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Revision as of 12:34, 13 October 2020 edit192.142.175.32 (talk) Spelling mistakeTag: Reverted← Previous edit Latest revision as of 01:22, 15 January 2025 edit undo37.111.151.17 (talk) Shia Muslims believe that Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib was a Muslim who supported Muhammad and died as a Muslim. They also believe that Abu Talib recited the sermon at Muhammad's marriage to Khadija.Tags: references removed Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
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{{short description|leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca (c.535-c.619)}} {{Short description|Leader of Banu Hashim clan (c. 535-619)}}
{{Infobox royalty {{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib<br/>{{lang|ar|أَبُو طَالِب ٱبْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب}} | name = Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
| native_name = {{lang|ar|أَبُو طَالِب بن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب}}
| birth_name = 'Imran ({{lang|ar|عِمْرَان}}) or <br/> 'Abd Manaf ({{lang|ar|عَبْد مَنَاف}})<ref name="Duas2013">{{Cite web |title=Abu-Talib a.s The Greatest Guardian of Islam |url=http://www.duas.org/abutalibas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217070926/http://www.duas.org/abutalibas.htm |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |website=duas.org}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size = | birth_date = {{Circa}} 535 ]
| birth_place = ], ]<br/>(present-day ])
| alt =
| death_date = {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|619|535|df=yes}}
| caption = Abu Talib ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib
| death_place = Mecca, Hijaz
| birth_name = 'Imran ({{lang|ar|عِمْرَان}}) or <br/>'Abd Manaf ({{lang|ar|عَبْد مَنَاف}})<ref name="Duas2013"/>
| birth_date = {{Circa}} 535 ] | office = ] of ] clan of ]
| birth_place = ], ]<br/>{{small|(present-day ])}} | term = {{Circa}} 578 - 619 CE
| predecessor = ]
| death_date = {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|619|535|df=yes}}
| death_place = ] | successor = ]
| cause_of_death = ] | spouse = ]
| resting_place = ], Mecca | children = {{plainlist|
*]
| resting_place_coordinates =
*]
| monuments =
*]
| other_names = Abu Talib
*]
| known_for = Being the uncle of ], father of ], and Custodian of the ]
*]
| style =
*]
| succession = Major ] Leader of ]
*]
| reign = {{Circa}} 578 - 619 CE
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| movement = Protecting Muhammad
| opponents = Pagans of ]
| spouse = ]
| issue = ]<br> ]<br> ]<br> ]<br> Tulayq<br> ]<br> ]<br> ]
| parents = ]<br>]
| relatives = ] {{small|(brother)}}<br>] {{small|(brother)}}<br> ] {{small|(sister)}}<br> ] {{small|(sister)}}<br> ] {{small|(sister)}}<br> ] {{small|(sister)}}<br> ]{{small|(sister)}}<br>]
| awards =
| module =
| module2 =
| footnotes =
| denomination =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| box_width =
| religion = ]
|
}} }}
| father = ]
'''Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib''' ({{lang-ar|أَبُو طَالِب ٱبْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب}} ''{{transl|ar|ʾAbū Ṭālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib}}''; {{circa|535}}{{spaced ndash}}{{circa|619}}) Abu Talib means; The father of ], born ʿImrān ({{lang|ar|عِمْرَان|link=no}}) or ʿAbd Manāf ({{lang|ar|عَبْد مَنَاف|link=no}}),<ref name="Duas2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.duas.org/abutalibas.htm |title=Abu-Talib (a.s.) The Greatest Guardian of Islam |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=duas.org |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217070926/http://www.duas.org/abutalibas.htm |archive-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> was the leader of ], a clan of the ] tribe of ] in the ]i region of the ]. He was an uncle of the Islamic ] ],<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kobra, Vol. 1, P. 93</ref> and father of the ] ]. After the death of his father ] ] ], he inherited this position, and the offices of ''Siqaya'' and ''Rifada''.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam">{{EI3|last=Rubin|first=Uri|year=2013}}</ref> He was well-respected in Mecca, despite a declining fortune.<ref name="Armstrong">{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1992|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=77}}</ref>
| mother = ]
| relations = {{plainlist}}
*] (half-brother)
*] (full-brother)
*] (full-brother)
*] (half-brother)
*] (half-brother)
*] (half-brother)
*] (half-brother)
*] (half-brother)
*] (full-sister)
*] (full-sister)
*] (full-sister)
*] (full-sister)
*] (full-sister)
*] (half-sister)
{{endplainlist}}
| resting_place = ] Mecca
}}
'''Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib''' ({{langx|ar|أَبُو طَالِب بن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب|ʾAbū Ṭālib bin ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib}}; {{circa|535{{spaced ndash}}619}}) was the leader of ], a clan of the ]i tribe of ] in the ]i region of the ]. He being the brother of ], the father of the Islamic ] ],<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kobra, Vol. 1, P. 93</ref> was his uncle and father of ]. After the death of his father ] ] ], he inherited this position as tribal chieftain, and the offices of ''Siqaya'' and ''Rifada''.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam">{{EI3|last=Rubin|first=Uri|year=2013}}</ref> He was well-respected in Mecca.

