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Thessaloniki Θεσσαλονίκη
Settlement
The White Tower of Thessaloniki was used as a prison during the era of the Ottoman Empire. Today it is a museum and the landmark of the city.
FlagOfficial seal of ThessalonikiSeal
Country	Greece
Administrative region	Central Macedonia
Districts	16
Government
• Mayor	Vassilios Papageorgopoulos (ND; since January 1, 1999)
Area
• Total	17.8 km (6.9 sq mi)
• Metro	108.088 km (41.733 sq mi)
Highest elevation	20 m (70 ft)
Lowest elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Population
• Total	363,987
• Density	20,000/km (53,000/sq mi)
• Metro	1,057,825
• Metro density	9,800/km (25,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	53x xx, 54x xx, 55x xx, 56x xx
Area code(s)	2310
Vehicle registration	Ν
Website	www.thessalonikicity.gr

Thessaloniki or Salonica (Template:Lang-el, IPA: [θesaloˈnici]) is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia, the nation's largest region. It is also the largest city in the wider geographical region of Macedonia. The Thessaloniki Urban Area extends around the Thermaic Gulf for approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) and comprises 16 municipalities. According to the 2001 census, the municipality of Thessaloniki had a population of 363,987, while the metropolitan population approximates one million inhabitants.

Thessaloniki is Greece's second major economic, industrial, commercial and political centre, and a major transportation hub for the rest of southeastern Europe; its commercial port is also of great importance for Greece and its southeast European hinterland. The country's Prime Minister traditionally gives his annual governmental speech outlining plans for the year to come from the city.

Thessaloniki retains several Ottoman and Jewish structures as well as a large number of Byzantine architectural monuments. The city hosts an annual International Trade Fair, the Thessaloniki International Film Festival, and the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora.

Name

The alternative name Salonica, formerly the common name used in some western European languages, is derived from a variant form Σαλονίκη (Saloníki) in popular Greek speech. The city's name is also rendered Thessaloníki or Saloníki with a dark l typical of Macedonian Greek. Names in other languages prominent in the city's history include سلانيك in Ottoman Turkish and Selânik in modern Turkish, Solun (Cyrillic: Солун ) in South Slavic languages, Sãrunã in Aromanian, and Selanik in Ladino (see other names).

Thessaloniki is commonly called the 'Συμπρωτεύουσα' 'Symprotevousa' (lit. co-capital) of Greece since the National Schism, in much the same way as it was called the 'συμβασιλεύουσα' 'symbasileousa' (co-queen) of the Byzantine Empire.

History

The city was founded around 315 BC by the King Cassander of Macedon, on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and twenty-six other local villages. He named it after his wife Thessalonike, a half-sister of Alexander the Great (Thessalo-nikē means the "victory over Thessalians"). It was an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Macedon. After the fall of the kingdom of Macedon in 168 BC, Thessalonica became a city of the Roman Republic. It grew to be an important trade-hub located on the Via Egnatia and facilitating trade between Europe and Asia. The city became the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia.

When in 379 the Roman Prefecture of Illyricum was divided between East and West Roman Empires, Thessaloníki became the capital of the new Prefecture of Illyricum. The economic expansion of the city continued through the twelfth century as the rule of the Komnenoi emperors expanded Byzantine control to the north. Thessaloniki passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204, when Constantinople was captured by the Fourth Crusade. Thessaloníki and its surrounding territory—the Kingdom of Thessalonica—became the largest fief of the Latin Empire. The city was recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 1246 sold it in 1423 to Venice, which held the city until it was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II on 29 March 1430.

During the Ottoman period, the city's Muslim and Jewish population grew. By 1478, Thessaloniki had a population of 4,320 Muslims and 6,094 Greek Orthodox, as well as some Catholics, but no Jews. By ca. 1500, the numbers had grown to 7,986 Greeks, 8,575 Muslims, and 3,770 Jews, but by 1519, there were 15,715, 54% of the city's population. The invitation of the Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella, was an Ottoman demographic strategy aiming to prevent the Greek element from dominating the city. The city remained the largest Jewish city in the world for at least two centuries, often called "Mother of Israel".

