate the rights to any drugmaker. The UK government encouraged the University of Oxford to work with AstraZeneca instead of Merck & Co., a US-based company. People at Oxford were reportedly concerned the vaccine would not be distributed worldwide. Government ministers also had concerns that a vaccine manufactured in the US would not be available in the UK, according to anonymous sources in The Wall Street Journal. Financial considerations at Oxford and spin-out companies may have also played a part.

An initially not-for-profit licencing agreement was signed between the University and AstraZeneca PLC, in May 2020, with one billion doses of potential supply secured. The UK reserving access to the initial 100 million doses, and the US 300 million, authority to perform Phase III trails in the US, and £68m of UK, and $1.2bn of US Government funding.

In June 2020, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed that the third phase of testing for potential vaccines developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca would begin in July 2020. The WHO organised, CEPI and Gavi financed, equitable access, COVAX program secured 300 million doses of the Vaccine candidate for distribution, for $750m.

Clinical trials

In July 2020, AstraZeneca partnered with IQVIA to speed up US clinical trials.

On 31 August 2020, AstraZeneca announced that it had begun enrolling adults for a US-funded, 30,000-subject late-stage study.

On 8 September 2020, AstraZeneca announced a global halt to the vaccine trial while a possible adverse reaction in a participant in the UK was investigated. On 13 September, AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford resumed clinical trials in the UK after regulators concluded it was safe to do so. AstraZeneca was criticised for vaccine safety after concerns from experts noting the company's refusal to provide details about serious neurological illnesses in two participants who received the experimental vaccine in the UK. While the trial resumed in the UK, Brazil, South Africa, Japan and India, it remained on pause in the US until 23 October 2020 while the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated a patient illness that triggered the clinical hold, according to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar.

Results of Phase III trial

On 23 November 2020, Oxford University and AstraZeneca announced interim results from the vaccine's ongoing Phase III trials. There was some criticism of the methods used in the report, which combined results of 62% and 90% from different groups of test subjects given different dosages to arrive at a 70% figure. AstraZeneca said it would carry out a further multi-country trial using the lower dose, which had led to a 90% claim.

The full publication of the interim results from four ongoing Phase III trials on 8 December 2020 clarified these reports. In the group who received the first dose of active vaccine more than 21 days earlier, there were no hospitalisations or severe disease, unlike those receiving the placebo. Serious adverse events were balanced across the active and control arms in the studies; that is, the active vaccine did not pose safety concerns. A case of transverse myelitis was reported 14 days after booster vaccination as being possibly related to vaccination, with an independent neurological committee considering the most likely diagnosis to be of an idiopathic, short-segment, spinal cord demyelination. The other two cases of transverse myelitis, one in the vaccine group and the other in the control group, were considered to be unrelated to vaccination.

A subsequent analysis, published on 19 February 2021, showed an efficacy of 76% 22 days after the first dose, increasing to 81.3% when the second dose is given 12 weeks or more after the first.

On 22 March 2021, AstraZeneca released interim results from its US Phase III trial that demonstrated statistically significant vaccine efficacy of 79% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and 100% efficacy at preventing severe disease and hospitalisation. On 23 March 2021, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) published a statement that those results may have relied on "outdated information" that may have provided an incomplete view of the efficacy data. AstraZeneca revised its efficacy claim to be 76%.

2021 development

In February 2021, Oxford–AstraZeneca indicated developments to adapt the vaccine to target new variants of the coronavirus, with the expectation that a modified vaccine would be available "in a few months" as a "booster jab". A key area of concern is whether the E484K mutation could affect the immune response and, possibly, the vaccine's effectiveness. The E484K mutation is present in the South African (B.1.351) and Brazilian (B.1.1.28) variants, with a small number of cases of the mutation also detected in infections by the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the UK/Kent (B.1.1.7) variant.

Scottish study

A study was carried out by universities across Scotland of the effectiveness of a first dose of Pfizer–BioNTech and Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admissions in Scotland, based on a national prospective cohort study of 5.4 million people. Between 8 December 2020 and 15 February 2021, 1,137,775 patients were vaccinated in the study, 490,000 of whom were given the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine. The first dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with a vaccine effect of 94% for COVID-19-related hospitalisation at 28–34 days post-vaccination. Results for both vaccines combined showed a vaccine effect for prevention of COVID-19-related hospitalisation, which was comparable when restricting the analysis to those aged ≥80 years (81%). The majority of the patients over the age of 65 were given the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine. As of 22 February 2021, the study had not been peer-reviewed.

Approvals

Authorization and eligibility by country

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.   Full authorization Brazil European Union   Emergency authorization Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Argentina Australia Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Botswana Canada Chile Colombia Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eswatini Ethiopia Gambia Georgia Ghana Guyana India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Kenya Kuwait Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Myanmar Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Rwanda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Korea Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Taiwan Thailand Togo Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom Vietnam World Health Organization (WHO)   Eligible COVAX recipient

On 27 November 2020, the UK government asked the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to assess the AZD1222 vaccine for temporary supply, and it was approved for use on 30 December 2020, as the second vaccine to enter the national rollout.

