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===The Ayodhya Dispute=== ===The Ayodhya Dispute===
{{main|Ayodhya debate|Babri Mosque|Ram Janmabhoomi}} {{main|Ayodhya debate|Babri Mosque|Ram Janmabhoomi}}
On ], ] the ] was demolished by a large group of Hindus, who had been camped out at the site for weeks. Members of the VHP were allegedly part of this large group, as reported by the ]. . The VHP claimed that the ] was built by demolishing the temple at the birthplace of ] (]). In their opinion , centuries ago, prior to the construction of the ], a temple to ] had been on the same plot of ground and the ] was constructed after the Muslim Emperor, ], demolished this Hindu temple. This claim is challenged by many Historians <ref>e.g. Romila Thapar. Tom Bottomore: Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Blackwell, Oxford 1988, entry “Hinduism”.</ref>. A controversial ] report stated that the archaeological ruins of a 10th century ] were found beneath the ].<ref> Rediff - August 25, 2003</ref><ref> - Mukto Mona</ref> On ], ] the ] was demolished by a large group of Hindu fundamentalists, who had been camped out at the site for weeks. Members of the VHP were reportedly part of mob according to ]. . The VHP claimed that the ] was built by demolishing the temple at the birthplace of ] (]). In their opinion , centuries ago, prior to the construction of the ], a temple to ] had been on the same plot of ground and the ] was constructed after the Muslim Emperor, ], demolished this Hindu temple. This claim is challenged by many Historians <ref>e.g. Romila Thapar. Tom Bottomore: Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Blackwell, Oxford 1988, entry “Hinduism”.</ref>. A controversial ] report stated that the archaeological ruins of a 10th century ] were found beneath the ].<ref> Rediff - August 25, 2003</ref><ref> - Mukto Mona</ref>


The demolition of the mosque in 1992 led to violence. Muslim mobs took to rioting in various parts of the country leading to communal violence and resultant police action <ref>,''HVK archive''</ref>. Over 900 people were killed across the country in riots and police action. The demolition of the mosque in 1992 led to violence. Muslims rioted in various parts of the country leading to communal violence and resultant police action <ref>,''HVK archive''</ref>. Over 900 people were killed across the country in riots and police action.
The ] headed by Justice Liberhan was constituted to investigate the whole episode. A large number of VHP workers testified before the commission. The ] headed by Justice Liberhan was constituted to investigate the whole episode. A large number of VHP workers testified before the commission.


The incident at the disputed structure came as a shock to many Indians, who had known the VHP as a peaceful organization{{Fact|date=April 2007}}. In its defense, many VHP supporters have claimed that the VHP simply represented the increasing alienation and anger of India's Hindu community in response to marginalization by the government in favor of Muslim and Christian minorities. As far as VHP supporters were concerned, the Mosque demolition was an inevitable consequence of continuing prejudice against Hindus in post-independence India and their subsequent disaffection. The incident at the disputed structure came as a shock to many Indians, who had known the VHP as a peaceful organization{{Fact|date=April 2007}}. VHP supporters claimed the VHP and its tactics represented the increasing alienation and anger of India's Hindu community in response to government toleration of Muslim and Christian minorities. As far as VHP supporters were concerned, the Mosque demolition was an inevitable consequence of continuing prejudice against Hindus in post-independence India and their subsequent disaffection.


In 2002, VHP activists returning from ] were burnt alive in a train in ] (see ]). This resulted in the ]. In 2002, VHP activists returning from ] were burnt alive in a train in ] (see ]). This resulted in the ].
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*Creation of Ram temple at ] *Creation of Ram temple at ]
*End of forcible conversions by Christian missionaries and Islamic institutions. *End of conversions by Christian missionaries and Islamic institutions.
*Ban on cow slaughter. *Ban on cow slaughter.
*Declaration of India as a ], literally Hindu Nation (note that this term includes all those who can trace their religious beliefs back to India, including ], ] and ]). *Declaration of India as a ], literally Hindu Nation (note that this term includes all those who can trace their religious beliefs back to India, including ], ] and ]).
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#For fulfillment of above-mentioned objects if any activity is carried out which requires money to be collected in the form of sales, charges for boarding and lodging, distribution of books, literature etc., then the prices and charges will be such that as far as possible they will not yield any profit. #For fulfillment of above-mentioned objects if any activity is carried out which requires money to be collected in the form of sales, charges for boarding and lodging, distribution of books, literature etc., then the prices and charges will be such that as far as possible they will not yield any profit.


