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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin {{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Zauberflöte
| name = Lockheed C-130 Hercules in Australian service
|image = File:RAAF Hercules CBR Gilbert-1.jpg | width = ]
⚫ | partof =
|caption = One of the RAAF's C-130H Hercules in 2004
⚫ | image =
| alt = Colour photo of a four-engined aircraft painted in a camouflage pattern
| image_size =
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = ] | alt =
| caption =
|manufacturer = ] and ]
| date = 16–18 May 1942
|designer = <!--Only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders-->
| place = ]
|primary user = ] and ]
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
|produced =
|number built = | map_type =
| map_relief =
|program cost = <!--Total program cost-->
| map_size =
|unit cost = <!--Incremental or flyaway cost for military or retail price for commercial aircraft-->
| map_marksize =
|developed from =
| map_caption =
}}{{Infobox aircraft career
|sole example of type?= N | map_label =
|military serial = | territory =
|in service = 1958–current | result = German victory
⚫ | status =
⚫ }}|}
| combatants_header =
The ] (RAAF) has operated a total of 48 ] transport aircraft. The type entered Australian service in 1958, when ] accepted the first of twelve C-130As, replacing its venerable ]. The acquisition made Australia the first operator of the Hercules after the United States. In 1966 the C-130As were joined by twelve C-130Es, which equipped ]. The C-130As were replaced by twelve C-130Hs in 1978, and the C-130Es by twelve ] in 1999. The C-130Hs were retired in 2012, leaving the C-130J as the only model in Australian service. The RAAF's first ], the Hercules became synonymous with disaster relief in Australia and the Pacific region, as well as overseas peacekeeping efforts.
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany|1935}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| commander1 =
| commander2 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} ]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = 1 heavy cruiser<br>2 destroyers<br>2 torpedo boats
| strength2 = 54 aircraft
| casualties1 = 3 aircraft
| casualties2 = 9 aircraft
⚫ | notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Norwegian Campaigns (1941 - 1945)}}
⚫ }}
'''Operation Zauberflöte''' was conducted by the German military during ] to return the damaged ] ] from Norway to Germany. ''Prinz Eugen'' departed ] in Norway on 16 May 1942 escorted by two ]s and two ]s. ] aircraft made two unsuccessful attacks against the German force on 17 May. Nine Allied aircraft and three German aircraft were shot down. ''Prinz Eugen'' reached Germany without having incurred further damage on 18 May.


==Acquisition== ==Background==
At the end of World War II, the RAAF's prime transport aircraft was the twin-engined ]. In 1946, C-47 operations were concentrated under ] and its three flying squadrons, ], ], and ], based initially at ], New South Wales.<ref name="Parnell">Parnell; Lynch, ''Australian Air Force Since 1911'', p. 165</ref><ref name="Roylance">Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond'', pp. 92–93</ref> Despite the robustness and versatility of the Dakota, by the early 1950s the Air Force was looking for a replacement with greater cargo capacity and longer range, which would better facilitate the deployment and supply of Australian forces.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 43, 416</ref> In 1954, the RAAF embarked on a major re-equipment drive, following a shift in defence funding that favoured the Air Force. The ] ], Air Vice Marshal ], led a mission overseas to examine potential new fighter, bomber, transport and training aircraft.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 38–39</ref> Among the mission's proposals was to acquire ] transports to replace the Dakota.<ref name="Solo416">Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 416–18</ref>


==Operation==
The Hercules represented a quantum leap over the C-47 in payload, range, speed and maneuverability, as well as offering cabin pressurisation, short-takeoff-and-landing capability, and bulk loading and despatch via its rear cargo door. The Australian Government expressed concern over the price, at one stage proposing the purchase of only three aircraft, but eventually the Air Force won approval for the twelve that it wanted. Described by the official history of the post-war RAAF as second only to the ] as the "most significant" acquisition by the Air Force, the Hercules gave the Australian military its first ] capability, which in years to come would provide a "lifeline" for deployments to ], ], and other parts of South East Asia.<ref name="Solo416"/> Australia was the first country other than the United States to operate the Hercules.<ref name="Roylance97">Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond'', pp. 97–98</ref>


