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⚫ {{short description|American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1916–1964)}}
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⚫ {{short description|American fighter pilot}}
{{Infobox military person {{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = ] | honorific_prefix = ]
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| native_name_lang = English | native_name_lang = English
| image = File:George_L._Knox_II.jpeg | image = File:George_L._Knox_II.jpeg
| image_size = 150px
| alt = | alt =
| caption = George L. Knox II | caption = George L. Knox II
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| death_date ={{death date and age|1964|11|04|1916|12|23}} | death_date ={{death date and age|1964|11|04|1916|12|23}}
| birth_place = ], US | birth_place = ], US
| death_place = ], ], US | death_place = ], ], US
| placeofburial = ], ], ]
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| alma_mater = ] | alma_mater = ]
| nickname = Skipper | nickname = Skipper
| birth_name = George L. Knox II | birth_name = George Levi Knox II
| allegiance = ] | allegiance = United States
| branch = ] | branch = ]
| serviceyears = 1941–1964 | serviceyears = 1941–1964
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| spouse = Yvonne Marguerite Wright Knox | spouse = Yvonne Marguerite Wright Knox
| relations = {{Flatlist |*Grandfather ] | relations = {{Flatlist |*Grandfather ]
Children: *Adelaide Emma Sons: *George L. III. *John Elwood *Craig Streator}} Children: *Adelaide Emma Sons: *George Levi III. *John Elwood *Craig Streeter}}
| laterwork = | laterwork =
| signature = | signature =
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}} }}


'''George Levi Knox II ("Skipper" Knox)'''<ref name="Oldheart" /> (December 23, 1916 - November 4, 1964) was a ]/] officer, combat fighter pilot and ] with the all-] ]'s ], best known as the ]. He presided over the ] of several Tuskegee Airmen after the ] in 1945.<ref name="Knights" /> Of the ten presiding officers Knox was named president after ] was dismissed.{{#tag:ref|Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was dismissed from the court after a challenge, Knox was named president. See historic photograph with press release in section ]|group=N}} '''George Levi Knox II''' ("'''Skipper'''" '''Knox''')<ref name="Oldheart" /> (December 23, 1916 – November 4, 1964) was a ]/] officer, combat fighter pilot and ] with the all-] ]'s ], best known as the ]. One of the 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots, he was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen's third-ever aviation cadet class, and one of the first twelve African Americans to become combat fighter pilots.<ref name="Nest" /><ref name="CAF2" /> He was the second Indiana native to graduate from the Tuskegee Advanced Flying School (TAFS).<ref name="indytuskegee.org" />


He was one of the ten presiding officers in the ] of several Tuskegee Airmen after the ] in 1945.<ref name="Knights" /> He was named president after ] was dismissed.{{#tag:ref|Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was dismissed from the court after a challenge, Knox was named president. See historic photograph with press release in section ].<ref name="Pittsb19450714"/>|group=N}}
One of the 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots, he was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen's third-ever aviation cadet class, and one of the first twelve African Americans to become combat fighter pilots. Knox, along with Lt. ], and ] were selected to be the first members of the 332nd Fighter Group.<ref name="Nest" /><ref name="CAF2" /> He was also the second Indiana native and the second of fourteen individuals with an Indianapolis address of record to graduate from the Tuskegee Advanced Flying School (TAFS).<ref name="indytuskegee.org" />


==Early life== ==Early life==
He was born on December 23, 1916, in ], ]. He was the son of Elwood Knox<ref name="Indian19421114"/> and the grandson of runaway slave ] (who wrote a book about his experiences, ''Life as I Remember It: As a Slave and a Freeman'', in 1895).<ref name="WV" /><ref name="S&F" /> He was born on December 23, 1916, in ], ]. He was the son of Elwood Knox<ref name="Indian19421114"/> and the grandson of runaway slave ] (who wrote a book about his experiences, ''Life as I Remember It: As a Slave and a Freeman'', in 1895).<ref name="WV" /><ref name="S&F" />