The VHP has recently engaged in several programs to reconvert Hindus who had previously converted to Christianity. VHP has advanced that conversion to Christianity had earned them no significant benefits and so their return to Hinduism was relatively straightforward<ref>,''The Tribune''</ref><ref>,''Press Trust of India Archive''</ref><ref>,''BBC''</ref>. The VHP has recently engaged in several programs to reconvert Hindus who had previously converted to Christianity. VHP claimed conversion to Christianity had earned them no significant benefits, and threatened physical violence if they did not return to Hinduism <ref>,''The Tribune''</ref><ref>,''Press Trust of India Archive''</ref><ref>,''BBC''</ref>.
The law enforcement authorities have reported that the conversion processes have largely been peaceful and voluntary. However, there has been some aggressive altercations associated regarding this issue, the subject of religious conversions being very controversial in many parts of India. The law enforcement authorities have reported that the conversion processes have largely been peaceful and voluntary. However, there has been some aggressive altercations associated regarding this issue, the subject of religious conversions being very controversial in many parts of India.


Revision as of 12:43, 16 June 2007

Viśva Hindū Pariṣad (Devanāgarī: विश्व हिंदू परिषद, Template:Lang-en), widely recognized by its initials 'VHP' and the more common spelling Vishwa Hindu Parishad, is a Hindu organization in India, an offshoot of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. It was founded in 1964. Its slogan is "धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः Dharmo rakṣati rakṣitaḥ", which means "Dharma protects those who protect Dharma." Its symbol is a banyan tree.

History

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad was formed in 1966 by Swami Chinmayananda as president and former RSS member S.S. Apte as general secretary. It was first mooted at a conference in Pawai, Sandipani Sadhanalaya,Mumbai on August 29 1964. The conference was hosted by RSS sarsanghchalak M.S. Golwalkar. The date coincided with the festival of Janmashtami. Several representatives from the Hindu, Sikh and Jain faiths were present in the meeting, as well as the Dalai Lama. Golwalkar explained that "all faiths of Indian origins need to unite", saying that the word "Hindu" (i.e people of "Hindustan") applied to adherents of all the above religions. Apte declared:

The world has been divided to Christian, Islam and Communist. All of them view Hindu society as very fine rich food on which to feast and fatten themselves. it is necessary in this age of conflict to think of and organize the Hindu world to save it from the evils of all the three.

It was decided at the meeting that the name of the proposed organisation would be Vishva Hindu Parishad and that a world convention of Hindus was to be held at Prayag (Allahabad) during Kumbha Mela of 1966 to launch the organisation. It was further decided that it shall be a non-political organisation and that no office bearer of any political party shall be simultaneously an office bearer in the Parishad. The following aims and objectives were set before the Parishad.

  1. To consolidate and strengthen the Hindu Society.
  2. To protect, promote and propagate Hindu values of life, the ethical and the spiritual in the context of modern times.
  3. To keep in touch with all the Hindus living abroad, and to organise and help them in all possible ways in protecting their Hindu identity also popularly known as Hindutva.

Growth in 1980s

The growth of this Movement to ban cow slaughter in the late 1950s and early 1960s gave rise to the VHP. Initially, the VHP mainly worked among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes, setting up hospitals, temples and schools for the much-neglected lower class Hindu society.

For over 20 years, the VHP conducted peaceful demonstrations, petitions and tried by litigation to liberate the Ram Janmabhoomi. The Babri Mosque was in a dilapidated condition and not used for worship or any religious activity by the city's Muslims. For years the VHP amassed public support and a broader membership in its organisation. In 1984, it founded the Bajrang Dal as its youth wing (Bajrang is one of the many names of Lord Hanuman, the most loyal disciple and follower of Lord Rama). Bajrang Dal members were more militant in their attitude and activities. Other arms of the VHP, including Sewa International expanded charities and service projects such as alleviating poverty-stricken Hindus, opening schools and hospitals, spreading religious and cultural awareness, and actively working against the proselytizing efforts of Christians and Muslims.

In the late 1980s, the BJP brought the temple issue to the centerstage of national politics, and the BJP and VHP began organising larger protests in Ayodhya and around the country. But the issue was continually ignored by fractious coalition governments and the secular-socialist Congress Party, as well as the courts.

