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| #redirect ] | |||
| {{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}} | |||
| {{otheruses}} | |||
| {{redirect|al-Quds}} | |||
| {{Infobox Israel municipality | |||
| |name=Jerusalem | |||
| |image=Jerusalem-coat-of-arms.svg | |||
| |imgsize=80 | |||
| |caption=] | |||
| |image2=Flag of Jerusalem realistic colors.png | |||
| |imgsize2=145 | |||
| |caption2=] | |||
| |image3=Jerusalem from mt olives.jpg | |||
| |imgsize3=245 | |||
| |caption3=Jerusalem, viewed from the ] | |||
| |arname=commonly {{lang|ar|القـُدْس}} (''Al-Quds'');<br/> officially in Israel {{lang|ar|أورشليم القدس}}<br/>(''Urshalim-Al-Quds'') | |||
| |hebname={{Hebrew|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} | |||
| |meaning=Hebrew: ],<br/>Arabic: "The Holy" | |||
| |type=city | |||
| |stdHeb=Yerushalayim | |||
| |district=jerusalem | |||
| |population=747,600<ref name="mfa-40th">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Population figures - End of 2007 |date=2007-12-31 |accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> | |||
| |popyear=2007 | |||
| |area_dunam=125156 | |||
| |mayor=] | |||
| |website={{ref label|muni-site|i|}} | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Jerusalem''' ({{lang-he-n|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} <small>{{Audio|He-Jerusalem.ogg|(audio)}}</small>, ''{{lang|he-Latn|Yerushaláyim}}''; ]: {{lang|ar|القُدس}} <small>{{Audio|ArAlquds.ogg|(audio)}}</small>, ''{{lang|ar-Latn|al-Quds}}''){{ref label|names|ii|}} is the ]{{ref label|capital|iii|}} of ] and its ]<ref>Largest city: | |||
| *"...modern Jerusalem, Israel's largest city..." (Erlanger, Steven. , '']'', April 16, 2006.) | |||
| *"Jerusalem is Israel's largest city." ("", ] ], 2006, p. 3. Retrieved October 18, 2006.) | |||
| *"Since 1975 unified Jerusalem has been the largest city in Israel." (, ], 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2006.) | |||
| *"Jerusalem is the largest city in the State of Israel. It has the largest population, the most Jews and the most non-Jews of all Israeli cities." (Klein, Menachem. ''Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City'', New York University Press, March 1, 2001, p. 18. ISBN 0-8147-4754-X) | |||
| *"In 1967, Tel Aviv was the largest city in Israel. By 1987, more ''Jews'' lived in Jerusalem than the total population of Tel Aviv. Jerusalem had become Israel's premier city." (Friedland, Roger and Hecht, Richard. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, September 19, 2000, p. 192. ISBN 0-520-22092-7)</ref> in both population and area,<ref name="cbs">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Press Release: Jerusalem Day |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2007-03-10 |format=PDF}}</ref> with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of {{convert|125.1|km2}} if ] ] is included.<ref name="mfa-40th"/><ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|publisher=]|title=Local Authorities in Israel 2007, Publication #1295 - Municipality Profiles - Jerusalem|accessdate=2007-12-31|format=PDF|language=Hebrew}}</ref>{{ref label|cbs-stats|iv|}} Located in the ], between the ] and the northern tip of the ], modern Jerusalem has grown up outside the ]. | |||
| The city has a history that goes back to the ], making it one of the ].<ref name="aice">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/jerutime.html |title=Timeline for the History of Jerusalem |work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-04-16 |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> | |||
| Jerusalem has been the holiest city in ] and the spiritual center of the ] since the 10th century BCE,<ref name="1000BCE">Since the 10th century BCE:{{ref label|bible-david|v|a}} | |||
| *"Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when King David seized the crown and united the twelve tribes from this city... For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts. In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 0520220927 | |||
| *"The Jewish bond to Jerusalem was never broken. For three millennia, Jerusalem has been the center of the Jewish faith, retaining its symbolic value throughout the generations." , Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 23, 2003. Accessed March 24, 2007. | |||
| *"The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. ''The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament'', Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0814650813 | |||
| *"Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict'', Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 0028644107 | |||
| *"For Jews the city has been the pre-eminent focus of their spiritual, cultural, and national life throughout three millennia." Yossi Feintuch, ''U.S. Policy on Jerusalem'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0313257000 | |||
| *"Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, ''Jerusalem: Points of Friction - And Beyond'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 9041188436 | |||
| *"The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." , ], 2007. Accessed March 28, 2007.</ref> contains a number of significant ancient ] sites, and is considered the ] city in ].<ref name="3rd-holiest">Third-holiest city in Islam: | |||
| *{{cite book|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2002-11-02 |last=Esposito |first=John L. |authorlink=John Esposito |accessdate=2007-03-11 |isbn=0195157133 |pages=157 |quote=The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics |last=Brown |first=Leon Carl |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2000-09-15 |isbn=0231120389 |pages=11 |chapter=Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims |quote=The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center... |accessdate=2007-03-11}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |month=August |year=2000 |isbn=0814650813 |pages=14 |quote=Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam... |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> Despite having an area of only 0.9 square kilometer (0.35 square mile),<ref>{{cite book |last=Kollek |first=Teddy |authorlink=Teddy Kollek |chapter=Afterword |editor=John Phillips |title=A Will to Survive - Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today|publisher=Dial Press/James Wade|year=1977|quote=about {{convert|225|acre|km2}}}}</ref> the Old City is home to sites of key religious importance, among them the ], the ], the ], the ] and ]. The old walled city, a World Heritage site, has been traditionally divided into four quarters, although the names used today — the ], ], ], and ] Quarters — were introduced in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City |last=Ben-Arieh |first=Yehoshua |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press |year=1984 |pages=14 |isbn=0312441878}} </ref> The Old City was nominated for inclusion on the ] by Jordan in 1982.<ref></ref> In the course of its history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.<ref name="Moment">{{cite web|url=http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |publisher=Moment Magazine |title=Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City? |accessdate=2008-03-05}}. According to Eric H. Cline’s tally in Jerusalem Besieged.</ref> | |||
| Today, the ] remains one of the core issues in the ]. Israel's ] of ] has been repeatedly condemned by the United Nations and related bodies,<ref name="UN Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres252.html|work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-05-23 |date=1968-05-21 |title=United Nations Security Council Resolution 252}}</ref><ref> | |||
| "Recalling its resolutions concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem, "</ref> and ]s foresee East Jerusalem as the capital of ].<ref name="umd">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |last=Segal |first=Jerome M. |publisher=The University of Maryland School of Public Policy |title=Negotiating Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-25 |date=Fall 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper|author=Møller, Bjørn |title=A Cooperative Structure for Israeli-Palestinian Relations |version=Working Paper No. 1 |publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies |month=November | year=2002 |url=http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-04-16}}</ref> In the wake of ] (passed in 1980), most foreign embassies moved out of Jerusalem, although some countries, such as the ], still own land in the city and pledge to return their embassies once political agreements warrant the move.<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE6DC103BF932A25756C0A963958260</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| {{Jerusalem}} | |||