<ref name="Armstrong">{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet |year=1992 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=San Francisco |page=77}}</ref>Shia Muslims believe that Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib was a Muslim who supported Muhammad and died as a Muslim. They also believe that Abu Talib recited the sermon at Muhammad's marriage to Khadija.


==Early life== ==Early life==
Abu Talib was born in the city of ] in the ] region in 535 ]. He was the son of the Hashimite chief, ]. He was a brother of ]'s father, ], who had died before Muhammad's birth. After the death of Muhammad's mother ], Muhammad as a child was taken into the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib. When Muhammad reached eight years of age, Abd al-Muttalib died. One of Muhammad's uncles was to take him in. The oldest, Al-Harith was not wealthy enough to take him in. Abu Talib, despite his poverty, took in Muhammad because of his generosity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=54}}</ref> Although Abu Talib was responsible for ''Siqaya'' and ''Rifada'' (Food and Beverages) of ] pilgrims, he was poor. Abu Talib was born in the city of ] in the ] region in 535 ]. He was the son of the Hashimite chief, ], and a brother of ]'s father, ], who had died before Muhammad's birth. After the death of Muhammad's mother ], Muhammad, a child still, was taken into the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib. When Muhammad reached eight years of age, Abd al-Muttalib died. One of Muhammad's uncles was to take him in. The oldest, Al-Harith was not wealthy enough to accept guardianship for his nephew. Abu Talib, despite his poverty, took in Muhammad in an act of selfless generosity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=54}}</ref>


Although Abu Talib was responsible for providing ''Siqaya'' and ''Rifada'' (Food and Beverages) of ] pilgrims, he lived in poverty. In order to fulfill his obligations towards the pilgrims, he had to borrow money from his brother Abbas, which he failed to return, thus being forced to letting Abbas take over the duty. Nevertheless, his social position did not take any harm from this failure.<ref>{{Citation |title= Abu Talib, the Faithful of Quraysh |author= Abdullah Al Khunayzi |chapter= The Route of Life |date= 4 June 2015 |chapter-url=https://www.al-islam.org/abu-talib-faithful-quraysh-abdullah-al-khunayzi/chapter-1-route-life#personality}}</ref>
Muhammad loved his uncle, and Abu Talib loved him in return.<ref name=Rubin>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=93}}</ref> Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet, and many poetic verses in support of Muhammad are attributed to him.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /><ref name=Lings>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=33}}</ref> Once, as Abu Talib was about to leave for a trading expedition, Muhammad wept and could not bear to be separated from him. To this Abu Talib responded, "By God I will take him with me, and we shall never part from each other."<ref name=Tabari>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1988|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|page=44}}</ref>


Muhammad loved his uncle, and Abu Talib loved him in return.<ref name=Rubin>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=93}}</ref> Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet, and many poetic verses in support of Muhammad are attributed to him.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /><ref name=Lings>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=33}}</ref> Once, as Abu Talib was about to leave for a trading expedition, Muhammad wept and could not bear being separated from him. To this Abu Talib responded, "By God I will take him with me, and we shall never part from each other."<ref name=Tabari>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1988|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|page=44}}</ref>
Later in life, as an adult, Muhammad saw that Abu Talib was struggling financially after a severe drought. Muhammad decided to take charge of one of Abu Talib's children and he convinced ] to do the same. They discussed this matter with Abū Ṭālib, who asked that his favorite child 'Aqīl be left with him. Al-'Abbās chose ], and Muhammad chose 'Alī.<ref>Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.162.</ref><ref name="ref3">Tārīkh Al-Tabarī (vol 2 p.63), Tārīkh ibn Al-Athīr (vol 2 p.24), Musnad of Aḥmed ibn Ḥanbal (vol 1 p.159), Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah by ibn Kathīr (vol 1 p.457-459).</ref><ref name="firstMuslims">Sunan al-Tirmidhī (vol 2 p.301), Al-Ṭabaqāt Al-Kubrā - ibn Sa'd (vol 3 kklkp.12), Usd Al-Ghābah (vol 4 p.17), Kanz al-'Ummāl (vol 6 p.400), Tārīkh Al-Ṭabarī (vol 2 p.55), Tārīkh Baghdād (vol 2 p.18)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=Albany|page=83}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=August 2017}}

