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{{Short description|Language}} |
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{{Short description|Language}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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{{Infobox language |
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| name = Sarnámi Hindustáni |
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| name = Sarnámi Hindustáni |
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| nativename = Surinamese Hindustani<br />सरनामी हिंदुस्तानी {{small|{{small|{{small|(])}}}}}}<br /> {{nastaliq|سرنامی ہندوستانی}} {{small|{{small|{{small|(])}}}}}} |
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| nativename = Surinamese Hindustani<br />सरनामी हिंदुस्तानी {{small|{{small|{{small|(])}}}}}}<br /> {{nastaliq|سرنامی ہندوستانی}} {{small|{{small|{{small|(])}}}}}} |
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| states = ] |
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| states = ] |
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| ethnicity = ] |
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| ethnicity = ] |
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| speakers = ca. 500.000 |
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| speakers = ca. 500.000 |
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| familycolor = Indo-European |
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| familycolor = Indo-European |
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| fam2=] |
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| fam2 = ] |
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|fam3=] |
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| fam3 = ] |
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|fam4=] and ] |
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| fam4 = ] and ] |
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|fam5=] and ] |
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| fam5 = ], ] and ] |
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| fam6 = ], ] and ]{{efn|Only Bhojpuri and Awadhi descend from Bihari and Eastern Hindi, Hindustani comes from Western Hindi}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=DBNL |title=Het ontstaan van het Sarnami 2, De talen van Suriname, Eddy Charry, Geert Koefoed, Pieter Muysken |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/koef001tale01_01/koef001tale01_01_0012.php |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=DBNL |language=nl}}</ref> |
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|fam6=] and ] |
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|fam7=] |
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| fam7 = ] |
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| protoname = ] |
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| protoname = ] |
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| ancestor2 = ] |
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| ancestor2 = ] |
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| ancestor6 = ] and ]{{efn|Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}} |
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| ancestor6 = ] and ]{{efn|Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}} |
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| ancestor7 = Magadhan and Ardhamagadhi ]{{efn|Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}} |
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| ancestor7 = Magadhan and Ardhamagadhi ]{{efn|Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}} |
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| ancestor8 = ]{{efn|Only Bhojpuri is descended from Abahattha, not Awadhi. Awadhi comes straight from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa}} |
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| ancestor8 = ]{{efn|Only Bhojpuri is descended from Abahattha, not Awadhi. Awadhi comes straight from Ardhamagadhi Apabhraṃśa, while Hindustani come straight from Apabhraṃśa}} |
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*] and ] |
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*], ] and ] |
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| dia1 = ] dialect |
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| dia1 = ] dialect |
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| dia2 = ] dialect |
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| dia2 = ] dialect |
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| script = {{unbulleted list |
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| script = {{unbulleted list |
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|] |
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|] |
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|] |
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|] |
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== Usage == |
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== Usage == |
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Sarnami is the third-most spoken language in Suriname after ] and ] and the mother tongue of approximately 500,000 of the ] diaspora. Sarnami is also spoken by many immigrants in the Netherlands. Outside Suriname, other variants of Caribbean Hindustani are also spoken by ] in other Caribbean countries. Compared to other varieties of Caribbean Hindustani, Sarnami is still widely spoken, especially in Suriname and the Netherlands. |
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] (]-]) which has also influenced the language is separately considered a ] within Suriname, Sarnami is generally seen as a ], and sometimes also considered to be a ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindorama |first=Redactie |date=2020-04-14 |title=De toekomst van het Sarnámi (1) Het Sarnámi als ‘heritage language’ - Rabin Baldewsingh |url=https://www.hindorama.com/de-toekomst-van-het-sarnami-1-het-sarnami-als-heritage-language-rabin-baldewsingh/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Hindorama |language=nl-NL}}</ref> |
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Sarnami is the third-most spoken language in Suriname and the mother tongue of approximately 500,000 of the ] diaspora. Sarnami is also spoken by many immigrants in the Netherlands. Outside Suriname, other variants of Caribbean Hindustani are also spoken by ] in other Caribbean countries. |
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] (]-]) has also influenced the language and is separately considered a ] within Suriname, Sarnami is generally seen as a ]. |
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The difference with Standard Hindustani is mainly in the grammar. Sarnami, does not have the two cases of ]. An influence from Dutch on Sarnami grammar is, that the stem of the verb and the ] are the same, meaning the syntax of the two languages is almost the same. |
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The difference with Standard Hindustani is mainly in the grammar. Sarnami, does not have the two cases of ]. An influence from Dutch on Sarnami grammar is, that the stem of the verb and the ] are the same, meaning the syntax of the two languages is almost the same. |
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== Literature == |
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== Literature == |
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{{See also|See ]}} |
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{{See also|Surinamese literature}} |
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] and ]]] |
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] and ]]] |
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The first major Indo-Surinamese ] was Munshi Rahman Khan, with other major ones including Jit Narain, Rabin Baldewsingh, ], ], ], ] and more. |
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The first major Indo-Surinamese ] was Munshi Rahman Khan, with other major ones including Jit Narain, Rabin Baldewsingh, ], ], ], ] and more. |
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== Music == |
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== Music == |
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{{See also|See ]}} |
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{{See also|Baithak Gana}} |
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Baithak Gana is the primary form of music where Sarnami is used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De geschiedenis van de Surinaamse Baithak Gana - OHM |url=https://www.ohmnet.nl/artikelen/de-geschiedenis-van-de-surinaamse-baithak-gana/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.ohmnet.nl}}</ref> It is also used for other forms of music including ], ], ]s and ]. |
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Baithak Gana is the primary form of music where Sarnami is used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De geschiedenis van de Surinaamse Baithak Gana - OHM |url=https://www.ohmnet.nl/artikelen/de-geschiedenis-van-de-surinaamse-baithak-gana/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.ohmnet.nl}}</ref> It is also used for other forms of music including ], ], ]s and ]. |
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The language emerged mainly through the mixing of different dialects or language variants from Northern India and Nepal, the areas from which the approximately 34,000 indentured labourers were brought to Suriname between 1873 and 1916 by the Dutch colonial government, to replace the African slaves who had been freed.
The difference with Standard Hindustani is mainly in the grammar. Sarnami, does not have the two cases of Hindi. An influence from Dutch on Sarnami grammar is, that the stem of the verb and the imperative mood are the same, meaning the syntax of the two languages is almost the same.
Baithak Gana is the primary form of music where Sarnami is used. It is also used for other forms of music including folk music, classical music, bhajans and qawwali's.
