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{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk and translator}} {{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk and translator}}
{{about|the 8th century Buddhist monk translator from South India|the 6th century Buddhist monk translator from North India|Bodhiruci}} {{about|the 8th century Buddhist monk translator from South India|the 6th century Buddhist monk translator from North India|Bodhiruci}}
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{{Buddhism}} {{Buddhism}}

'''Bodhiruci''' (or: Bodhiruchi, Bodairushi ; Chinese : 菩提流支), was an Indian translator and ] from ] He was originally called Dharmaruci. He is supposed to have lived 156 years,<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" >. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> died in 727. He went to China at the end of the 7th century, where he translated numerous texts, sutras and commentaries from ] into ]. '''Bodhiruci''' (also written '''Bodhiruchi''' or '''Bodairushi'''; {{Langx|zh|菩提流支}}; 562 or 571 – 727 CE) was an Indian translator and ] from ]. Originally named Dharmaruci, he is believed to have lived for 156 years.<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" >. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> Bodhiruci travelled to ] in the late 7th century, where he translated numerous texts, ]s, and commentaries from ] into ].


== Biography == == Biography ==
'''Bodhiruci''' (or: Bodhiruchi, Bodairushi ; Chinese :菩提流支), was born into a family of ],<ref name="Bapat 1959 p218">. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> from ]. The year of his birth is not certain, either 562 or 571 CE. He died in 727, supposedly at the age of 156<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>{{refn|group=note |If Bodhiruci died in 727 at the age of 156, this means that he was born in 571 (although 562 is sometimes mentioned by historians).}}. He was educated according to the principles of his ], but when he reached adulthood, he chose the path of Buddhism. Bodhiruci was born into a family of ],<ref name="Bapat 1959 p218">. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> in ]. The year of his birth is uncertain, with sources suggesting either 562 or 571 CE.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} He died in 727 CE, purportedly at the age of 156.<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>{{refn|group=note |If Bodhiruci died in 727 at the age of 156, this means that he was born in 571 (although 562 is sometimes mentioned by historians).}}. He was educated according to the principles of his ], but when he reached adulthood, he chose the path of Buddhism.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}


The ] invited him to come to China in 663 CE, but he would wait thirty years, until 693, to go there, during the reign of empress ], who asked him to change his name from Dharmaruci to Bodhiruci.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134">. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> In 663 CE, ] invited him to China. However, he delayed for 30 years, finally arriving in 693 CE, during the reign of empress ], who requested that he change his name from Dharmaruci to Bodhiruci.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134">. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>


He first settled in the monastery of Foshoujisi, in ], the ancient Chinese capital, now ]. He also stayed in ], the secondary capital of the empire named Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital", where in 699 he took part, under the direction of ] (652–710), in the second translation of the ''Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra'', better known as the ].<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/> He first settled in the monastery of Foshoujisi, in ], the ancient Chinese capital, (now ]). He also stayed in ], the empire's secondary capital named Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 699 CE, under the direction of ] (652–710), he took part in the second translation of the ''Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra'', better known as the ].<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>


In 706, he moved to the monastery of Chongfusi where he translated the ]. It took him seven years to complete the translation of the 49 sutras that make up the whole. By 713, the completed edition contained 120 scrolls. During his long life, he also translated other texts, sutras and commentaries.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref> {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> In 706 CE, he moved to the monastery of Chongfusi where he translated the ]. It took him seven years to complete the translation of the 49 sutras that make up the whole. By 713 CE, the completed edition contained 120 scrolls. During his life, he also translated other texts, sutras and commentaries.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref> {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>


At the age of 90, he renounced worldly life to devote himself entirely to meditation and devotion. He isolated himself completely and stopped writing, reading only his manuscripts written in ]<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /> At the age of 90, he renounced worldly life to devote himself entirely to meditation and devotion. He isolated himself completely and stopped writing, reading only his manuscripts written in ].<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" />

In the early 6th century in ], there was another Buddhist monk also called ]. He should not be confused with the Bodhiruci who is the subject of this article.


== Translations == == Translations ==
⚫ The following sutras, listed in the '']'': ''A Descriptive Catalogue'', by ] and Sun-bae Park, are among the 69 sutras mentioned, and include an incomplete list of translations attributed to Bodhiruci.<ref name="KBC">. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
There does not seem to be a complete list of the sutras and other texts translated by Bodhiruci.

⚫ The following sutras listed below appear in the ''Korean Buddhist Canon'': ''A Descriptive Catalogue'', by ] and Sun-bae Park, in which 69 sutras are mentioned. These include texts by the two Bodhiruci, who often translated the same sutras each on their own, a century apart. Only those of the Bodhiruci that interests us here are mentioned.<ref name="KBC">. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>


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== Notes and references == == Notes ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}} {{reflist|group=note}}


=== References === ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


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* {{cite book|author1=]|author2=Sung-bae Park|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|publisher=University of California Press. Center for Japanese and Korean Studies |date=1979|pages=724|isbn=978-0-520-03159-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1grPgzHEMC}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}} * {{cite book|author1=]|author2=Sung-bae Park|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|publisher=University of California Press. Center for Japanese and Korean Studies |date=1979|pages=724|isbn=978-0-520-03159-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1grPgzHEMC}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}


=== External links === == External links ==
* . {{access-date|6 January 2025}} * . {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* at the ]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}} * at the ]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}

Latest revision as of 05:42, 10 January 2025

Indian Buddhist monk and translator This article is about the 8th century Buddhist monk translator from South India. For the 6th century Buddhist monk translator from North India, see Bodhiruci.
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Bodhiruci (also written Bodhiruchi or Bodairushi; Chinese: 菩提流支; 562 or 571 – 727 CE) was an Indian translator and Buddhist monk from South India. Originally named Dharmaruci, he is believed to have lived for 156 years. Bodhiruci travelled to China in the late 7th century, where he translated numerous texts, sutras, and commentaries from Sanskrit into Middle Chinese.