==Aftermath==
RAAF crews began training on the Hercules in the middle of 1958 at ] in ], Tennessee. Much of the training took place on a simulator, augmented by approximately fifty hours flying time in the actual aircraft.<ref name="Solo416"/> To cope with the requirements of Hercules crewing, the mustering of flight engineer, absent from the RAAF since World War II, was reinstated. A new mustering, that of loadmaster, was also instituted; crewmen performing similar duties on Dakotas had done so on an ad hoc rather than a permanent basis, without a distinct airman category having been formalised.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 165–166</ref> The Hercules' twenty-tonne freight capacity—compared to three-and-a-half tonnes in a Dakota—and its various systems for delivering cargo, necessitated a specialist crew member to make weight-and-balance calculations and oversee loading and despatch.<ref name="Solo416"/>

A further twelve C-130s were purchased in 1965. At this time the C-130As were being used to supply the Australian forces engaged in the ]. This task demonstrated that the RAAF had insufficient long-ranged transport aircraft to simultaneously support overseas deployments and meet the force's domestic requirements in Australia. As a result, twelve C-130E Hercules were ordered in February 1965, and these aircraft were delivered between August 1966 and January 1967.<ref>Wilson, ''Military Aircraft of Australia'', pp. 134–135</ref> In contrast to the concerns raised by the Government over the cost of purchasing the C-130As, this expansion of the Hercules force gained ready agreement, due in no small part to the benefits for the armed services, particularly the Army, demonstrated by the first twelve aircraft.<ref name="Solo418"/> The long-serving C-130As were replaced by new Hercules in the late 1970s; twelve C-130Hs were ordered in June 1976, and deliveries took place between July and October 1978.<ref>Wilson, ''Military Aircraft of Australia'', p. 135</ref>

The Australian Government ordered twelve C-130J Hercules in December 1995 and deliveries began during 1999. The RAAF was the first operator of this C-130 variant, which was larger than earlier models and had two fewer crew members.<ref name="Herculean_research">{{cite journal|title=Herculean research effort for a key Defence aircraft|journal=Defence Science Australia|date=December 2011|volume=2|issue=4|pages=pp. 2-3|issn=1838-0093|url=http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/attachments/DSA-Dec2011.pdf}}</ref> These aircraft initially suffered from a range of serious mechanical and software problems, and were assessed as "experiencing significant operational shortfalls" in a 2002 ] report.<ref>Australian National Audit Office, ''Test and Evaluation of Major Defence Equipment Acquisitions'', pp. 95–97</ref> The ] undertook considerable research into the C-130J design and developed improvements to the aircraft that addressed problems with excessive vibration.<ref name=Herculean_research /> The 2009 Defence white paper '']'' called for the acquisition of an additional two C-130Js to partially replace the H variants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Upgrade for RAAF C-130Js approved, but no sign of extra Js|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2010/02/upgrade-for-raaf-c-130js-approved-but-no-sign-of-extra-js/|accessdate=on 12 April 2013|newspaper=Australian Aviation|date=25 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What the White Paper Means for the Royal Australian Air Force|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/mr/10_AirForceOverview.pdf|work=Press release|publisher=The Hon. Joel Fitzgibbon MP Minister for Defence|accessdate=on 12 April 2013|date=2 May 2009}}</ref> This purchase did not go ahead, with the Government ordering a fifth ] instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fifth RAAF C-17 flies|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2011/08/fifth-raaf-c-17-flies/|accessdate=on 12 April 2013|newspaper=Australian Aviation|date=29 August 2011}}</ref>