| {{further|]}} | |||
| Although the origin of the name ''Yerushalayim'' is uncertain, various linguistic interpretations have been proposed. Some believe it is a combination of the Hebrew words ''yerusha'' (legacy) and '']'' (peace), i.e., legacy of peace. Others point out that "shalom" is a cognate of the Hebrew name "Shlomo," i.e., King Solomon, the builder of the First Temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Fruit of the Spirit |last=Bethune |first=George Washington |year=1845 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |pages=93 |publisher=Mentz & Rovoudt |quote=is the New Jerusalem, or "heritage of peace."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hebrew Men and Times: From the Patriarchs to the Messiah |last=Allen |first=Joseph Henry |year=1879 |publisher=Roberts Brothers |pages=125 |quote=name it Jerusalem, the "heritage of Peace."}}</ref> Alternatively, the second part of the word could be ] (''Shalem'' literally "whole" or "in harmony"), an early name for Jerusalem<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem |last=Elon |first=Amos |url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/telavivandjerusalem.htm |isbn=0006375316 |date=1996-01-08 |accessdate=2007-04-26 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Ltd |quote=The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem—Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic).}}</ref> that appears in the Book of ].<ref>From the ]: "And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God." (] 14:18)</ref> Others cite the ], where the ] name of the city appears as ''Urušalim'', a cognate of the Hebrew ''Ir Shalem''. Some believe there is a connection to '']'', the beneficent deity known from ]ic myths as the personification of dusk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/gen_info/index.php?page=jerusalem_history |title=Jerusalem, the Old City |publisher=al-Quds University |accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref> | |||
| According to a ] (]), ] came to the city, then called ''Shalem'', after rescuing ].<ref name="sharing">{{cite journal|url=http://www.openhramle.co.il/english/article10.shtml.htm |journal=Service International De Documéntation Judéo-Chrétienne |last=Landau |first=Yehezkel |year=1996 |volume=29 |issue=2–3 |accessdate=2007-01-14 |title=Sharing Jerusalem: The Spiritual And Political Challenges |quote=I will share another meta-midrash...believers in the One Supreme God.}}</ref> Abraham asked the king and high priest ] to bless him. This encounter was commemorated by adding the prefix ''Yeru'' (derived from ''Yireh'', the name Abraham gave to the Temple Mount)<ref name="sharing" /> producing ''Yeru-Shalem'', meaning the "city of Shalem," or "founded by Shalem." ''Shalem'' means "complete" or "without defect". Hence, "Yerushalayim" means the "perfect city," or "the city of he who is perfect".<ref>Sitchin, Zecharia, ''The Cosmic Code'', Avon 1998</ref> The ending ''-im'' indicates the plural in Hebrew grammar and ''-ayim'' the dual, possibly referring to the fact that the city sits on two hills.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0405102984 |last=Wallace |first=Edwin Sherman |title=Jerusalem the Holy |month=August |year=1977 |pages=16 |quote=A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word |accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 |last=Smith |first=George Adam |year=1907 |accessdate=2007-04-25 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |pages=251 |quote=The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities}} (see )</ref> The pronunciation of the last syllable as ''-ayim'' appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the ]. | |||
| Some believe that a city called ''Rušalimum'' or'' Urušalimum'' which appears in ancient ] records is the first reference to Jerusalem.<ref> G.Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', (tr.David E.Green) William B.Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990 p.348</ref>The Greeks added the prefix hiero ("holy") and called it ''Hierosolyma.'' To the Arabs, Jerusalem is ''al-Quds'' ("The Holy"). "Zion" initially referred to part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole. Under King David, it was known as ''Ir David'' (the City of David).<ref>http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/jer.html</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{main|History of Jerusalem}} | |||
| {{see also|History of ancient Israel and Judah|History of Palestine|Timeline of Jerusalem}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Ceramic evidence indicates the occupation of ], within present-day Jerusalem, as far back as the ], c. ],<ref name="freedman2000">{{cite book|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |publisher=Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0802824005 |date=2000-01-01 |accessdate=2007-08-07 |pages=694–695}}</ref><ref name="aice" /> with evidence of a permanent settlement during the early ], c. 3000-2800 BCE.<ref name="freedman2000"/><ref>Killebrew Ann E. "Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment" in Andrew G. Vaughn and Ann E. Killebrew, eds., "Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period" (SBL Symposium Series 18; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003)</ref> The ] (] 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called ''Roshlamem'' or ''Rosh-ramen''<ref name="freedman2000"/> and the ] (c. 14th century BCE) may be the earliest mention of the city.<ref name="vaughn">{{cite book|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period |author= |coauthors= |date=2003-08-01 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |chapter=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy |isbn=1589830660 |pages=32–33}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=History of Jerusalem from Its Beginning to David |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |accessdate=2007-01-18 |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |date=1997-03-03}}</ref> Some archaeologists, including ], believe Jerusalem as a city was founded by ] people with organized settlements from around ]. According to Jewish tradition the city was founded by ] and ], ancestors of ]. In the ] account, when first mentioned, Jerusalem is ruled by ], an ally of Abraham (identified with Shem in legend). Later it is under control of the ]s until the 10th century BCE when ] conquered it and made it the capital of the ] (c. 1000s BCE).<ref name="promise">{{cite book|title=A Promise Fulfilled: Theodor Herzl, Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion, and the Creation of the State of Israel |last=Greenfeld |first=Howard |date=2005-03-29 |publisher=Greenwillow |isbn=006051504X |accessdate=2007-01-18 |pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/timeline_eng.asp |work=City of David |title=Timeline |publisher=Ir David Foundation |accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref>{{ref label|bible-david|v|b}} Recent excavations of a ] are interpreted by some archaeologists as lending credence to the biblical narrative.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|title=King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=2005-08-05 |accessdate=2007-05-24 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/international/middleeast/05jerusalem.html?ex=1280894400&en=3c435bc7bd0cd531&ei=5088 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| ===Temple periods=== | |||
| According to Hebrew scripture, King David reigned until 970 BCE. He was succeeded by his son ],<ref name="wwbible">{{cite book|title=The Complete Book of When and Where: In The Bible And Throughout History |last=Michael |first=E. |coauthors=Sharon O. Rusten, Philip Comfort, and Walter A. Elwell |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |isbn=0842355081 |date=2005-02-28 |accessdate=2007-01-22 |pages=20–1, 67}}</ref> who built | |||
