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| '''Communal burrow''' refers to the habitat built by some species of mammals as a community habitat. there are some species that build burrows, but not communal burrows; and there are some species that live in groups, but do not construct burrows or any other type of habitat. | |||
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| ==Overview== | |||
| A ] is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an ] to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of ]. Burrows provide a form of shelter against ] and exposure to the elements and can be found in nearly every ] and among various ]s. Many different animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small invertebrates, such as the '']'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=S. E.|last2=Jago|first2=C. F.|date=1993-01-01|title=In situ assessment of modification of sediment properties by burrowing invertebrates|journal=Marine Biology|language=en|volume=115|issue=1|pages=133–142|doi=10.1007/BF00349395|s2cid=85234722|issn=1432-1793}}</ref> to very large vertebrate species such as the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jonkel|first1=Charles J.|last2=Kolenosky|first2=George B.|last3=Robertson|first3=Richard J.|last4=Russell|first4=Richard H.|date=1972|title=Further Notes on Polar Bear Denning Habits|journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management|volume=2|pages=142–158|doi=10.2307/3872578|issn=1936-0614|jstor=3872578}}</ref> Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length. An example of this well-developed burrow would be a ] ]. | |||
| === Types of burrows === | |||
| ] | |||
| Animals can create ]s using a variety of methods. Burrowing animals can be divided into three categories: primary excavators, secondary modifiers and simple occupants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee, Aditi., Pilakandy, Rajan., Kumara Honnavalli Nagaraj., Manchi, Shirish S., Bhupathy, Subramanian.|date=June 2017|title=Burrow characteristics and its importance in occupancy of burrow dwelling vertebrates in Semiarid area of Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan, India|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|volume=141|pages=7–15|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.02.003|bibcode=2017JArEn.141....7M}}</ref> Primary excavators are the animals that originally dig and construct the burrow, and are generally very strong.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kinlaw|first=Al|date=1999|title=A review of burrowing by semi-fossorial vertebrates in arid environments|journal=Journal of Arid Environments|volume=41|issue=2|pages=127–145|via=Elsevier Science Direct|doi=10.1006/jare.1998.0476|bibcode=1999JArEn..41..127K}}</ref> Some animals considered to be primary excavators are the ] and the ].<ref name=":4" /> ] are an example of secondary modifiers, as they do not build an original burrow, but will live inside a burrow made by other animals and improve or change some aspects of the burrow for their own purpose.<ref name=":4" /> The third category, simple occupants, neither build nor modify the burrow but simply live inside or use it for their own purpose.<ref name=":4" /> Some species of ] will actually make use of burrows built by tortoises, which is an example of simple occupancy.<ref name=":4" /> These animals can also be referred to as commensals.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
| ==Specific species== | |||
| ===Common degus=== | |||
| ] are highly social. They live in burrows, and, by digging communally, they are able to construct larger and more elaborate burrows than they could on their own.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ebensperger| first1=L. A.| last2=Bozinovic| first2=F.| year=2000| title=Communal burrowing in the hystricognath rodent, ''Octodon degus'': A benefit of sociality?| journal=Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology| volume=47| pages=365–369|issn=0340-5443|doi=10.1007/s002650050678|issue=5| hdl=10533/172245| s2cid=12859012| hdl-access=free}}</ref> Degus digging together coordinate their activities, forming digging chains.<ref name=Eb2000b>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L. A.| last2=Bozinovic| first2=F.| year=2000b| title=Energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorial degu ''Octodon degus'' (Rodentia: Octodontidae)| journal=Journal of Zoology| volume=252| pages=179–186|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00613.x|issue=2| hdl=10533/172199| hdl-access=free}}</ref> Females living in the same group have been shown to spontaneously nest communally;<ref name=Eb2002>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L.A.| last2=Veloso| first2=C.| last3=Wallem| first3=P.| year=2002| title=Do female degus communally nest and nurse their pups?| journal=Journal of Ethology| volume=20| pages=143–146|doi=10.1007/s10164-002-0063-x| issn=0289-0771| issue=2| s2cid=38854503}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L.A.