During the First Balkan War, the Ottoman garrison surrendered Salonika to the Greek Army, on November 9 November [O.S. 27 October] 1912. In 1915, during World War I, a large Allied expeditionary force landed at Thessaloniki as the base for a massive offensive against pro-German Bulgaria. In 1916, pro-Venizelist army officers, with the support of the Allies, launched the Movement of National Defence, which resulted in the establishment of a pro-Allied temporary government that controlled northern Greece and the Aegean, against the official government of the King in Athens, which lead the city to be dubbed as symprotévousa ("co-capital"). Most of the old town was destroyed by a single fire on 18 August [O.S. 5 August] 1917, accidentally sparked by French soldiers in encampments at the city. The fire left some 72,000 homeless, many of them Turkish, of a population of approximately 271,157 at the time. Thessaloniki fell to the forces of Nazi Germany on April 22 1941, and remained under German occupation until 30 October 1944. The city suffered considerable damage from Allied bombing, and almost its entire Jewish population was exterminated by the Nazis. Barely a thousand Jews survived. Thessaloniki was rebuilt and recovered fairly quickly after the war with large-scale development of new infrastructure and industry throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.

On 20 June 1978, the city was hit by a powerful earthquake, registering a moment magnitude of 6.5. The tremor caused considerable damage to several buildings and even to some of the city's Byzantine monuments; forty people were crushed to death when an entire apartment block collapsed in the central Hippodromio district. Early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988, and Thessaloniki later became European City of Culture 1997. In 2004 the city hosted a number of the football events forming part of the 2004 Summer Olympics. Thessaloniki unsuccessfully bid for the 2008 World EXPO, this time won by Zaragoza in Spain, but another planned bid for 2017 was announced in September 2006 and is now in full development.

Government

As Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece, and an influential city in Northern Greece, it functions as the capital of the Central Macedonia Periphery, Thessaloniki Prefecture, and Thessaloniki Municipality.

Urban Landscape

Architecture

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The architectural face of Thessaloniki has always a been an interesting and distinctive case, in its constant flux born of the city's position at the centre of all historical developments in the Balkans. Aside from its commercial importance, Thessaloniki was, for many centuries, the military and administrative hub of the region, and beyond this the transportation link between Europe and the Levant.

The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers and unfortunately most of the ancient walls of the city were demolished including those surrounding the White Tower. During the subsequent 47 years, a period of great economic growth, the city's population exploded by 70%, reaching 135,000 in 1917. The city became an attraction for merchants, traders and refugees from across Europe, including Jews joining the city's earlier population. The authorities replaced part of the city's earliest Byzantine walls to allow it to expand, which it did, to the east and west along the coast. The need for commercial and public buildings in that new era of prosperity led to a marked shift in architectural direction and led to the construction of large edifices in the city centre, in lots formerly occupied by small, shabby one-family homes. During this time, Thessaloniki saw the building of banks, large hotels, theaters, warehouses, and factories.

The expansion of Eleftherias Square (today's Venizelou Square) toward the sea completed the new commercial centre of the city. The rest of the city's neighborhoods, within the old fortifications, remained unchanged. The western districts were the working class section, near the factories and Thessaloniki' s new industrial activity; the middle and upper classes moved east of the city and built a new suburb, then known as "Exohes", or "country retreats", and this new district soon acquired schools, public buildings and manufacturing plants. Today, the city's most important public buildings are to be found between the historic centre and those eastern suburbs, next to the White Tower.

The most decisive and unforeseen moment in the city's modern history was 1917. A devastating fire swept through the city that year and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours. It destroyed the city's historic centre and a large part of its architectural heritage, including many buildings of rare beauty.

The city designed between 1917 and 1950 was modern but with little consideration for wide, manageable roads urban centre; its layout and feel had little in common with what preceded it. The team of architects and urban planners designing the new Thessaloniki was led by Ernest Hebrard, a French architect. The team chose the Byzantine era as the basis for their building designs. The new city plan included axes, diagonal streets and monumental squares, with a street grid that would channel traffic smoothly. The plan of 1917 included provisions for the future population explosion and an adequate street and road network that would have been sufficient even today. It contained sites for public and significant buildings, the restoration of important Byzantine churches and landmarks and of Ottoman mosques, whereas the whole of the Upper City, near the fortifications, was declared a heritage site. The plan also included a site for the campus of the future University of Thessaloniki, which was never fully realized, although today's nondescript, concrete University campus incorporates some of Hebrard's ideas nevertheless.