On 4 January 2021, Brian Pinker, 82, became the first person to receive the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) received an application for a conditional marketing authorisation (CMA) for the vaccine on 12 January 2021. A press release stated that a recommendation on this could be issued by the agency by 29 January, with the European Commission then making a decision on the CMA within days. The Hungarian regulator unilaterally approved the vaccine instead of waiting for EMA approval.

On 29 January 2021, the EMA recommended granting a conditional marketing authorisation for AZD1222 for people 18 years of age and older, and the recommendation was accepted by the European Commission the same day.

On 30 January 2021, the Vietnamese Ministry of Health approved the AstraZeneca vaccine for domestic inoculation, the first to be approved in Vietnam.

The vaccine has also been approved by Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan regulatory authorities for emergency usage in their respective countries.

On 7 February 2021, the vaccine rollout in South Africa was suspended. Researchers from the University of the Witwatersrand said in a prior-to-peer analysis that the AstraZeneca vaccine provided minimal protection against mild or moderate disease infection among young people. The BBC reported on 8 February 2021 that Katherine O'Brien, director of immunisation at the WHO, indicated she felt it was "really plausible" the AstraZeneca vaccine could have a "meaningful impact" on the South African variant, particularly in preventing serious illness and death. The same report also indicated the Deputy Chief Medical Officer for England Jonathan Van-Tam said the Witwatersrand study did not change his opinion that the AstraZeneca vaccine was "rather likely" to have an effect on severe disease from the South African variant.

On 10 February 2021, South Korea granted its first approval of a COVID-19 vaccine to AstraZeneca, allowing the two-shot regimen to be administered to all adults, including the elderly. The approval came with a warning, however, that consideration is needed when administering the vaccine to individuals over 65 years of age due to limited data from that demographic in clinical trials.

On 10 February 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued interim guidance and recommended the AstraZeneca vaccine for all adults, its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts also having considered use where variants were present and concluded there was no need not to recommend it.

On 16 February 2021, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) granted provisional approval for COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca.

On 26 February 2021, the vaccine was authorized with terms and conditions by Health Canada.

Suspensions

On 3 March 2021, Austria suspended the use of a batch of the vaccine after two persons suffered blood clot–related complications after vaccination, resulting in one death. In total, four cases of blood clots have been identified in the same batch of 1 million doses. Although no causal link with vaccination had yet been established, several other countries, including Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Bulgaria, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Slovenia also halted the vaccine rollout while waiting for the EMA to finish a safety review. Indonesia is also halting their vaccine rollout while awaiting more safety reviews from the World Health Organization.

On 11 March 2021, the EMA stated that there was no indication that vaccination had caused blood clots, which are not listed as side effects of the vaccine. According to the EMA, the number of thromboembolic events in vaccinated people is no higher than that seen in the general population. As of 11 March 2021, 30 cases of thromboembolic events had been reported among the almost 5 million people vaccinated in the European Economic Area. The UK's MHRA also stated that after more than 11 million doses administered, it had not been confirmed that the reported blood clots were caused by the vaccine and that vaccinations would not be stopped. On 12 March 2021 the WHO stated that a causal relationship had not been shown and that vaccinations should continue.

On 14 March 2021, AstraZeneca confirmed that after over 17 million people have been vaccinated in the European Union and UK there has been no evidence of an increased risk of blood clots in any particular country. The company reported that as of 8 March 2021, across the EU and UK, there have been 15 events of deep vein thrombosis and 22 events of pulmonary embolism reported among those given the vaccine, which is much lower than would be expected to occur naturally in a general population of that size.

On 15 March 2021, the German Paul-Ehrlich Institute (PEI) reported that out of 1.6 million vaccinations, seven cases of cerebral vein thrombosis in conjunction with a deficiency of blood platelets had occurred. According to the PEI, the number of cases of cerebral vein thrombosis after vaccination was statistically significantly higher than the number that would occur in the general population during a similar time period. These reports prompted the PEI to recommended a temporary suspension of vaccinations until the EMA has completed their review of the cases.

On 17 March 2021, the World Health Organization issued a statement on AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine safety signals saying that it considered the benefits of the vaccine outweighed its risks and recommended that vaccinations continue.

