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Simon LeVay (born 28 August 1943 in Oxford, England) is a neuroscientist and author known for his studies about brain structures and sexual orientation. He is the co-author of a textbook on human sexuality and has also coauthored books on diverse topics such as earthquakes, volcanoes, parkinson's disease, and extraterrestrial life. LeVay has written a science fiction novel, Albrick's Gold, whose main character, Roger Cavendish, is partially based on LeVay himself.

Biography

LeVay wrote in his first book The Sexual Brain that, 'As a teenager and young adult I accepted the Freudian line , according to which a young child's relations with his or her parents play a decisive role...it seemed to be borne out in my own family experience: I remembered my mother as having been very close and possessive, and my father as distant, even hostile...when I came to read Freud I was swept away by his eloquence and the sheer audacity of his theories.'

LeVay adds, however, 'Later...I began to have serious doubts. First, as I got to know large numbers of gay men and lesbian women, it became harder and harder to see them, or myself, as the products of defective parenting; we just seemed too normal. Second, as I became trained in the methods of science I became more and more skeptical that there was anything scientific about Freud's ideas, even though he repeatedly asserted that they were so. And finally, discoveries were being made in the area of sexual biology that were pointing in all kinds of new and exciting directions; Freudianism, on the other hand, seemed to have become a fossilized immovable dogma.'

Education and career

• University of Cambridge, England (B.A., Natural Sciences, 1966)
• University of Göttingen, Germany (Ph.D., Neuroanatomy, 1971)
• Harvard Medical School (Postdoctoral Research Fellow, 1972-1974)

LeVay held positions at Harvard from 1974 to 1984, after which he worked at the Salk Institute from 1984-1993. While at the Salk institute he was also Adjunct Associate Professor of Biology at University of California, San Diego.

Much of his early work looked at visual cortex in animals, especially cats. LeVay's textbook on human sexuality (now in its second edition) was described in one review as 'an exceptional book that addresses nearly every aspect of sexuality from multiple theoretical, historical, and cultural perspectives.'

Sexuality research

In 1991 LeVay published A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men in Science. This article reported a difference in average size between the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH3) in the brains of heterosexual men and homosexual men: INAH3 was more than twice as large in heterosexual men as in homosexual men. The INAH3 size of homosexual men was the same as that of women. LeVay wrote that, 'This finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate.' However, LeVay added that, 'The existence of "exceptions" in the present sample (that is, presumed heterosexual men with small INAH 3 nuclei, and homosexual men with large ones) hints at the possibility that sexual orientation, although an important variable, may not be the sold determinant of INAH 3 size. It is also possible, however, that these exceptions are due to technical shortcomings or to misasignment of subjects to their subject groups.'

LeVay's finding was widely reported in the media. LeVay cautioned against misinterpreting his findings in a 1994 interview: "It’s important to stress what I didn’t find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn’t show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain. The INAH 3 is less likely to be the sole gay nucleus of the brain than a part of a chain of nuclei engaged in men and women's sexual behavior." Some critics of LeVay questioned the his measurements' accuracy, since the structures are difficult to see in tissue slices, and also their appropriateness, since he measured in volume rather than cell count. Nancy Ordover wrote in her 2003 book American Eugenics that LeVay has been criticized for 'his small sample size and for compiling inadequate sexual histories.'

LeVay discussed the possible implications of his finding in his 1996 book Queer Science. In the sixth chapter, The Brain, LeVay wrote that '...the observations were made on adults who had already been sexually active for a number of years. To make a really compelling case, one would have to show that these neuroanatomical differences existed early in life - preferably at birth. Without such data, there is always at least the theoretical possibility that the structural differences are actually the result of differences in sexual behavior - perhaps on the "use it or lose it" principle. Furthermore, even if the differences in the hypothalamus arise before birth, they might still come about from a variety of causes, including genetic differences, differences in stress exposure, and many others. It is possible that the development of INAH3 (and perhaps other brain regions) represents a "final common path" in the determination of sexual orientation, a path to which innumerable prior factors may contribute. Another limitation arises because most of the gay men whose brains I studied died of complications of AIDS. Although I am confident that the small size of INAH3 in these men was not an effect of the disease, there is always the possibility that gay men who die of AIDS are not representative of the entire population of gay men. For example, they might have a stronger preference for receptive anal intercourse, the major risk factor for acquiring HIV infection. Thus, if one wished, one could make the argument that structural differences in INAH3 relate more to actual behavioral patterns of copulation rather than to sexual orientation as such. It will not be possible to settle this issue definitively until some method becomes available to measure the size of INAH3 in living people who can be interviewed in detail about their sexuality.'

In the twelfth chapter, Science and the Law, LeVay criticized Dean Hamer's argument that genetic studies have proven that homosexuality is not a choice, since '...it is possible to construct a hypothesis whereby both "gay genes" and a desire to be homosexual are necessary for a person actually to become homosexual.' In the fourteenth chapter, Conclusions, LeVay discussed the issue of motivation bias. LeVay wrote, 'Because my own research on the hypothalamus drew so much public attention, I have myself been the target of many accusations of bias. These accusations have come from several different directions. According to one school of thought, typified by Jack Wesoky, the defending attorney in the Colorado Amendment 2 case, my findings are not to be believed because I am gay. According to another school, my very engagement in biological research on homosexuality proves that I am secretly out to eliminate gay people. This is the point of view of Jonathan Tolins, as expressed in Twilight of the Golds.'

Bibliography

• LeVay S (1993). The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6
• LeVay S, Nonas E (1995). City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12194-8
• LeVay S (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12199-9
• LeVay S (1997). Albrick's Gold. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7687-0
• Koerner, D, LeVay, S (2000). Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512852-4
• Freed, C, LeVay, S (2002). Healing the Brain: A Doctor's Controversial Quest for a Cell Therapy to Cure Parkinson's Disease. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7091-5
• LeVay S, Valente SM (Second ed., 2006). Human Sexuality. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN ISBN 0-87893-465-0
• LeVay S, (2008), When Science Goes Wrong, Plume. ISBN 0-45228-932-7

References

1. LeVay, Simon. Simon LeVay's Books
2. LeVay S (1997). Albrick's Gold. Headline Book Publishing, ISBN ISBN 0-7472-7687-0
3. LeVay, Simon (1993). The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6
4. Byne W (June 7, 2006). Human Sexuality (book review). Journal of the American Medical Association
5. LeVay S (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between homosexual and heterosexual men. Science 253:1034-1037.
6. Angier, Natalie (August 30, 1991). Zone of Brain Linked to Men's Sexual Orientation. New York Times
7. http://discovermagazine.com/1994/mar/sexandthebrain346/?searchterm=levay
8. Barinaga, Marcia (August 30, 1991). Is homosexuality biological? Science
9. Ordover, Nancy (2003). American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-3559-5
10. ^ LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9

External links

• Simon LeVay website

• 1943 births
• Harvard Medical School alumni
• LGBT people from England
• Living people
• Neuroscientists
• Sexual orientation and medicine