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{{Short description|Situation of two states sharing a monarch without merging}} {{Short description|Situation of two states sharing a monarch without merging}}
{{About|the political arrangement|the Christian theological teaching|Hypostatic union|and|Prosopon}} {{About|the political arrangement|the Christian theological teaching|Hypostatic union|and|Prosopon}}

{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}


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{{Basic forms of government}} {{Basic forms of government}}


A '''personal union''' is a combination of two or more ] ] that have the same ] while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.<ref name="oppenheim1">{{cite book |last1=Oppenheim |first1=Lassa |last2=Roxbrough |first2 = Ronald |title = International Law: A Treatise |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange |year=2005 |isbn=978-1584776093 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vxJ1Jwmyw0EC&pg=PA154 |access-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> A ], by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a ] or a ], a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch.{{NoteTag|In the Holy Roman Empire, many ]s had themselves elected to separate ]s, which they ruled in a personal union. For example, ] (1671–1723) was ] (1685–1694), ] (1685–1694), ] (1688–1723), ] (1694–1723) and ] (1702–1723).}} A '''personal union''' is a combination of two or more ] ] that have the same ] while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.<ref name="oppenheim1">{{cite book |last1=Oppenheim |first1=Lassa |last2=Roxbrough |first2 = Ronald |title = International Law: A Treatise |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange |year=2005 |isbn=978-1584776093 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vxJ1Jwmyw0EC&pg=PA154 |access-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> A ], by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a ] or a ], a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch.{{NoteTag|In the Holy Roman Empire, many ]s had themselves elected to separate ]s, which they ruled in a personal union. For example, ] (1671–1723) was ] (1685–1694), ] (1685–1694), ] (1688–1723), ] (1694–1723) and ] (1702–1723).}}


The term was coined by German jurist ], introducing it into ''Elementa iuris publici germanici'' (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7z4MZIB0wC&pg=PA8 |title = Hanover and the British Empire, 1700–1837 |last=Harding |first=Nick |year = 2007 |publisher = Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1843833000 |language=en }}</ref> The term was coined by German jurist ], introducing it into ''Elementa iuris publici germanici'' (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7z4MZIB0wC&pg=PA8 |title = Hanover and the British Empire, 1700–1837 |last=Harding |first=Nick |year = 2007 |publisher = Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1843833000 |language=en }}</ref>


Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as: Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as:

* inheritance through a ], e.g. ] inherited ] from ] and ] from ] * inheritance through a ], e.g. ] inherited ] from ] and ] from ]
* ], where ex-colonies install the monarch of the former colonizing power as their own upon becoming independent, e.g. several former members of the ] (then becoming ]s) * ], where ex-colonies install the monarch of the former colonizing power as their own upon becoming independent, e.g. several former members of the ] (then becoming ]s)
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The concept of a personal union has only very rarely crossed over from monarchies into ]s. The concept of a personal union has only very rarely crossed over from monarchies into ]s.


There are currently two personal unions in the world: the ], who share ] as their head of state, and one of the ] being the ]. There are currently two personal unions in the world: the 15 ]s, who share ] as their head of state, and one of the ] being the ].


==Monarchies in personal union== ==Monarchies in personal union==
===Africa=== ===Africa===
====Congo Free State and Belgium==== ====Congo Free State and Belgium====
*Personal union with Belgium from 1885 to 1908, when the ] became a Belgian colony. The only sovereign during this period was ], who continued as king of Belgium until his death a year later in 1909. * Personal union with Belgium from 1885 to 1908, when the ] became a Belgian colony. The only sovereign during this period was ], who continued as king of Belgium until his death a year later in 1909.

⚫ ===Americas===
⚫ ====Brazil====
⚫ * Personal union with Portugal, under ] (Pedro IV of Portugal), from 10 March to 28 May 1826. Pedro was the ] when he declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming its first emperor. When his father (]) died, Pedro also became King of Portugal, but abdicated the Portuguese throne 79 days later in favour of his older child ].