==Operational service==
]
The RAAF's C-130As were picked up by their newly converted Australian pilots from the ] factory at ], Georgia, and ferried to Australia between December 1958 and March 1959.<ref name="Solo418">Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 418–420</ref><ref name="C-130">{{cite web |url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A97.htm |title= Lockheed Hercules |publisher=RAAF Museum |accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref> No.&nbsp;36 Squadron, located at ], New South Wales, became the first unit to operate the new aircraft.<ref name="Roylance97"/> Almost immediately they established regular courier services within Australia and to ] in ].<ref name="Solo418"/> Crew training was rigorous, and from mid-1960 involved the use of a simulator. Only seasoned transport pilots flew the Hercules in its early years of service, generally having undertaken a tour of duty with No. 38 Squadron's Dakotas.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 419–420</ref> The official history of the post-war Air Force described the Hercules as "probably the biggest step-up in aircraft capabilities" the RAAF had ever received, considering it roughly four times as effective as the Dakota, taking into account the improvements in payload, range, and speed.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', p. 417</ref> When ] and its two squadrons of ]s deployed to Butterworth between October 1958 and February 1959, seven Dakotas were required to ferry the staff and equipment of ] from Australia to Malaya, compared to two Hercules for ].<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 259–260</ref> The Hercules were serviced by No. 486 Maintenance Squadron, while deeper maintenance and upgrades were carried out by ], both units being based at Richmond.<ref name="Roylance97"/><ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', p. 178</ref> The availability of spare parts from the US caused problems early on, resulting in one C-130A remaining grounded for almost a year.<ref name="Roylance97"/>

], Philippines, November 1981]]
RAAF forces based at ], Thailand, under ] arrangements from May 1962—consisting primarily of eight Sabres of ]—were supplied by a regular Hercules service.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 272–275</ref> In December that year, the Hercules made their first troop-carrying flights into a combat zone, when one of No.&nbsp;36 Squadron's C-130s joined a Commonwealth airlift from Singapore to Borneo at the commencement of the ] between Indonesia and Malaysia; similar missions would be undertaken for a further five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=RAAF C-130 at start of Confrontation|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=168|publisher=Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 6 April 2013}}</ref> In 1964, the first two ] fighters to be assembled in Australia were flown in pieces from France to the ] at ], Victoria, by RAAF Hercules.<ref>Susans, ''The RAAF Mirage Story'', pp. 29–30</ref> The same year, following the entry into Australian service of the ] with No. 38 Squadron, No.&nbsp;486 Squadron was disbanded and its equipment and staff divided between Nos.&nbsp;36 and 38 Squadrons.<ref name="Solo424">Stephens, ''Going Solo'', pp. 424–425</ref> The RAAF's force of twelve C-130A Hercules was augmented by twelve C-130Es commencing in February 1966. No.&nbsp;37 Squadron, disbanded in 1948, was re-formed at Richmond to operate the new models. No.&nbsp;486 Squadron was also re-formed to provide maintenance for both Hercules squadrons.<ref name="Solo424"/><ref name="Roylance">Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond'', pp. 92–93</ref> No.&nbsp;36 Squadron's tasking was mainly domestic and tactical in nature, and No.&nbsp;37 Squadron's overseas and strategic, owing to the longer range of its C-130Es.<ref name="Solo424"/> During the late 1960s, forty-two per cent of Hercules flying hours was in support of Australian Army operations.<ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', p. 320</ref> The C-130s, initially the A models and later the E models, undertook long-range missions in support of Australian forces in Vietnam including aero-medical evacuations conveying wounded soldiers back to Australia, generally via Butterworth.<ref name="Roylance pp. 100–103">Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond'', pp. 100–103</ref><ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', p. 306</ref> On 5&nbsp;February 1967, one of No. 37 Squadron's Hercules was the first Australian strategic transport aircraft to land at ].<ref name="Air Force News">{{cite journal | last = Hamilton | first = Eamon | title = Dawn of a new era | journal = Air Force News, Vol. 48, No. 22 | date = 30 November 2006 | url = http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4822/topstories/story01.htm|accessdate=on 28 March 2013}}</ref> In May 1967, three Hercules of No.&nbsp;37 Squadron supported Operation Fast Caravan, the deployment of twenty-three Mirages of ] to Butterworth.<ref>Susans, ''The RAAF Mirage Story'', pp. 64–66</ref><ref>Stephens, ''Going Solo'', p. 267</ref>

