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	{{Short description\|Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)}}		{{Short description\|Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)}}
	{{Other uses\|Illig Qaghan (disambiguation)}}
	{{Other uses\|Yami Qaghan (disambiguation)}}
	{{Infobox monarch		{{Infobox monarch
	\| name = Bumin Qaghan		\| name = Bumin Qaghan
	\| title =		\| title =
	\| succession = ] of the ]		\| succession = ] of the ]
	\| image = ~~Онгинский~~ ~~памятник~~ ~~Бумын~~.~~png~~		\| image = Ongin inscription Bumin Qaghan.svg
	\| caption = A line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in the ].		\| caption = A line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in the ].
	\| reign = 552		\| reign = 552
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	}}		}}
	</ref>		</ref>
	\| full name = Bumin Qaghan<br>~~Illig~~ Qaghan		\| full name = Bumin Qaghan<br>Ellig Qaghan
	\| successor = ]		\| successor = ]
	\| spouse = Princess Changle		\| spouse = Princess Changle
	\| issue =		\| issue = ]
			]
			]
			]
	\| royal house = ]		\| royal house = ]
	\| father = ]		\| father = ]
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	\| religion = ]		\| religion = ]
	}}		}}
	'''Bumin Qaghan''' ({{~~lang-~~otk\|𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣\|Bumïn ~~qaγan~~}},<ref name="Kultegin">{{cite web\| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1\| title = Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref> also known as '''Illig Qaghan''' (]: 伊利可汗, ]: Yīlì Kèhán, ]: i-li k'o-han) or '''Yamï Qaghan'''{{efn\|''Yamï Qağan'' on the Ongin inscription is often identified as ] 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or ~~599-614~~) of the ]<ref>Baumer's ''History of Central Asia'' (2016), p 324.</ref> W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),<ref>S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11</ref> G.Aidarov,<ref>G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88</ref> Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),<ref>Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132</ref> Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.}} ({{~~lang-~~otk\|𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣\|~~Yаmï~~ ~~qaγan~~}}, died 552 AD)) was the founder of the ]. He was the eldest son of ] (吐務 / 吐务).<ref>] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of ].<ref name="Ma Zhangshou">馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, ''Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate''), pp. 10-11. {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Fengxiang">陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, {{ISBN\|978-957-11-2881-8}} (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, ''General history of China''), p. 155. {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Gao Yang">{{cite book\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRpAAAAMAAJ&q=slave++Rouran\| title = Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", ''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler'', V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.\| year = 1986\| isbn = 9789751604033}}</ref><ref name="Burhan Oğuz">Burhan Oğuz, ''Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri'', İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147. {{in lang\|tr}}</ref> He is also mentioned as "Tumen" ({{linktext\|lang=zh\|土門}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh\|吐門}}, commander of ten thousand<ref>"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in '']'', Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", ''Asian folklore studies'', Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.</ref>) of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Beckwith">{{cite book \|last=Beckwith \|first=Christopher I. \|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith \|date=16 March 2009 \|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC \|publisher=] \|pages=387, 390 \|isbn=978-0691135892 \|access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>		'''Bumin Qaghan''' ({{langx\|otk\|𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣\|Bumïn qaɣan}},<ref name="Kultegin">{{cite web\| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1\| title = Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref> also known as '''Illig Qaghan''' (]: 伊利可汗, ]: Yīlì Kèhán, ]: i-li k'o-han) or '''Yamï Qaghan'''{{efn\|''Yamï Qağan'' on the Ongin inscription is often identified as ] 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of the ]<ref>Baumer's ''History of Central Asia'' (2016), p 324.</ref> W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),<ref>S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11</ref> G.Aidarov,<ref>G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88</ref> Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),<ref>Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132</ref> Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.}} ({{langx\|otk\|𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣\|Yamï qaɣan}}, died 552 AD) was the founder of the ]. He was the eldest son of ] (吐務 / 吐务).<ref>] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of ].<ref name="Ma Zhangshou">馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, ''Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate''), pp. 10-11. {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Fengxiang">陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, {{ISBN\|978-957-11-2881-8}} (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, ''General history of China''), p. 155. {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Gao Yang">{{cite book\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRpAAAAMAAJ&q=slave++Rouran\| title = Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", ''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler'', V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.\| year = 1986\| publisher = Kenan Matbaası\| isbn = 9789751604033}}</ref><ref name="Burhan Oğuz">Burhan Oğuz, ''Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri'', İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147. {{in lang\|tr}}</ref> He is also mentioned as '''Tumen''' ({{linktext\|lang=zh\|土門}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh\|吐門}}, commander of ten thousand<ref>"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in '']'', Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", ''Asian folklore studies'', Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.</ref>) of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Beckwith">{{cite book \|last=Beckwith \|first=Christopher I. \|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith \|date=16 March 2009 \|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC \|publisher=] \|pages=387, 390 \|isbn=978-0691135892 \|access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>