===Asia=== ===Asia===
⚫ ====Georgia====
⚫ * ] and ] were connected power of the monarch in 300–90 years BCE (]).
⚫ * ] and ] were connected power of the monarch in 109 BCE-64 CE.
⚫ * 1000–1010 ] and ] ruled by ]. In 1010 it united (together with the annexed ]) into a single ].
⚫ *] were connected power of the monarch in 1020s–1104.
⚫ * ] and ] in the 1557–1660 years under the rule of the ].
⚫ * ] and ] united under the rule of a single monarch in 1513–1520 (]), 1625–1633 (]), 1648–1658 (]), 1660–1664 (]), 1723 (]), to finally unite the ] in 1762 under the reign of ] and his descendants.
⚫ * ] and ] united under the rule of a single monarch in 1681–1683 (]), 1701–1702, 1713–1714 (]) and 1720 (]).

====Goryeo==== ====Goryeo====
* Personal union with ] in the ]-led ] of China (1308–1313; ]) * Personal union with ] in the ] (1308–1313; ])
** As King of Goryeo (高麗國王) and King of Shenyang (瀋陽王) in 1308–1310 ** As King of Goryeo (高麗國王) and King of Shenyang (瀋陽王) in 1308–1310
** As King of Goryeo and King of Shen (瀋王) in 1310–1313 ** As King of Goryeo and King of Shen (瀋王) in 1310–1313


King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the '']'') or 1308 (according to '']'') to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Yuan dynasty and the Yuan imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he was a very powerful man during ]'s reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in China. However, he lost his power in the Yuan imperial court after the death of the Emperor Wuzong. Because the ] made ] abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. ], Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316, the Yuan dynasty made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of ], one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen. King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the '']'') or 1308 (according to '']'') to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Mongol Empire and Mongol imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he was a very powerful man during ]'s reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in ]. However, he lost his power in the Mongol imperial court after the death of the Külüg Khan. Because the ] made ] abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. ], Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316, the Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of ], one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen.


===Europe=== ===Europe===
====Albania==== ====Albania====
* ] personal union with the ] (1272–1368) * ] personal union with the ] (1272–1368)
*Personal union with ] (1939–1943). * Personal union with ] (1939–1943).


====Andorra==== ====Andorra====
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* ] (1479–1620, then integrated into France). * ] (1479–1620, then integrated into France).
* ] (1589–1792, 1814–1815, 1815–1848). * ] (1589–1792, ], ], ]).


In 1607 the feudal co-prince was ], who issued an edict that his position should be held by the French Head of State. While during the ], the ] did not take up the title, all versions of France since 1806 regardless of their government form have accepted that their head of state is an ex officio co-prince. This led to personal unions with: In 1607 the feudal co-prince was ], who issued an edict that his position should be held by the French Head of State. While during the ], the ] did not take up the title, all versions of France since 1806 regardless of their government form have accepted that their head of state is an ex officio co-prince. This led to personal unions with:


* ] and ] French Empires (1806–1814, 1815–1815 and 1852–1870). * ] and ] French Empires (1806–1814, ] and 1852–1870).
* ], ], ] and ] ] (1848–1852, 1870–1940, since 1944). * ], ], ] and ] ] (1848–1852, 1870–1940, 1944–1958, since 1958).
* ] (known as ], 1940–1944, in dispute with ]). * ] (known as ], 1940–1944, in dispute with ]).


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====Bohemia==== ====Bohemia====
* Personal union with Poland under Polish occupation (1003–1004). * Personal union with Poland under Polish occupation (1003–1004).
* Personal union with Poland (1300–1306) and Hungary (1301–1305). * Personal union with Poland (1296–1306) and Hungary (1305).
* Personal union with Luxembourg (1313–1378, 1383–1388). * Personal union with Luxembourg (1313–1378, 1383–1388).
* Personal union with Hungary 1419–1437 (]) and 1490–1526 (]). * Personal union with Hungary 1419–1437 (]) and 1490–1526 (]).
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* Personal union with the ] (1415 to 1440, 1470 to 1486). * Personal union with the ] (1415 to 1440, 1470 to 1486).
* Personal union with the ] from 1618, when ], died without male heirs and his son-in-law ], became ruler of both countries. Brandenburg and Prussia maintained separate governments and seats of power in Berlin and ] respectively until 1701, when ] ]. * Personal union with the ] from 1618, when ], died without male heirs and his son-in-law ], became ruler of both countries. Brandenburg and Prussia maintained separate governments and seats of power in Berlin and ] respectively until 1701, when ] ].