Later in life, as an adult, Muhammad saw that Abu Talib was struggling financially after a severe drought. Muhammad decided to take charge of one of Abu Talib's children and he convinced ] to do the same. They discussed this matter with Abū Ṭālib, who asked that his favorite child 'Aqīl be left with him. Al-'Abbās chose ], and Muhammad chose 'Alī.<ref>Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.162.</ref><ref name="ref3">Tārīkh Al-Tabarī (vol 2 p.63), Tārīkh ibn Al-Athīr (vol 2 p.24), Musnad of Aḥmed ibn Ḥanbal (vol 1 p.159), Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah by ibn Kathīr (vol 1 p.457-459).</ref><ref name="firstMuslims">Sunan al-Tirmidhī (vol 2 p.301), Al-Ṭabaqāt Al-Kubrā - ibn Sa'd (vol 3 kklkp.12), Usd Al-Ghābah (vol 4 p.17), Kanz al-'Ummāl (vol 6 p.400), Tārīkh Al-Ṭabarī (vol 2 p.55), Tārīkh Baghdād (vol 2 p.18)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=81}}</ref>


==Protecting Muhammad== ==Protecting Muhammad==
In tribal society, a tribal affiliation is important, otherwise a man can be killed with impunity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Islam: A Short History|year=2000|publisher=Modern Library|location=New York|page=13}}</ref> As leader of the Banu Hashim, Abu Talib acted as a protector to Muhammad. After Muhammad began preaching the message of ], members of the other ]ite clans increasingly came to feel threatened by Muḥammad. In attempts to quiet him, they pressured Abū Ṭālib to silence his nephew or control him. Despite these pressures, Abu Talib maintained his support of Muḥammad, defending him from the other leaders of the Quraysh. Leaders of the Quraysh directly confronted Abu Talib several times. Abu Talib brushed them off and continued to support Muhammad even when it put a rift between him and the Quraysh. In one account, the Quraysh even threatened to fight the Banu Hashim over this conflict.<ref name="Rubin 1995 150">{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=150}}</ref> In a particular narration of one such confrontation, Abu Talib summoned Muhammad to speak with the Quraysh. Muhammad asked the Quraysh leaders to say the ] and they were astounded.<ref name="The History of al-Tabari">{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=95}}</ref> In tribal society, a tribal affiliation is important, otherwise a man can be killed with impunity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Islam: A Short History|year=2000|publisher=Modern Library|location=New York|page=13}}</ref> As leader of the Banu Hashim, Abu Talib acted as a protector to Muhammad. After Muhammad began preaching the message of ], members of the other ]ite clans increasingly came to feel threatened by Muḥammad. In attempts to quiet him, they pressured Abū Ṭālib to silence his nephew or control him. Despite these pressures, Abu Talib maintained his support of Muḥammad, defending him from the other leaders of the Quraysh. Leaders of the Quraysh directly confronted Abu Talib several times. Abu Talib brushed them off and continued to support Muhammad even when it put a rift between him and the Quraysh. In one account, the Quraysh even threatened to fight the Banu Hashim over this conflict.<ref name="Rubin 1995 150">{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=150}}</ref> In a particular narration of one such confrontation, Abu Talib summoned Muhammad to speak with the Quraysh. Muhammad asked the Quraysh leaders to say the ] and they were astounded.<ref name="The History of al-Tabari">{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=95}}</ref>


The Quraysh even tried to bribe Abu Talib. They told Abu Talib that if he let them get hold of Muhammad, then he could adopt 'Umarah ibn al Walid ibn al Mughirah, the most handsome youth in Quraysh.<ref name="Rubin 1995 150"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=88}}</ref> When this also failed, the Quraysh elicited the support of other tribes to boycott trading with or marrying members of the Banu Hashim lineage. This boycott started seven years after Muhammad first received revelation and lasted for three years.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /> The goal was to put pressure on the Hashimites and even starve them into submission.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129">{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=129}}</ref> For the sake of security, many members of the Banu Hashim moved near to Abu Talib (Encyclopedia of Islam), and the place became like a ].<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/> This didn't cause undue hardship<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=xliv}}</ref> because many had family members in other tribes that would smuggle goods to them.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/> Abu Talib's brother, ], sided with the Quraysh on this issue; he moved to a house in the district of Abd Shams to demonstrate support for the Quraysh.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=90}}</ref> He thought Muhammad was either mad or an impostor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=52}}</ref> The Quraysh even tried to bribe Abu Talib. They told Abu Talib that if he let them get hold of Muhammad, then he could adopt 'Umarah ibn al Walid ibn al Mughirah, the most handsome youth in Quraysh.<ref name="Rubin 1995 150"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=88}}</ref> When this also failed, the Quraysh elicited the support of other tribes to boycott trading with or marrying members of the Banu Hashim lineage. This boycott started seven years after Muhammad first received revelation and lasted for three years.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /> The goal was to put pressure on the Hashimites and even starve them into submission.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129">{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=129}}</ref> For the sake of security, many members of the Banu Hashim moved near to Abu Talib, and the place became like a ].<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/> This didn't cause undue hardship<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=xliv}}</ref> because many had family members in other tribes that would smuggle goods to them.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/> Abu Talib's brother, ], sided with the Quraysh on this issue; he moved to a house in the district of Abd Shams to demonstrate support for the Quraysh.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=90}}</ref> He thought Muhammad was either mad or an impostor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=52}}</ref>