On 18 March 2021, the EMA announced that out of the around 20 million people who had received the vaccine, general blood clotting rates were normal, but that it had identified seven cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and eighteen cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. A causal link with the vaccine had not been proven, but the EMA decided to conduct further analysis and to inform patients of the remote possibility of such rare syndromes. The EMA confirmed that the vaccine's benefits still outweigh the risks. According to the EMA, 100,000 cases of blood clots occur naturally each month in the EU, and the risk of blood clots was not statistically higher in the vaccinated population. The EMA noted that COVID-19 itself causes an increased risk of the development of blood clots, and as such the vaccine would lower the risk of the formation of blood clots even if the 15 cases' causal link were to be confirmed. Italy resumed vaccinations after the EMA's statement, with most of the remaining European countries following suit and resuming their AstraZeneca inoculations shortly thereafter. To reassure the public of the vaccine's safety, the British and French Prime Ministers, Boris Johnson and Jean Castex, had themselves vaccinated live before the media with it shortly after the restart of the AstraZeneca vaccination campaigns in the EU.

On 25 March 2021, the EMA released updated product information.

On 29 March 2021, the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island (PEI) announced that they would suspend use of the vaccine for patients below the age of 55, in order to allow a "detailed assessment of the benefits and risk of the vaccine by age and gender in the Canadian context". Quebec and Manitoba made similar announcements.

On 30 March 2021, the German Ministry of Health announced that the vaccine should not be applied to people of age 60 and below.

Safety profile

As of 7 March 2021, the MHRA said that over 11.7 million Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccinations had been given. More than 10% of recipients in the clinical trials experienced adverse effects, mostly mild in nature, including "injection site tenderness, injection-site pain, headache, fatigue, myalgia, malaise, pyrexia, chills, arthralgia, and nausea". 234 cases of anaphylaxis were reported. Across all COVID-19 vaccine types, incidences of Bell's palsy in vaccine recipients were no higher than would be expected naturally. 534 people (237 Pfizer–BioNTech, 289 Oxford University–AstraZeneca, 8 other vaccines), mostly the elderly or infirm, died shortly after vaccination, but this figure was consistent with an expected coincidental death rate, with no suggestion of a causal link.

On 25 March 2021 the EMA issued a direct healthcare professional communication (DHPC) indicating that while the benefits of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccination far outweighed the risks despite a possible link to very rare blood clots with low blood platelets and advising healthcare professionals to be alert to the signs and symptoms of thromboembolism and thrombocytopenia.

Production and supply

The vaccine is stable at refrigerator temperatures and costs around US$3 to US$4 per dose. On 17 December 2020, a tweet by the Belgian Budget State Secretary revealed that the European Union (EU) would pay €1.78 (US$2.16) per dose, the New York Times suggesting the lower price might relate to factors including investment in vaccine production infrastructure by the EU.

As of March 2021 the vaccine active substance is being produced at several sites worldwide, with AstraZeneca claiming to have established 25 sites in 15 countries. The UK sites are Oxford and Keele with bottling and finishing in Wrexham. Other sites include the Serum Institute of India at Pune. The Halix site at Leiden was approved by the EMA on 26 March 2021, joining three other sites approved by the EU.

According to AstraZeneca's vice-president for operations and IT, Pam Cheng, the company would have around 200 million doses ready worldwide by the end of 2020, and capacity to produce 100 million to 200 million doses per month once production is ramped up.

Branding

The vaccine in manufactured under the name Covishield by the Serum Institute of India. The name of the vaccine was changed to Vaxzevria in the European Union on 25 March 2021. Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca COVID‐19 Vaccine, and COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca are manufactured by AstraZeneca.

Supply timeline

On May 17, 2020 AstraZeneca agreed to supply the UK, with first 100 million doses, if the phase III trials proved successful, a supply deal was signed at the end of August.

On May 21, 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 300 million doses to the USA for US$1.2 billion, implying a cost of US$4 per dose. An AstraZeneca spokesman said the funding also covers development and clinical testing. It also reached a technology transfer agreement with the Mexican and Argentinean governments and agreed to produce at least 400 million doses to be distributed throughout Latin America. The active ingredients would be produced in Argentina and sent to Mexico to be completed for distribution.

In June 2020, further to AstraZeneca and Emergent BioSolutions signed a US$87 milliondeal to manufacture doses of the vaccine specifically for the US market. The deal was part of the Trump administration's Operation Warp Speed initiative to develop and rapidly scale production of targeted vaccines before the end of 2020. Catalent will be responsible for the finishing and packaging process.

On 4 June 2020, the WHO's COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access) facility made initial purchases of 300 million doses from the company for low- to middle-income countries. Also, AstraZeneca and Serum Institute of India reached a licensing agreement to supply 1 billion doses of the Oxford University vaccine to middle- and low-income countries, including India.

In June 2020, AstraZeneca signed a supply agreement with Egypt.

On 8 Aug 2020, AstraZeneca and Japan concluded and agreement for 120 million doses.

On 19 Aug 2020, AstraZeneca and Australia concluded an agreement for 25 million doses.