⚫ ====Catalonia====
* Personal union, as the ], with the ] (1164) the ] (1229), and the ] (1238) constituting together the ] (1164-1715)
⚫ * Personal union with the ] (1516-1714)
* Personal union with the ] (1641-1652)


====Croatia==== ====Croatia====
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* Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1422–1453). See also: ]. * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1422–1453). See also: ].
* Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1171–1542) and ] (1542–1649, 1660–1707). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1171–1542) and ] (1542–1649, 1660–1707).
* Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1556–1558). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with the ] (1556–1558).
* Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1603–1649, 1660–1707).<sup>1</sup> * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1603–1649, 1660–1707).<sup>1</sup>
* Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1689–1702). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with ] (1689–1702).
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* Personal union with the ] (1284–1328 and 1589–1620). * Personal union with the ] (1284–1328 and 1589–1620).
* ''Partial'' personal union with ] since 1607 (the French head of state is one of two joint heads of state in Andorra). * ''Partial'' personal union with ] since 1607 (the French head of state is one of two joint heads of state in Andorra).
* Personal union with the ] (1641-1652).
* Personal union under ] with ] (1805-1814) and the ] (1806-1813). * Personal union under ] with ] (1805-1814) and the ] (1806-1813).


Note: The point at issue in the ] was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on ] &mdash; already heir to the throne of France &mdash; would create a personal union that would upset the European ]; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire. Note: The point at issue in the ] was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on ] — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European ]; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire.

⚫ ====Georgia====
⚫ * ] and ] were connected power of the monarch in 300–90 years BCE (]).
⚫ * ] and ] were connected power of the monarch in 109 BCE-64 CE.
⚫ * 1000–1010 ] and ] ruled by ]. In 1010 it united (together with the annexed ]) into a single ].
⚫ *] were connected power of the monarch in 1020s–1104.
⚫ * ] and ] in the 1557–1660 years under the rule of the ].
⚫ * ] and ] united under the rule of a single monarch in 1513–1520 (]), 1625–1633 (]), 1648–1658 (]), 1660–1664 (]), 1723 (]), to finally unite the ] in 1762 under the reign of ] and his descendants.
⚫ * ] and ] united under the rule of a single monarch in 1681–1683 (]), 1701–1702, 1713–1714 (]) and 1720 (]).


====Great Britain==== ====Great Britain====
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* Personal union with ] (1707–1801). * Personal union with ] (1707–1801).
* Personal union with ] (1714–1801). * Personal union with ]
(1714–1801).
*Personal union with the ] (1794-1796)


''After 1801, see ] below.'' ''After 1801, see ] below.''
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====Hanover==== <!-- This section is linked from ] --> ====Hanover==== <!-- This section is linked from ] -->
{{Main articles|Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover}} {{Main articles|Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover}}

* Personal union with ] and ] from 1714 to 1801. * Personal union with ] and ] from 1714 to 1801.
* Personal union with the ] from 1801 to 1807 and again from 1814 to 1837, when ] resulted in ] ascending the British throne and her uncle ] that of Hanover. * Personal union with the ] from 1801 to 1807 and again from 1814 to 1837, when ] resulted in ] ascending the British throne and her uncle ] that of Hanover.
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====Hungary==== ====Hungary====
* Personal union with ] 1102–1918 (see {{format link|#Croatia}} above for details). * Personal union with ] 1102–1918 (see {{format link|#Croatia}} above for details).
* Personal union with Poland and ] 1301–1305. * Personal union with Poland and ] 1305.
* Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of ]. This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the '']''. Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle ]. After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the '']'') decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter ] as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter ]. Personal union with Poland for the second time from 1440 to 1444. * Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of ]. This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the '']''. Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle ]. After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the '']'') decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter ] as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter ]. Personal union with Poland for the second time from 1440 to 1444.
* Personal union with Naples from 1385 to 1386 under the reign of Charles III of Naples. * Personal union with Naples from 1385 to 1386 under the reign of Charles III of Naples.
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====Italy==== ====Italy====
* Personal union with ] (1939–1943). * Personal union with ] (1939–1943).
*Personal union with the ] (1936–1941). * Personal union with the ] (1936–1941).