| the ] on ]. ] (later known as the ''First Temple''), went on to play a pivotal role in ] as the repository of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrews.edu/ARCHAEOLOGY/archive/merling/newpage3.htm |publisher=Andrew's University |title=Where is the Ark of the Covenant? |author= |accessdate=2007-01-22 |date=1993-08-26}}</ref> For over 600 years, until the ]n conquest in 587 BCE, Jerusalem was the political capital of the ] and a religious center of the Israelites.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 11</ref> This period is known in history as the ].<ref name="bu2-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2-1.htm |publisher=Boston University |last=Zank |first=Michael |title=Capital of Judah I (930–722) |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Upon Solomon's death (c. 930 BCE), the ] split off to form the ]. Under the leadership of the House of David and Solomon, Jerusalem remained the capital of the ].<ref name="bu2-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2.htm |publisher=Boston University |title=Capital of Judah (930–586) |last=Zank |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> | |||
| ] as seen from the ]]] | |||
| When the ]ns conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as the Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon's Temple.<ref name="bu2-2" /> In 538 BCE, after fifty years of ], ] ] ] invited the Jews to return to Judah to rebuild Jerusalem and the Temple. Construction of the ] was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of ], seventy years after the destruction of the First Temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations |last=Sicker |first=Martin |isbn=0275971406 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |date=2001-01-30 |pages=2 |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-3.htm |publisher=Boston University |title=Center of the Persian Satrapy of Judah (539–323) |last=Zank |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship. When Macedonian ruler ] conquered the ], Jerusalem and ] fell under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the ] under ]. In 198 BCE, ] lost Jerusalem and ] to the ] under ]. The ] attempt to recast Jerusalem as a ] ] came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful ] of ] the ] and his five sons against ], and their establishment of the ] in 152 BCE with Jerusalem again as its capital.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Lawrence H.|title=From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism|publisher=Ktav Publishing House|year=1991|isbn=0-88125-371-5|pages=60–79}}</ref> | |||
| ===Jewish-Roman wars === | |||
| ] | |||
| As ] became stronger it installed ] as a Jewish ]. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and ], buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size.<ref>{{cite book|title=This Is Jerusalem|last=Har-el|first=Menashe|publisher=Canaan Publishing House|unused_data=|1977|pages68-95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Michael_Zank/Jerusalem/templemount.html |title=The Temple Mount |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref><ref name="wwbible" /> In 6 CE, the city, as well as much of the surrounding area, came under direct Roman rule as the ]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Historical Jesus: the life of a Mediterranean Jewish peasant |last=Crossan |first=John Dominic |authorlink=John Dominic Crossan |isbn=0060616296 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=San Francisco |date=1993-02-26 |edition=Reprinted ed. |pages=92 |quote=from 4 BCE until 6 CE, when Rome, after exiling to Gaul, assumed direct prefectural control of his territories}}</ref> and Herod's descendants through ] remained client kings of Judea until 96 CE. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region began to be challenged with the first ], the ], which resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. In 130 CE ] Romanized the city, and renamed it ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/people&p.htm|title=Palestine: People and Places|accessdate=2007-04-18|last=Lehmann|first=Clayton Miles |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces|publisher=The University of South Dakota}}</ref> Jerusalem once again served as the capital of Judea during the three-year rebellion known as the ], beginning in 132 CE. The Romans succeeded in recapturing the city in 135 CE and as a punitive measure Hadrian banned the Jews from entering it. Hadrian renamed the entire ] '']'' after the biblical ] in an attempt to de-Judaize the country.<ref name="erp-places">{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm |title=Palestine: History |accessdate=2007-04-18 |date=2007-02-22 |last=Lehmann |first=Clayton Miles |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces |publisher=The University of South Dakota}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Shaye J. D.|chapter=Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 C.E|title=Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development|editor=Hershel Shanks|year=1996|location=Washington DC|page=196|unused_data=|publisher:Biblical Archaeology Society}}</ref> Enforcement of the ban on Jews entering ] continued until the 4th century CE. | |||
| In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt, the city remained under ] then ] rule. During the 4th century, the ] ] constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the ]. Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period: The city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000<ref>{{cite book|title=This Is Jerusalem|last=Har-el|first=Menashe|publisher=Canaan Publishing House|unused_data=|1977|pages68–95}}</ref><ref name="erp-places"/> From the days of Constantine until the 7th century, Jews were banned from Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period3-2.htm |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |title=Byzantian Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> | |||
| ===Roman-Persian wars=== | |||
| Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Roman to ] rule and returned to Roman dominion once more. Following ] ]'s early seventh century push into ], advancing through Syria, Sassanid Generals ] and ] attacked the Byzantine-controlled city of Jerusalem ({{lang-fa|Dej Houdkh}}).<ref name="AntiochusStrategos">{{cite book | |||
| |last=Conybeare | |||
| |first=Frederick C. | |||
| |authorlink=Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare | |||
| |title=The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD | |||
| |publisher= | |||
| | series = English Historical Review 25 | |||
| |year=1910 | |||
| |pages=502–517 | |||
| |doi= | |||
| |isbn=}}</ref> | |||
| In the ] (614), after 21 days of relentless ], Jerusalem was captured and the Persian victory resulted in the territorial annexation of Jerusalem. After the ] entered Jerusalem, the holy "]" was stolen and sent back to the ] as a battle-captured holy relic. Persians massacred up to 90,000 Christians.<ref>, Jewish Social Studies</ref> The conquered city and the Holy Cross would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine Emperor ] recovered them in 629.<ref name="AntiochusStrategos" /> | |||
| ===Islamic rule=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Jerusalem is considered Islam's third holiest city after Mecca and Medina. Among Muslims of an earlier era, it was referred to as ''al-Bayt al-Muqaddas''; later, it became known as ''al-Quds al-Sharif.'' In 638, the ]ic ] extended its dominion to Jerusalem.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 7</ref> With the ], Jews were allowed back into the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |month=February |year=1997 |isbn=0521599849 |pages=70–71 |accessdate=2007-08-15}}</ref> The ] caliph ] signed a treaty with ] Patriarch ], assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |last=Runciman |first=Steven |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1951 |pages=Vol.1 pp.3–4 |accessdate=2008-06-12|nopp=true}}</ref> Umar was led to the ] on the ], which he cleared of refuse in preparation for building a mosque. According to the Gaullic bishop ], who lived in Jerusalem from 679-688, the ] was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodated 3,000 worshipers.<ref name="Yisrael Shalem">{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |publisher=Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, ]|title=The Early Arab Period - 638-1099 |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> | |||
| The ] caliph ] commissioned the construction of the ] in the late 7th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |month=August |year=2000 |isbn=0814650813 |pages=15 |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> The 10th century historian ] writes that Abd al-Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur of Jerusalem's monumental churches.<ref name="Yisrael Shalem"/> Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period4-3.htm |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |title=Abbasid Period and Fatimid Rule (750–1099) |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> | |||