On 27 Aug 2020, AstraZeneca concluded an agreement with the EU, to supply up to 400 million doses to all EU and select EEA member states. The European Commission took over negotiations started by the Inclusive Vaccines Alliance, a group made up of France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, in June 2020.

In September 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 20 million doses to Canada.

On 29 September 2020, a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation allowed COVAX to secure an additional 100 million COVID-19 vaccine doses from AstraZeneca or Novavax at US$3 per dose.

In October 2020, Switzerland signed an agreement with AstraZeneca to pre-order up to 5.3 million doses.

On 5 November 2020, a tripartite agreement was signed between the government of Bangladesh, the Serum Institute of India and Beximco Pharma of Bangladesh. Under the agreement Bangladesh ordered 30 million doses of Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine from Serum through Beximco for $4 per shot.

In November 2020, Thailand ordered 26 million doses of vaccine from AstraZeneca. It would cover 13 million people, approximately 20% of the population, with the first lot expected to be delivered at the end of May. The public health minister indicated the price paid was $5 per dose; AstraZeneca (Thailand) explained in January 2021 after a controversy that the price each country paid depended on production cost and differences in supply chain, including manufacturing capacity, labour and raw material costs. In January 2021, the Thai cabinet approved further talks on ordering another 35 million doses, and the Thai FDA approved the vaccine for emergency use for 1 year. Siam Bioscience, a company owned by Vajiralongkorn, will receive technological transfer and has the capacity to manufacture up to 200 million doses a year for export to ASEAN.

Also in November, the Philippines agreed to buy 2.6 million doses, reportedly worth around ₱700 million (approximately $5.60 per dose).

In December 2020, South Korea signed a contract with AstraZeneca to secure 20 million doses of its vaccine, reportedly worth equivalently to those signed by Thailand and the Philippines, with the first shipment expected as early as January 2021. As of January 2021, the vaccine remains under review by the South Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. AstraZeneca signed a deal with South Korea's SK Bioscience to manufacture its vaccine products. The collaboration calls for the SK affiliate to manufacture AZD1222 for local and global markets.

On 7 January 2021, the South African government announced that they had secured an initial 1 million doses from the Serum Institute of India, to be followed by another 500,000 doses in February, however the South African government subsequently cancelled the use of the vaccine, selling its supply to other African countries, and switched its vaccination program to use the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine.

Myanmar signed a contract with Serum Institute of India to secure 30 million doses of its vaccine in December 2020. Myanmar will get doses for 15 million people from February 2021.

On 22 January 2021, AstraZeneca announced that in the event the European Union approved the COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, initial supplies would be lower than expected due to production issues at Novasep in Belgium. Only 31 million of the previously predicted 80 million doses would be delivered to the EU by March 2021. In an interview with Italian newspaper La Repubblica, AstraZeneca's CEO Pascal Soriot said the delivery schedule for the doses in the EU was two months behind schedule. He mentioned low yield from cell cultures at one large-scale European site. Analysis published in The Guardian also identified an apparently low yield from bioreactors in the Belgium plant and noted the difficulties in setting up this form of process, with variable yields often occurring. As a result, the EU imposed export controls on vaccine doses; controversy erupted as to whether doses were being diverted to the UK and whether deliveries to Northern Ireland would be disrupted.

On 24 February 2021, a shipment of the vaccine to Accra, Ghana, via COVAX made it the first country in Africa to receive vaccines via the initiative.

New variant efficacy

A study by researchers from the COVID-19 Genomics United Kingdom Consortium, the AMPHEUS Project, and the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Group indicated the AZD1222 vaccine showed reduced neutralization activity against the Lineage B.1.1.7 (also known as UK or Kent) Covid-19 variant, while individuals infected symptomatically typically had shorter duration of symptoms and less viral load thereby reducing the risk of transmission.

Reception

The Oxford University and AstraZeneca collaboration was initially seen as having great potential as a safe, effective and cheap vaccine with initial contracts on a "not-for-profit" basis. In the event in 2021 AstraZenica has encountered difficulties with regulators, politicians, supplies, and safety concerns in 2021 which has led to some countries to suspending or restricting AZD1222 vaccinations despite the overall view the vaccine is effective and safe.

Notes

1. The EU authorization covers all European Union member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden) and also Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein

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External links

• Media related to AZD1222 at Wikimedia Commons
• "Medical Information site for COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca". AstraZeneca.
• "Vaccines: contract between European Commission and AstraZeneca now published". European Commission.
• "How the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Works". The New York Times.
• Background document on the AZD1222 vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca. World Health Organization (WHO) (Report).
• Australian Public Assessment Report for ChAdOx1-S (PDF) (Report).

• Medicine
• Viruses
• COVID-19

• Drugs not assigned an ATC code
• Adenoviridae
• Clinical trials
• COVID-19 vaccines
• Medical responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Products introduced in 2020
• AstraZeneca brands
• Vaccine controversies