====León, Aragon, and Castile====
⚫ * ], ] and ] (914–924).
⚫ * ] and ] (1037–1065 and 1072–1230).
⚫ * ], ] and ] (1164-1714).
⚫ * ] and ] (1076–1134).
⚫ * ] and ] (1412–1516).
* ] and ] (1442–1458 and 1504–1516).
⚫ * ] and ] (1506).
⚫ * ] and ] from 1516 to 1715, during ] and until the ] (1707–1715) when the crowns of ] and ] were suppressed and the same law was applied, turning Spain into a ].


====Lithuania==== ====Lithuania====
* Personal union (the ]) with the ] (1386–1401, 1447–1492 and 1501–1569), then transformed into the ]. * Personal union (the ]) with the ] (1386–1401, 1447–1492 and 1501–1569), then transformed into the ].


====Luxembourg==== ====Luxembourg====
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* Personal union with ] (1442–1458 and 1504–1516). * Personal union with ] (1442–1458 and 1504–1516).
* Personal union with ] under the rule of ] (1495) and ] (1501–1504). * Personal union with ] under the rule of ] (1495) and ] (1501–1504).
* Personal union with ] (1516–1714). * Personal union with the ] (1516–1714).
* Personal union with ] (1714–1735). * Personal union with ] (1714–1735).
* Personal union with ] from 1735 to 1806 under the rule of the ]. * Personal union with ] from 1735 to 1806 under the rule of the ].
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====Poland==== ====Poland====
{{main|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Union of Krewo|Union of Lublin|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Congress Poland|Personal union of Poland and Saxony}} {{Main|Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Union of Krewo|Union of Lublin|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Congress Poland|Personal union of Poland and Saxony}}

⚫ * Personal union with the ] (1300 to 1306).
* Personal union with the ] (1301–1305, 1370–1382 and 1440–1444) (see ]). * Personal union with the ] (1296–1306).
* Personal union with the ] (1305, 1370–1382 and 1440–1444) (see ]).
* Personal union between the ] and ] in 1345–1351, 1381–1382 and 1435–1495. * Personal union between the ] and ] in 1345–1351, 1381–1382 and 1435–1495.
* Personal union with the ] from ]. * Personal union with the ] from ].
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====Russia==== ====Russia====
* Personal union between the ] and the ] (1793-1818). * Personal union between the ] and the ] (1793-1818).
* Personal union between the ] and the ] (1809-1917).


====Sardinia==== ====Sardinia====
* Personal union with ] (1516–1708). * Personal union with ] (1516–1708).
* Personal union with ] (1714–1720). * Personal union with ] (1714–1720).
* Personal union with ] from 1720. * Personal union with ] from 1720.


====Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha==== ====Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha====

In 1826, the newly created ] was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed. In 1826, the newly created ] was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed.


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* Union (or personal union) with the ] from 1194 to 1254 under the rule of the ]. * Union (or personal union) with the ] from 1194 to 1254 under the rule of the ].
* Personal union with the ] from 1282 to 1285 and 1409 to 1516 under the rule of the ] and the ]. * Personal union with the ] from 1282 to 1285 and 1409 to 1516 under the rule of the ] and the ].
* Personal union with the ] from 1516 to 1713 under the rule of the ] and the ]. * Personal union with the ] from 1516 to 1713 under the rule of the ] and the ].
* Personal union with the ] from 1713 to 1720 under the rule of ]. * Personal union with the ] from 1713 to 1720 under the rule of ].
* Personal union with the ] from 1720 to 1734 under the rule of ]. * Personal union with the ] from 1720 to 1734 under the rule of ].
* Personal union with the ] from 1735 to 1806 under the rule of the ]. * Personal union with the ] from 1735 to 1806 under the rule of the ].
'''Leon, Castile and Aragon'''
⚫ * ], ] and ] (914–924).
⚫ * ] and ] (1037–1065 and 1072–1230).
⚫ * ] and ] (1076–1134).
⚫ * ] and ] (1412–1516).
⚫ * ] and ] (1442–1458 and 1504–1516).
⚫ * ] and ] (1506).
⚫ * ] and ] from 1516 to 1715, during ] and until the ] (1707–1715) when the crowns of ] and ] were suppressed and the same law was applied, turning Spain into a ].


