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===Later marriages=== ===Later marriages===
The death of Khadija left Muhammad lonely, and it was suggested to him that he marry ]. Sawda had suffered many hardships after she became a Muslim. Muhammad married her ] in Shawwal when she was about 55 years old, in the tenth year of Prophethood, after the death of Khadijah. Prior to that, she was married to a paternal cousin of hers called As-Sakran bin ‘Amr. At about the same period, Aisha (daughter of his close friend Abu Bakr) was betrothed to Muhammad.<ref name="EIsha">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Watt, W. Montgomery | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, ], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia =] Online| title = Aisha bint Abu Bakr| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN}}</ref> The death of Khadija left Muhammad lonely, and it was suggested to him that he marry ]. Sawda had suffered many harships after she became a Muslim. Muhammad married her ] in Shawwal when she was about 55 years old, in the tenth year of Prophethood, after the death of Khadijah. Prior to that, she was married to a paternal cousin of hers called As-Sakran bin ‘Amr. Sawda offered to give her turn of Muhammad's conjugal visit to Aisha, and the incident is referred to in verse {{Quran-usc|4|127}} of the ].<ref name="EI"/>


;Aisha bint Abu Bakr
As life became unbearable for him, Muhammad migrated to Medina. Because of Meccan attempts at his life Muhammad traveled only with Abu Bakr and the rest of his family traveled in stages. His wife Sawda and his daughters ] and ] traveled with ], while his other wife Aisha travelled with her brother Abd Allah. Regarding his other daughters: ]'s husband prevented her from migrating, and ] was with her husband ] in ] and migrated much later.<ref name = Nomani1>Nomani (1970), pg. 257-9</ref>
⚫ ] was the daughter of ], a close friend confidant of Muhammad, and controversial figure in the differing depictions in ] and ] historical narratives. Muhammad married Aisha before the Hijra, however ] differ on whether Muhammad married Sawda or ] first. Muhammad married Sawda one month after the death of his first wife ] upon suggestion of one of his companions. Regardless, Muhammad did not consummate his marriage with Aisha until she reached the age of nine, and lived with Sawda during that time.<ref name="EI">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Vacca, V | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, ], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia =] Online| title = Sawda bint Zama ibn Qayyis ibn Abd Shams| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN}}</ref>


;Hafsah bint ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab
⚫ In Medina Muhammad consumated his marriage with Aisha. Both Aisha and Sawda, his two wives, were given apartments adjoined to the ].<ref name = Nomani1/> Sawda offered to give her turn of Muhammad's conjugal visit to Aisha, and the incident is referred to in verse {{Quran-usc|4|127}} of the ].).<ref name="EI">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Vacca, V | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, ], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia =] Online| title = Sawda bint Zama ibn Qayyis ibn Abd Shams| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN}}</ref>
Muhammad married ] daughter of ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab, three years after the Hijra. She was Aiyim (i.e. husbandless). Her ex-husband was Khunais bin Hudhafa As-Sahmi in the period between Badr and Uhud battles.


;Zaynab bint Khuzayma
During the battles of ] and ] many Muslim men were killed leaving behind widows and children. Such was the case with ] daughter of ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab, widow of the Badr martyr Khunais bin Hudhafa As-Sahmi. Muhammad married her in 3 A.H./625 C.E. She was Aiyim (i.e. husbandless). Her ex-husband was in the period between Badr and Uhud battles.<ref>Nomani (1970), pg. 360</ref>
], who was from Bani Hilal bin ‘Amir bin Sa‘sa‘a, married Muhammad four years after Hijra, but died two or three months after marriage. Was nicknamed Umm Al-Masakeen (roughly translates as the mother of the poor), because of her kindness and care towards them. She used to be the wife of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh, who was martyred at Uhud.


;Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya
], was the wife of 'Ubaydah b. al-Hārith,<ref>Watt(1956), pg.393</ref> a faithful Muslim and from the tribe of al-Muttalib, for which Muhammad had special responsibility.<ref>Watt(1956), pg.287</ref> When her husband died, Muhammad aiming to provide for her, married her. She was nicknamed Umm Al-Masakeen (roughly translates as the mother of the poor), because of her kindness and care towards them.{{fact}} Her marriage took place in 4 A.H. and she died the same year.<ref>Nomani (1970), pg. 345</ref>
], the widow of Abu Salamah, married Muhammad in the fourth year of Al-Hijra.

The same year Muhammad also proposed marriage to ]. The widow of Abu Salamah, a Muslim ] of the ], she had none but young children. Her plight reportedly saddened the Muslims, and after her '']'' some Muslims proposed marriage to her; but she declined. When Muhammad proposed her marriage, she was reluctant for three reasons: she claimed to suffer from jealousy and pointed out the prospect of an unsuccessful marriage, her old age, and her young family that needed support. But Muhammad replied that he would pray to God to free her from jealousy, that he too was of old age, and that her family was like his family. She married Muhammad.<ref>''Umm Salamah''. Courtesy of ISL Software. University of Southern California.</ref>


;Zaynab bint Jahsh
] was Muhammad's cousin, being the daughter of one of his father's sisters.<ref name="Watt">Montgomery Watt, ''Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman.'' Oxford University Press 1961, page 156.</ref> At the time of the ] she was likely a widow, and probably emigrated with her brothers who were also Muslims. Upon arriving in Medina, she was forced by Muhammad, against her will, to marry his adopted son ].<ref>''Watt,'' page 156.</ref> In the year 626 Muhammad went to visit Zayd at his house to talk to him. Zayd was not there, but according to traditional Muslim sources, Muhammad saw Zaynab scantily clad and fell in love with her.<ref>''Watt,'' page 156.</ref> Muhammad did not enter and left, saying to himself "Praise be to God, praise to the manager of hearts!" Zaynab told Zayd about this, and Zayd at once offered to divorce Zaynab, but Muhammad told him to keep her.<ref>''Watt,'' pages 156-157.</ref> After these events, life with Zaynab became unbearable for Zayd and he divorced her. When her waiting period was complete, Muhammad married her. Muhammad's contemporaries criticized him for this marriage because of its incestuous character.<ref>''Watt,'' page 158.</ref> It was considered incest for a man to marry a woman who had once been married to his son, and an adopted son was counted the same as a biological son.<ref>''Watt,'' page 158.</ref> However, this marriage was justified by verse {{cite quran|33|37|style=nosup|expand=no}} of the Qur'an,<ref>''Watt,'' page 157.</ref> which implied that treating adopted sons as real sons was objectionable, and that there should now be a complete break with the past.<ref>''Watt,'' page 159.</ref> ] was Muhammad's cousin, being the daughter of one of his father's sisters.<ref name="Watt">Montgomery Watt, ''Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman.'' Oxford University Press 1961, page 156.</ref> At the time of the ] she was likely a widow, and probably emigrated with her brothers who were also Muslims. Upon arriving in Medina, she was forced by Muhammad, against her will, to marry his adopted son ].<ref>''Watt,'' page 156.</ref> In the year 626 Muhammad went to visit Zayd at his house to talk to him. Zayd was not there, but according to traditional Muslim sources, Muhammad saw Zaynab scantily clad and fell in love with her.<ref>''Watt,'' page 156.</ref> Muhammad did not enter and left, saying to himself "Praise be to God, praise to the manager of hearts!" Zaynab told Zayd about this, and Zayd at once offered to divorce Zaynab, but Muhammad told him to keep her.<ref>''Watt,'' pages 156-157.</ref> After these events, life with Zaynab became unbearable for Zayd and he divorced her. When her waiting period was complete, Muhammad married her. Muhammad's contemporaries criticized him for this marriage because of its incestuous character.<ref>''Watt,'' page 158.</ref> It was considered incest for a man to marry a woman who had once been married to his son, and an adopted son was counted the same as a biological son.<ref>''Watt,'' page 158.</ref> However, this marriage was justified by verse {{cite quran|33|37|style=nosup|expand=no}} of the Qur'an,<ref>''Watt,'' page 157.</ref> which implied that treating adopted sons as real sons was objectionable, and that there should now be a complete break with the past.<ref>''Watt,'' page 159.</ref>


