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{{Short description|Historic Central Asian tribe}}
⚫ The "'''White Huns'''", also known as the '''White Hunas''', in ] as the '''''Spet Xyon''''' and in ] as the '''''Sveta-huna''''', were a sub-group of the ] and/or ]. The White Huns are sometimes regarded as synonymous with the ], but may have included other tribes as well. They are well known for their conquest and occupation of ], particularly the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dignas|first1=Assistant Professor of History Beate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2hqcRDvJgC|title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals|last2=Dignas|first2=Beate|last3=Winter|first3=Engelbert|date=2007-09-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84925-8|pages=97|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Goldsworthy|first1=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muVoB0O_XXMC|title=The Fall Of The West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower|last2=Ltd|first2=Dr Adrian Goldsworthy|date=2009-04-02|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-85760-0|language=en}}</ref>
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{{Confusing|date=October 2023|reason=numerous names of groups and peoples are mentioned without clear definition; academic views are introduced without proper context and often in contradiction of each other; various unlinked names are used without explanation}}
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⚫ The "'''White Huns'''", also known as the '''White Hunas''', in ] as the '''''Spet Xyon''''', and in ] as the '''''Sveta-huna''''', were a subgroup of the ] and/or ]. The White Huns are sometimes regarded as synonymous with the ] but may have included other tribes as well. They are known for their historical conquest and occupation of ], particularly the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dignas|first1=Assistant Professor of History Beate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2hqcRDvJgC|title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals|last2=Dignas|first2=Beate|last3=Winter|first3=Engelbert|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84925-8|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Goldsworthy|first1=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muVoB0O_XXMC|title=The Fall of the West: The Death of the Roman Superpower|last2=Ltd|first2=Dr Adrian Goldsworthy|date=2 April 2009|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-85760-0}}</ref>
⚫ == History ==
⚫ The "White Huns," or ], were reported by Byzantine, Indian, Chinese, Arab-Persian, Armenian and other written sources. Despite the abundance of information, a number of questions of the history of the states created by the ] are considered by scientists from different and often opposite points of view. Well-informed authors of Chinese chronicles call the regions of ] (]) the homeland of the ]. According to this information, the eftalnts were driven out of there as a result of clashes with the neighboring tribes of the ]. ] were divided into two groups - white huns and ]. The latter owe their name to red headdresses, red armor and a red banner. It is still unclear whether these groups were different tribes that were part of the confederation, or whether they were some ethnic varieties that were part of a single tribal union. The ] were an ] people. Their language belonged to the East Iranian group, but was somewhat different from the language of other Iranian-speaking peoples. In the ] possessions, the official state language of the ] was ]. Bactrian titles are read in the legends of the Hephthalite coins. ] writing developed on the basis of the ]. Few monuments of Hephthalite writing have survived. These include an inscription on a shard from Zangtepe, graffiti from Karzdepe, inscriptions from ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Брыкина|first=Г. А.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b81WAAAAMAAJ|title=Средняя Азия и Дальний Восток в эпоху средневековья: Средняя Азия в раннем средневековье|date=1999|publisher=Наука|isbn=978-5-02-008617-3|pages=12|language=ru}}</ref>


⚫ ==History==
⚫ Latin and Syrian sources called the ], ] (]) and ] as White Huns. They also included the ] living in ]. Considering the identity of the ] with the ], the ] ], as well as the ] and ], can be considered the successors of the ] Cadusii or Caspians .. ", Which corresponds to" ] and ] "or" Alans and ] "in Munajim-bashy. Thus, the “Caucasian Huns”, who are not confused with the Huns and are identified with “]” or “Massa-Huns”, can be correlated with the ], who were related to the military-trade colonies in the Caucasus.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kljaštornyj|first1=Sergej G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5J2DQwAACAAJ|title="Дорога Страбона" как часть Великого Шелкового пути: материалы Международной конференции, Баку, 28-29 ноября 2008 г.|last2=Mustafaev|first2=Shaid Medzhid ogly|date=2009|publisher=Mezhdunarodnyĭ institut t︠s︡entralʹnoaziatskikh issledovaniĭ|isbn=978-9943-357-04-4|pages=131|language=ru}}</ref>
{{Main article|Hephthalites}}