'''Spain''' ====Spain====
* Personal union with ] and ] (1519–1521). * Personal union with ] and ] (1519–1521).
* Personal union with ] (1519–1556) under ]. * Personal union with ] (1519–1556) under ].
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====Sweden==== ====Sweden====
{{Main|Unions of Sweden}} {{Further|Political unions involving Sweden}}

* Personal union with ] (1319-1343). * Personal union with ] (1319-1343).
* Personal union with ] (1332-1360). * Personal union with ] (1332-1360).
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* Personal union with the ] (1814–1837). * Personal union with the ] (1814–1837).
* Personal union with the ] (1922–1937) and ] (''de jure'') from 1937 to 1949; * Personal union with the ] (1922–1937) and ] (''de jure'') from 1937 to 1949;
* Personal Union with the former ]s and ]s: * Personal union with the former ]s and ]s:
**] (1907–1934). **] (1907–1934).
**] (1910–1961). **] (1910–1961).
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**] (1960–1963). **] (1960–1963).
**] (1961–1971). **] (1961–1971).
**] (1961–1962). **] (now ]; 1961–1962).
**] (1962–1976). **] (1962–1976).
**] (1962–1963). **] (1962–1963).
**] (1963–1964). **] (1963–1964).
**] (1964–1966). **] (1964–1966).
**] (1964–1974). **] (1964–1974).
**] (1965–1970). **] (1965–1970).
**] (now ]; 1965–1970), which was not recognized by any other state.
**] (1966–1970). **] (1966–1970).
**] (1966–2021). **] (1966–2021).
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**] since 1979. **] since 1979.
**] since 1979. **] since 1979.
⚫ **] since 1981.
**] since 1981. **] since 1981.
⚫ **] since 1981.
**] since 1983. **] since 1983.


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''After 1542, see ] above.'' ''After 1542, see ] above.''

===South America===
⚫ ====Brazil====
⚫ * Personal union with Portugal, under ] (Pedro IV of Portugal), from 10 March to 28 May 1826. Pedro was the ] when he declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming its first emperor. When his father (]) died, Pedro also became King of Portugal, but abdicated the Portuguese throne 79 days later in favour of his older child ].


==Republics in personal union== ==Republics in personal union==
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* Uniquely, the ] is ''ex officio'' a constitutional monarch (or, more accurately, ]) in neighboring ], with the title of ]. This status was inherited from the role of the French monarchs in Andorra. * Uniquely, the ] is ''ex officio'' a constitutional monarch (or, more accurately, ]) in neighboring ], with the title of ]. This status was inherited from the role of the French monarchs in Andorra.
*From 1802 to 1804, the ] of the ] and the President of the ] was the same man-]. Bonaparte continued as President of Italy even after he was proclaimed ], until he was proclaimed King of ] in 1805.
* During the later stages of the ], ] was simultaneously President of ] (24 February 1819 - 4 May 1830), President of ] (10 February 1824 – 28 January 1827), and President of ] (12 August 1825 - 29 December 1825). Bolívar had, as President and military Commander-in-Chief of Colombia, led a Colombian army to secure Peruvian independence in 1824-25, and was given the office of President by the Patriot republican governments of both Peru and Bolivia (renamed in his honor from "Upper Peru") as an emergency measure to help secure independence from Spain. After the end of the war, Bolívar relinquished his Peruvian and Bolivian offices and returned to Colombia. * During the later stages of the ], ] was simultaneously President of ] (24 February 1819 - 4 May 1830), President of ] (10 February 1824 – 28 January 1827), and President of ] (12 August 1825 - 29 December 1825). Bolívar had, as President and military Commander-in-Chief of Colombia, led a Colombian army to secure Peruvian independence in 1824-25, and was given the office of President by the Patriot republican governments of both Peru and Bolivia (renamed in his honor from "Upper Peru") as an emergency measure to help secure independence from Spain. After the end of the war, Bolívar relinquished his Peruvian and Bolivian offices and returned to Colombia.
* In 1860 ] was simultaneously elected as the president of ] and ]. He tried to unify the two countries, but his efforts failed, leading to the ]. * In 1860 ] was simultaneously elected as the president of ] and ]. He tried to unify the two countries, but his efforts failed, leading to the ].
* In 1335 ] was made ],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fennell |first=John |url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=ymzfEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Emergence of Moscow, 1304-1359 |date=2023-11-15 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-34759-5 |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref> marking a personal union between ] and ] until his death in 1340.