;Juwayriya bint al-Harith
] was the daughter of Al-Harith from the tribe of ]. After she became a prisoner (along with others from her tribe), her father requested that Muhammad secure her release. Muhammad deferred this decision upon Juwayriya, who chose to marry Muhammad. According to some sources her father ransomed her, while others claim the ransom was paid by Muhammad.<ref>Nomani, pg. 365-6</ref>


] was the daughter of Al-Harith, who was the head of Bani Al-Mustaliq of Khuza‘ah. Juwairiyah was among the booty that fell to the Muslims from Bani Al-Mustaliq. She was a portion of Thabit bin Qais bin Shammas’ share. He made her a covenant to set her free at a certain time. Muhammad accomplished the covenant and married her in Sha‘ban in the sixth year of Al-Hijra.
⚫ Muhammad sent a proposal for marriage to ] who was in Abyssinia at the time, when he learned her husband had died. She had previously converted to Islam (in Mecca) against her father's will. After her migration to Abyssinia her husband had apostated to Christianity, and although she remained a steadfast Muslim, perhaps Muhammed feared that she too may apostate.<ref>. IslamOnline.</ref> Muhammad dispatched ‘Amr bin Omaiyah Ad-Damri with a letter to Negus, the king, asking him for Umm Habibah’s hand — that was in Muharram, in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. Negus agreed and sent her to Muhammad in the company of Sharhabeel bin Hasnah.{{fact}}


;Ramlah binte Abi-Sufyan

⚫ ], the daughter of Abu Sufyan was married to ‘Ubaidullah bin Jahsh. She migrated with him to Abyssinia (Ethiopia). When ‘Ubaidullah apostatized and became a Christian, she stood fast to her religion and refused to convert. However, ‘Ubaidullah died there in Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Muhammad dispatched ‘Amr bin Omaiyah Ad-Damri with a letter to Negus, the king, asking him for Umm Habibah’s hand — that was in Muharram, in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. Negus agreed and sent her to Muhammad in the company of Sharhabeel bin Hasnah.

;Safiyya bint Huyayy
] bin Akhtab was a Jewess captured in the battle of Khaybar. Her father, ], the former chief of the Banu Nadir, had been beheaded before the battle along with the ]. Muhammad married her in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. ] bin Akhtab was a Jewess captured in the battle of Khaybar. Her father, ], the former chief of the Banu Nadir, had been beheaded before the battle along with the ]. Muhammad married her in the seventh year of Al-Hijra.

;Maymuna bint al-Harith


Maimunah bint Al-Harith was the sister of Umm Al-Fadl Lubabah bint Al-Harith. Muhammad married her after the Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage). That was in Dhul-Qa‘dah in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. Maimunah bint Al-Harith was the sister of Umm Al-Fadl Lubabah bint Al-Harith. Muhammad married her after the Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage). That was in Dhul-Qa‘dah in the seventh year of Al-Hijra.

;Maria al-Qibtiyya


] was a ] slave, sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official. Muhammad later freed her, and upon marriage she assumed the title "Mother of the believers", like all his other wives. Maria gave birth to Ibrahim, a short-lived son of Muhammad. ] was a ] slave, sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official. Muhammad later freed her, and upon marriage she assumed the title "Mother of the believers", like all his other wives. Maria gave birth to Ibrahim, a short-lived son of Muhammad.


;Raihanah bint Zaid
] An-Nadriyah or Quraziyah - a captive from ]. Acccording to some sources, she was one of his wives. However, Ibn Al-Qaiyim gives more weight to the first version.. She was captured as a slave after the defeat of Bani Qurayza. She later became Muslim but remained a slave. ] An-Nadriyah or Quraziyah - a captive from ]. Acccording to some sources, she was one of his wives. However, Ibn Al-Qaiyim gives more weight to the first version.. She was captured as a slave after the defeat of Bani Qurayza. She later became Muslim but remained a slave.