He was a graduate of ].<ref name="Oldheart" /><ref name="Indian19411019"/> On January 27, 1937 he was initiated as a fraternity brother of ] Fraternity, Inc.'s Nu Chapter in ].<ref name="bgwwe" /> He then attended the ] and earned a graduate certificate.<ref name="MBA" /> He was a graduate of ].<ref name="Oldheart" /><ref name="Indian19411019"/><ref name="Indian19641105"/><ref name="Mobile19641114"/> On January 27, 1937 he was initiated as a fraternity brother of ] fraternity's Nu Chapter in ].<ref name="bgwwe" /><ref name="Mobile19641114"/> He then attended the ] and earned a graduate certificate.<ref name="MBA" /><ref name="Mobile19641114"/>


In 1942, he married Yvonne Marguerite Wright Knox (August 27, 1919- August 18, 2002). They were the parents of four children: Adelaide Emma, George L. III., John Elwood and Craig Streator.<ref name="MBA" /><ref name="George Levi Knox 2005" /> On December 3, 1942, he married Yvonne Marguerite Wright Knox (August 27, 1919 – August 18, 2002), in ]. They were the parents of four children: Adelaide Emma, George Levi III., John Elwood and Craig Streeter.<ref name="MBA" /><ref name="Indian19641105"/><ref name="Mobile19641114"/>


==Military service== ==Military service==
=== World War II === === World War II ===
] ]
In October 1941, he entered the ] at ] in Indianapolis, Indiana.<ref name="George Levi Knox 2005" /><ref name="Indian19411019"/> On May 20, 1942, he graduated from Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS)'s third-ever<ref name="Detroi19420704"/> Single Engine Section Class SE-42-E.<ref name="CAF2" /><ref name="Southe19420530"/><ref name="Pittsb19420530"/> He was one of the first twelve African American combat fighter pilots.<ref name="CAF2" /> In October 1941, he entered the ] at ] in Indianapolis, Indiana.<ref name="Indian19411019"/> On May 20, 1942, he graduated from Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS)'s third-ever<ref name="Detroi19420704"/> Single Engine Section Class SE-42-E.<ref name="CAF2" /><ref name="Southe19420530"/><ref name="Pittsb19420530"/> He was one of the first twelve African American combat fighter pilots.<ref name="CAF2" />


He was the second Indiana native to graduate from the Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS).<ref name="indytuskegee.org" /> After receiving his wings and commission as a ],<ref name="TU" /><ref name="Southe19420530"/><ref name="Pittsb19420530"/> he was promoted to First Lieutenant in December 1942.<ref name="Indian19421226"/> In 1943 he was with the 332nd Fighter Group, became a flight leader, and was assigned to Selfridge Field in Michigan (which is now ]).<ref name="Crisis" /><ref name="Indian19430710"/> He was the second Indiana native to graduate from the Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS).<ref name="indytuskegee.org" /> After receiving his wings and commission as a ],<ref name="TU" /><ref name="Southe19420530"/><ref name="Pittsb19420530"/> he was promoted to First Lieutenant in December 1942.<ref name="Indian19421226"/> In 1943 he was with the 332nd Fighter Group, became a flight leader, and was assigned to ], Michigan.<ref name="Crisis" /> A year later, he was a member of the "first Negro bombardment organization", the ]; in 1944, the squadron had received two commendations for its achievements.<ref name="Pittsb19440812"/> At the rank of Captain, he was the "squad's most experienced Negro flier".<ref name="Pittsb19440812"/>


===Freeman Field mutiny=== ===Freeman Field mutiny===
He was one of ten officers to preside over the Freeman Field mutiny courts-martial, appointed by General ]: Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr., Captains George L. Knox II, ], John H. Duren, Charles R. Stanton, William T. Yates, Elmore M. Kennedy, and ] and 1st Lieutenants ] Jr. James Y. Carter. Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant ].<ref name="Knights" /> In 1945, he was president of the court assembled to pass judgment on a "racial incident" at Freeman Field, in ].<ref name="Pittsb19450714"/> He was one of ten officers to preside over the Freeman Field mutiny courts-martial, appointed by General ]: Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr., Captains George L. Knox II, ], John H. Duren, Charles R. Stanton, William T. Yates, Elmore M. Kennedy, and ] and 1st Lieutenants ] Jr. James Y. Carter. Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant ].<ref name="Knights" />


