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| '''Communal burrow''' refers to the habitat built by some species of mammals as a community habitat. there are some species that build burrows, but not communal burrows; and there are some species that live in groups, but do not construct burrows or any other type of habitat. | |||
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| ==Overview== | |||
| ==Specific species== | |||
| ===Common degus=== | |||
| ] are highly social. They live in burrows, and, by digging communally, they are able to construct larger and more elaborate burrows than they could on their own.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ebensperger| first1=L. A.| last2=Bozinovic| first2=F.| year=2000| title=Communal burrowing in the hystricognath rodent, ''Octodon degus'': A benefit of sociality?| journal=Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology| volume=47| pages=365–369|issn=0340-5443|doi=10.1007/s002650050678|issue=5| hdl=10533/172245| s2cid=12859012| hdl-access=free}}</ref> Degus digging together coordinate their activities, forming digging chains.<ref name=Eb2000b>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L. A.| last2=Bozinovic| first2=F.| year=2000b| title=Energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorial degu ''Octodon degus'' (Rodentia: Octodontidae)| journal=Journal of Zoology| volume=252| pages=179–186|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00613.x|issue=2| hdl=10533/172199| hdl-access=free}}</ref> Females living in the same group have been shown to spontaneously nest communally;<ref name=Eb2002>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L.A.| last2=Veloso| first2=C.| last3=Wallem| first3=P.| year=2002| title=Do female degus communally nest and nurse their pups?| journal=Journal of Ethology| volume=20| pages=143–146|doi=10.1007/s10164-002-0063-x| issn=0289-0771| issue=2| s2cid=38854503}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L.A.| last2=Hurtado| first2=M.| last3=Lacey| first3=E.| last4=Chang| first4=A.| year=2004| title=Communal nesting and kinship in degus (''Octodon degus'')| journal=Naturwissenschaften| volume=91| pages=391–395| doi=10.1007/s00114-004-0545-5| issn=0028-1042| pmid=15309311| last5=Chang| first5=AT| issue=8| bibcode=2004NW.....91..391E| hdl=10533/175502| s2cid=929721| hdl-access=free}}</ref> they nurse one another's young. They spend a large amount of time on the surface, where they forage for food.<ref name=Eb2000b/> When foraging, their ability to detect predators is increased in larger groups,<ref>{{Citation| last1=Quirici| first1=V.| last2=Castro| first2=R.A.| last3=Oyarzun| first3=J.| last4=Ebensperger| first4=L.A.| year=2008| title=Female degus (''Octodon degus'') monitor their environment while foraging socially| journal=Anim Cogn| volume=11| pages=441–448| doi=10.1007/s10071-007-0134-z| issn=1435-9448| pmid=18214556| issue=3| s2cid=17723026}}</ref> and each animal needs to spend less time in ]. | |||
| Common degus exhibit a wide array of communication techniques. They have an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising up to 15 different sounds,<ref>{{Citation| last=Long| first=C.V.| year= 2007| title= Vocalisations of the degu (''Octodon degus''), a social caviomorph rodent| journal= Bioacoustics| volume= 16| issue=3| pages= 223–244| issn=0952-4622| doi=10.1080/09524622.2007.9753579| s2cid=84569309}}</ref> and the young need to be able to hear their mother's calls if the emotional systems in their brains are to develop properly.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Ziabreva |first1=I. |last2=Schnabel |first2=R. |last3=Poeggel |first3=G. |last4=Braun |first4=K. | year=2003 |title=Mother's voice "buffers" separation-induced receptor changes in the prefrontal cortex of ''Octodon degus'' |journal=Neuroscience | volume=119 | pages=433–441| doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00123-4| issue=2| pmid=12770557|s2cid=28635328 }}</ref> They use their ] to ],<ref>{{Citation| last=Kleiman| first=D.G.| year=1974| chapter=Patterns of behaviour in hystricomorph rodents |title=The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents |editor=Rowlands, I. W. |editor2=Weir, B. J.| location=London| publisher=Academic Press}}</ref> and experiments have shown that they react to one another's marks,<ref>{{Citation| last1=Fischer| first1=R.| last2=Meunier| first2=G.| year=1985| title=Responses to conspecifics' urine by the degu ''Octodon degus''| journal=Physiological Behaviour| volume=34| pages=999–1001| doi=10.1016/0031-9384(85)90027-7| pmid=4059390| issue=6| s2cid=27846946}}</ref> although in males the hormone ] may suppress their sense of smell somewhat.