	== Early life and reign ==		== Early life and reign ==
	According to '']'' and '']'', in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of ]. The ] of ], ], sent ] (安諾盤陀,Nanai-Banda, a ] from ],<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. {{in lang\|de}}</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''History of Northern Dynasties'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">], '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the ] against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, ], sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN\|978-0-691-13589-2}}, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" (]] / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Tujue did serve blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. ], Bardwell L. Smith, ''Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces'', Brill Archive, 1976, {{ISBN\|978-90-04-04761-7}}, p. 65. </ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.		According to '']'' and '']'', in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of ]. The ] of ], ], sent ] (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a ] from ],<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. {{in lang\|de}}</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''History of Northern Dynasties'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">], '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the ] against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, ], sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN\|978-0-691-13589-2}}, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" (]] / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. ], Bardwell L. Smith, ''Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces'', Brill Archive, 1976, {{ISBN\|978-90-04-04761-7}}, p. 65. </ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.
	]		]
	In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent ] of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year when ] died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />		In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent ] of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year when ] died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />
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	== Death and family ==		== Death and family ==
	Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle of Western Wei.		Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle of ].

	Issue:		Issue:
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	* ]		* ]
	* Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by ] to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733\|title=Book of Zhou\|last=Linghu\|first=Defen\|pages=33}}</ref>		* Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by ] to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733\|title=Book of Zhou\|last=Linghu\|first=Defen\|pages=33}}</ref>
	* Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by ]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Alyılmaz\|first=Cengiz\|title=Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine\|url=http://sutad.selcuk.edu.tr/sutad/article/view/203\|journal=Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi}}</ref>		* Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by ]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Alyılmaz\|first=Cengiz\|title=Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine\|url=http://sutad.selcuk.edu.tr/sutad/article/view/203\|journal=Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi\|year=2003 \|volume=1 \|issue=13 \|pages=11–21 }}</ref>
	* Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099\|script-title=zh:北史/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆\|website=zh.wikisource.org\|language=zh\|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>		* Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099\|script-title=zh:北史/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆\|website=zh.wikisource.org\|language=zh\|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>
	** Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by ]<ref name=":0" />		** Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by ]<ref name=":0" />
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Bumin}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Bumin}}
	]		]
	]		]
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	]		]
	]		]

	{{Rouran rulers}}		{{Rouran rulers}}

Latest revision as of 13:30, 5 December 2024

Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)

Bumin Qaghan

A line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in the Ongin inscription.

Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate

Reign

552

Coronation

552 in Altai Mountains

Successor

Issik Qaghan

Died

552

Spouse

Princess Changle

Issue

Issik Qaghan

Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan

Böri Qaghan

Names
Bumin Qaghan Ellig Qaghan

Father

Religion

Bumin Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣, romanized: Bumïn qaɣan, also known as Illig Qaghan (Chinese: 伊利可汗, Pinyin: Yīlì Kèhán, Wade–Giles: i-li k'o-han) or Yamï Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣, romanized: Yamï qaɣan, died 552 AD) was the founder of the Turkic Khaganate. He was the eldest son of Ashina Tuwu (吐務 / 吐务). He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of Rouran Khaganate. He is also mentioned as Tumen (土門, 吐門, commander of ten thousand) of the Rouran Khaganate.

Early life and reign

According to History of Northern Dynasties and Zizhi Tongjian, in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of Wei. The chancellor of Western Wei, Yuwen Tai, sent An Nuopanto (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a Sogdian from Bukhara,) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship. In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state. In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the Tiele tribes against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords. Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, Anagui, sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate. Anagui's "blacksmith" (鍛奴 / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite, and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society. Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.

In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent Princess Changle(長樂公主) of Western Wei to Bumin. In the same year when Emperor Wen of Western Wei died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and threw off the yoke of the Rouran domination. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of Huaihuang and then Anagui committed suicide. With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "Illig Qaghan" and made his wife qaghatun. "Illig" means Ilkhan (i.e. ruler of people) in Old Turkic. According to the Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex and the Kul Tigin's memorial complex, Bumin and Istemi ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.

Death and family

Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle of Western Wei.

Issue:

Ashina Keluo (阿史那科罗) - Issig Qaghan
Ashina Qijin (阿史那俟斤) - Muqan Qaghan
Taspar Qaghan
Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by Muqan Qaghan to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)
Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by Taspar Qaghan
Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)
- Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by Taspar Qaghan

Legacy

He was succeeded by his younger brother Istemi in the western part and by his son Issik Qaghan in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most of Central Asia.

Notes

Yamï Qağan on the Ongin inscription is often identified as Qǐmín Kěhàn 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov), G.Aidarov, Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin), Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.

