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| | partof = the ] | | partof = the ] | ||
| | image = File:22. Kozak z golovoju tatarina.jpg | | image = File:22. Kozak z golovoju tatarina.jpg | ||
| | image_size = |
| image_size = 300px | ||
| | caption = |
| caption = ''Cossack with a head of a Tatar'' | ||
| | place = ] | | place = ] | ||
| | date = October 1667 | | date = October 1667 | ||
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| | commander1 = {{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} ]<br>{{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} ] | | commander1 = {{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} ]<br>{{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} ] | ||
| | commander2 = {{flagdeco|Crimean Khanate}} ]<br>{{flagdeco|Crimean Khanate}} Shirin Bey | | commander2 = {{flagdeco|Crimean Khanate}} ]<br>{{flagdeco|Crimean Khanate}} Shirin Bey | ||
| | strength1 = 4,000<ref name=":1"/> | | strength1 = 2,000<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |author=Podhorodecki, Leszek |title=Tatarzy |publisher=Bellon |date=2010 |page=196 |isbn=9788311118010}}</ref> to 4,000<ref name=":1"/> | ||
| | strength2 = Unknown | | strength2 = Unknown | ||
| | casualties1 = Light | | casualties1 = Light | ||
| | casualties2 = 3,000+ killed<br> 500+ captured<ref name=": |
| casualties2 = 3,000+ killed<br> 500+ captured<ref name=":3">{{cite book|author=Sobchenko Ivan Sergeevich|title=Kosh Otaman of Zaporozhian Sich I.D. Sirko (In Russian)|url=https://www.rulit.me/author/sobchenko-ivan-sergeevich/koshevoj-ataman-zaporozhskoj-sechi-i-d-serko-download-603254.html|year=2020|location=Moscow|publisher=Ваш формат|page=116}}</ref> | ||
| | casualties3 = 3,500 Tatar civilians killed or enslaved in ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://arrecaballo.es/edad-moderna/guerras-ruso-crimeanas-1507-1689/incursiones-crimeanas-en-rusia-segunda-mitad-del-siglo-xvii/|title=Incursiones crimeanas en Rusia segunda mitad del siglo XVII|website=arrecaballo.es|date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><br>(])<br>"All inhabitants" killed in other settlements<ref name=":0"/> | | casualties3 = 3,500 Tatar civilians killed or enslaved in ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://arrecaballo.es/edad-moderna/guerras-ruso-crimeanas-1507-1689/incursiones-crimeanas-en-rusia-segunda-mitad-del-siglo-xvii/|title=Incursiones crimeanas en Rusia segunda mitad del siglo XVII|website=arrecaballo.es|date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref><br>(])<br>"All inhabitants" killed and several thousand enslaved in other settlements<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":8"/> | ||
| }} | }} | ||
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| Ivan Sirko and ] went to Crimea with their Cossacks. They captured ], looted it and burned it down. After this, Sirko and Zhdan split into 2 groups, with 2,000 Cossacks in each group. Zhadan went to the West of Crimea, while Sirko went to the East. Zhadan devastated the West, while Sirko devastated the East and headed to ], where Shirin Bey lived. Sirko devastated Kaffa and Shirin Bey's lands.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> | Ivan Sirko and ] went to Crimea with their Cossacks. They captured ], looted it and burned it down. After this, Sirko and Zhdan split into 2 groups, with 2,000 Cossacks in each group. Zhadan went to the West of Crimea, while Sirko went to the East. Zhadan devastated the West, while Sirko devastated the East and headed to ], where Shirin Bey lived. Sirko devastated Kaffa and Shirin Bey's lands.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> | ||
| Cossacks shelled ] from cannons.<ref name=": |