| ====Crusaders, Saladin and the Mamluks==== | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1099, Jerusalem was ] by the ], who massacred most of its Muslim inhabitants and the remnants of the Jewish inhabitants; the Crusaders later expelled the native Christian population and created the ]. By early June 1099 Jerusalem’s population had declined from 70,000 to less than 30,000.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hull|first=Michael D.|year=1999|month=June|title=First Crusade: Siege of Jerusalem|journal=Military History|url=http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3028446.html?page=4&c=y|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> According to ], Two hundred Jews were in the city in 1173. In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by ] who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.<ref name="century1">{{cite web|url=http://www.centuryone.com/hstjrslm.html |publisher=The CenturyOne Foundation |title=Main Events in the History of Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-02 |year=2003 |work=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade}}</ref> In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the Kharezmian ], who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 25</ref> The ] Tatars were driven out by the Egyptians in 1247.From 1250-1517, Jerusalem was ruled by the ]s, during this period of time many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side and the crusaders and the ] on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and ]. | |||
| ====Ottoman rule==== | |||
| In 1517, Jerusalem and environs fell to the ], who generally remained in control until 1917.<ref name="century1" /> Jerusalem enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under ] - including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the ]. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route between ] and ].<ref>Amnon Cohen. "Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem"; Cambridge University Press, 1989</ref> However, the Muslim Turks brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates; the use of the wheel for modes of transportation; stagecoach and carriage, the wheelbarrow and the cart; and the oil-lantern, among the first signs of modernization in the city.<ref name="multiref1">, Hebrew University, 2002</ref> In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.<ref name="multiref1"/> | |||
| With the annexation of Jerusalem by ] in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836, ] allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the ].<ref name="multiref2">''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 37</ref> | |||
| Turkish rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem. Jews from ] and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers.<ref name="multiref2"/> In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the country's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem.<ref>''Encyclopedia Judaica'', Jerusalem, Keter, 1978, Volume 9, "State of Israel (Historical Survey)", pp.304-306</ref> According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans.<ref name="multiref2"/> The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 35</ref> | |||
| In the 1860s, new neighborhoods began to go up outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The ] and ] were founded in 1860.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eylon |first=Lili |title=Jerusalem: Architecture in the Late Ottoman Period |work=Focus on Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |month=April |year=1999 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/4/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20in%20the%20l |accessdate=2007-04-20}}</ref> | |||
| ===British Mandate and 1948 War=== | |||
| {{see|British Mandate of Palestine|1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|1948 Arab-Israeli War}} | |||
| ] enters the ] in the ] on December 11, 1917]] | |||
| In 1917 after the ], the ], led by ], captured the city,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fromkin |first=David |publisher=Owl Books e|edition=2nd reprinted |isbn=0805068848 |date=2001-09-01 |title=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East |accessdate=2007-02-02 |pages=312–3}}</ref> and in 1922, the ] at the ] entrusted the ] to administer the Mandate for Palestine. | |||
| From 1922 to 1948 the total population of the city rose from 52,000 to 165,000 with two thirds of Jews and one-third of Arabs (Muslims and Christians).<ref></ref> The situation between Arabs and Jews in Palestine was not quiet. At Jerusalem, in particular ] and ]. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tamari |first=Salim |year=1999 |title=Jerusalem 1948: The Phantom City |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly File |issue=3 |format=Reprint |url=http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/tamjer.htm |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref><ref name="ingeborg-mandate">{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_12.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=The British Mandate |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |accessdate=2007-02-10 |last=Eisenstadt |first=David |date=2002-08-26}}</ref> and institutions of higher learning such as the ] were founded.<ref name="huji-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/aboutHU_history_e.htm |publisher=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=History |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> | |||
| As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the ] recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a '']'' under the administration of the ]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/52b7d0e66142a40e85256dc70072b982/6362111f689724d705256601007063f2!OpenDocument |publisher=The United Nations |date=1948-01-22 |accessdate=2007-02-03 |title=Considerations Affecting Certain of the Provisions of the General Assembly Resolution on the "Future Government of Palestine": The City of Jerusalem}}</ref> The international regime was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a ] was to be held in which the residents of Jerusalem were to decide the future regime of the city. However, this plan was not implemented, as the ] while the British withdrew from Palestine and ].<ref name="lapidoth"/> | |||
| The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. The 1,500 residents of the ] of the Old City were expelled and a few hundred taken prisoner when the Arab Legion captured the quarter on 28 May.<ref>], ''1948'' (2008), pp.218-219.</ref> Residents of many Arab villages and neighborhoods west of the Old City left with the approach of the war, but thousands remained and were driven out or killed, as at ] or ].<ref> “The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947-50”, Journal of Palestine Studies (27), Winter 1998</ref><ref name="Morris">Morris Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, Revisited, Cambridge, 2004</ref><ref name="Walid">Al-Khalidi, Walid (ed.), All that remains: the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948, (Washington DC: 1992),"Lifta", pp. 300-303</ref> | |||
| === Division and controversial reunification === | |||
| {{see|Positions on Jerusalem}} | |||
| {{see also|UN General Assembly Resolution 194|Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan}} | |||
| ]naire near the ].]] | |||
| The war ended with Jerusalem divided between ] and ] (then ]). The ] established a ] line that cut through the center of the city and left ] as an Israeli ]. Barbed wire and concrete barriers separated east and west Jerusalem, and military skirmishes frequently threatened the ceasefire. After the establishment of the State of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital. Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, subjecting it to Jordanian law, in a move that was recognized only by ].<ref name="birzeit">{{cite web | |||
| |title=Legal Status in Palestine | |||
| |work=Birzeit University Institute of Law | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-22 | |||
| |url=http://lawcenter.birzeit.edu/iol/en/index.php?action_id=210 | |||
| }}</ref><ref name="lapidoth">{{cite web | |||
| |last=Lapidoth | |||
| |first=Ruth | |||
| |title=Jerusalem: Legal and Political Background | |||
| |work=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-22 | |||