An important element of the plan was to achieve a fine balance between contemporary urban planning and architectural ideas, and the city's rich tradition and history. Unfortunately, these plans were never to be fully implemented, and the city lacks a full administrative district to this day. Nevertheless, this aspect of the plan influenced a number of building and planning decisions throughout the 20th century, with the inevitable adaptations to service the population explosion of the last 50 years.

Although Thessaloniki is one of the most attractive cities of Greece and interesting for the student of architecture, today it bursts at the seams and presents its residents with the full range of modern urban inconveniences. Traffic is the most important problem, with new car registrations increasing by about twenty thousand annually, and the volume of cars quintupling in the last 15 years. Thessaloniki is the only major European urban centre that is served by only one mode of public transportation: buses. In addition, the city centre has limited public parking spaces; a subway line and underwater tunnel are now under construction in a strong recent effort to decongest the city centre.

Landmarks

• The White Tower of Thessaloniki (Template:Lang-el Lefkos Pyrgos), widely regarded as the symbol of the city. It has been known by many names and is now home to the Museum of Byzantine Cultures; the top of the tower offers excellent views of the downtown area.
• The Arch and Tomb of Galerius is more commonly known as the "Kamara" and ornately decorated, crafted with a reddish-coloured stone.
• The Upper Town or 'Ano Poli' is what remains of Ottoman Thessaloniki, with beautiful wooden houses overhanging the winding streets all the way up to the Eptapyrgio at the top of the city. The Ano Poli also contains some of the city's oldest and most important churches, particularly Osios David, St. Nicolaos Orphanos and Vlatades Monastery.
• The Church of Aghios Demetrios is the most important church in the entire city. Lying above the remains of the agora and the Roman Forum, the church has three side-chapels, a museum, and underground catacombs that also include Saint Demetrios' imprisonment chamber; he is the patron saint of the city.
• OTE Tower, a TV tower is the center of the Thessaloniki Expo Center. A revolving restaurant offers spectacular views of the city.
• The waterfront is Thessaloniki's major draw. The promenade of Nikis Avenue runs from the White Tower of Thessaloniki to the giant palace that is now a ferry terminal, and plentiful cafés, restaurants and shops line the waterfront.
• The Arch and Tomb of Galerius, or the Church of Aghios Georgios, is a circular church lacking the classic Orthodox iconostasis. The church is built upon former Roman and Greek pagan ruins.
• Aristotelous Square extends all the way from Nikis Avenue on the waterfront to the Church of Panayia Halkeion. The square, shaped like a bottle, is lined with tall archondika, or mansions of the affluent, that have now been converted to shops and hotels. A large park lies at the north end of the square, and Thessaloniki's thriving old market is just one block away to the east and west.
• The area surrounding the Church of Aghia Sofia, also located in the city center, includes the large church and paved alleyways that make the few blocks around it widely known.
• The extensive Byzantine walls of the Upper City (Ano Poli) and kastro.
• The Kyvernion (little Palace); former residence of the King and Queen of Greece; in the Karabournaki area, in Eastern Thessaloniki
• The modern Concert Hall of Thessaloniki in the East side of the city, near the Posidonion sports center.
• Thessaloniki Intemational Trade Fair held every September, organised by Helexpo.