Protecting Muhammad put considerable pressure on Abu Talib and the Banu Hashim. In one instance Abu Talib exclaimed to Muhammad, "Save me and yourself, and do not put a greater burden on me than I cannot bear." Muhammad responded, "Oh uncle! By God Almighty I swear, even if they should put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left that I abjure this cause, I shall not do so until God has vindicated it or caused me to perish in the process."<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=89}}</ref> Seeing his nephew's emotion, Abu Talib responded, "Go, nephew, and say what you like. By God, I will never hand you over for any reason."<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=96}}</ref> Protecting Muhammad put considerable pressure on Abu Talib and the Banu Hashim. In one instance Abu Talib exclaimed to Muhammad, "Save me and yourself, and do not put a greater burden on me than I cannot bear." Muhammad responded, "Oh uncle! By God Almighty I swear, even if they should put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left that I abjure this cause, I shall not do so until God has vindicated it or caused me to perish in the process."<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=89}}</ref> Seeing his nephew's emotion, Abu Talib responded, "Go, nephew, and say what you like. By God, I will never hand you over for any reason."<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=96}}</ref>
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Abū Ṭālib died around 619 AD, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /> This year is known as the ] for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife ], within a month of Abu Talib. Abū Ṭālib died around 619 AD, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /> This year is known as the ] for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife ], within a month of Abu Talib.


After Abu Talib's death, Muhammad was left unprotected. Abu Talib's brother and successor as the chief of the family, that is ], did not protect him, as he was an enemy of Muhammad, so Muhammad and his followers faced incredible persecution. Muhammad is quoted as exclaiming, "By God, Quraysh never harmed me so much as after the death of Abu Talib."<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=135}}</ref> The early Muslims relocated to Abyssinia and then to Medina in order to escape persecution by the Quraysh.
Before Abu Talib died, Muhammad asked him to pronounce the ].<ref name="The History of al-Tabari"/> In another tradition Abu Talib was dissuaded from saying the Shahadah by the Quraysh.<ref name="Donner 245">{{cite book|last=Donner|first=Fred McGraw|title=Love and Death in the Ancient Near East|year=1987|publisher=Four Quarters|location=Guilford, Connecticut|page=245|editor=John H. Marks |editor2=Robert M. Good|chapter=The Death of Abu Talib}}</ref> According to the historiographer Fred McGraw Donner, both of these traditions have very old ]s but the first variation has two different isnads which might suggest that the second variation is a modification of the older, first variation.<ref name="Donner 245" />


==Views of different sects==
In yet another variation of Abu Talib's death, his brother, ], who was sitting next to Abu Talib as he died, saw Abu Talib moving his lips. Al-'Abbās claimed that Abu Talib had said the shahada but Muhammad replied that he had not heard it.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=152}}</ref>
The memory of Abu Talib is influenced by political aims of the Sunni and Shia Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=149}}</ref>


===Sunni===
After Abu Talib's death, Muhammad was left unprotected. Abu Talib's brother and successor as the Chief of the family, that is Abu Lahab, did not protect him, as he was an enemy of Muhammad, so Muhammad and his followers faced incredible persecution. Muhammad is quoted as exclaiming, "By God, Quraysh never harmed me so much as after the death of Abu Talib."<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=135}}</ref> The early Muslims relocated to Abyssinia and then to Medina in order to escape persecution by the Quraysh.
It is reported in Sunni Islam that the Quranic verse 28:56 ("O Prophet! Verily, you guide not whom you like, but Allah guides whom He will") was revealed concerning Abu Talib's embrace of Islam at the hands of his nephew.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Diane Morgan|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313360251|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman|title=The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 7)|date=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|isbn=9781861796615|page=202}}</ref>

==Views==
The memory of Abu Talib is influenced by political aims of the Sunnis and Shias.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=149}}</ref>

===Shia===
] also believe that the ancestors of Abu Talib were Muslims. Abu Talib was a descendant of ] ] ]<ref>Story of the Prophets by Ibn Kathir, {{ISBN|9781518937705}}</ref>

In addition, when Muhammad married Khadija, Abu Talib recited the sermon of the marriage. This fact has also been used to prove Abu Talib's monotheism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Razwy|first1=Sayed Ali Asgher|title=A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims|page=40}}</ref>