After ], he headed the ] program at ]. He retired from the U.S. Air Force as a lieutenant colonel.<ref name="George Levi Knox 2005" /> After ], he headed the ] program at ]. In 1946, he held the rank of Major.<ref name="Califo19460919"/> The highest rank he held, at his death in 1964, was lieutenant colonel;<ref name="Mobile19641114"/> he was a professor of air science at the officer training corps at Tuskegee.<ref name="Indian19641105"/><ref name="Mobile19641114"/><ref name="Pittsb19641128"/> He was a member of St. Philip's Episcopal Church in Indianapolis, and St. Andrew's Episcopal Church in Tuskegee.<ref name="Indian19641105"/><ref name="Mobile19641114"/><ref name="Pittsb19641128"/>


==Awards== ==Awards==
*]<ref name="MBA" /> *]<ref name="MBA" /><ref name="Mobile19641114"/>
*Air force Longevity Service Medal with three bronze oak leaf clusters<ref name="MBA" /> *Air force Longevity Service Medal with three bronze oak leaf clusters<ref name="MBA" />
*]<ref name="MBA" /> *]<ref name="MBA" />
*]<ref name="MBA" /> *]<ref name="MBA" />
*] awarded to the Tuskegee Airmen in 2006<ref name="LOC" /> *] awarded to the Tuskegee Airmen in 2006<ref name=Public/>


==Death== ==Death==
He died on November 4, 1964, in ], ]. His obituary in a Mobile Alabama newspaper reported that he died from an accidental gunshot at his home.<ref name="MBA" /> He was interred at ], Plot Sec: 41, Lot: 273 in Indianapolis, Indiana.<ref name="FG" /> He died on November 4, 1964, in ], ].<ref name="Indian19641105"/> His obituary in a Mobile Alabama newspaper reported that he died from an accidental gunshot at his home.<ref name="MBA" /><ref name="Mobile19641114"/><ref name="Pittsb19641128"/>


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]

===Notes=== ==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}} {{reflist|group=N}}