Cossacks shelled ] from cannons.<ref name=":3"/> ] was in panic and fled to ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |author=Brian Davies |title=Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700 |publisher=Routledge |date=2007 |page=192 |isbn=978-0415239868}}</ref> Tatars were also in panic, fleeing from their settlements to the mountains in hopes of escaping the Cossack wrath.<ref name=":0"/> However, Cossacks didn't head to Bakhchysarai, they potentially risked getting their path blocked out of Crimea by the Tatar reinforcements or Tatar allies, while Cossacks would be too deep in Crimea to be able to get out on time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |author=Kostomarov N. |title=Ruina |publisher=Moscow Charli |date=1995 |page=105 |isbn=586859018X}}</ref> | ||
| Cossacks were leaving Crimea with loot and captives, reaching Perekop. However, Khan Adil Giray reorganized with his Tatar army and entered into battle with Sirko's Cossack army. Tatar army suffered a crushing defeat, and Khan was again forced to flee.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |author=Dmytro Yavornytskyi |title=Tvory |publisher=Tandem-U |date=2004 |page=348 |isbn=966-7482-31-6}}</ref> Cossacks killed over 3,000 Tatar troops and captured over 500 during the campaign.<ref name=":3"/> After the devastation of Tatar settlements, Cossacks returned to the Sich. | |||
| == Massacres and captives == | == Massacres and captives == | ||
| {{Main|Kaffa massacre}} | {{Main|Kaffa massacre}} | ||
| Cossacks severely plundered Crimea, especially in the North, where Cossacks left "nothing but cats and dogs".<ref name=": |
Cossacks severely plundered Crimea, especially in the North, where Cossacks left "nothing but cats and dogs".<ref name=":6">{{cite book|author=Dmytro Doroshenko|title=History of the Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UElpAAAAMAAJ|year=1939|location=University of Michigan|publisher=Institute Press|page=303}}</ref> Cossack looting was accompanied by massacres of Tatar civilians, which reportedly left no one alive in ] and Tatars in other settlements who didn't flee to the mountains.<ref name=":0"/> Cossacks took several thousand Tatar men captive.<ref name=":8">Korzon, Tadeusz (1923). , p. 399.</ref> The exact amount of victims is unknown, but Cossacks are believed to have killed 2,000 Tatar civilians, capturing 1,500 Tatar women and children in ] alone.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":8"/> Among the captured were Shirin Bey's 7-year-old son and mother.<ref name=":0"/> Cossacks freed 2,000 Rus' captives from Kaffa.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3"/> | ||
| == Aftermath and impact == | == Aftermath and impact == | ||
| Sirko's campaign into ] had a crucial role in outcome of the ]. Tatars who were assisting ] during the siege received the news about Cossack devastation of Crimea, abandoning Doroshenko and departing to Crimea as a result.<ref name=":2 |
Sirko's campaign into ] had a crucial role in outcome of the ].<ref name=":5"/> Tatars who were assisting ] during the siege received the news about Cossack devastation of Crimea, abandoning Doroshenko and departing to Crimea as a result.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite book |author=Marek A. Koprowski |title=Kresy |publisher=SBM |date=2013 |page=37 |isbn=978-83-7845-351-2}}</ref> Cossacks defeated Tatar reinforcements at Perekop and returned to the Sich. ] wrote a letter of commendation to ] for his victory over Tatars, given to Sirko by captain Vasyl Sukhorukov.<ref name=":7"/> | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 04:07, 31 December 2024
| Crimean Campaign | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Ottoman-Cossack Conflict | |||||||||
 Cossack with a head of a Tatar | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Zaporozhian Cossacks |
 Crimean Khanate | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Ivan Sirko Ivan Zhdan-Rih |
Adil Giray Shirin Bey | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 2,000 to 4,000 | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Light |
3,000+ killed 500+ captured | ||||||||
|
3,500 Tatar civilians killed or enslaved in Kaffa (Kaffa massacre) "All inhabitants" killed and several thousand enslaved in other settlements | |||||||||
The Crimean Campaign took place between the Crimean forces and the Zaporozhian Cossacks, during the Zaporozhian Cossack campaign into Crimea organised by Ivan Sirko, in October 1667.