Museums

• Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki (Museo Djudio de Salonik)
• Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art
• State Museum of Contemporary Arts housing an important collection of 1275 Russian avant-garde works of art, collected by George Costakis
• Macedonia-Thrace Folklore and Ethnological Museum, housed in the G. Modiano Mansion
• Museum of Byzantine Culture
• Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum
• Thessaloniki Cinema Museum
• Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
• Thessaloniki Sports Museum
• Water Museum of Thessaloniki
• White Tower of Thessaloniki, museum and monument
• Thessaloniki Science Center & Technology Museum - NOESIS
• Thessaloniki Museum of Photography
• Museum of Cinematography
• Teloglion Foundation of Art
• Artforum Culture Foundation
• Artforum Research-institute and public-exhibition-hall
• European Center of Byzantine and Postbyzantine Monuments
• The Goulandris Natural History Museum

Archaeological sites

• Agia Paraskevi, Thessaloniki, archaic cemetery
• The Ancient Agora of Thessaloniki
• Monastery of Latomos at Thessaloniki
• The Roman Palace and Hippodrome
• The extensive city walls
• Trigonian Tower and the Castra area

Demographics

Although the population of the Municipality of Thessaloniki has declined in the last two censuses, the metropolitan area's population is still growing, as people are moving to the suburbs. Today approximately 1 million people live in the metropolitan area, making it the second largest metropolitan area in Greece after Athens.

The Jews of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki's Jewish community was largely of Sephardic background, but also included the historically significant and ancient Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Jewish community comprised more than half the city's population and Jews were dominant in commerce until the Greek population increased after 1912. Within the interwar Greek state the Jews enjoyed the same civil rights as all other Greeks. As a result of the Jewish influence on the city, many non-Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki also spoke Ladino, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews, and the city virtually ground to a stop on Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath.

A great blow to the Jewish community of Thessaloniki came with the great fire of 1917, which left 50,000 Jews homeless. Many Jews emigrated to Turkey, the United States, other parts of Europe and Alexandria, Egypt. In 1920, a law of the period creating separate electoral colleges for Salonica's Jews, meant they could not compete with Christian candidates, and a measure in 1922 ending Sunday trading had caused further stress for part of the city's Jewish population, already suffering the loss of markets after the collapse of the Ottoman empire, and more Jews emigrated. The arrival of the 100,000 Greek refugees settling in Thessaloniki after the Asia Minor catastrophe of 1923, reduced the importance of the community and during the interwar period its proportions were at 20% of the city’s population.

In March 1926, Greece had re-emphasised that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal rights, and a considerable proportion of the Jews of the city stuck by their earlier conviction they should remain. By 1944 the great majority of the community firmly identified themselves as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha Glenny, these Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism in its North European form..the twentieth century had witnessed the rise of anti-Jewish sentiment among Greeks... but it attracted an insignificant minority". By the mid 1940s the prospect of German deportation to death camps was repeatedly met with disbelief by an increasingly well integrated Greek Jewish population. Mordechai Frizis was nevertheless among the leading Greek officers of World War II.

Thessaloniki's Jewish community continued to play an important role in the city's life up until its occupation by the Nazis in World War II. The Nazis murdered approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages in the Holocaust, effectively ending the Jewish community of Thessaloniki. Today, fewer than 1,000 Jews are left in Thessaloniki, although there are communities of Thessaloniki Jews -- both Sephardic and Romaniote -- in the United States and Israel.

Jewish Population of Thessaloniki

Ethnic statistics

The tables below show the ethnic statistics of Thessaloniki during the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century.

Economy

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Thessaloníki is a major port city and an industrial and commercial center. The city's industries centre around oil, steel, petrochemicals, textiles, machinery, flour, cement, pharmaceuticals, and liquor. The city is also a major transportation hub for the whole of southeastern Europe, carrying, among other things, trade to and from the newly capitalist countries of the region. A considerable percentage of the city's workers are employed in small- and medium-sized businesses and in the service and the public sectors.