| |date=1998-06-30 | |||
| |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/peace%20process/guide%20to%20the%20peace%20process/jerusalem-%20legal%20and%20political%20background | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| Jordan assumed control of the holy places in the Old City. Contrary to the terms of the agreement, Israelis were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were desecrated, and only allowed very limited access to Christian holy sites.<ref>Martin Gilbert, , ''The New Republic'', Nov. 14, 1994</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf20.html#e|title=Myths & Facts Online: Jerusalem|author=]|publisher=]}}</ref> During this period, the ] and al-Aqsa Mosque underwent major renovations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409011.htm|title=Dispute Over Jerusalem Holy Places Disrupts Arab Camp|author=Greg Noakes|publisher=]|date=September/October 1994|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| During the 1967 ], Israel captured ] and asserted ] over the entire city. Jewish access to holy sites was restored, while the ] remained under the jurisdiction of an Islamic '']''. The ], which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was vacated and razed<ref>Rashid Khalidi, ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol. 19, No. 2 (1992), pp. 133-143</ref> to make way for a plaza for those visiting the wall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=6 |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |accessdate=2008-07-20 |year=1988 |title=Jerusalem's Holy Places and the Peace Process}}</ref> Since the war, Israel has expanded the city's boundaries and established a ring of Jewish neighbourhoods on vacant land east of the ]. | |||
| However, the takeover of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism. Following the passing of Israel's ], which declared Jerusalem, "complete and united", the capital of Israel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Basic Law- Jerusalem- Capital of Israel |date=1980-07-30 |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> the ] passed ] that declared the law "a violation of international law" and requested all member states to withdraw all remaining embassies from the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2008-07-30 |year=1980 |title=Resolution 478 (1980)}}</ref> | |||
| The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Jewish settlers have taken over historic sites and built on land confiscated from Palestinians<ref> The Washington Post Foreign Service, February 11, 2007; Page A01</ref> in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem,<ref>James Hider.; The Times Online, March 1, 2008</ref> while prominent Islamic leaders have insisted that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380646406&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer |title='Western Wall was never part of temple' |publisher=] |date=2007-10-25 |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> Palestinians envision East Jerusalem as the capital of a ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/913085.stm |title=No Mid-East advance at UN summit |publisher=BBC |date=2000-09-07 |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467711961&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |author=Khaled Abu Toameh |title=Abbas: Aim guns against occupation |date=2007-01-11 |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref> and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| ] | |||
| Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a ] in the ], which include the ] (East) and ] (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760 m (2,500 ft).<ref>{{cite book|title=Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems |last=Cabrera |first=Enrique |coauthors=Jorge García-Serra |accessdate=2007-02-09 |date=1998-12-31 |isbn=0792352947 |publisher=Springer |pages=304 |quote=The Old City of Jerusalem (760 m) in the central hills}}</ref> The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry ]s ('']s''). The ], ], and ] Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.<ref name="bergsohn">{{cite web|url=http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final%20Website/Geography%20Page.html |last=Bergsohn |first=Sam |date=2006-05-15 |accessdate=2007-02-09 |title=Geography |publisher=Cornell University}}</ref> The ] runs to the east of the Old City and separates the ] from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the ], a steep ravine associated in biblical ] with the concept of ] or ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Four Views on Hell |last=Walvoord |first=John |publisher=Zondervan |date=1996-01-07 |coauthors=Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett, and Stanley N. Gundry |accessdate=2007-02-09 |isbn=0310212685 |pages=58 |chapter=The Metaphorical View}}</ref>The Tyropoeon valley commenced in the northwest near the ], ran south-southeasterly through the center of the Old City down to the ], and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west (the lower and the upper cities described by ]). Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.<ref name="bergsohn" /> | |||
| In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of ], ] and ] trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region thus built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.<ref name="jlmgeography">{{cite web|url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/places/jer.html | |||
| | | |||
| from= |publisher=Jewish Agency |accessdate=2008-07-08 |title=Jerusalem geography}}</ref> | |||
| Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient ]s, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.<ref>http://www.jstor.org/pss/3137039, "The Water Supply of Jerusalem, Ancient and Modern", E. W. G. Masterman, ''The Biblical World'', Vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb 1902), pp. 87-112, University of Chicago Press </ref> | |||
| Jerusalem is {{convert|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel |last=Rosen-Zvi |first=Issachar |isbn=0754623513 |month=June |year=2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=37 |accessdate=2007-02-09 |quote=Thus, for instance, the distance between the four large metropolitan regions are—39 miles}}</ref> east of ] and the ]. On the opposite side of the city, approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5750610/ |publisher=AP via MSNBC |date=2004-08-18 |title=Debate flares anew over Dead Sea Scrolls |accessdate=2007-02-09 |last=Federman |first=Josef}}</ref> away, is the ], the ] on Earth. Neighboring cities and towns include ] and ] to the south, ] and ] to the east, ] to the west, and ] and ] to the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About%20us/Introduction/Introduction.html |work=The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Expedition |publisher=Bar Ilan University |accessdate=2007-04-24 |title=Introduction}} (Image located )</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|url=http://www.eyeonisrael.com/Israel-touring-map.html |publisher=Eye On Israel |accessdate=2007-04-25 |title=Map of Israel}} (See map 9 for Jerusalem)</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="One more Obstacle to Peace" – A new Israeli Neighborhood on the lands of Jerusalem city |url=http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1025 |publisher=The Applied Research Institute -- Jerusalem |date=2007-03-10 |accessdate=2007-04-24}} (Image located )</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Climate=== | |||
| The city is characterized by a ], with hot, dry summers, and cool, rainy winters. Light snow usually falls once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years on the average. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 8 °C (46 °F); July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 23 °C (73 °F). Temperatures vary widely from day to night, and Jerusalem evenings are typically cool even in summer. The average annual precipitation is close to 590 millimetres (23 in) with rain occurring mostly between October and May.<ref name="weather">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business |publisher=The Weather Channel |accessdate=2007-02-07 |title=Monthly Averages for Jerusalem, Israel}}</ref> | |||