Prelude
Ivan Sirko was in disagreement with Sich Cossacks, but returned to Sich to plan his campaign and gather Cossacks for it. It was easy for Sirko to get in conflict with Sich Cossacks, but just as easy to get along afterwards. Sirko promised to Cossacks that they will return what was "stolen from our own people" and they will take revenge for the devastation caused by Tatar raids on their lands. Sirko saw this as a perfect opportunity for devastating Crimea while the large portion of Tatar army was busy with assisting Doroshenko in his war with Poland-Lithuania.
Campaign
Ivan Sirko and Ivan Zhdan-Rih went to Crimea with their Cossacks. They captured Perekop, looted it and burned it down. After this, Sirko and Zhdan split into 2 groups, with 2,000 Cossacks in each group. Zhadan went to the West of Crimea, while Sirko went to the East. Zhadan devastated the West, while Sirko devastated the East and headed to Kaffa, where Shirin Bey lived. Sirko devastated Kaffa and Shirin Bey's lands.
Cossacks shelled Bakhchysarai from cannons. Khan Adil Giray was in panic and fled to Anatolia. Tatars were also in panic, fleeing from their settlements to the mountains in hopes of escaping the Cossack wrath. However, Cossacks didn't head to Bakhchysarai, they potentially risked getting their path blocked out of Crimea by the Tatar reinforcements or Tatar allies, while Cossacks would be too deep in Crimea to be able to get out on time.
Cossacks were leaving Crimea with loot and captives, reaching Perekop. However, Khan Adil Giray reorganized with his Tatar army and entered into battle with Sirko's Cossack army. Tatar army suffered a crushing defeat, and Khan was again forced to flee. Cossacks killed over 3,000 Tatar troops and captured over 500 during the campaign. After the devastation of Tatar settlements, Cossacks returned to the Sich.
Massacres and captives
Main article: Kaffa massacreCossacks severely plundered Crimea, especially in the North, where Cossacks left "nothing but cats and dogs". Cossack looting was accompanied by massacres of Tatar civilians, which reportedly left no one alive in Arbautuk and Tatars in other settlements who didn't flee to the mountains. Cossacks took several thousand Tatar men captive. The exact amount of victims is unknown, but Cossacks are believed to have killed 2,000 Tatar civilians, capturing 1,500 Tatar women and children in Kaffa alone. Among the captured were Shirin Bey's 7-year-old son and mother. Cossacks freed 2,000 Rus' captives from Kaffa.
Aftermath and impact
Sirko's campaign into Crimea had a crucial role in outcome of the Battle of Podhajce. Tatars who were assisting Doroshenko during the siege received the news about Cossack devastation of Crimea, abandoning Doroshenko and departing to Crimea as a result. Cossacks defeated Tatar reinforcements at Perekop and returned to the Sich. Tsar Alexis wrote a letter of commendation to Ataman Sirko for his victory over Tatars, given to Sirko by captain Vasyl Sukhorukov.
References
- ^ Podhorodecki, Leszek (2010). Tatarzy. Bellon. p. 196. ISBN 9788311118010.
- ^ "Incursiones crimeanas en Rusia segunda mitad del siglo XVII". arrecaballo.es. 17 July 2022. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
- ^ Sobchenko Ivan Sergeevich (2020). Kosh Otaman of Zaporozhian Sich I.D. Sirko (In Russian). Moscow: Ваш формат. p. 116.
- ^ Kostomarov N. (1995). Ruina. Moscow Charli. p. 104. ISBN 586859018X.
- ^ Korzon, Tadeusz (1923). Dzieje wojen i wojskowości w Polsce. T.2 Epoka przedrozbiorowa, p. 399.
- ^ Brian Davies (2007). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-0415239868.
- ^ Kostomarov N. (1995). Ruina. Moscow Charli. p. 105. ISBN 586859018X.
- ^ Dmytro Yavornytskyi (2004). Tvory. Tandem-U. p. 348. ISBN 966-7482-31-6.
- Dmytro Doroshenko (1939). History of the Ukraine. University of Michigan: Institute Press. p. 303.
- Marek A. Koprowski (2013). Kresy. SBM. p. 37. ISBN 978-83-7845-351-2.