Biography

Bodhiruci was born into a family of Brahmins from the Kashyapa Gotra, in South India. The year of his birth is uncertain, with sources suggesting either 562 or 571 CE. He died in 727 CE, purportedly at the age of 156.. He was educated according to the principles of his caste, but when he reached adulthood, he chose the path of Buddhism.

In 663 CE, Emperor Gaozong of Tang invited him to China. However, he delayed for 30 years, finally arriving in 693 CE, during the reign of empress Wu Zetian, who requested that he change his name from Dharmaruci to Bodhiruci.

He first settled in the monastery of Foshoujisi, in Chang'an, the ancient Chinese capital, (now Xi'an). He also stayed in Luoyang, the empire's secondary capital named Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 699 CE, under the direction of Śikṣānanda (652–710), he took part in the second translation of the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra, better known as the Avataṃsaka Sūtra.

In 706 CE, he moved to the monastery of Chongfusi where he translated the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra. It took him seven years to complete the translation of the 49 sutras that make up the whole. By 713 CE, the completed edition contained 120 scrolls. During his life, he also translated other texts, sutras and commentaries.

At the age of 90, he renounced worldly life to devote himself entirely to meditation and devotion. He isolated himself completely and stopped writing, reading only his manuscripts written in Sanskrit.

Translations

The following sutras, listed in the Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue, by Lewis Lancaster and Sun-bae Park, are among the 69 sutras mentioned, and include an incomplete list of translations attributed to Bodhiruci.

Tripitaka Koreana
Number 		Sanskrit Title and Translation Year (CE)
 English Title Chinese title Korean title English translations
K.18 Adhyardhaśatikāprajñāpāramitā sūtra
(693) 		Diamond Sutra 實相般若波羅蜜多經 실상반야바라밀다경 ?
K.22
K.22(1–49) 		Mahāratnakūṭa
(706) 		Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 大寶積經 대보자경 see details on article page
K.36 Sumatidārikāparipṛcchā sūtra
(693) 		Sumati Sūtra 須摩提經 수마제경 ?
K.287 Amoghapāśakalparāja sūtra
(707) 		Mantra of Light 不空羂索神變眞言經 불공견삭신변진언경
K.293 Nīlakaṇṭhaka sūtra
(709) 		Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī
 千手千眼觀世音菩薩姥陀羅尼身經 천수천안관세음보살모타라니신경 ?
K.298 Padmacintāmaṇi dhāraṇī sūtra
(709) 		Dharani Sutra of the Great Wheel of Love 如意輪陀羅尼經 여의륜 다라니경 ?
K.351 Sumukhanāmadhāraṇī sūtra
(693) 		Dharani Sutra for Protecting Life 護命法門神咒經 호명법문신주경 ?
K.422 Mahāmaṇivipulavimānaviśvasupratiṣṭhita
guhyaparamarahasyakalparāja dhāraṇī sūtra (706) 		Dharani Sutra of the Great and Powerful Palace of Virtue and Mystery 廣大寶樓閣善住祕密陀羅尼經 광대보루각선주비밀타라니경 ?
K.489 Śrīmatībrāhmāṇiparipṛcchā sūtra
(693) 		The Mahayana Sutra Asked by A Virtuous Woman 有德女所問大乘經 유덕녀소문대승경 ?

Notes

  1. If Bodhiruci died in 727 at the age of 156, this means that he was born in 571 (although 562 is sometimes mentioned by historians).
  2. Most of the texts that Bodhiruci translated into Chinese have not, to date, been translated into English or any other Western language. For this reason, in the "English translations" column of the table, a question mark (?) has been included, instead of the words "Not available", because one day, perhaps, translations published in English will be able to constitute reliable sources.
  3. Concerning the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra K.22, which is made up of 49 sutras, only 27 are listed in The Korean Buddhist Canon. This means that there are 27 different web links. Not all of them have been listed here, it would have taken up too much space in the "References" section of this article. They are easily accessible via the web link Bodhiruci. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  4. Nilakantha: this title can refer to several texts (Sutras or Dharanis), all of which have been translated under the generic title Nīlakaṇṭha. Some are invocations addressed to Avalokiteśvara, in her feminine form Guanyin; others, including the Bodhiruci one mentioned here, are addressed to the triad Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara and Mahasthamaprapta). For further information on Nilakantha, see also the article Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra.

References

  1. ^ Martha Cheung. An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation. Vol.1: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project, 2014, p. 203.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  2. P.V. Bapat,2500 Years of Buddhism, 1959, p. 218. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  3. ^ Robert Buswell Jr. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism , 2013, pp. 133–134. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  4. Paul.W. Kroll. Critical Readings on Tang China, Vol. 4, 2018, p.1655. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  5. ^ The Korean Buddhist Canon. « Bodhiruci » in section "Authors, editors, translators" (then sutra number).. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  6. The Korean Buddhist Canon :K.18.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  7. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.22.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  8. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.36.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  9. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.287.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  10. 84000. coThe Sovereign Ritual of Amoghapāśa. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  11. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.293.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  12. Source: The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, Vol. 1, p. 44; 238–9., by Lokesh Chandra, 1988. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  13. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.298.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  14. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.351.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  15. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.422.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  16. The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.489.. Retrieved 6 January 2025.

Bibliography

External links

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