]
No.&nbsp;37 Squadron transported forces out of Vietnam following the Australian withdrawal from the conflict in December 1972.<ref name="Air Force News"/> Hercules also evacuated Australian embassy personnel from ], South Vietnam, and ], Cambodia, following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975.<ref name="Roylance pp. 100–103"/><ref>Stephens, ''The Royal Australian Air Force'', p. 274</ref> As well as participating in military exercises and overseas peacekeeping commitments, the Hercules became well known in the Southern Pacific after being called on for relief following many natural disasters including tidal waves in New Guinea, cyclones in the ] and ], and fires and floods in Australia.<ref>Stephens, ''The Royal Australian Air Force'', p. 311</ref> It played a significant part in the evacuation of civilians following ] in 1974–75; a No.&nbsp;37 Squadron C-130E was the first aircraft to touch down in ] following the disaster. The Hercules was also employed for search-and-rescue work, exploiting its twelve-hour endurance and ability to drop survival equipment over land or sea.<ref name="Roylance pp. 100–103"/> Having remained in service for twenty years and clocked up 147,000 accident-free flying hours, No.&nbsp;36 Squadron's C-130As were replaced in 1978 by C-130H models.<ref name="Roylance97"/><ref name="C-130"/> That November, a C-130H became the first Australian Hecules to land in Antarctica, at ].<ref name="Royalnce105">Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond, p. 105</ref> In January–February 1979, two No.&nbsp;37 Squadron C-130Es evacuated Australian and other foreign embassy staff from ], shortly before the collapse of royal rule during the ].<ref>{{cite journal |title = RAAF Evacuation of Australians from Iran, 1979 | journal = Pathfinder, Issue 64| date = April 2007| url = http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/List/41/Pathfinder.aspx?page=5}}</ref> On 5 April 1983, 23 of the RAAF's Hercules performed a formation flight over Sydney; the remaining aircraft was to have participated in this flight but was diverted to conduct a search and rescue task.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maximum effort by Hercules|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=96|publisher=Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 13 April 2013}}</ref> In 1986, No. 37 Squadron transported the ]s during ]'s tour of Australia; its other unusual cargoes included kangaroos and sheep to Malaysia, and archaeological exhibits from China.<ref name="Roylance pp. 100–103"/>