== References == == References ==
{{reflist|refs= {{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Indian19430710">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74279680/leon-c-saunders-visits-his-mother-lula/|date=1943-07-10|page=18|title=Returns for Visit|newspaper=The Indianapolis News|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sat --> <ref name="Pittsb19641128">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86569192/rites-held/|date=1964-11-28|page=5|title=Rites Held|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Courier|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}}</ref><!-- Sat --><ref name="Mobile19641114">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86568923/skegee-instructor-is-accident-victim/|date=1964-11-14|page=1|title='Skegee Instructor Is Accident Victim|newspaper=The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen|location=Mobile, Alabama}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Indian19421226">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567530/george-l-knox/|date=1942-12-26|page=15|title=George L. Knox|newspaper=The Indianapolis News|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sat --> <ref name="Indian19641105">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86568614/col-george-knox-dies-in-alabama/|date=1964-11-05|page=26|title=Col. George Knox Dies In Alabama|newspaper=The Indianapolis News|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Thu -->
<ref name="Indian19421114">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567420/monster-meeting-series-to-start/|date=1942-11-14|page=18|title=Monster Meeting Series To Start|newspaper=The Indianapolis News|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sat --> <ref name="Califo19460919">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86568373/acceptance-by-regular-army-rates-them-am/|date=1946-09-19|page=9|title=Acceptance by Regular Army Rates Them Among Best in Nation|newspaper=California Eagle|location=Los Angeles, California}}</ref><!-- Thu -->
<ref name="Detroi19420704">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567322/brown-fighters-will-keep-colors-flying-f/|date=1942-07-04|page=17|title=Brown Fighters Will Keep Colors Flying For U.S.A.|newspaper=The Detroit Tribune|location=Detroit, Michigan}}</ref><!-- Sat --> <ref name="Pittsb19450714">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86568081/fine-bomber-pilot-150/|date=1945-07-14|page=4|title=Fine Bomber Pilot $150|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Courier|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Pittsb19420530">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567232/third-class-of-army-cadets-takes-to-air/|date=1942-05-30|page=1|title=Third Class of Army Cadets Takes To Air|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Courier|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}}</ref><!-- Sat --> <ref name="Pittsb19440812">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567815/bombardment-squadron-has-superior-record/|date=1944-08-12|page=2|title=Bombardment Squadron Has Superior Record|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Courier|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Southe19420530">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567165/tuskegee-flying-school-graduates-another/|date=1942-05-30|page=3|title=Tuskegee Flying School Graduates Another Class of Negro Pilots|newspaper=Southeast Air Corps Training Center News|location=Montgomery, Alabama}}</ref><!-- Sat --> <ref name="Indian19421226">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567530/george-l-knox/|date=1942-12-26|page=15|title=George L. Knox|newspaper=The Indianapolis News|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Indian19411019">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86566968/army-offers-four-state-area-325-cadet-pi/|date=1941-10-19|page=16|title=Army Offers Four-State Area 325 Cadet Pilot Scholarships a Month|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sun --> <ref name="Indian19421114">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567420/monster-meeting-series-to-start/|date=1942-11-14|page=18|title=Monster Meeting Series To Start|newspaper=The Indianapolis News|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Detroi19420704">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567322/brown-fighters-will-keep-colors-flying-f/|date=1942-07-04|page=17|title=Brown Fighters Will Keep Colors Flying For U.S.A.|newspaper=The Detroit Tribune|location=Detroit, Michigan}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Pittsb19420530">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567232/third-class-of-army-cadets-takes-to-air/|date=1942-05-30|page=1|title=Third Class of Army Cadets Takes To Air|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Courier|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Southe19420530">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86567165/tuskegee-flying-school-graduates-another/|date=1942-05-30|page=3|title=Tuskegee Flying School Graduates Another Class of Negro Pilots|newspaper=Southeast Air Corps Training Center News|location=Montgomery, Alabama}}</ref><!-- Sat -->
<ref name="Indian19411019">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86566968/army-offers-four-state-area-325-cadet-pi/|date=1941-10-19|page=16|title=Army Offers Four-State Area 325 Cadet Pilot Scholarships a Month|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|location=Indianapolis, Indiana}}</ref><!-- Sun -->
<ref name="Oldheart">{{cite magazine <ref name="Oldheart">{{cite magazine
| magazine = Click | magazine = Click
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| url = https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-pilot-roster/ | url = https://cafriseabove.org/the-tuskegee-airmen/tuskegee-airmen-pilot-roster/
| website = CAF Rise Above | website = CAF Rise Above
| publisher = CAF Rise Above
| access-date = 11 August 2020 | access-date = 11 August 2020
}}</ref> }}</ref>
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| date = 14 November 1964 | date = 14 November 1964
}}</ref> }}</ref>
<ref name="George Levi Knox 2005">The HistoryMakers® Video Oral History Interview with George Levi Knox, III. March 29, 2005.</ref>
<ref name="Rice">Rice, Markus. ''Tuskegee Airmen'', 1 March 2000.</ref> <ref name="Rice">Rice, Markus. ''Tuskegee Airmen'', 1 March 2000.</ref>
<ref name="TU">{{cite web <ref name="TU">{{cite web
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| date = November 1943 | date = November 1943
| publisher = The Crisis Publishing Company Inc. | publisher = The Crisis Publishing Company Inc.
| location = New York, New Yok | location = New York, New York
| page = 345 | page = 345
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GFsEAAAAMBAJ&q=George+L.+Knox%2C+Indianapolis+Ind.%2C+gives+a+pre-flight+advice&pg=PA345 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GFsEAAAAMBAJ&q=George+L.+Knox%2C+Indianapolis+Ind.%2C+gives+a+pre-flight+advice&pg=PA345
Line 188: Line 184:
| access-date = 24 September 2021 | access-date = 24 September 2021
}}</ref> }}</ref>
<ref name="Public">{{cite web|title=Public Law 109–213—APR. 11, 2006 Congressional Gold Medal to the Tuskegee Airmen|url=https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ213/PLAW-109publ213.pdf|website=Congress.gov|publisher=US Library of Congress|date=11 April 2006|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="LOC">{{cite web
| title = S.Con.Res.15 - A concurrent resolution authorizing the Rotunda of the Capitol to be used on March 29, 2007, for a ceremony to award the Congressional Gold Medal to the Tuskegee Airmen.
| url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-concurrent-resolution/15
| website = Congress.gov
| date = 6 March 2007
| publisher = US Library of Congress
| access-date = 22 September 2021
}}</ref>
<ref name="FG">{{cite web
| title = LTC George Levi Knox
| url = https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/45933587/george-levi-knox
| website = Find A Grave
| publisher = Find a Grave
| access-date = 25 September 2021
}}</ref>
<ref name="bgwwe">Watch the Yard. "Fly Nupes: Photos Of The Handsome And Daring Men Of Kappa Alpha Psi Who Served As Tuskegee Airmen." https://www.watchtheyard.com/kappas/tuskegee-airmen/14/</ref> <ref name="bgwwe">Watch the Yard. "Fly Nupes: Photos Of The Handsome And Daring Men Of Kappa Alpha Psi Who Served As Tuskegee Airmen." https://www.watchtheyard.com/kappas/tuskegee-airmen/14/</ref>
}} }}