The Ayodhya Dispute

Main articles: Ayodhya debate, Babri Mosque, and Ram Janmabhoomi

On December 6, 1992 the Babri Mosque was demolished by a large group of Hindu fundamentalists, who had been camped out at the site for weeks. Members of the VHP were reportedly part of mob according to Human Rights Watch. . The VHP claimed that the Babri Mosque was built by demolishing the temple at the birthplace of Rama (Ram Janmabhoomi). In their opinion , centuries ago, prior to the construction of the Babri Mosque, a temple to Rama had been on the same plot of ground and the Babri Mosque was constructed after the Muslim Emperor, Babur, demolished this Hindu temple. This claim is challenged by many Historians . A controversial Archaeological Survey of India report stated that the archaeological ruins of a 10th century Hindu temple were found beneath the Babri Mosque.

The demolition of the mosque in 1992 led to violence. Muslims rioted in various parts of the country leading to communal violence and resultant police action . Over 900 people were killed across the country in riots and police action. The Liberhan Commission headed by Justice Liberhan was constituted to investigate the whole episode. A large number of VHP workers testified before the commission.

The incident at the disputed structure came as a shock to many Indians, who had known the VHP as a peaceful organization. VHP supporters claimed the VHP and its tactics represented the increasing alienation and anger of India's Hindu community in response to government toleration of Muslim and Christian minorities. As far as VHP supporters were concerned, the Mosque demolition was an inevitable consequence of continuing prejudice against Hindus in post-independence India and their subsequent disaffection.

In 2002, VHP activists returning from Ayodhya were burnt alive in a train in Godhra (see Godhra Train Burning). This resulted in the 2002 Gujarat riots.

Ideology

Continually criticizing its political ally the BJP for acting too slowly on the Ram temple issue, conversions and a uniform civil code, the VHP demands legislation from Parliament authorizing the temple construction, and the proclamation of a Hindu Rashtra, literally the "Hindu Nation," in Bharat and explains it as a statement of cultural nationalism. It claims not to deny Muslims fundamental rights and freedoms.

The VHP says Bharat has historically been a Hindu nation, in culture, heritage and history. Islam was brought by foreign invaders who imposed and coerced it upon millions of Hindus (corroborated by many historic acts of temple destruction, pogroms and mass conversions); Christian missionaries brought in Christianity when the Portuguese, French and the British colonized the land. It is a fact that Christian missionaries often denigrated and demonized the Hindu religion to coerce native peoples into converting. While working to convert Christians, tribal peoples (native Hindus) and Muslims to Hinduism, the VHP states that all Muslims and Christians were Hindus in the first place, and that all citizens of Bharat are naturally Hindus. The VHP demands are broadly as follows.

  • Creation of Ram temple at Ram Janmabhoomi
  • End of conversions by Christian missionaries and Islamic institutions.
  • Ban on cow slaughter.
  • Declaration of India as a Hindu Rashtra, literally Hindu Nation (note that this term includes all those who can trace their religious beliefs back to India, including Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains).
  • Tougher anti-terror laws and tougher penalties for terrorists.
  • Implementation of a Uniform Civil Code.
  • Revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.
  • Erasure of Casteism from Hindu society.

The stated goals of the organisation are as follows:

  1. To consolidate, strengthen and make invincible the global Hindu fraternity by following the eternal and universal life values based on Sanatan Dharma (i.e Hinduism) and work for total welfare of humanity on the basis of the unique cultural ethos of Bharatvarsha.
  2. To promote activities of education, medical aid and relief to the poor or any other activity in the advancement of general public utility for furtherance of literature and scientific and socio-religious research.
  3. There shall be no discrimination on the grounds of religion, sex, caste, race or colour at any time amongst the beneficiaries of the Association.
  4. For fulfillment of above-mentioned objects if any activity is carried out which requires money to be collected in the form of sales, charges for boarding and lodging, distribution of books, literature etc., then the prices and charges will be such that as far as possible they will not yield any profit.

The VHP has recently engaged in several programs to reconvert Hindus who had previously converted to Christianity. VHP claimed conversion to Christianity had earned them no significant benefits, and threatened physical violence if they did not return to Hinduism . The law enforcement authorities have reported that the conversion processes have largely been peaceful and voluntary. However, there has been some aggressive altercations associated regarding this issue, the subject of religious conversions being very controversial in many parts of India.

In addition, the VHP has spoken out against Islamic Fundamentalism and the rise of Islamist terrorism in various parts of India in recent years. The VHP has organized awareness programs to educate people about Islamic terrorism and have criticized the central government for being soft on terror in order to cultivate Muslim votes. They have also protested against Islamism by organizing business shutdowns ("Bandhs") as a gesture of civil disobedience.