Culture

Festivals

Thessaloniki is home to many festivals including the "International Trade Fair" which started in 1926. It's hosted at the Thessaloniki Internation Exhibition Center and attracts over 300,000 visitors every year. The "International Film Festival" offers new and emerging filmakers the chance to showcase their films to the Southeastern Europe region. Notable film makers that have showed up at the festival include Francis Ford Coppola, Faye Dunaway, Catherine Deneuve and Irene Papas. The "Documentary Festival", founded in 1999, focuses on documentaries that explore global social and cultural developments, and some films will be candidates for the FIPRESCI and the Audience Awards. The festival aims to the offer the filmgoing publc annually gathering in Thessaloniki an exploration of the common images of the early 21st century, and to explore its human landscape through documentary. The Dimitria festival, founded in 1966 and named after the city's patron saint of St. Demetrius, focuses on a wide range of events including music, theater, dance, local happenings, and exhibitions. The "DMC DJ Championship" is hosted at the International Trade Fair of Thessaloniki and has become the event for aspiring DJs and turntablists. The only equipment permitted in Technics' DJ Championships worldwide are Technics SL1200 turntables and the Technics EX-DJ1200 mixer; the DJs are allowed a period of exactly six minutes to impress the judges. The "International Festival of Photography" takes place every February to mid-April attracting the interest of both the photographic world and the public. Exhibitions including museums, heritage landmarks, galleries, bookshops and cafes.

Sports

The first football team to be officially established in the city was Iraklis, in 1908. Aris was established in 1914. PAOK and Apollon Kalamarias were established in 1926 by Greek refugees from Constantinople, Pontus and Asia Minor in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War; today there are many more football teams in Thessaloniki, while the four major teams participate in the Super League Greece and on many occasions in the UEFA Cup.

The current stands of the major teams are:

• Aris FC - Super League Greece (2006-2007: 4th place)
• PAOK FC - Super League Greece (2006-2007: 6th place)
• Apollon Kalamaria - Super League Greece (2006-2007: 12th place)
• Iraklis FC - Super League Greece (2006-2007: 13th place)

PAOK is the most successful team of the city's football competitors, Aris its most successful basketball team, and Iraklis its most successful Volleyball and track and field competitor. The main football stadiums to be found in the city are the state-owned Kaftanzoglio Stadium which also finds use as Iraklis' home stadium, and was heavily renovated in the wake of the 2004 Summer Olympics, the Toumba Stadium (PAOK's home stadium), and the Kleanthis Vikelides Stadium (Harilaou), Aris' home stadium. Thessaloniki's major indoor arenas are the state-owned Alexandreio Melathron, home to Aris Thessaloniki and also used for a number of cultural events, and the PAOK Sports Arena, which is that used by PAOK's basketball and volleyball sections.

In October 2007, Thessaloniki organised the first South Eastern European Games. The participating nations were: The Republic of Albania, the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Republic of Bulgaria, Romania, the Republic of Croatia, the Helllenic Republic, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Montenegro, the Republic of Slovenia, and the Republic of Turkey.

Notable Thessalonians

Thessaloniki's famous inhabitants over the centuries include saints, such as Saint Cyril, athletes and musicians, and the founder of the modern Republic of Turkey.

Climate

The city experiences a Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters and hot summers:

Transportation

Public transport in Thessaloniki is currently served only by buses. The bus company operating in the city is called Organismos Astikon Sygkoinonion Thessalonikis (OASTH), or Thessaloniki Urban Transportation Organization.

Thessaloniki Metro

The construction of the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Railway was under discussion for more than fifteen years, but construction began in 2006 and is scheduled to last around six and a half years, with a completion date envisaged for late 2012. The single line will extend over 9.5km and include 13 stations, and is expected that the subway will eventually serve 250,000 passengers daily. Like the Athens Metro, the Thessaloniki Metro will also house a number of archaeological finds.

Discussions are underway on future expansion to the west, in order to connect the underground with the major transport hubs for the city, the Makedonia Central Bus Station, the Central Railway Station, and Makedonia International Airport. Possible future expansion may include that toward the districts of Eleftherio-Kordelio in the west side, Stavroupoli in the upper west side, Kalamaria in the east side, and the northern districts, such as Toumba.

Motorways

Thessaloniki was without a motorway link until the 1970s. The city is accessed by GR-1/E75 from Athens, GR-4, GR-2, (Via Egnatia) /E90 and GR-12/E85 from Serres and Sofia; by the early 1970s the motorway had reached Thessaloniki and was the last section of the GR-1 to be completed, while 1980s construction saw completion of the city's 4-lane bypass, which was finally opened to traffic in 1988 and runs from the western industrial side of the city all the way to its southeast, approaching Thermi and Halkidiki. Recently upgraded, it now takes in a number of new junctions and improved motorway features; the latest motorway expansion was toward the Via Egnatia, northwest of Thessaloniki.