<!--]-->
]
In February 1987, Nos.&nbsp;36 and 37 Squadrons joined ] (flying ] tanker/transports) as part of a reformed No.&nbsp;86 Wing under the newly established ].<ref>Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond'', pp. 107–108, 116–117</ref> In May that year four C-130s flew a rifle company of the ] from ] to ] during ], the ] response to the first of the ]; the soldiers were subsequently embarked onto ] (RAN) warships by helicopter.<ref>Breen, ''Struggling for Self Reliance'', pp. 38–40</ref> In 1988 No.&nbsp;37 Squadron's Hercules achieved 200,000 accident-free flying hours.<ref name="Roylance pp. 100–103"/> No.&nbsp;36 Squadron achieved 100,000 accident-free flying hours on the C-130H in 1990.<ref name="Royalnce105"/> Along with 707s, the Hercules were employed by the Federal Government to provide air transport during the ] that curtailed operations by the two domestic airlines in 1989.<ref>Roylance, ''Air Base Richmond, pp. 110–111</ref> Following the Iraqi ] in August 1990, No. 86 Wing prepared to deploy five C-130s to the Middle East to evacuate 3,000 Australian citizens from Saudi Arabia in the event that Iraq also attacked that country; potential operations to fly about 95 Australians and New Zealanders directly out of Iraq and Kuwait were also planned, but would have only been conducted as a last resort due to the great dangers involved. These evacuation flights were not required as Iraq did not invade Saudi Arabia, and the Australians in Iraq departed by road.<ref>Horner, ''Australia and the 'New World Order{{'}}'', pp. 330–331</ref> A proposal to deploy some of the Hercules as part of the Australia's ] was also rejected in late 1990 as they had to be held in reserve in case fighting on the Pacific island of ] worsened and required an evacuation operation.<ref>Horner, ''Australia and the 'New World Order{{'}}'', p. 383</ref> After hostilities broke out in January 1991, two C-130s were dispatched to the ] in the Indian Ocean where they were held at readiness to deploy to Saudi Arabia in case Australian citizens had to be evacuated; these aircraft moved to Singapore on the 29th of the month, and returned to Australia in early February.<ref>Horner, ''Australia and the 'New World Order{{'}}'', p. 452</ref> Other Hercules flew supplies for the RAN warships in the region from Australia to ] from January 1991, and also transported a naval ] to Muscat late in the month.<ref>Horner, ''Australia and the 'New World Order{{'}}'', pp. 449, 460</ref>

] The RAAF's Hercules fleet supported several other Australian military deployments during the 1990s and 2000s. In 1993, C-130s transported Australian troops to and from Somalia as part of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=131 |title=Advance party headed for Somalia|publisher= Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=450|title=Airlift returned Army battalion from Somalia|publisher=Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref> In late July the next year two C-130Hs flew water purifying equipment and medical supplies into Rwanda to assist the survivors of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=588|title=Emergency relief delivered to Rwanda|publisher=Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 3 April 2013}}</ref> Six Hercules evacuated over 450 civilians from Cambodia following the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=211|title= Cambodian coup prompted airlift|publisher= Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref> No.&nbsp;37 Squadron re-equipped with new-model C-130J Hercules in 1999.<ref name="C-130">{{cite web |url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A97.htm |title= Lockheed Hercules |publisher=RAAF Museum |accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref> At the end of 1999 No. 86 Wing ceased flying the regularly scheduled intra-Australia C-130 flights which had begun in May 1959; while these flight had been one of the main tasks assigned to the Hercules force since the type's introduction, the reduction in commercial airfares during the late 1990s rendered them unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web|title=RAAF begin regular courier flights|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=667|publisher=Air Power Development Centre|accessdate=on 13 April 2013}}</ref> A detachment of Hercules from Nos.&nbsp;36 and 37 Squadrons supported ] operations in ] between September 1999 and February 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/units/east_timor/raaf/|title=RAAF units in East Timor|publisher=Australian War Memorial |accessdate=on 30 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="38Sqn">{{cite web |url=http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/units/38sqn.htm |title= No 38 Squadron |publisher=RAAF Museum |accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref> Hercules of Nos.&nbsp;36 and 37 Squadrons also joined relief efforts following the ] in October 2002.<ref>{{cite web| last=Eaton|first= Mark| title='Full-on' efforts earn plaudits| date= 24 October 2002 | url=http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4420/topstories/story04.htm |work=Air Force News, Volume 44, No. 20 | accessdate=on 2 April 2013}}</ref> In February 2003, a rotating detachment of three Hercules deployed to the ] to support the ] and ], amassing 20,000 operational flying hours by March 2010.<ref>McPhedran, ''Air Force'', p. 11</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aussie Hercs clock 20,000 operational hours |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/Z7AW6/upload_binary/z7aw60.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22media/pressrel/Z7AW6%22 |publisher=Department of Defence|accessdate=on 2 April 2013|date= 25 March 2010}}</ref> During April 2003 a C-130 formed part of the force which tracked the North Korean freighter ''Pong Su'' before ] by special forces personnel off the coast of New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cornford|first=Philip|coauthor=Malkin, Bonnie|title=Seized: ship they hunted for days|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/20/1050777169083.html|accessdate=on 13 April 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 April 2003}}</ref> No.&nbsp;36 Squadron Hercules took part in ] in the wake of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/HistoryRecord/HistoryRecordDetail.aspx?rid=539|title=Relief effort after Boxing Day tsunami|publisher= Air Power Development Centre|accessdate= on 2 April 2013}}</ref>