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Wives of Muhammad

Muhammad (A.D. 570-632) is regarded by Muslims as the last prophet of God. He was an Arab religious, political and military leader who founded the Islam and the Muslim community (Arabic: أمة Ummah).

His life is traditionally defined into two epochs: pre-hijra (emigration) in Mecca, a city in northern Arabia, from the year 570 to 622 , and post-hijra in Medina, from 622 until his death in 632. All but two of his marriages were contracted after the migration to Medina.

The perceptions of the concept of marriage

In pre-Islamic Arabia, the institution of marriage was characterized by unquestioned male superiority. Marriage was viewed as a "status". There was no limitations on men's rights to marry or to obtain a divorce. Upon marriage a bride-price was paid to the girl's father. A man could have as many as wives and a woman could have several husbands .

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it .

History

During his life Muhammad married 11 or 13 women depending upon the differing accounts of who were his wives (not all at one time). However, not all Muslim scholars agree with these accounts.

There is some dispute between Shia scholars regarding the genealogy of the four daughters of Khadija on whether they were born to Khadijah from her marriage to Muhammad, an earlier marriage, or if they were in fact the daughters of a widowed and dead sister of Khadija. Sunnis believe he had four daughters with Khadîjah.

Ibrâhîm was the only child borne to him by Maria during his residence in Medina and the last to be born. Abdullâh was born after his prophethood but died during his residence in Mecca. All the other sons died before his prophethood.

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

Main article: Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

At the age of 25, Muhammad married a woman named Khadijah who was 40 years old at the time and the marriage lasted for 25 years. In Makkah — prior to Hijra — Muhammad lived with his wife Khadijah bint Khuwailid. She was the first woman he married and his only wife until she died. Their sons were Qasim and Abd-Allah (who was nicknamed al Tahir and al Tayyib). Their daughters were Zainab, Ruqaiya, Umm Kulthum and Fatimah. During their marriage, Muhammad asked Khadija to buy Zaid bin Haritha, a slave up for sale. Upon purchase he adopted the young man as his son.

Later marriages

The death of Khadija left Muhammad lonely, and it was suggested to him that he marry Sawdah bint Zam‘a'. Sawda had suffered many harships after she became a Muslim. Muhammad married her Sawda bint Zama in Shawwal when she was about 55 years old, in the tenth year of Prophethood, after the death of Khadijah. Prior to that, she was married to a paternal cousin of hers called As-Sakran bin ‘Amr. Sawda offered to give her turn of Muhammad's conjugal visit to Aisha, and the incident is referred to in verse of the Qur'an.

Aisha bint Abu Bakr

Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr, a close friend confidant of Muhammad, and controversial figure in the differing depictions in Shia and Sunni historical narratives. Muhammad married Aisha before the Hijra, however Muslim scholars differ on whether Muhammad married Sawda or Aisha first. Muhammad married Sawda one month after the death of his first wife Khadija upon suggestion of one of his companions. Regardless, Muhammad did not consummate his marriage with Aisha until she reached the age of nine, and lived with Sawda during that time.

Hafsah bint ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab

Muhammad married Hafsah daughter of ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab, three years after the Hijra. She was Aiyim (i.e. husbandless). Her ex-husband was Khunais bin Hudhafa As-Sahmi in the period between Badr and Uhud battles.

Zaynab bint Khuzayma

Zaynab bint Khuzayma, who was from Bani Hilal bin ‘Amir bin Sa‘sa‘a, married Muhammad four years after Hijra, but died two or three months after marriage. Was nicknamed Umm Al-Masakeen (roughly translates as the mother of the poor), because of her kindness and care towards them. She used to be the wife of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh, who was martyred at Uhud.

Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya

Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya, the widow of Abu Salamah, married Muhammad in the fourth year of Al-Hijra.