=== Sunni ===
It is reported in Sunni Islam that the Quranic verse 28:56 ("O Prophet! Verily, you guide not whom you like, but Allah guides whom He will") was revealed concerning Abu Talib's rejection of Islam at the hands of his nephew.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Diane Morgan|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313360251|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman|title=The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 7)|date=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|isbn=9781861796615|page=202}}</ref>

In one account by the historian ], and widely circulated by the Abbasids, one of two men states, "I wish that Abu Talib had embraced Islam, for the Apostle of God would have been delighted at that. But he was an ]."<ref name="Donner">{{cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred McGraw |title=Love and Death in the Ancient Near East |year=1987 |publisher=] |location=] |pages=238–239 |editor1=John H. Marks |editor2=Robert M. Good |chapter=The Death of Abu Talib}}</ref>{{rp|218}} Along the same lines, there is a similar account where Ali informs Muhammad of Abu Talib's death by saying, "Your uncle, the erring old man, has died."<ref name="Donner" />{{rp|219}}


==Family== ==Family==
Abu Talib was married to ]. They had four sons: ]
Abu Talib was married to ]. They had four sons:
* ]
* ], He was his father's firstborn child, and Abu Talib received his ] from him. Little is known about him; he had no children and his body was never discovered after around {{circa}} 624.
* ], married and had many children: Abu Sa'id, ], Musa, Abdullah, Ramla, ], ] and ]
* ], married ] and had 3 sons: ], ] and ] also had a daughter: Na'mi. * ], married Fatima bint Uqba and had many children: Abu Sa'id, ], Musa, ], Ramla, ], ] and ].
* ], married ], including ] bint Muhammad. He had many children like Hassan, Hussain, Abbas, Zainab, Umme Kulsum * ], married ] and had 3 sons: ], ] and ] also had a daughter: Na'mi.
* ], married ], including ] bint Muhammad. He had many children like ], ], ], ], ] and ].


and three daughters: and three daughters:
* ], married Hubayra ibn Abi Wahb and had four sons: Umar, Fulan, Yusuf, Amr and two daughters: Hani and Ja'dah * ], married Hubayra ibn Abi Wahb and had four sons: Umar, Fulan, Yusuf, Amr and two daughters: Hani and Ja'dah
* ], married ] and had two sons, Sufyan and Ja'far, Ali * ], married ] and had two sons, Sufyan and Ja'far, Ali
* ], married ] and had a son, Talib. * ], married ] and had a son, Talib<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir''. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. I Parts I & II'', pp. 135-136. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref><ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir'', vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 35. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref>

By another wife, Illa, he had a fifth son:
* Tulayq ibn Abī Ṭālib<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir''. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. I Parts I & II'', pp. 135-136. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref><ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir'', vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 35. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref>


===Education to his children=== ===Education of his children===
* Muhammad and his wife, ], educated Ali * Muhammad and his wife, ], educated Ali
* Al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib and his wife, ], educated Talib * ] and his wife, ], educated Talib
* ] and his wife, ], educated Ja'far * ] and his wife, ], educated Ja'far
* ] and his wife, Atika bint Abi Wahb, educated Aqil * ] and his wife, Atika bint Abi Wahb, educated Aqil
* Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and his wife, Fatimah bint Asad, educated Fakhitah, Jumanah and Raytah * Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and his wife, Fatima bint Asad, educated Fakhita, Jumana and Rayta