| last2=Hurtado| first2=M.| last3=Lacey| first3=E.| last4=Chang| first4=A.| year=2004| title=Communal nesting and kinship in degus (''Octodon degus'')| journal=Naturwissenschaften| volume=91| pages=391–395| doi=10.1007/s00114-004-0545-5| issn=0028-1042| pmid=15309311| last5=Chang| first5=AT| issue=8| bibcode=2004NW.....91..391E| hdl=10533/175502| s2cid=929721| hdl-access=free}}</ref> they nurse one another's young. They spend a large amount of time on the surface, where they forage for food.<ref name=Eb2000b/> When foraging, their ability to detect predators is increased in larger groups,<ref>{{Citation| last1=Quirici| first1=V.| last2=Castro| first2=R.A.| last3=Oyarzun| first3=J.| last4=Ebensperger| first4=L.A.| year=2008| title=Female degus (''Octodon degus'') monitor their environment while foraging socially| journal=Anim Cogn| volume=11| pages=441–448| doi=10.1007/s10071-007-0134-z| issn=1435-9448| pmid=18214556| issue=3| s2cid=17723026}}</ref> and each animal needs to spend less time in ]. | |||
| Common degus exhibit a wide array of communication techniques. They have an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising up to 15 different sounds,<ref>{{Citation| last=Long| first=C.V.| year= 2007| title= Vocalisations of the degu (''Octodon degus''), a social caviomorph rodent| journal= Bioacoustics| volume= 16| issue=3| pages= 223–244| issn=0952-4622| doi=10.1080/09524622.2007.9753579| s2cid=84569309}}</ref> and the young need to be able to hear their mother's calls if the emotional systems in their brains are to develop properly.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Ziabreva |first1=I. |last2=Schnabel |first2=R. |last3=Poeggel |first3=G. |last4=Braun |first4=K. | year=2003 |title=Mother's voice "buffers" separation-induced receptor changes in the prefrontal cortex of ''Octodon degus'' |journal=Neuroscience | volume=119 | pages=433–441| doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00123-4| issue=2| pmid=12770557|s2cid=28635328 }}</ref> They use their ] to ],<ref>{{Citation| last=Kleiman| first=D.G.| year=1974| chapter=Patterns of behaviour in hystricomorph rodents |title=The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents |editor=Rowlands, I. W. |editor2=Weir, B. J.| location=London| publisher=Academic Press}}</ref> and experiments have shown that they react to one another's marks,<ref>{{Citation| last1=Fischer| first1=R.| last2=Meunier| first2=G.| year=1985| title=Responses to conspecifics' urine by the degu ''Octodon degus''| journal=Physiological Behaviour| volume=34| pages=999–1001| doi=10.1016/0031-9384(85)90027-7| pmid=4059390| issue=6| s2cid=27846946}}</ref> although in males the hormone ] may suppress their sense of smell somewhat.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Jechura| first1=T.| last2=Walsh| first2=J. | first3=T.| year=2003| title=Testosterone suppresses circadian responsiveness to social cues in the diurnal rodent ''Octodon degus''| journal=Journal of Biological Rhythms| volume=18| pages=43–50| doi=10.1177/0748730402239675| pmid=12568243| last3=Lee| issue=1| s2cid=40262270}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Common degus are seasonal breeders; the breeding season for wild degus begins in the Chilean autumn when day and night are roughly equal,<ref>{{Citation| last1=Ebensperger| first1=L.A.| last2=Caiozzi| first2=A.| year=2002| title=Male degus, ''Octodon degus'', modify their dustbathing behaviour in response to social familiarity of previous dustbathing marks| journal=Revista Chilena de Historia Natural| volume=75| pages=157–163| doi=10.4067/S0716-078X2002000100015| issn=0716-078X| doi-access=free}}</ref> with pups born in early to mid-spring.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Bozinovic| first1=F.| last2=Bacigalupe| first2=L.| last3=Vasquez| first3=R.| last4=Visser| first4=H.| last5=Veloso| first5=C.| last6=Kenagy| first6=G.| year=2004| title=Cost of living in free-ranging degus (''Octodon degus''): Seasonal dynamics of energy expenditure| journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A| volume=137| pages=597–604| doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.11.014| pmid=15123196| issue=3}}</ref> | |||
| Common degu pups are born relatively ], fully furred and with eyes open, and their ] and ]s are functional at birth.<ref>{{Citation| last1=Reynolds| first1=T.| last2=Wright| first2=J.| year=1979| title=Early postnatal physical and behavioural development of degus (''Octodon degus'')| journal=Lab Animal | volume=13| pages=93–9| doi=10.1258/002367779780943576| issue=2| pmid=480906| s2cid=22769488}}</ref> Unlike most other rodents, male common degus also take part in protecting and raising their pups until they are old enough to leave the family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exoticnutrition.com/breeding-degus.aspx|title=Breeding Degus|website=Exoticnutrition.com|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | |||