Zaynab bint Jahsh

Zaynab bint Jahsh was Muhammad's cousin, being the daughter of one of his father's sisters. At the time of the Hijra she was likely a widow, and probably emigrated with her brothers who were also Muslims. Upon arriving in Medina, she was forced by Muhammad, against her will, to marry his adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah. In the year 626 Muhammad went to visit Zayd at his house to talk to him. Zayd was not there, but according to traditional Muslim sources, Muhammad saw Zaynab scantily clad and fell in love with her. Muhammad did not enter and left, saying to himself "Praise be to God, praise to the manager of hearts!" Zaynab told Zayd about this, and Zayd at once offered to divorce Zaynab, but Muhammad told him to keep her. After these events, life with Zaynab became unbearable for Zayd and he divorced her. When her waiting period was complete, Muhammad married her. Muhammad's contemporaries criticized him for this marriage because of its incestuous character. It was considered incest for a man to marry a woman who had once been married to his son, and an adopted son was counted the same as a biological son. However, this marriage was justified by verse 33:37 of the Qur'an, which implied that treating adopted sons as real sons was objectionable, and that there should now be a complete break with the past.

Juwayriya bint al-Harith

Juwayriya bint al-Harith was the daughter of Al-Harith, who was the head of Bani Al-Mustaliq of Khuza‘ah. Juwairiyah was among the booty that fell to the Muslims from Bani Al-Mustaliq. She was a portion of Thabit bin Qais bin Shammas’ share. He made her a covenant to set her free at a certain time. Muhammad accomplished the covenant and married her in Sha‘ban in the sixth year of Al-Hijra.

Ramlah binte Abi-Sufyan

Ramlah, the daughter of Abu Sufyan was married to ‘Ubaidullah bin Jahsh. She migrated with him to Abyssinia (Ethiopia). When ‘Ubaidullah apostatized and became a Christian, she stood fast to her religion and refused to convert. However, ‘Ubaidullah died there in Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Muhammad dispatched ‘Amr bin Omaiyah Ad-Damri with a letter to Negus, the king, asking him for Umm Habibah’s hand — that was in Muharram, in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. Negus agreed and sent her to Muhammad in the company of Sharhabeel bin Hasnah.

Safiyya bint Huyayy

Safiyya bint Huyayy bin Akhtab was a Jewess captured in the battle of Khaybar. Her father, Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the former chief of the Banu Nadir, had been beheaded before the battle along with the Banu Qurayza. Muhammad married her in the seventh year of Al-Hijra.

Maymuna bint al-Harith

Maimunah bint Al-Harith was the sister of Umm Al-Fadl Lubabah bint Al-Harith. Muhammad married her after the Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage). That was in Dhul-Qa‘dah in the seventh year of Al-Hijra.

Maria al-Qibtiyya

Maria was a Coptic Christian slave, sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official. Muhammad later freed her, and upon marriage she assumed the title "Mother of the believers", like all his other wives. Maria gave birth to Ibrahim, a short-lived son of Muhammad.

Raihanah bint Zaid

Raihanah bint Zaid An-Nadriyah or Quraziyah - a captive from Bani Quraiza. Acccording to some sources, she was one of his wives. However, Ibn Al-Qaiyim gives more weight to the first version.. She was captured as a slave after the defeat of Bani Qurayza. She later became Muslim but remained a slave.

Grandchildren

Muhammad had two grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.

Muhammad's widows

The prophet's wives were revered as "Umm ul Mo'mayneen" or Mothers of the Believers; it was considered be tantamount to incest for a Muslim to marry one of Muhammad's widows. None of his widows did remarry.

The extent of Muhammad's property at the time of his death is unclear. Although Quran clearly addresses issues of inheritance, Abu Bakr, the new leader of the Muslim ummah, refused to divide Muhammad's property among his widows and heirs, saying that he had heard Muhammad say,

"We (Prophets) do not have any heirs; what we leave behind is (to be given in) charity"

However, Abu Bakr and the succeeding caliphs did make provision for Muhammad's widows and relatives out of the proceeds of the Muslim conquests. One-fifth of the spoils were to be given to the ruler, as public funds. Part of this was devoted to pensions.

Neither the wives nor the relatives were satisfied with this decision, and there are many traditions recounting their complaints to Abu Bakr and succeeding caliphs.