===Family tree=== ===Family tree===
Line 114: Line 108:
{{chart | Ami |y| AiA |!| AZi |!| Har | | Ham | | Ami=''']'''<br /> mother|AiA=''']'''<br /> father|AZi=]<br /> paternal uncle|Har=]<br /> paternal half-uncle|Ham=]<br /> paternal half-uncle}} {{chart | Ami |y| AiA |!| AZi |!| Har | | Ham | | Ami=''']'''<br /> mother|AiA=''']'''<br /> father|AZi=]<br /> paternal uncle|Har=]<br /> paternal half-uncle|Ham=]<br /> paternal half-uncle}}
{{chart | | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}} {{chart | | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart | Thu |!| Hal | | ATi | | AAi | | ALa | | oth | Thu=]<br /> first nurse|Hal=]<br /> second nurse|ATi=]<br /> paternal uncle|AAi=]<br /> paternal half-uncle|ALa=]<br /> paternal half-uncle|oth=''6 other sons<br/>and 6 daughters''}} {{chart | Thu |!| Hal | | ATi | | AAi | | ALa | | oth | Thu=]<br /> first nurse|Hal=]<br /> second nurse|ATi=Abu Talib<br /> paternal uncle|AAi=]<br /> paternal half-uncle|ALa=]<br /> paternal half-uncle|oth=''6 other sons<br/>and 6 daughters''}}
{{chart | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}} {{chart | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart |F|~| Muh |y| KbK |!| | | AAA | Muh='''Muhammad'''|KbK=]<br /> first wife|AAA=]<br /> paternal cousin}} {{chart |F|~| Muh |y| KbK |!| | | AAA | Muh='''Muhammad'''|KbK=]<br /> first wife|AAA=]<br /> paternal cousin}}
Line 126: Line 120:
{{chart |:| MiA | | Has | | Hus | | UKA | | ZbA |D| SbH | MiA=''']'''<br /> grandson|Has=''']'''<br /> grandson|Hus=''']'''<br /> grandson<br/>]|UKA=''']'''<br /> granddaughter|ZbA=''']'''<br /> granddaughter|SbH=]<br /> tenth wife}} {{chart |:| MiA | | Has | | Hus | | UKA | | ZbA |D| SbH | MiA=''']'''<br /> grandson|Has=''']'''<br /> grandson|Hus=''']'''<br /> grandson<br/>]|UKA=''']'''<br /> granddaughter|ZbA=''']'''<br /> granddaughter|SbH=]<br /> tenth wife}}
{{chart |D|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|C| |}} {{chart |D|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|C| |}}
{{chart |:| AbB |D| SbZ |:| Uma |D| USa |D| JbH |D| MbH | AbB=] <br /> father-in-law<br />]|SbZ=]<br /> third wife| Uma=]<br /> father-in-law<br/>]|USa=]<br /> sixth wife|JbH=]<br /> eighth wife|MbH=]<br /> eleventh wife}} {{chart |:| AbB |D| SbZ |:| Uma |D| USa |D| JbH |D| MbH | AbB=] <br /> father-in-law<br />]|SbZ=]<br /> second wife| Uma=]<br /> father-in-law<br/>]|USa=]<br /> sixth wife|JbH=]<br /> eighth wife|MbH=]<br /> eleventh wife}}
{{chart |:| |!| |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | |:| | | |:| |}} {{chart |:| |!| |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{chart |L| Ais |L| Zaynab bint Khuzaymah |L| HbU |L| ZbJ |L| RbA |L| MaQ | Ais=]<br /> third wife<br />]|HbU=]<br /> fourth wife|ZbJ=]<br /> seventh wife|RbA=]<br /> ninth wife|MaQ=]<br /> twelfth wife}} {{chart |L| Ais |L| ZbK |L| HbU |L| ZbJ |L| RbA |L| MaQ | Ais=]<br /> third wife<br />]|ZbK=]<br /> fifth wife|HbU=]<br /> fourth wife|ZbJ=]<br /> seventh wife|RbA=]<br /> ninth wife|MaQ=]<br /> wife}}
{{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IiM |IiM=''']'''<br /> son}} {{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IiM |IiM=''']'''<br /> son}}
Line 136: Line 130:


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
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] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 01:22, 15 January 2025

Leader of Banu Hashim clan (c. 535-619)
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
أَبُو طَالِب بن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب
Chief of Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh
In office
c. 578 - 619 CE
Preceded byAbd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Succeeded byAbu Lahab
Personal details
Born'Imran (عِمْرَان) or
'Abd Manaf (عَبْد مَنَاف)
c. 535 CE
Mecca, Hijaz
(present-day Saudi Arabia)
Diedc. 619(619-00-00) (aged 83–84)
Mecca, Hijaz
Resting placeJannat al-Mu'alla Mecca
SpouseFatima bint Asad
Relations
Children
Parents

Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: أَبُو طَالِب بن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب, romanized: ʾAbū Ṭālib bin ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib; c. 535 – 619) was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula. He being the brother of Abdullah, the father of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, was his uncle and father of Ali. After the death of his father Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, he inherited this position as tribal chieftain, and the offices of Siqaya and Rifada. He was well-respected in Mecca.

Shia Muslims believe that Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib was a Muslim who supported Muhammad and died as a Muslim. They also believe that Abu Talib recited the sermon at Muhammad's marriage to Khadija.

Early life

Abu Talib was born in the city of Mecca in the Hijaz region in 535 CE. He was the son of the Hashimite chief, Abd al-Muttalib, and a brother of Muhammad's father, Abdullah, who had died before Muhammad's birth. After the death of Muhammad's mother Aminah bint Wahab, Muhammad, a child still, was taken into the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib. When Muhammad reached eight years of age, Abd al-Muttalib died. One of Muhammad's uncles was to take him in. The oldest, Al-Harith was not wealthy enough to accept guardianship for his nephew. Abu Talib, despite his poverty, took in Muhammad in an act of selfless generosity.