{{Tuskegee Airmen}} {{Tuskegee Airmen}}
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] ]
]
]
]
]
]
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Latest revision as of 18:23, 24 December 2024

American Tuskegee Airman fighter pilot (1916–1964)
Lieutenant colonel
George L. Knox II
George L. Knox II
Birth nameGeorge Levi Knox II
Nickname(s)Skipper
Born(1916-12-23)December 23, 1916
Indianapolis, Indiana, US
DiedNovember 4, 1964(1964-11-04) (aged 47)
Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama, US
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchUnited States Army Air Force
Years of service1941–1964
RankLieutenant colonel
Unit332nd Fighter Group
Awards
Alma materFisk University
Spouse(s)Yvonne Marguerite Wright Knox
Relations

Children: *Adelaide Emma Sons: *George Levi III. *John Elwood *Craig Streeter

George Levi Knox II ("Skipper" Knox) (December 23, 1916 – November 4, 1964) was a U.S. Army Air Force/U.S. Air Force officer, combat fighter pilot and Adjutant with the all-African American 332nd Fighter Group's 100th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen. One of the 1,007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots, he was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen's third-ever aviation cadet class, and one of the first twelve African Americans to become combat fighter pilots. He was the second Indiana native to graduate from the Tuskegee Advanced Flying School (TAFS).

He was one of the ten presiding officers in the courts-martial of several Tuskegee Airmen after the Freeman Field mutiny in 1945. He was named president after Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was dismissed.

Early life

He was born on December 23, 1916, in Indianapolis, Indiana, Marion County, Indiana. He was the son of Elwood Knox and the grandson of runaway slave George L. Knox (who wrote a book about his experiences, Life as I Remember It: As a Slave and a Freeman, in 1895).

He was a graduate of Fisk University. On January 27, 1937 he was initiated as a fraternity brother of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity's Nu Chapter in Indiana. He then attended the University of Pittsburg and earned a graduate certificate.

On December 3, 1942, he married Yvonne Marguerite Wright Knox (August 27, 1919 – August 18, 2002), in Atlanta, Georgia. They were the parents of four children: Adelaide Emma, George Levi III., John Elwood and Craig Streeter.

Military service

World War II

Photo of a P-51 Mustang. The Tuskegee Airmen's aircraft had distinctive markings that led to the name, "Red Tails."

In October 1941, he entered the U.S. Army Air Corps at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indianapolis, Indiana. On May 20, 1942, he graduated from Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS)'s third-ever Single Engine Section Class SE-42-E. He was one of the first twelve African American combat fighter pilots.

He was the second Indiana native to graduate from the Tuskegee Advance Flying School (TAFS). After receiving his wings and commission as a 2nd Lieutenant, he was promoted to First Lieutenant in December 1942. In 1943 he was with the 332nd Fighter Group, became a flight leader, and was assigned to Selfridge Field, Michigan. A year later, he was a member of the "first Negro bombardment organization", the 477th Bombardment Group; in 1944, the squadron had received two commendations for its achievements. At the rank of Captain, he was the "squad's most experienced Negro flier".