List of Muhammad's wives and children

Name Tribe The women's status before marriage Number of marriage Muhammad's age Her Age Motive Date of marriage Date of death
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid Banu Asad widow First marriage 25 40 Impressed with his good character, she proposed to him married in 595 died 619
Sawada bint Zama Banu Abd Shams widow Second marriage (after his first wife died) 50 65 Charity, old/poor widowed returned emigree from Abyssinia married soon after 619 died after Muhammad
Aisha Banu Taim single 53 6-9 Disputed Cement relations with Abu Bakr. Disputed. married in 622 died after Muhammad
Hafsa bint Umar Banu Adi widow 56 Cement relations with Umar married circa 624-625 died after Muhammad
Zaynab bint Khuzayma Banu Hilal widow 58 Zaynab asked Muhammad to marry her. She died eight months after the marriage married circa 626-627 died soon afterwards
Umm Salama Banu Makhzum Uhud War widow 58 approx. 65 Charity, mother of 4 married in 626 died after Muhammad
Zaynab bint Jahsh Banu Asad widow and divorcee 58 35 differing views married circa 625-627 died after Muhammad
Juwayriya bint al-Harith Banu Mustaliq widow; freed POW 59 possibly political married circa 627-628 died after Muhammad
Umm Habibah Banu Umayyah divorcee - after the conversion of her husband to Christianity in Abyssinia 61 charity an early emigree married 629 in absentia by the Abyssinian King died after Muhammad
Safiyya bint Huyayy Banu Nadir widow; freed POW 61 17 possibly political married 629 died after Muhammad
Maymuna bint al-Harith Banu Hashim widow 60 36 married 629 died after Muhammad
Maria al-Qibtiyya Copt slave 61 20 political circa 628-629 died after Muhammad

Regarding Maria al-Qibtiyya ("Maria the Copt"): she was a slave given to Mohammad by the ruler of Egypt. Some say that she remained a slave; some say that she was freed and that Muhammad married her; the mother of Muhammad's short-lived son Ibrahim in 630.

Children of Khadijah:

Sons:

Daughters:

Children of Maria:

Views

Muslim view

Muslim title all as Mother of the Believers, a title given to them in the Qur'an.

Sunni view

Sunni's view that all wives were the best of women, a view they say is supported by the Qur'an.

Shi'a view

Shi'a view that there is no merit in itself for being a wife of Muhammad, the merit is in each of the wives' individual actions.

Monogamy versus polygamy

According to Islam, being married is the natural state of a grown-up person. A man is even allowed to have up to four wives if he can sustain them. Celibacy is not an Islamic ideal; it is discouraged as unrealistic.

Many Muslims defend Muhammad's polygamy, and polygamy in general, as necessary and useful. Muhammad's marriages are explained either as political marriages, or as acts of charity towards Muslim widows. Muslims also believe that Muhammad brought a complete system of life, it was hence necessary to practically demonstrate the desirable characteristics of a marriage relationship under differing circumstances.

Many of Muhammad's detractors have criticized his conduct in having more wives than his followers. During the Medina period, he received a new revelation telling Muslim men to marry no more than four wives, and that only if they could treat them all equally.

See also

Notes

  1. Majid Khadduri, Marriage in Islamic Law: The Modernist Viewpoints, American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 213-218
  2. ^ John Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path p. 79
  3. Esposito (1998), p.18
  4. Haykal, Muhammad Husayn. The Life of Muhammad: "From Marriage to Prophethood." Translated by Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi
  5. ^ Vacca, V. "Sawda bint Zama ibn Qayyis ibn Abd Shams". In P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  6. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press 1961, page 156.
  7. Watt, page 156.
  8. Watt, page 156.
  9. Watt, pages 156-157.
  10. Watt, page 158.
  11. Watt, page 158.
  12. Watt, page 157.
  13. Watt, page 159.
  14. Sunni view that sha was divinly chosen (Sahih Bukhari Template:Bukhari-usc), Shi'a reject that hadith as fabricated. Shi'a view it as a political marriage, in order for Muhammad to get a new tribe and protector after Abu Talib died in the Year of Sorrow

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