== See also == == See also ==
*] *]
*] *]
⚫ *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
⚫ *]


== Notes == == Notes ==
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== References == == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{reflist}}


== Bibliography == == Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book | editor-last1 = Srodecki | editor-first1 = Paul | editor-last2 = Kersken | editor-first2 = Norbert | editor-last3 = Petrauskas | editor-first3 = Rimvydas | title = Unions and Divisions: New Forms of Rule in Medieval and Renaissance Europe | location = London and New York, NY | publisher = ] | year = 2023 | edition = First | isbn = 978-1-032-05750-7 }} * {{Cite book | editor-last1 = Srodecki | editor-first1 = Paul | editor-last2 = Kersken | editor-first2 = Norbert | editor-last3 = Petrauskas | editor-first3 = Rimvydas | title = Unions and Divisions: New Forms of Rule in Medieval and Renaissance Europe | location = London and New York, NY | publisher = ] | year = 2023 | edition = First | isbn = 978-1-032-05750-7 }}


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Latest revision as of 06:00, 9 January 2025

Situation of two states sharing a monarch without merging This article is about the political arrangement. For the Christian theological teaching, see Hypostatic union and Prosopon.
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A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union, by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a federation or a unitary state, a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch.

The term was coined by German jurist Johann Stephan Pütter, introducing it into Elementa iuris publici germanici (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760.

Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as:

They can also be codified (i.e., the constitutions of the states clearly express that they shall share the same person as head of state) or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken (e.g., by the death of the monarch when the two states have different succession laws).

The concept of a personal union has only very rarely crossed over from monarchies into republics.

There are currently two personal unions in the world: the 15 Commonwealth realms, who share Charles III as their head of state, and one of the co-princes of Andorra being the President of France.

Monarchies in personal union

Africa

Congo Free State and Belgium

  • Personal union with Belgium from 1885 to 1908, when the Congo Free State became a Belgian colony. The only sovereign during this period was Leopold II, who continued as king of Belgium until his death a year later in 1909.

Asia

Georgia

Goryeo

  • Personal union with Shenyang in the Mongol Empire (1308–1313; King Chungseon)
    • As King of Goryeo (高麗國王) and King of Shenyang (瀋陽王) in 1308–1310
    • As King of Goryeo and King of Shen (瀋王) in 1310–1313

King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the History of Yuan) or 1308 (according to Goryeosa) to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Mongol Empire and Mongol imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he was a very powerful man during Külüg Khan's reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in Liaodong. However, he lost his power in the Mongol imperial court after the death of the Külüg Khan. Because the Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. King Chungsuk, Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316, the Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of Wang Ko, one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen.

Europe

Albania

Andorra

Due to Andorra's special government form resulting from the Paréage of 1278, it is a diarchy with co-princes. One of them is the Bishop of Urgell, the other was originally the Count of Foix. It is through this feudal co-prince that the Principality has entered partial personal union with:

In 1607 the feudal co-prince was Henry IV of France, who issued an edict that his position should be held by the French Head of State. While during the French Revolution, the new government did not take up the title, all versions of France since 1806 regardless of their government form have accepted that their head of state is an ex officio co-prince. This led to personal unions with:

Austria

Bohemia

Brandenburg

Catalonia

Croatia

Main articles: Pacta conventa (Croatia) and Croatia in the union with Hungary

Denmark

England

: After 1707, see Great Britain below.

France

Note: The point at issue in the War of the Spanish Succession was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on Louis, le Grand Dauphin — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European balance of power; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire.

Great Britain

Before 1707, see England and Scotland.

(1714–1801).

After 1801, see United Kingdom below.