Although Abu Talib was responsible for providing Siqaya and Rifada (Food and Beverages) of Hajj pilgrims, he lived in poverty. In order to fulfill his obligations towards the pilgrims, he had to borrow money from his brother Abbas, which he failed to return, thus being forced to letting Abbas take over the duty. Nevertheless, his social position did not take any harm from this failure.

Muhammad loved his uncle, and Abu Talib loved him in return. Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet, and many poetic verses in support of Muhammad are attributed to him. Once, as Abu Talib was about to leave for a trading expedition, Muhammad wept and could not bear being separated from him. To this Abu Talib responded, "By God I will take him with me, and we shall never part from each other."

Later in life, as an adult, Muhammad saw that Abu Talib was struggling financially after a severe drought. Muhammad decided to take charge of one of Abu Talib's children and he convinced Al-'Abbas to do the same. They discussed this matter with Abū Ṭālib, who asked that his favorite child 'Aqīl be left with him. Al-'Abbās chose Ja'far, and Muhammad chose 'Alī.

Protecting Muhammad

In tribal society, a tribal affiliation is important, otherwise a man can be killed with impunity. As leader of the Banu Hashim, Abu Talib acted as a protector to Muhammad. After Muhammad began preaching the message of Islam, members of the other Qurayshite clans increasingly came to feel threatened by Muḥammad. In attempts to quiet him, they pressured Abū Ṭālib to silence his nephew or control him. Despite these pressures, Abu Talib maintained his support of Muḥammad, defending him from the other leaders of the Quraysh. Leaders of the Quraysh directly confronted Abu Talib several times. Abu Talib brushed them off and continued to support Muhammad even when it put a rift between him and the Quraysh. In one account, the Quraysh even threatened to fight the Banu Hashim over this conflict. In a particular narration of one such confrontation, Abu Talib summoned Muhammad to speak with the Quraysh. Muhammad asked the Quraysh leaders to say the shahada and they were astounded.

The Quraysh even tried to bribe Abu Talib. They told Abu Talib that if he let them get hold of Muhammad, then he could adopt 'Umarah ibn al Walid ibn al Mughirah, the most handsome youth in Quraysh. When this also failed, the Quraysh elicited the support of other tribes to boycott trading with or marrying members of the Banu Hashim lineage. This boycott started seven years after Muhammad first received revelation and lasted for three years. The goal was to put pressure on the Hashimites and even starve them into submission. For the sake of security, many members of the Banu Hashim moved near to Abu Talib, and the place became like a ghetto. This didn't cause undue hardship because many had family members in other tribes that would smuggle goods to them. Abu Talib's brother, Abu Lahab, sided with the Quraysh on this issue; he moved to a house in the district of Abd Shams to demonstrate support for the Quraysh. He thought Muhammad was either mad or an impostor.

Protecting Muhammad put considerable pressure on Abu Talib and the Banu Hashim. In one instance Abu Talib exclaimed to Muhammad, "Save me and yourself, and do not put a greater burden on me than I cannot bear." Muhammad responded, "Oh uncle! By God Almighty I swear, even if they should put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left that I abjure this cause, I shall not do so until God has vindicated it or caused me to perish in the process." Seeing his nephew's emotion, Abu Talib responded, "Go, nephew, and say what you like. By God, I will never hand you over for any reason."

Death

Abū Ṭālib died around 619 AD, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission. This year is known as the Year of Sorrow for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, within a month of Abu Talib.

After Abu Talib's death, Muhammad was left unprotected. Abu Talib's brother and successor as the chief of the family, that is Abu Lahab, did not protect him, as he was an enemy of Muhammad, so Muhammad and his followers faced incredible persecution. Muhammad is quoted as exclaiming, "By God, Quraysh never harmed me so much as after the death of Abu Talib." The early Muslims relocated to Abyssinia and then to Medina in order to escape persecution by the Quraysh.

Views of different sects

The memory of Abu Talib is influenced by political aims of the Sunni and Shia Muslims.

Sunni

It is reported in Sunni Islam that the Quranic verse 28:56 ("O Prophet! Verily, you guide not whom you like, but Allah guides whom He will") was revealed concerning Abu Talib's embrace of Islam at the hands of his nephew.