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Jechura| first1=T.| last2=Walsh| first2=J. | first3=T.| year=2003| title=Testosterone suppresses circadian responsiveness to social cues in the diurnal rodent ''Octodon degus''| journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms| volume=18| pages=43–50| doi=10.1177/0748730402239675| pmid=12568243| last3=Lee| issue=1| s2cid=40262270}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Common degus are seasonal breeders; the breeding season for wild degus begins in the Chilean autumn when day and night are roughly equal,<ref>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L.A.| last2=Caiozzi| first2=A.| year=2002| title=Male degus, ''Octodon degus'', modify their dustbathing behaviour in response to social familiarity of previous dustbathing marks| journal=Revista Chilena de Historia Natural| volume=75| pages=157–163| doi=10.4067/S0716-078X2002000100015| issn=0716-078X| doi-access=free}}</ref> with pups born in early to mid-spring.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Bozinovic| first1=F.| last2=Bacigalupe| first2=L.| last3=Vasquez| first3=R.| last4=Visser| first4=H.| last5=Veloso| first5=C.| last6=Kenagy| first6=G.| year=2004| title=Cost of living in free-ranging degus (''Octodon degus''): Seasonal dynamics of energy expenditure| journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A| volume=137| pages=597–604| doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.11.014| pmid=15123196| issue=3}}</ref> | |||
| Common degu pups are born relatively ], fully furred and with eyes open, and their ] and ]s are functional at birth.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Reynolds| first1=T.| last2=Wright| first2=J.| year=1979| title=Early postnatal physical and behavioural development of degus (''Octodon degus'')| journal=Lab Animal | volume=13| pages=93–9| doi=10.1258/002367779780943576| issue=2| pmid=480906| s2cid=22769488}}</ref> Unlike most other rodents, male common degus also take part in protecting and raising their pups until they are old enough to leave the family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exoticnutrition.com/breeding-degus.aspx|title=Breeding Degus|website=Exoticnutrition.com|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | |||
| ===Plains viscacha=== | |||
| ] live in communal ] systems in groups containing one or more males, several females, and immatures. Viscachas forage in groups at night and aggregate underground during the day. All members of a group use burrows throughout the communal burrow system and participate in digging at the burrows. ]s are given primarily by adult males. The long-term social unit of the plains viscacha is the female group. Resident males disappear each year and new males join groups of females. Viscachas live in colonies that range from a few individuals to hundreds. To keep up with the colony chatter, they have acquired an impressive repertoire of vocalizations that are used in social interactions.<ref>http://www.conservacionpatagonica.org/blog/2011/06/29/species-profile-mountain-vizcacha/</ref> Dominance is absent among females.<ref>Branch L. 1993. Social organization and mating system of the plains | |||
| vizcacha (''Lagostomus maximus''). J Zool (Lond). 229:473–491</ref> Members of a social group share a common foraging area around the communal burrow system, and feed on a variety of grasses and forbs, occasionally browsing on low shrubs.<ref>Giulietti J, Jackson J. 1986. Composición anual de la dieta de la vizcacha (''Lagostomus maximus'') en pastizales naturales en la provincia de San Luís, Argentina. Rev Argent Prod Anim. 6:229–237.</ref> | |||
| They collect branches and heavy objects to cover the burrow entrance. When they live close to human settlements, tend to hoard brooms, tables, garden tools, firewood, trinkets, pieces of concrete, and many human-made objects to cover the burrow. | |||
| ===Daurian pikas=== | |||
| ]s have been observed sharing burrows with several other mammal species. They occasionally “visit” burrows of ]s and ]s. In turn, their burrows are visited by ground squirrels, and sometimes by burrowing birds. Due to low competition and predation rates, the limiting factor on Daurian pika populations is winter.<ref>Eshelkin, I, and S.M. Purtov. "Mobility and contact between animals in the Gorno-Altai natural plague nidus." The Soviet journal of ecology Nov/Dec.7 (1976): 556-558. Print.</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||
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