⚫ The "White Huns", or ], were reported by Byzantine, Indian, Chinese, Arab-Persian, Armenian, and other written sources. Despite the abundance of information, a number of questions on the history of the states they formed are considered by scientists from different and often opposite points of view. Well-informed authors of Chinese chronicles call the regions of ] (]) the homeland of the Hephthalites. According to this information, the Hephthalites were driven out of there as a result of clashes with the neighboring tribes of the ]. Hephthalites were divided into two groups: white huns and ]. The latter owe their name to red headdresses, red armor, and a red banner. It is still unclear whether these groups were different tribes that were part of a confederation, or whether they were ethnic varieties that were part of a single tribal union. The Hephthalites were an ]. Their language belonged to the East Iranian group but was somewhat different from that of other Iranian-speaking peoples. In the ] possessions, the official state language of the Hephthalites was ]. Bactrian titles are read in the legends of the Hephthalite coins. Hephthalite writing developed on the basis of the ], though few examples have survived. These include an inscription on a shard from Zangtepe, graffiti from Karzdepe, and inscriptions from ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Брыкина|first=Г. А.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b81WAAAAMAAJ|title=Средняя Азия и Дальний Восток в эпоху средневековья: Средняя Азия в раннем средневековье|date=1999|publisher=Наука|isbn=978-5-02-008617-3|page=12|language=ru}}</ref>
⚫ The Hephthalite tribes are noted in Central Asia, mainly in the ] and in the upper reaches of the ], by Arab and Persian-speaking authors under the name Haital (], ], ], etc.).  Armenian historians are repeatedly mentioned Hephtalites , transcribing their name Idalyan, Idal or Haital. Vardapet has the term Haylan. ] (end of the 5th century) Uses the term Heptal for their designation; Michael of Syria (IX century) - Tedal and Tedaltzi. ] also noted the Armenian term ''katisk - ]'', as one of the names of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernshtam|first=Aleksandr Natanovich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9EyAQAAIAAJ|title=Очерк истории гуннов|date=1951|publisher=Изд-во Ленинградского гос. университета|pages=184|language=ru}}</ref>


⚫ Latin and Syrian sources called the ], ] (Kushans), and Hephthalites as White Huns. They also included the ] living in ]. Considering the identity of the ] with the Cadusii, the Nusaybin Cadusii, as well as the Chionites and Hephthalites, can be considered the successors of the ]n Cadusii or Caspians, corresponding to ] and ] or Alans and ] in Munajim-bashy. Thus, the "Caucasian Huns", who are not confused with the Huns and are identified with "]", or "Massa-Huns", can be correlated with the Hyrcanians, who were related to the military–trade colonies in the Caucasus.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kljaštornyj|first1=Sergej G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5J2DQwAACAAJ|title="Дорога Страбона" как часть Великого Шелкового пути: материалы Международной конференции, Баку, 28-29 ноября 2008 г.|last2=Mustafaev|first2=Shaid Medzhid ogly|date=2009|publisher=Mezhdunarodnyĭ institut t︠s︡entralʹnoaziatskikh issledovaniĭ|isbn=978-9943-357-04-4|page=131|language=ru}}</ref>
⚫ It is necessary to point out that ] also associates with the White Huns the many times remembered ] - "''Katisk''" of Armenian sources. These ], or ], occupied the Persian province of ]. Initially, ] doubted whether to consider them ] or ], but in his work he considered them ]. The Syrian writer ], writing about 400, says that the qudishaye is near ]. ] considered them to be relatives of the ], with whom, in his opinion, they had many similarities. In the surviving fragments of ], there is an indication that the ] were counted among the Huns. This evidence suggests that the ] inherited from the White Huns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Пигулевская|first=Нина Викторовна|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qg9XAAAAMAAJ|title=Сирийские источники по истории народов СССР|date=1941|publisher=Изд-во Академии наук СССР|pages=48|language=ru}}</ref>

⚫ The Hephthalite tribes are noted in Central Asia, mainly in the ] and in the upper reaches of the ], by Arab and Persian-speaking authors under the name Haital (], ], ], etc.) Armenian historians repeatedly mentioned Hephtalites, transcribing their name as Idalyan, Idal, or Haital. ] (end of the 5th century) uses the term Heptal for their designation; Michael of Syria (IX century) uses Tedal and Tedaltzi. ] also noted the Armenian term ''katisk – Cadusii'', as one of the names of the Hephthalites.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernshtam|first=Aleksandr Natanovich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9EyAQAAIAAJ|title=Очерк истории гуннов|date=1951|publisher=Изд-во Ленинградского гос. университета|pages=184|language=ru}}</ref>

⚫ It is necessary to point out that Markwart also associates with the White Huns the many times-remembered ]—''Katisk'' of Armenian sources. These Cadusii, or Cadiseni, occupied the Persian province of ]. Initially, Markwart doubted whether to consider them Chionites or Hephthalites, but in his work, he classified them as the latter. The Syrian writer ], writing about 400 AD, mentioned that the qudishaye{{Clarify|date=October 2023|reason=meaning of "qudishaye" isn't explained}} is near Nusaybin. ] considered them to be relatives of the ], with whom, in his opinion, they had many similarities. In the surviving fragments of ], there is an indication that the Cadusii were counted among the Huns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Пигулевская|first=Нина Викторовна|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qg9XAAAAMAAJ|title=Сирийские источники по истории народов СССР|date=1941|publisher=Изд-во Академии наук СССР|page=48|language=ru}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
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] ]
] ]


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Latest revision as of 23:14, 13 January 2024

Historic Central Asian tribe
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The "White Huns", also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon, and in Sanskrit as the Sveta-huna, were a subgroup of the Huna and/or Xionites. The White Huns are sometimes regarded as synonymous with the Hephthalites but may have included other tribes as well. They are known for their historical conquest and occupation of North India, particularly the Punjab region.