Family

Abu Talib & Fatima bint Asad

Abu Talib was married to Fatima bint Asad. They had four sons:

and three daughters:

Education of his children

Family tree


Kilab ibn MurrahFatimah bint Sa'd
Zuhrah ibn Kilab
(progenitor of Banu Zuhrah)
maternal great-great-grandfather		Qusai ibn Kilab
paternal great-great-great-grandfather		Hubba bint Hulail
paternal great-great-great-grandmother
`Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah
maternal great-grandfather		`Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
paternal great-great-grandfather		Atikah bint Murrah
paternal great-great-grandmother
Wahb ibn `Abd Manaf
maternal grandfather		Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf
(progenitor of Banu Hashim)
paternal great-grandfather		Salma bint `Amr
paternal great-grandmother
Fatimah bint `Amr
paternal grandmother		`Abdul-Muttalib
paternal grandfather		Halah bint Wuhayb
paternal step-grandmother
Aminah
mother		`Abdullah
father		Az-Zubayr
paternal uncle		Harith
paternal half-uncle		Hamza
paternal half-uncle
Thuwaybah
first nurse		Halimah
second nurse		Abu Talib
paternal uncle		`Abbas
paternal half-uncle		Abu Lahab
paternal half-uncle		6 other sons
and 6 daughters
MuhammadKhadija
first wife		`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas
paternal cousin
Fatimah
daughter		Ali
paternal cousin and son-in-law
family tree, descendants		Qasim
son		`Abd-Allah
son
Zainab
daughter		Ruqayyah
daughter		Uthman
second cousin and son-in-law
family tree		Umm Kulthum
daughter		Zayd
adopted son
Ali ibn Zainab
grandson		Umamah bint Zainab
granddaughter		`Abd-Allah ibn Uthman
grandson		Rayhana bint Zayd
wife		Usama ibn Zayd
adoptive grandson
Muhsin ibn Ali
grandson		Hasan ibn Ali
grandson		Husayn ibn Ali
grandson
family tree		Umm Kulthum bint Ali
granddaughter		Zaynab bint Ali
granddaughter		Safiyya
tenth wife
Abu Bakr
father-in-law
family tree		Sawda
second wife		Umar
father-in-law
family tree		Umm Salama
sixth wife		Juwayriya
eighth wife		Maymuna
eleventh wife
Aisha
third wife
Family tree		Zaynab
fifth wife		Hafsa
fourth wife		Zaynab
seventh wife		Umm Habiba
ninth wife		Maria al-Qibtiyya
wife
Ibrahim
son
  • * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
  • Note that direct lineage is marked in bold.

See also

References

  1. "Abu-Talib a.s The Greatest Guardian of Islam". duas.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  2. Ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-Kobra, Vol. 1, P. 93
  3. ^ Rubin, Uri (2013). Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  4. Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper Collins. p. 77.
  5. Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1976). The Life of Muhammad. North American Trust Publications. p. 54.
  6. Abdullah Al Khunayzi (4 June 2015), "The Route of Life", Abu Talib, the Faithful of Quraysh
  7. Rubin, Uri (1995). The Eye of the Beholder. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press, Inc. p. 93.
  8. Lings, Martin (2006). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. 33.
  9. The History of al-Tabari. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1988. p. 44.
  10. Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.162.
  11. Tārīkh Al-Tabarī (vol 2 p.63), Tārīkh ibn Al-Athīr (vol 2 p.24), Musnad of Aḥmed ibn Ḥanbal (vol 1 p.159), Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah by ibn Kathīr (vol 1 p.457-459).
  12. Sunan al-Tirmidhī (vol 2 p.301), Al-Ṭabaqāt Al-Kubrā - ibn Sa'd (vol 3 kklkp.12), Usd Al-Ghābah (vol 4 p.17), Kanz al-'Ummāl (vol 6 p.400), Tārīkh Al-Ṭabarī (vol 2 p.55), Tārīkh Baghdād (vol 2 p.18)
  13. Armstrong, Karen (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper Collins. p. 81.
  14. Armstrong, Karen (2000). Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library. p. 13.
  15. ^ Rubin, Uri (1995). The Eye of the Beholder. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press, Inc. p. 150.
  16. The History of al-Tabari. New York: State University Press. 1985. p. 95.
  17. The History of al-Tabari. New York: State University Press. 1985. p. 97.
  18. Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1976). The Life of Muhammad. North American Trust Publications. p. 88.
  19. ^ Armstrong, Karen (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper Collins. p. 129.
  20. The History of al-Tabari. New York: State University Press. 1985. p. xliv.
  21. Lings, Martin (2006). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. 90.
  22. Lings, Martin (2006). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. 52.
  23. Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1976). The Life of Muhammad. North American Trust Publications. p. 89.
  24. The History of al-Tabari. New York: State University Press. 1985. p. 96.
  25. Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1976). The Life of Muhammad. North American Trust Publications. p. 136.
  26. Armstrong, Karen (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper Collins. p. 135.
  27. Rubin, Uri (1995). The Eye of the Beholder. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press, Inc. p. 149.
  28. Diane Morgan (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. ISBN 9780313360251.
  29. Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009). The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 7). MSA Publication Limited. p. 202. ISBN 9781861796615.
  30. Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. I Parts I & II, pp. 135-136. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.
  31. Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir, vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina, p. 35. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
Preceded byZubayr ibn 'Abd al-Muṭṭalib Head of Banū Hāshim
?–619 		Succeeded byAbū Lahab

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