References

Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5.
^ "Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG".
Baumer's History of Central Asia (2016), p 324.
S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11
G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88
Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132
Ouyang Xiu et al., New Book of Tang, Cilt 215-II (in Chinese)
^ 馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate), pp. 10-11. (in Chinese)
^ 陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, ISBN 978-957-11-2881-8 (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, General history of China), p. 155. (in Chinese)
^ Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731. Kenan Matbaası. 1986. ISBN 9789751604033.
^ Burhan Oğuz, Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri, İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147. «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e (in Turkish)
"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in Secret History of the Mongols, Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", Asian folklore studies, Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 387, 390. ISBN 978-0691135892. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. p. 123. (in German)
^ Li Yanshou (李延寿), History of Northern Dynasties, Vol. 99. (in Chinese)
^ Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 159. (in Chinese)
^ Linghu Defen et al., Book of Zhou, Vol. 50. (in Chinese)
^ Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 164. (in Chinese)
Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present, Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2, p. 9.
Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. John Curtis Perry, Bardwell L. Smith, Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, Brill Archive, 1976, ISBN 978-90-04-04761-7, p. 65. Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.
Talat Tekin, (1968), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, p. 58
"Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG".
Linghu, Defen. Book of Zhou. p. 33.
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Bumin Qaghan Ashina Clan
Preceded bynone	Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate 552	Succeeded byIssik Qaghan

v t e Göktürks
First Turkic Khaganate (552–581)	(Ashina Tuwu) Bumin Qaghan Issik Qaghan Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan Ashina Anluo Ishbara Qaghan Bagha Qaghan Tulan Qaghan (Istämi) (Empress Ashina) (Apa Qaghan) (Yangsu Tegin) (Tamgan)
Eastern Turkic Khaganate (581–630)	Yami Qaghan Shibi Qaghan Chulo Qaghan Illig Qaghan Qilibi Qaghan Chebi Qaghan (Ashina Jiesheshuai) (Ashina Funian) (Ashina She'er) (Ashina Nishufu) (Ashide Wenfu) (Ashide Fengji) (Ashina Shibobi)
Western Turkic Khaganate (581–657)	Tardu Niri Qaghan Heshana Qaghan Sheguy Tong Yabghu Qaghan Külüg Sibir Sy Yabghu Khagan Duolu Qaghan Ishbara Tolis (El Kulug Shad) (Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan) Yukuk Shad Irbis Seguy Hallig (Bagha Shad) (Böri Shad) (Ashina Duzhi) (Tardush Shad) (Ashina Tuizi)
Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744)	Ilterish Qaghan Qapaghan Qaghan Inel Qaghan Bilgä Qaǧan Yollıg Khagan Tengri Qaghan Kutluk Yabgu Khagan Özmiş Khagan Ashina Shi (Ashina Duoxifu) (Kulun Beg) (Kul Tigin) (Tonyukuk) (Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun) (El Bilga Khatun)
Western Turks under Jimi system	Kunling Protectorate Ashina Mishe Ashina Yuanqing Ashina Xian Ashina Zhen Mengchi Protectorate Ashina Buzhen Ashina Huseluo Ashina Huaidao Ashina Xin Anxi Protectorate Tokhara Yabghus (625-758) Turk Shahis (665–870)
Göktürk culture	Tengrism Asena Otuken Suyab Kurultai Old Turkic language Old Turkic script Orkhon inscriptions Orkhon Valley Shoroon Bumbagar tomb Turks in the Tang military Ülüş system Tonyukuk inscriptions Ongin inscription Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription Qara bodun
Göktürk wars and battles	Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara Göktürk–Persian wars First Second Third Goguryeo–Tang War Göktürk civil war Tang Eastern Turk campaign Xueyantuo Tang Western Turk campaigns Conquest Li-Sun rebellion Battle of Bolchu
Titles	Khagan Shad Tegin Yabghu Bagha Boyla Tudun Beg Khatun Tarkhan Ishad Elteber
Family	Göktürk family tree Ashina tribe Ashide

The Yujiulü clan of Rouran tribe
Khagans of Rouran (includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants)

Pre-khaganate

Unified rule

Mugulü→Cheluhui→Tunugui→Bati→Disuyuan

Divided rule

Eastern area	Pihouba
Western area	Wenheti→Heduohan&Shelun

Re-unified rule

Heduohan&Shelun

Former Khaganate

Unified rule (fanli)	Shelun→Hulü→Buluzhen→Datan→Wuti→Tuhezhen→Yucheng→Doulun→Nagai

Middle Khaganate

Unified rule

Futu→Chounu→Anagui→Poluomen

Divided rule

Xihai rule	Poluomen
Huaishuo rule	Anagui

Re-unified rule

Anagui

Later Khaganate

Divided rule

Eastern area	Tiefa→Dengzhu→Kangti→Anluochen
Western area	Dengshuzi

Members, noblemen, consorts
and descendants of the Yujiulü clan

related people

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