Freeman Field mutiny

In 1945, he was president of the court assembled to pass judgment on a "racial incident" at Freeman Field, in Seymour, Indiana. He was one of ten officers to preside over the Freeman Field mutiny courts-martial, appointed by General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter: Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr., Captains George L. Knox II, James T. Wiley, John H. Duren, Charles R. Stanton, William T. Yates, Elmore M. Kennedy, and Fitzroy Newsum and 1st Lieutenants William Robert Ming Jr. James Y. Carter. Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant Charles B. Hall.

After World War II, he headed the AFROTC program at Tuskegee Institute. In 1946, he held the rank of Major. The highest rank he held, at his death in 1964, was lieutenant colonel; he was a professor of air science at the officer training corps at Tuskegee. He was a member of St. Philip's Episcopal Church in Indianapolis, and St. Andrew's Episcopal Church in Tuskegee.

Awards

Death

He died on November 4, 1964, in Tuskegee, Alabama, Macon County, Alabama. His obituary in a Mobile Alabama newspaper reported that he died from an accidental gunshot at his home.

See also

Notes

  1. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was dismissed from the court after a challenge, Knox was named president. See historic photograph with press release in section Freeman Field mutiny#Release of the 101.
  2. The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P-51s as well as a red rudder; their P-51B and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes, with red propeller spinners, yellow wing bands and all-red tail surfaces.

References

  1. ^ "All-Negro Fighter Squadron Ready for Action: They're Smart, Tough and Rarin' to Go. Meet the Flying Black Panthers" (PDF). Click. Vol. 6.
  2. Dryden, Charles (25 June 2002). A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780817312664. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  4. ^ Indianapolis Chapter - Tuskegee Airmen Inc. https://www.indytuskegee.org/elementor-639/
  5. ^ Reilly, Thomas; Homan, Lynn (2008). Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen (7 ed.). Gretna Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. p. 203. ISBN 9781455601257. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  6. ^ "Fine Bomber Pilot $150". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1945-07-14. p. 4.
  7. "Monster Meeting Series To Start". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1942-11-14. p. 18.
  8. Hunter, Al. "The Ghost of Old George Knox". The Weekly View. Weekly View. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  9. Knox, George (1979). Slave and Freeman, the Autobiography of George L. Knox. exington Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-8131-1384-9. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  10. ^ "Army Offers Four-State Area 325 Cadet Pilot Scholarships a Month". The Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1941-10-19. p. 16.
  11. ^ "Col. George Knox Dies In Alabama". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1964-11-05. p. 26.
  12. ^ "'Skegee Instructor Is Accident Victim". The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen. Mobile, Alabama. 1964-11-14. p. 1.
  13. Watch the Yard. "Fly Nupes: Photos Of The Handsome And Daring Men Of Kappa Alpha Psi Who Served As Tuskegee Airmen." https://www.watchtheyard.com/kappas/tuskegee-airmen/14/
  14. ^ "Obituary for George L. Knox (Aged 47)". The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen. 14 November 1964. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  15. Rice, Markus. "The Men and Their Airplanes: The Fighters." Tuskegee Airmen, 1 March 2000.
  16. "Brown Fighters Will Keep Colors Flying For U.S.A." The Detroit Tribune. Detroit, Michigan. 1942-07-04. p. 17.
  17. ^ "Tuskegee Flying School Graduates Another Class of Negro Pilots". Southeast Air Corps Training Center News. Montgomery, Alabama. 1942-05-30. p. 3.
  18. ^ "Third Class of Army Cadets Takes To Air". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1942-05-30. p. 1.
  19. "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing". Tuskegee.edu. Tuskegee University. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  20. "George L. Knox". The Indianapolis News. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1942-12-26. p. 15.
  21. Wilkins, Roy (November 1943). The Crisis - A Record of the Darker Races. New York, New York: The Crisis Publishing Company Inc. p. 345. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  22. ^ "Bombardment Squadron Has Superior Record". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1944-08-12. p. 2.
  23. "Acceptance by Regular Army Rates Them Among Best in Nation". California Eagle. Los Angeles, California. 1946-09-19. p. 9.
  24. ^ "Rites Held". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1964-11-28. p. 5.
  25. "Public Law 109–213—APR. 11, 2006 Congressional Gold Medal to the Tuskegee Airmen" (PDF). Congress.gov. US Library of Congress. 11 April 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
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