| ===Plains viscacha=== | |||
| ] live in communal ] systems in groups containing one or more males, several females, and immatures. Viscachas forage in groups at night and aggregate underground during the day. All members of a group use burrows throughout the communal burrow system and participate in digging at the burrows. ]s are given primarily by adult males. The long-term social unit of the plains viscacha is the female group. Resident males disappear each year and new males join groups of females. Viscachas live in colonies that range from a few individuals to hundreds. To keep up with the colony chatter, they have acquired an impressive repertoire of vocalizations that are used in social interactions. Dominance is absent among females.<ref>Branch L. 1993. Social organization and mating system of the plains | |||
| vizcacha (''Lagostomus maximus''). J Zool (Lond). 229:473–491</ref> Members of a social group share a common foraging area around the communal burrow system, and feed on a variety of grasses and forbs, occasionally browsing on low shrubs.<ref>Giulietti J, Jackson J. 1986. Composición anual de la dieta de la vizcacha (''Lagostomus maximus'') en pastizales naturales en la provincia de San Luís, Argentina. Rev Argent Prod Anim. 6:229–237.</ref> | |||
| They collect branches and heavy objects to cover the burrow entrance. When they live close to human settlements, tend to hoard brooms, tables, garden tools, firewood, trinkets, pieces of concrete, and many human-made objects to cover the burrow. | |||
| ===Daurian pikas=== | |||
| ]s have been observed sharing burrows with several other mammal species. They occasionally “visit” burrows of ]s and ]s. In turn, their burrows are visited by ground squirrels, and sometimes by burrowing birds. Due to low competition and predation rates, the limiting factor on Daurian pika populations is winter.<ref>Eshelkin, I, and S.M. Purtov. "Mobility and contact between animals in the Gorno-Altai natural plague nidus." The Soviet journal of ecology Nov/Dec.7 (1976): 556-558. Print.</ref> | |||
| ===Prairie dogs=== | |||
| ] | |||
| ], ]s live in large colonies or "towns" and collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. The prairie dog family groups are the most basic units of its society. Members of a family group inhabit the same territory. <!--- <ref name="Hoogland 2002"/> --> Family groups of black-tailed and Mexican prairie dogs are called "coteries", while "clans" are used to describe family groups of white-tailed, Gunnison’s, and Utah prairie dogs.Although these two family groups are similar, coteries tend to be more closely knit than clans. Members of a family group interact through oral contact or "kissing" and grooming one another. <!--- <ref name="Chance 1976"/> --> They do not perform these behaviors with prairie dogs from other family groups. <!---<ref name="Hoogland 1995"/> --> | |||
| ] | |||
| A prairie dog town may contain 15–26 family groups. There may also be subgroups within a town, called "wards", which are separated by a physical barrier. Family groups exist within these wards. Most prairie dog family groups are made up of one adult breeding male, two to three adult females and one to two male offspring and one to two female offspring. Females remain in their natal groups for life and are thus the source of stability in the groups. Males leave their natal groups when they mature to find another family group to defend and breed in. Some family groups contain more breeding females than one male can control, so have more than one breeding adult male in them. Among these multiple-male groups, some may contain males that have friendly relationships, but the majority contain males that have largely antagonistic relationships. In the former, the males tend to be related, while in the latter, they tend not to be related. Two to three groups of females may be controlled by one male. However, among these female groups, there are no friendly relations. | |||
| The average prairie dog territory takes up {{convert|0.05|–|1.01| hectare}}. Territories have well-established borders that coincide with physical barriers such as rocks and trees. The resident male of a territory defends it and antagonistic behavior will occur between two males of different families to defend their territories. These interactions may happen 20 times per day and last five minutes. When two prairie dogs encounter each other at the edges of their territories, they will start staring, make bluff charges, flare their tails, chatter their teeth, and sniff each other's perianal scent glands. When fighting, prairie dogs will bite, kick and ram each other. <!--- <ref name="Hoogland 1995"/> --> If their competitor is around their size or smaller, the females will participate in fighting. Otherwise, if a competitor is sighted, the females signal for the resident male. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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