Railways

The city is a major railway hub for the Balkans, with direct connections to Sofia, Skopje, Belgrade, Moscow, Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest and Istanbul, alongside Athens and other major destinations in Greece. Commuter rail services have recently been established between Thessaloniki and Litochoro, Pieria, covering the journey in approximately 45 to 50 minutes.

Airport

Air traffic to and from the city is served by Makedonia International Airport, for both international and domestic flights. The short length of the airport's two runways means that it does not support intercontinental flights, although there are plans for major expansion. The expansion of one of the runways into the Thermaic Gulf is being undertaken, so as to enable the servicing of trans-oceanic flights, despite considerable opposition to this by local environmentalist groups.

Media

Template:MultiCol

Newspapers

• Makedonia - Thessaloniki
• Agelioforos

Television

• ERT3 - division of Elliniki Radiophoniki Tileorasi (ERT)
• TV Macedonia
• TV100
• Apollon TV
• Best TV (local)
• TV Balkania
• Europe One
• Omega TV
• Orion TV
• Panorama TV
• Gnomi TV
• TV Thessaloniki
• Vergina TV
• 4E, Church TV Station

| class="col-break " |

Radio

Template:Multicol-end

Twinnings

• Hartford, Connecticut, United States
• Plovdiv, Bulgaria, since February 27 1984
• Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (1984)
• Limassol, Cyprus, since June 30 1984
• Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, since October 10 1984
• Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, since October 20 1984
• Bratislava, Slovakia, since April 23 1986
• Akhisar, Turkey, since August 25 1988
• Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, since May 3 1988
• Constanţa, Romania, since July 5 1988
• San Francisco, California, United States
• Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, since March 20 1992
• Alexandria, Egypt, since July 12 1993
• Tel Aviv, Israel, since November 24 1994
• Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 2003
• Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, since March 18 2007

Photo gallery

• The pedestrianized Zeuxidos street in the city center.
• Eastern part of Tsimiski Street
• Section of the campus of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
• The Heptapyrghion or Yedi Kule Castle.
• The colourful Navarinou Square at the city center.
• Evening view of the White Tower and the Thermaic Gulf towards the YMCA Square.
• Night view of Nikis Avenue on Thessaloniki's central seafront.
• The historic Makedonia Palace is amomg the city's largest and most luxurious hotels.

See also

• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
• History of Greece
• Jews in Greece
• Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917
• OASTH

Further reading

• Apostolos Papagiannopoulos,Monuments of Thessaloniki, Rekos Ltd, date unknown.
• Apostolos P. Vacalopoulos, A History of Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies,1972.
• John R. Melville-Jones, 'Venice and Thessalonica 1423-1430 Vol I, The Venetian Accounts, Vol. II, the Greek Accounts, Unipress, Padova, 2002 and 2006.
• Thessaloniki: Tourist guide and street map, A. Kessopoulos, MalliareÌ„s-Paideia, 1988.
• Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41298-0.
• Thessaloniki City Guide, Axon Publications, 2002.
• James C. Skedros, Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector, 4th-7Th Centuries (Harvard Theological Studies), Trinity Press International (1999).
• Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis (ed.), Restructuring the City: International Urban Design Competitions for Thessaloniki, Andreas Papadakis, 1999.
• Matthieu Ghilardi, Dynamiques spatiales et reconstitutions paléogéographiques de la plaine de Thessalonique (Grèce) à l'Holocène récent, 2007. Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université de Paris 12 Val-de-Marne, 475 p.