RAAF C-130 operations were concentrated in No.&nbsp;37 Squadron in November 2006, when No.&nbsp;36 Squadron transferred its C-130Hs prior to ] Boeing C-17 Globemaster heavy transports and relocating to ], Queensland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Australian Air Force squadrons celebrate new role |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=6145 |publisher=Department of Defence|accessdate=on 4 April 2013|date=17 November 2006}}</ref> The RAAF's contribution to ] following ] in November 2007 included two Hercules, three Caribous, and a Globemaster.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton|first=Eamon|title=PNG Assist takes off |url=http://digital.realviewtechnologies.com/?xml=defencenews_airforce.xml&iid=5940 |work=Air Force News, Vol. 49, No. 22|publisher=Department of Defence|page=3|accessdate=on 2 April 2013|date= 29 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gardiner|first=Kris|coauthors=Stackpool, Andrew|title=PNG mercy mission |url=http://digital.realviewtechnologies.com/?xml=defencenews_airforce.xml&iid=6095 |work=Air Force News, Vol. 49, No. 23|publisher=Department of Defence|page=5|accessdate=on 2 April 2013|date= 13 December 2007}}</ref> During the late 1990s one of the C-130Hs was fitted with extensive ] equipment under the classified "Project Peacemate"; this aircraft was reported to still be active in the signals intelligence role in 2008.<ref>La Franchi, "New ADF airlift studies"</ref> In concert with Globemasters, the Hercules transported medical staff and equipment to aid victims of the ] in February 2011.<ref>McPhedran, ''Air Force'', pp. 237–238</ref> In May 2012 the Government announced as part of the 2012-13 Budget that the remaining eight C-130Hs would be withdrawn from service a year earlier than previously scheduled. The aircraft were subsequently retired on 30 November that year. Two of the C-130Hs were retained by the Air Force for display at ], ], and for non-flying training purposes at Richmond; four were donated to the ], and the RAAF was reported to be considering options for the disposal of the other six.<ref>{{cite news|title=Early retirement for RAAF C-130Hs, but Battlefield Airlifter battles on|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2012/05/early-retirement-for-raaf-c-130hs-but-battlefield-airlifter-battles-on/|accessdate=on 12 April 2013|newspaper=Australian Aviation|date=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=C-130H retired from service|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2012/11/c-130h-retired-from-service/|accessdate=on 12 April 2013|newspaper=Australian Aviation|date=on 30 November 2012}}</ref> By the time the C-130H fleet was retired the twelve aircraft had flown almost 250,000 hours.<ref>{{cite news|last=Creedy|first=Steve|title=RAAF workhorse, the Hercules C-130H, has enjoyed a varied career|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/raaf-workhorse-the-hercules-c-130h-has-enjoyed-a-varied-career/story-e6frg95x-1226517636306|accessdate=on 12 April 2013|newspaper=The Australian|date=16 November 2012}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
⚫ ===Citations===
{{commonscat|C-130 Hercules in Australian service}}
⚫ {{reflist}}
⚫ ;Citations
⚫ {{reflist|2}}