| Most of the ] in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.<ref name="friction">{{cite book|title=Jerusalem: Points of Friction-And Beyond |last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |month=March |year=2000 |coauthors=Sari Nusseibeh |isbn=9041188436 |pages=44–6 |accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref> Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more ] released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the ] can travel eastward and settle over the city.<ref name="friction" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|title=Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion|author=Rory Kess|publisher=]|date=September 16, 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref> | |||
| <center><!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather | |||
| |metric_first=yes <!--Entering Yes will swap unit order to metric first. Leave blank for Imperial--> | |||
| |single_line=yes <!--Entering Yes will compact the infobox vertically by placing some units on same line.--> | |||
| |location=Jerusalem | |||
| |Jan_Hi_°F =53 |Jan_Hi_°C =12 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = |Jan_REC_Lo_°F= <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely--> | |||
| |Feb_Hi_°F =56 |Feb_Hi_°C =13 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Mar_Hi_°F =61 |Mar_Hi_°C =16 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Apr_Hi_°F =70 |Apr_Hi_°C =21 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = |Apr_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |May_Hi_°F =77 |May_Hi_°C =25 |May_REC_Hi_°F = |May_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Jun_Hi_°F =82 |Jun_Hi_°C =28 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Jul_Hi_°F =84 |Jul_Hi_°C =29 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Aug_Hi_°F = 84 |Aug_Hi_°C =29 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Sep_Hi_°F = 82 |Sep_Hi_°C =28 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = |Sep_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Oct_Hi_°F =77 |Oct_Hi_°C =25 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = |Oct_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Nov_Hi_°F =66 |Nov_Hi_°C =19 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Dec_Hi_°F =57 |Dec_Hi_°C =14 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = | |||
| |Jan_Lo_°F =39 |Jan_Lo_°C =4 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Feb_Lo_°F =40 |Feb_Lo_°C =4 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Mar_Lo_°F =43 |Mar_Lo_°C =6 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Apr_Lo_°F =49 |Apr_Lo_°C =9 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |May_Lo_°F =54 |May_Lo_°C =12 |May_REC_Hi_°C = |May_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Jun_Lo_°F =59 |Jun_Lo_°C =15 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Jul_Lo_°F =63 |Jul_Lo_°C =17 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Aug_Lo_°F =63 |Aug_Lo_°C =17 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Sep_Lo_°F =61 |Sep_Lo_°C =16 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Oct_Lo_°F =57 |Oct_Lo_°C =14 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Nov_Lo_°F =49 |Nov_Lo_°C =9 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Dec_Lo_°F =42 |Dec_Lo_°C =6 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Jan_Precip_inch = 5.6 | |||
| |Feb_Precip_inch = 4.5 | |||
| |Mar_Precip_inch = 3.9 | |||
| |Apr_Precip_inch = 1.2 | |||
| |May_Precip_inch =0.1 | |||
| |Jun_Precip_inch =0 | |||
| |Jul_Precip_inch =0 | |||
| |Aug_Precip_inch =0 | |||
| |Sep_Precip_inch =0.0 | |||
| |Oct_Precip_inch =0.9 | |||
| |Nov_Precip_inch =2.7 | |||
| |Dec_Precip_inch =4.3 | |||
| <!--****If the source reports in metric units, use the unit reported by the source--mm or cm ****--> | |||
| |Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 142.2 | |||
| |Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 114.3 | |||
| |Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 99.1 | |||
| |Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 30.5 | |||
| |May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 2.5 | |||
| |Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 0 | |||
| |Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 0 | |||
| |Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 0 | |||
| |Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 0.0 | |||
| |Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 22.9 | |||
| |Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 68.8 | |||
| |Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 109.2 | |||
| |source =The Weather Channel<ref name="weather"/> | |||
| |accessdate= | |||
| <!--For a second source--> | |||
| |source2 = | |||
| |accessdate2 = | |||
| }}<!--Infobox ends--></center> | |||
| ==Demographics== | |||
| {{Population of Jerusalem}} | |||
| {{main|Demographics of Jerusalem}} | |||
| In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—64% were ]ish, 32% ], and 2% ].<ref name="mfa-40th"/> At the end of 2005, the ] was {{Pop density km2 to mi2|5750.4|spell=American}}.<ref name="cbs" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_14.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=] |title=Population and Density per km² in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents on 31 XII 2005 |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Palestinian ], and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.<ref> Reuters, September 26, 2000</ref> | |||
| In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the ], ] and the former ]. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.<ref name="cbs" /> Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high ], especially in the Arab and ] communities. Consequently, the ] in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.<ref name="cbs" /> | |||
| In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%) — similar to Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.<ref name="cbs" /> This would seem to corroborate the observation that the percentage of Jews in Jerusalem has declined over the past four decades. In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html |publisher=YNet |title=Jerusalem: More tourists, fewer Jews |date=2006-05-23 |accessdate=2007-03-10 |last=Sel |first=Neta}}</ref> Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city. Many people are moving to the suburbs and coastal cities in search of cheaper housing and a more secular lifestyle.<ref name="Jewish-drop">{{cite news|url=http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/jerus.htm |publisher=The Washington Post via Cornell University |title=Jewish Drop In Jerusalem Worries Israel |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=1998-08-16 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> | |||
| Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority proposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=2006-12-02 |publisher=The Associated Press via The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> | |||
| ====Criticism of urban planning==== | |||
| Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Israel say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.<ref>Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem - Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 96, December 1996, (English, Pp. 88)</ref> According to a ] report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighborhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Palestinians in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process.<ref name = "worldbank"/> In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the ] archaeological park in the Palestinian neighborhood of ] (adjacent to the Old City),<ref>Meron Rapoport.; Haaretz, January 20, 2005</ref> and the ] on ] cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).<ref>Esther Zandberg.; Haaretz, Februrary 24, 2007</ref> The Israeli government has also expropriated Palestinian land for the construction of the ].<ref name="worldbank">; World Bank Technical Team, May 9, 2007</ref> Opponents view such urban planning moves as geared towards the ] of Jerusalem.<ref>Allison Hodgkins. ; PASSIA publication No. 96, December 1996, (English, Pp. 88)</ref><ref>Meron Rapaport. ; Haaretz, November 22, 2007</ref><ref>Rothchild, Alice. ; CommonDreams, November 26, 2007</ref> | |||
| ==Local government== | |||
| ], Jerusalem City Hall]] | |||