References

1. De Facto Population of Greece Population and Housing Census of March 18th, 2001 (PDF 39 MB). National Statistical Service of Greece. 2003.
2. Ανδριώτης (Andriotis), Νικόλαος Π. (Nikolaos P.) (1995). Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας: (τέσσερις μελέτες) (History of the Greek language: four studies) (in Greek). Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloniki): Ίδρυμα Τριανταφυλλίδη. ISBN 960-231-058-8.
3. Vitti, Mario (2001). Storia della letteratura neogreca. Roma: Carocci. ISBN 88-430-1680-6.
4. The New Cambridge Medieval History p.779 - Rosamond McKitterick, Christopher Allmand
5. ^ "Population of Greece". General Secretariat Of National Statistical Service Of Greece. www.statistics.gr. 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
6. http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his.htm
7. http://www.ce-review.org/00/4/daskalovski4.html
8. http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his1.htm
9. Stanford J. Shaw (2001). "Turkey and the Jews of Europe during World War II".
10. Mazower, pg. 381
11. ibid
12. "Misha Glenny, The Balkans, page 512"
13. http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his.htm
14. ^ Васил Кънчов (1970). "Избрани произведения", Том II, "Македония. Етнография и статистика" (in Bulgarian). София: Издателство "Наука и изкуство". p. pg. 440. Retrieved 2007-10-19. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
15. ^ Συλλογικο εργο (1973). "Ιστορια του Ελληνικου Εθνους",History of Greek Nation Том ΙΔ, (in Greek and English). ATHENS: "ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΗ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ". p. pg. 340. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |page= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
16. http://www.seegames2007.org/site.php?&file=index.xml&lang=el
17. ^ "CONCLUSION OF CONTRACT FOR THE THESSALONIKI METRO". Attiko Metro S.A. www.ametro.gr. 2006-04-07. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
18. "Thessaloniki metro "top priority", Public Works minister says". Athens News Agency. www.ana.gr. 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
19. "CONCLUSION THESSALONIKI METRO & ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION". Attiko Metro S.A. www.ametro.gr. 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
20. "Hartford Sister Cities International". Harford Public Library. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
21. "International relations: Thessaloniki". City of Melbourne. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
22. "Fun Facts and Statistics". City and County of San Francisco. Retrieved 2008-02-02.

External links

Government

• Municipality of Thessaloniki
• Thessaloniki Port Authority
• ΟΑΣΘ - Organisation of Urban Transport of Thessaloniki (Greek & English)
• Thessaloniki - Photo Archive Documents 1900-1980

Cultural

• Thessaloniki Film Festival
• Thessaloniki - Old postcards

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v t e World Heritage Sites in Greece
North	Aigai Mount Athos Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki City Walls Rotunda Church of the Acheiropoietos Church of Saint Demetrios Latomou Monastery Church of Hagia Sophia Church of Panagia Chalkeon Church of Saint Panteleimon Church of the Holy Apostles Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos Church of Saint Catherine Church of the Saviour Vlatades Monastery Church of Prophet Elijah Byzantine Bath Philippi Zagori
Central	Delphi Temple of Athena Pronaia Tholos Athenian Treasury Gymnasium Stoa of the Athenians Temple of Apollo Hosios Loukas Meteora Old Town of Corfu
Attica	Acropolis of Athens Daphni Monastery
South	Epidaurus Mycenae and Tiryns Lion Gate Tomb of Aegisthus Treasury of Atreus Tomb of Clytemnestra Grave Circle A Grave Circle B Mystras Olympia Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
Aegean Islands	Delos Medieval City of Rhodes Grand Master's Palace Fortifications Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse Nea Moni of Chios Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos

v t e   Prefectural capitals of Greece

Agios Nikolaos Alexandroupoli Amfissa Argostoli Arta Athens Chalcis Chania Chios Corfu Corinth Drama Edessa Ermoupoli Florina Grevena Heraklion Igoumenitsa Ioannina Kalamata Karditsa Karpenisi Kastoria Katerini Kavala Kilkis Komotini Kozani Lamia Larissa Lefkada Livadeia Missolonghi Mytilene Nafplion Pallini Patras Piraeus Polygyros Preveza Pyrgos Rethymno Rhodes Serres Sparta Thessaloniki Trikala Tripoli Vathy Veria Volos Xanthi Zakynthos

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• Archaeological sites in Greece
• Coastal cities
• Port cities in Greece
• Greek prefectural capitals
• Greek regional capitals
• Prefecture of Thessaloniki
• Cities and towns in Greece
• Tourism in Greece
• Pauline churches
• World Heritage Sites in Greece
• 310s BC establishments
• Settlements established in the 4th century BC
• Historic Jewish communities