;Works consulted
*{{cite book|last=Australian National Audit Office|title=Test and Evaluation of Major Defence Equipment Acquisitions|year=2002|publisher=]|location=Canberra|isbn=0-642-80612-8|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/~/media/Uploads/Documents/2001%2002_audit_report_30.pdf}}
*{{cite book|last=Breen|first=Bob|title=Struggling for Self Reliance. Four case studies of Australian Regional Force Projection in the late 1980s and the 1990s|publisher=]|location=Canberra|year=2008|series=Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 171|isbn=978-1-921536-09-0 |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/strategic-and-defence-studies-centre-sdsc-2/sfsr_citation}}
*{{cite book
⚫ | last = Horner
⚫ | first = David
| title = Australia and the 'New World Order': From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement 1988–1991
| publisher = ]
| isbn = 978-0-521-76587-9
⚫ | year = 2011
| location = Port Melbourne, Victoria
| series = The Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations, Volume II
}}
*{{cite journal|last=La Franchi|first=Peter|title=New ADF airlift studies|journal=Asia Pacific Defence Reporter|date=March 2008|pages=pp. 22-23|url=http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/back-issues|volume=34|issue=2}}
*{{cite book|last=McPhedran| first=Ian|year=2011| title=Air Force: Inside the New Era of Australian Air Power| location= Sydney| publisher=]|isbn=978-0-7322-9025-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Parnell | first=N.M. |coauthor=Lynch, C.A.| year=1976| title=Australian Air Force Since 1911 | location=Sydney| publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed| isbn=0-589-07153-X}}
*{{cite book|last=Roylance| first=Derek | year=1991| title=Air Base Richmond|location=RAAF Base Richmond|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|isbn=0-646-05212-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan| year=1995| title=Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/214/Going-Solo-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-19461971.aspx|isbn=0-644-42803-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan|origyear=2001|year=2006| title=The Royal Australian Air Force: A History| location=London| publisher=]|isbn=0-19-555541-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Susans| first=Wing Commander M.R. (ed.)|year=1990| title=The RAAF Mirage Story| location=RAAF Base Point Cook, Victoria| publisher=]|isbn=0-642-14835-X}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Stewart|title=Military Aircraft of Australia|year=1994|publisher=Aerospace Publications|location=Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory|isbn=1-875671-08-0}}


==Further reading== ===Works consulted===
*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Stewart|title=Dakota, Hercules, and Caribou in Australian Service|year=1990|publisher=Aerospace Publications|location=Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory|isbn=0-9587978-5-4}} *{{cite book |last1=Ashworth |first1=Chris |title=RAF Coastal Command: 1936-1969 |date=1992 |publisher=Patrick Stephens |location=Yeovil, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-85260-345-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barker |first1=Ralph |title=Ship-Busters: British Torpedo-Bombers in World War II |date=2010 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania |isbn=9780811706445}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer|title=Chronology of the War at Sea: 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|year=2005|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-119-8|edition=Third revised}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Andrew |title=Defiant, Blenheim, and Havoc aces |date=2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781849086677}}

Latest revision as of 08:30, 3 September 2021

Operation Zauberflöte
Date16–18 May 1942
LocationNorth Sea
Result German victory
Belligerents
 Germany  United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom Mervyn Williams
Strength
1 heavy cruiser
2 destroyers
2 torpedo boats		 54 aircraft
Casualties and losses
3 aircraft 9 aircraft
Military operations, Norway 1941–1945
1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

Associated articles

Operation Zauberflöte was conducted by the German military during World War II to return the damaged heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen from Norway to Germany. Prinz Eugen departed Trondheim in Norway on 16 May 1942 escorted by two destroyers and two torpedo boats. Allied aircraft made two unsuccessful attacks against the German force on 17 May. Nine Allied aircraft and three German aircraft were shot down. Prinz Eugen reached Germany without having incurred further damage on 18 May.

Background

Operation

Aftermath

References

Citations

Works consulted

  • Ashworth, Chris (1992). RAF Coastal Command: 1936-1969. Yeovil, United Kingdom: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-345-8.
  • Barker, Ralph (2010). Ship-Busters: British Torpedo-Bombers in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811706445.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea: 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.
  • Thomas, Andrew (2012). Defiant, Blenheim, and Havoc aces. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849086677.
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