The VHP has been a prime backer of the World Hindu Conference in which issues such as casteism, sectarianism, and the future of Hindus were discussed. Prior Conferences have included Hindu Groups such as Parisada Hindu Dharma.

Organization and leadership

The Bajrang Dal is the youth wing of the VHP, and it is organized in many states in major training camps called shakhas, where thousands of young men simultaneously train in group activities, receive religious and cultural education and in many cases, self-defensive arms training. The Durga Vahini, founded in 1991 under the tutelage of Sadhvi Rithambara as its founding chairperson and the support of the VHP, is described as the "female arm of the Dal". Members of the Vahini contend that the portrayal of their group as a branch of the Bajrang Dal is an oversimplification, and that their goals are to "dedicate ourselves to physical, mental and knowledge development".

The VHP organizes in community meets and shakhas throughout the country. Its national organisation is democratic, with an International Working President and an International General Secretary as their most important executives. However, only seasoned, senior leaders control the seats on the Central Council which will elevate men to the varying posts.

The Dharma Sansad is literally a religious parliament, a gathering of Hindu seers, scholars and high priests from all over the country. They rule on policy and principles and advise the executive on social and cultural questions.

The VHP and its religious parliament have no recognition in Hindu religion or society. The religious parliament is by no means the central authority of Hinduism, as the Vatican City and the Papacy is to Catholicism. The VHP is an independent, modern organization of a socio-cultural nature, but also many political activities. It has many active branches in North America, South East Asia and East Africa, where large numbers of Hindus live. It is engaged in many social development activities in hundreds of villages in different parts of the country, helping in their economic alleviation and cultural revitalization.

The VHP also have divisions comprising of women. During the Babri Mosque/Ramjanmabhoomi dispute, VHP secretary Giri Raj Kishore charted out highly visible roles for women in the group. He charted out two "satyagrahas" for women during their demonstrations.

Criticism

Despite its organisational strength and prominence in key issues, the VHP only reaches a small segment of the gigantic Hindu population in India and worldwide, which consists of 820 million Hindus in India and about 40 million worldwide(mostly in USA, UK, and other nations).

While elderly leaders like Acharya Giriraj Kishore and Ashok Singhal led the VHP from the 1970s, the reins of the organisation in the 21st century seems to be passing to a younger, more radical and vigorous generation, headed by Praveen Togadia, a Gujarati oncologist. Togadia is blamed by many for organising the 2002 Ayodhya stand-off. He is strong defender of Narendra Modi the Chief minister of Gujarat state who, according to some, restricted the police to take action and stop the communal violence. Togadia is actually banned from speaking in several districts of several states of the country, owing to his talent of provoking communal tensions and has been detained by Indian police several times.

The VHP along with other Hindutva organisations are accused of several riots in the country, the most recent accusation being their alleged involvement in the Gujarat riots in 2002 made by Human rights Watch . VHP leader Ashok Singhal had justified the riots saying it "had the blessings of lord Rama". The riots were claimed by the VHP to be a response to the Godhra Train Burning in which the VHP alleged that Muslim terrorists burned down a train full of Hindu pilgrims. VHP is also accused of being involved in many incidents of violence against religious minorities and Dalits. On October 15, 2002 five Dalit youth in a Haryana village Jhajjar were killed by a mob for allegedly skinning a cow. There were allegations of involvement of the VHP in this act The VHP leader Acharya Giriraj Kishore, while justifying the organisation, made a very controversial remark that "according to our shastras, the life of a cow was very precious".

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity P189, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0-631-20862-3
  2. e.g. Romila Thapar. Tom Bottomore: Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Blackwell, Oxford 1988, entry “Hinduism”.
  3. Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report Rediff - August 25, 2003
  4. Archeological Findings of Ayodhya Ruins: - Mukto Mona
  5. Srikrishna Commission report,HVK archive
  6. Cite error: The named reference VHP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. 3,500 poor villagers reconvert to Hinduism,The Tribune
  8. Over 500 reconvert to Hinduism in Orissa,Press Trust of India Archive
  9. Christians convert back to Hinduism,BBC
  10. VHP announces `anti-terrorism' campaign,Yahoo News
  11. Historic world Hindu conference at Prayag News Today - March 2007
  12. Women ‘Ram Bhakt’ hog limelight,The Tribune
  13. Kohli, Atul (2000). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  14. Human Rights Watch

External links

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