History

Main article: Hephthalites

The "White Huns", or Hephthalites, were reported by Byzantine, Indian, Chinese, Arab-Persian, Armenian, and other written sources. Despite the abundance of information, a number of questions on the history of the states they formed are considered by scientists from different and often opposite points of view. Well-informed authors of Chinese chronicles call the regions of East Turkestan (Turfan) the homeland of the Hephthalites. According to this information, the Hephthalites were driven out of there as a result of clashes with the neighboring tribes of the Rouran. Hephthalites were divided into two groups: white huns and red huns. The latter owe their name to red headdresses, red armor, and a red banner. It is still unclear whether these groups were different tribes that were part of a confederation, or whether they were ethnic varieties that were part of a single tribal union. The Hephthalites were an Iranian-speaking people. Their language belonged to the East Iranian group but was somewhat different from that of other Iranian-speaking peoples. In the Tocharistan possessions, the official state language of the Hephthalites was Bactrian. Bactrian titles are read in the legends of the Hephthalite coins. Hephthalite writing developed on the basis of the Kushan, though few examples have survived. These include an inscription on a shard from Zangtepe, graffiti from Karzdepe, and inscriptions from Afrasiab.

Latin and Syrian sources called the Chionites, Kidarites (Kushans), and Hephthalites as White Huns. They also included the Cadusii living in Nusaybin. Considering the identity of the Caspians with the Cadusii, the Nusaybin Cadusii, as well as the Chionites and Hephthalites, can be considered the successors of the Hyrcanian Cadusii or Caspians, corresponding to Alans and Sarir or Alans and Rus in Munajim-bashy. Thus, the "Caucasian Huns", who are not confused with the Huns and are identified with "Maskut", or "Massa-Huns", can be correlated with the Hyrcanians, who were related to the military–trade colonies in the Caucasus.

The Hephthalite tribes are noted in Central Asia, mainly in the Trans-Caspian and in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya, by Arab and Persian-speaking authors under the name Haital (Tabari, Masudi, Ferdowsi, etc.) Armenian historians repeatedly mentioned Hephtalites, transcribing their name as Idalyan, Idal, or Haital. Ghazar Parpetsi (end of the 5th century) uses the term Heptal for their designation; Michael of Syria (IX century) uses Tedal and Tedaltzi. Markwart also noted the Armenian term katisk – Cadusii, as one of the names of the Hephthalites.

It is necessary to point out that Markwart also associates with the White Huns the many times-remembered Cadiseni—Katisk of Armenian sources. These Cadusii, or Cadiseni, occupied the Persian province of Herat. Initially, Markwart doubted whether to consider them Chionites or Hephthalites, but in his work, he classified them as the latter. The Syrian writer Isaac of Antioch, writing about 400 AD, mentioned that the qudishaye is near Nusaybin. Nöldeke considered them to be relatives of the Kurds, with whom, in his opinion, they had many similarities. In the surviving fragments of John of Antioch, there is an indication that the Cadusii were counted among the Huns.

See also

References

  1. Dignas, Assistant Professor of History Beate; Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (13 September 2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
  2. Goldsworthy, Adrian; Ltd, Dr Adrian Goldsworthy (2 April 2009). The Fall of the West: The Death of the Roman Superpower. Orion. ISBN 978-0-297-85760-0.
  3. Брыкина, Г. А. (1999). Средняя Азия и Дальний Восток в эпоху средневековья: Средняя Азия в раннем средневековье (in Russian). Наука. p. 12. ISBN 978-5-02-008617-3.
  4. Kljaštornyj, Sergej G.; Mustafaev, Shaid Medzhid ogly (2009). "Дорога Страбона" как часть Великого Шелкового пути: материалы Международной конференции, Баку, 28-29 ноября 2008 г. (in Russian). Mezhdunarodnyĭ institut t︠s︡entralʹnoaziatskikh issledovaniĭ. p. 131. ISBN 978-9943-357-04-4.
  5. Bernshtam, Aleksandr Natanovich (1951). Очерк истории гуннов (in Russian). Изд-во Ленинградского гос. университета. p. 184.
  6. Пигулевская, Нина Викторовна (1941). Сирийские источники по истории народов СССР (in Russian). Изд-во Академии наук СССР. p. 48.
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