| The Jerusalem ] is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The current mayor of Jerusalem, ], was elected in 2003.<ref name="corridors">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879092720&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date=2007-03-15 |title=Corridors of Power: A tale of two councils |last=Cidor |first=Peggy}}</ref> In the 2008 city elections, Nir Barkat came out as the winner and is the mayor elect. Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was ], who spent twenty-eight years — six consecutive terms — in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.<ref name="corridors" /> Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jerusalem Becomes A Battleground Over Gay Rights Vs. Religious Beliefs |url=http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html |last=Coker |first=Margaret |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date=2006-11-11 |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> | |||
| The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at ] (''Kikar Safra'') on ]. The new municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=147&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7 |publisher=The Municipality of Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-04-24 |title=Safra Square - City Hall}}</ref> The city falls under the ], with Jerusalem as the district's capital. | |||
| ==Political status== | |||
| ] Building in Jerusalem, home to the ] of the Israeli government]] | |||
| On December 5, 1949, the State of Israel's first ], ], proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's ]<ref name="ben-gurion" /> and since then all branches of the ] — ], ], and ] — have resided there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH: |publisher=The Library of Congress |title=Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998 |date=1998-06-25 |accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref> At the time of the proclamation, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and ] and thus only West Jerusalem was considered Israel's capital. Immediately after the 1967 Six-Day War, however, Israel annexed ], making it a '']'' part of the Israeli capital. Israel enshrined the status of the "complete and united" Jerusalem — west and east — as its capital, in the 1980 '']''.<ref name="basiclaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-04-02 |date=1980-07-30 |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel}}</ref> | |||
| The status of a "united Jerusalem" as Israel's "eternal capital"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/3/The%20Status%20of%20Jerusalem |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Status of Jerusalem |date=1999-03-14 |accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref><ref name="ben-gurion">{{cite web|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |authorlink=David Ben-Gurion |publisher=The Knesset |title=Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem |date=1949-12-05 |accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> has been a matter of immense controversy within the international community. Although some countries maintain consulates in Jerusalem, and two maintain embassies in Jerusalem suburbs, all ] are located outside of the city proper, mostly in ].<ref name="foreign-embassies">{{cite web|url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |publisher=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |accessdate=2007-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century |last=Kellerman |first=Aharon |isbn=0791412954 |publisher=State University of New York Press |month=January |year=1993 |pages=140 |quote= also contains most embassies, given the nonrecognition by many countries of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.}}</ref> | |||
| ].]] | |||
| The ] ], passed on August 20, 1980, declared that the Basic Law was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith." Member states were advised to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. Most of the remaining countries with embassies in Jerusalem complied with the resolution by relocating them to ], where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Currently there are no embassies located within the city limits of Jerusalem, although there are embassies in ], on the outskirts of Jerusalem, and four consulates in the city itself.<ref name="foreign-embassies" /> In 1995, the United States Congress had planned to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem with the passage of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ45.104.pdf |format=PDF |title=Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |accessdate=2007-02-15 |date=1995-11-08}}</ref> However, ] ] has argued that Congressional resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem are merely advisory. The Constitution reserves foreign relations as an executive power, and as such, the United States embassy is still in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/rm/2002/13888.htm |title=Statement on FY 2003 Foreign Relations Authorization Act |accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Israel's most prominent governmental institutions, including the '']'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |title=English gateway to the Knesset website |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |title=The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> and the official residences of the ] and ], are located in Jerusalem. Prior to the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of the British Mandate, which included present-day Israel and Jordan.<ref>Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate: | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same |last=Orfali |first=Jacob G. |publisher=Ronin Publishing |month=March |year=1995 |isbn=0914171755 |pages=25 |quote=In the year 1923, became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine |accessdate=2007-02-25}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Oren-Nordheim |first=Michael |coauthor=Ruth Kark |accessdate=2007-04-16 |title=Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=0814329098 |month=September |year=2001 |pages=36 |quote=The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital{{ndash}} Jerusalem.}} is a professor in the Department of Geography at the ]. | |||
| *{{cite book|title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-04-17 |pages=59 |quote=...the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine... |isbn=0231106408 |date=1996-04-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because ] envisaged Jerusalem as an ], despite the reality on the ground created in 1948 when Jordan annexed the Old City as part of its attempt to destroy the fledgling Israeli state. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On June 27, 1967, the government of ] extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm|title=Jerusalem in International Diplomacy|author=] |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of ], home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the ], for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm|title=The New Orient House: A History of Palestinian Hospitality|publisher=jerusalemites.org |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City |last=Klein |first=Menachem |isbn=081474754X |publisher=New York University Press |month=March |year=2001 |pages=189 |chapter=The PLO and the Palestinian Identity of East Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> The ] stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the ], which regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.<ref name="umd" /> | |||
| ==Religious significance== | |||
| {{main|Religious significance of Jerusalem}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Jerusalem plays an important role in ], ], and ]. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 ]s, 158 ], and 73 ]s within the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=Protecting Jerusalem's Holy Sites: A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006-10-02 |edition=1st ed. |accessdate=2007-03-11 |last=Guinn |first=David E. |isbn=0521866626 |pages=142}}</ref> Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy. | |||
| ] | |||
