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Y1 (tobacco): Difference between revisions

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'''Y1''' is a kind of flue-cured, ] ] that has been subject to investigation by the ] (PAHO).<ref name="paho">{{cite web|url=http://www.paho.org/english/ad/sde/ra/Opas_March_2007_PhaseI_report.pdf|title=The Tobacco Industry Documents: What Do They Tell Us About The Industry in Brazil?|publisher=]|date=May 2007|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref> It is chiefly grown in South American countries including ], and also in ] and ]; attempts to grow Y1 in ] were unsuccessful.<ref name="future"/> It was developed by Dr. ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20030504edroddy04p1.asp|title=Smoke Gets In Your Ire|publisher=]|date=2003-05-04|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref> while working for ] (then a subsidary of ]) in the late 1970s<ref name="future">{{cite web|url=http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/12700/12752/|title=The Future of Y1|publisher=]|date=1990|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>, and was experimentally grown in ] in 1983.<ref name="paho"/>
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'''Y1''' is a kind of tobacco developed by ] by illegally exporting seed and then reimporting the modified plant.
British American Tobacco (BAT) began to discuss the trialling of Y1 tobacco in 1991<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/11600/11658/otherpages/allpages.html|title=Note for Tobacco Strategy Review Team|publisher=]|date=November 1991|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>, despite it not being approved for use in the United States.<ref name="future"/> One ex-employee of BAT stated that Y1 tobacco started to be widely used in ] in the US in 1993. Usage was stopped in 1999. Prior to this, BAT exported seed from South America, genetically modified the seed, re-imported and grew the modified plant<ref name="paho"/>, despite this being illegal at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/interviews/kessler.html|title=Inside the Tobacco Deal - interview with David Kessler|publisher=]|date=2008|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>

==Legal status==

Y1 has a higher than average ] content than conventional ] tobacco (6.5% versus 3.2&mdash;3.5%)<ref name="bmj">{{cite web|url=http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/8/4/433|title=The Low Tar Lie|publisher=]|accessdate=2008-06-11|date=1999}}</ref>, but a comparable amount of ], and does not affect taste or aroma<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/10700/10744/|title=Evaluation of Y1 Tobacco|publisher=]|date=1991-11-21|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>. This fact, in conjunction with its genetically-modified status, led to a number of court cases in the United States alleging that BAT knowingly used Y1 tobacco to increase the ] of its products.<ref name="paho"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Smoke & Mirrors: The Canadian Tobacco War|last=Cunningham|first=Rob|url=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-28826-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|isbn=155250025X|publisher=International Development Research Centre|year=1996|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>

The state of ] heavily referred to Y1 tobacco in its 1997 trial against the American ] (''State of Minnesota et al. v. Philip Morris, Inc., et al'')<ref>{{cite web|title=State of Minnesota Plaintiff Trial Exhibits|url=http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/litigation/cases/mn_trial/index.html|date=2005|publisher=Tobacco Resource Center|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref>, a trial which took place prior to the inception of the ] in November 1998.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=]|title=Forty-Six States Agree to Accept $206 Billion Tobacco Settlement|date=1998-11-23|author=Milo Geyelin}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite web|title=Prying Open the Door to the Tobacco Industry's Secrets About Nicotine: The Minnesota Tobacco Trial|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/280/13/1173?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Y1+tobacco&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT|publisher=]|date=October 1998|accessdate=2008-06-11}}


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Revision as of 13:41, 11 June 2008

Y1 is a kind of flue-cured, genetically modified tobacco that has been subject to investigation by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). It is chiefly grown in South American countries including Brazil, and also in Honduras and Zimbabwe; attempts to grow Y1 in Venezuela were unsuccessful. It was developed by Dr. Jeffrey Wigand while working for Brown & Williamson (then a subsidary of British American Tobacco) in the late 1970s, and was experimentally grown in North Carolina in 1983.

British American Tobacco (BAT) began to discuss the trialling of Y1 tobacco in 1991, despite it not being approved for use in the United States. One ex-employee of BAT stated that Y1 tobacco started to be widely used in cigarettes in the US in 1993. Usage was stopped in 1999. Prior to this, BAT exported seed from South America, genetically modified the seed, re-imported and grew the modified plant, despite this being illegal at the time.

Legal status

Y1 has a higher than average nicotine content than conventional flue-cured tobacco (6.5% versus 3.2—3.5%), but a comparable amount of tar, and does not affect taste or aroma. This fact, in conjunction with its genetically-modified status, led to a number of court cases in the United States alleging that BAT knowingly used Y1 tobacco to increase the addictiveness of its products.

The state of Minnesota heavily referred to Y1 tobacco in its 1997 trial against the American tobacco industry (State of Minnesota et al. v. Philip Morris, Inc., et al), a trial which took place prior to the inception of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement in November 1998.

References

  1. ^ "The Tobacco Industry Documents: What Do They Tell Us About The Industry in Brazil?" (PDF). Pan American Health Organization. May 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  2. ^ "The Future of Y1". University of California, San Francisco. 1990. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  3. "Smoke Gets In Your Ire". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2003-05-04. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  4. "Note for Tobacco Strategy Review Team". British American Tobacco. November 1991. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  5. "Inside the Tobacco Deal - interview with David Kessler". PBS. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  6. "The Low Tar Lie". British Medical Journal. 1999. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  7. "Evaluation of Y1 Tobacco". British American Tobacco. 1991-11-21. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  8. Cunningham, Rob (1996). Smoke & Mirrors: The Canadian Tobacco War. International Development Research Centre. ISBN 155250025X. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  9. "State of Minnesota Plaintiff Trial Exhibits". Tobacco Resource Center. 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  10. Milo Geyelin (1998-11-23). "Forty-Six States Agree to Accept $206 Billion Tobacco Settlement". Wall Street Journal.

Further reading

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