Hanover

Main article: Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover

Holy Roman Empire

Hungary

  • Personal union with Croatia 1102–1918 (see § Croatia above for details).
  • Personal union with Poland and Bohemia 1305.
  • Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of Louis the Great. This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the Andegawen Poland. Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle Casimir III. After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the szlachta) decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter Mary. Personal union with Poland for the second time from 1440 to 1444.
  • Personal union with Naples from 1385 to 1386 under the reign of Charles III of Naples.
  • Personal union with Bohemia, 1419–1439 (with both in interregnum during 1437–1438), 1453–1457 and 1490–1918.
  • Personal union with the Archduchy of Austria, 1437–1439, 1444–1457, and 1526–1806.
  • Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire, 1410–1439, 1556–1608, 1612–1740 and 1780–1806.
  • Real union with Austria, 1867–1918 (the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary) under the reigns of Franz Joseph and Charles IV.

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

León, Aragon, and Castile

Lithuania

Luxembourg

  • Personal union with Bohemia (1313–1378 and 1383–1388).
  • Personal union with the Netherlands from 1815 to 1890, when King and Grand Duke William III died leaving only a daughter, Wilhelmina. Since Luxembourg held to Salic Law, Wilhelmina's distant cousin Adolphe succeeded to the Grand Duchy, ending the personal union.

Naples

Navarre

  • Personal union with France from 1285 to 1328 due to the marriage between Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre and the reign of their three sons, and from 1589 to 1620 due to the accession of Henry IV, after which Navarre was formally integrated into France.

Netherlands

Norway

  • Sweyn Forkbeard ruled both Norway and Denmark from 999 to 1014. He also ruled England from 1013 to 1014.
  • Cnut the Great ruled both England and Denmark from 1018 to 1035. He also ruled Norway from 1028 to 1035.
  • Personal union with Denmark 1042–1047. Magnus I of Norway, who died of unclear circumstances, ruled both Norway and Denmark.
  • Personal union with Sweden (1319-1343).
  • Personal union with Denmark (1380-1389/97).
  • Personal union with Sweden (1449-1450).
  • The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389/97 to 1521/23 (sometimes defunct).
  • Personal union with Denmark (1523-1814).
  • Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (when Norway declared independence from Denmark and was forced into a union with Sweden) to 1905.

Poland

Main articles: Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Union of Krewo, Union of Lublin, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Congress Poland, and Personal union of Poland and Saxony

Pomerania

Portugal

Prussia

Romania

Russia

Sardinia

Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha

In 1826, the newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed.

Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach

The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling house of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into the single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Schleswig and Holstein

Duchies with peculiar rules for succession. See the Schleswig-Holstein Question.

The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460–1864. (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire, while Schleswig was a part of Denmark). The situation was complicated by the fact that for some time, the Duchies were divided among collateral branches of the House of Oldenburg (the ruling House in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein). Besides the "main" Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt, ruled by the Kings of Denmark, there were states encompassing territory in both Duchies. Notably the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and the subordinate Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Beck, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

The duchies of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen were in personal union from 1909, when Prince Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt succeeded also to the throne of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, until 1918, when he (and all the other German monarchs) abdicated.

Scotland

: After 1707, see Great Britain above. After 1801, see United Kingdom below.

Sicily

Spain

Sweden

Further information: Political unions involving Sweden

United Kingdom

Wales

After 1542, see England above.

South America

Brazil

Republics in personal union

Because heads of state and government of republics are ordinarily chosen from within the citizens of the state in question, sovereign republics very rarely share common leaders. A few examples are:

See also

Notes

  1. In the Holy Roman Empire, many prince-bishops had themselves elected to separate prince-bishoprics, which they ruled in a personal union. For example, Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (1671–1723) was Prince-Bishop of Freising (1685–1694), Prince-Bishop of Regensburg (1685–1694), Prince-Elector of Cologne (1688–1723), Prince-Bishop of Liège (1694–1723) and Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim (1702–1723).

References

  1. Oppenheim, Lassa; Roxbrough, Ronald (2005). International Law: A Treatise. The Lawbook Exchange. ISBN 978-1584776093. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  2. Harding, Nick (2007). Hanover and the British Empire, 1700–1837. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1843833000.
  3. Gadolin, A. De (2012). The Solution of the Karelian Refugee Problem in Finland. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. ISBN 978-9401179645. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  4. Fennell, John (2023-11-15). The Emergence of Moscow, 1304-1359. Univ of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-520-34759-5.

Bibliography

  • Srodecki, Paul; Kersken, Norbert; Petrauskas, Rimvydas, eds. (2023). Unions and Divisions: New Forms of Rule in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (First ed.). London and New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-05750-7.
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