| Jerusalem has been sacred to the Jews since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE. Jerusalem was the site of ] and the Second Temple.<ref name="1000BCE"/> It is mentioned in the Bible 632 times. Today, the ], a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is a Jewish holy site second only to the ] on the Temple Mount itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?id=212 |publisher=The Kotel |title=What is the Western Wall? |accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm |title=Synagogues |publisher=Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies |work=Ask the Rabbi |last=Goldberg |first=Monique Susskind |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> and Arks within Jerusalem face the ].<ref name="returning">{{cite book|url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch12 |publisher=Department of Education and Culture of the World Zionist Organization |title=Returning: The Land of Israel as Focus in Jewish History |last=Segal |first=Benjamin J. |location=Jerusalem, Israel |year=1987 |pages=124 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> As prescribed in the ] and codified in the '']'', daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "]" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.<ref name="returning" /><ref>The Jewish injunction to pray toward Jerusalem comes in the '']'' section of '']'' (94:1) — "When one rises to pray anywhere in the Diaspora, he should face towards the Land of Israel, directing himself also toward Jerusalem, the Temple, and the Holy of Holies."</ref> | |||
| Christianity reveres Jerusalem not only for its ] history but also for its significance in the life of ]. According to the ], Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth<ref>From the ]: "And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord;" (] 2:22)</ref> and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.<ref>From the ]: "And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves;" (] 11:15)</ref> The ], believed to be the site of Jesus' ], is located on ] in the same building that houses the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades |last=Boas |first=Adrian J. |publisher=Routledge |date=2001-10-12 |isbn=0415230004 |pages=112 |chapter=Physical Remains of Crusader Jerusalem |quote=The interesting, if not reliable illustrations of the church on the round maps of Jerusalem show two distinct buildings on Mount Zion: the church of St Mary and the Cenacle (Chapel of the Last Supper) appear as separate buildings. |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Life of Jesus |last=Endo |first=Shusaku |authorlink=Shusaku Endo |isbn=0809123193 |year=1999 |editor=Richard A. Schuchert |publisher=Paulist Press |accessdate=2007-03-11 |pages=116}}</ref> Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is ], the site of the ]. The ] describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,<ref>From the ]: "This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin." (] 19:20)</ref> but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.<ref name="worldwide">{{cite web|url=http://www.wcg.org/lit/jesus/golgotha.htm |publisher=Worldwide Church of God |title=Where Was Golgotha? |last=Stump |first=Keith W. |year=1993 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> The land currently occupied by the ] is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past two thousand years.<ref name="worldwide" /><ref>{{cite book|title=St. John's Gospel: A Bible Study Guide and Commentary for Individuals and Groups |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |isbn=0898708214 |month=October |year=2002 |pages=340 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pilgrimage: Adventures of the Spirit |last=O'Reilly |first=Sean |coauthor=James O'Reilly |isbn=1885211562 |date=2000-11-30 |publisher=Travelers' Tales |edition=1st ed. |pages=14 |accessdate=2007-03-11 |quote=The general consensus is that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre marks the hill called Golgotha, and that the site of the Crucifixion and the last five Stations of the Cross are located under its large black domes.}}</ref> | |||
| Jerusalem is considered the ] in Islam.<ref name="3rd-holiest"/> For approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to the ] in ], the '']'' (direction of ]) for Muslims was Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |publisher=Praeger Security International |date=2005-10-30 |isbn=0275987582 |pages=62 |chapter=The Final Settlement Issues: Asymmetric Values & Asymmetric Warfare |accessdate=2007-03-11 |authorlink=Anthony Cordesman}}</ref> The city's lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due to ]'s ] (c. 620 CE). Muslims believe Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from ] to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to ] to meet previous ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Monotheists: The Peoples of God |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2003-10-20 |isbn=0691114609 |authorlink=Francis Edwards Peters |chapter=Muhammad the Prophet of God |pages=95–6 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sahih Bukhari |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/093.sbt.html#009.093.608 |publisher=University of Southern California |work=Compendium of Muslim Texts |accessdate=2007-03-11}} (from an English translation of ], Volume IX, Book 93, Number 608)</ref> The first verse in the ] ] notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as ''al-Aqsa'' (the farthest) mosque,<ref>From ]'s English translation of the ]: "Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things)." (]:1)</ref> in reference to the location in Jerusalem. Today, the Temple Mount is topped by two Islamic landmarks intended to commemorate the event — ], derived from the name mentioned in the ], and the ], which stands over the ], from which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to Heaven.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html |title=The Early Arab Period - 638-1099 |accessdate=2007-04-24 |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |month=March |year=1997 |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City}}</ref> | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| ], housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the ]]] | |||
| Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its ], the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The ] attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists.<ref name="il-mus-about">{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-27 |title=About the Museum}}</ref> The 20 acre museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of Judaica, archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. The ], discovered in the mid-twentieth century in the ] caves near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=Shrine of the Book |accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education program, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden, and a scale-model of the Second Temple was recently moved from the Holyland Hotel to a new location on the museum grounds.<ref name="il-mus-about" /> The ], located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/index.html |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum: About the Museum: The Permanent Exhibition |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> The ] on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny ] flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm |publisher=Jerusalem Media & Communication Centre |title=List of Palestinian Cultural & Archeological Sites |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ], Israel's national memorial to the victims of ], houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/ |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=Yad Vashem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> with an estimated 100,000 books and articles. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust and an art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished. Yad Vashem also commemorates the 1.5 million Jewish children murdered by the Nazis, and honors the ].<ref name="yad-about">{{cite web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=About Yad Vashem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of ] through art is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.<ref name="seam">{{cite web | |||
| |title=The Museum | |||
| |work=Museum On The Seam | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
| |url=http://www.mots.org.il/eng/museum/about.asp | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ].]] | |||
| The ], established in the 1940s,<ref name="iba-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php |publisher=Jerusalem Orchestra |accessdate=2007-03-04 |title=History}}</ref> has appeared around the world.<ref name="iba-history" /> Other arts facilities include the ] (''Binyanei HaUma'') near the entrance to city, where the ] plays, the Jerusalem Cinemateque, the Gerard Behar Center (formerly Beit Ha'am) in downtown Jerusalem, the ] in ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Jerusalem Music Center |url=http://www.jmc.co.il/Default.asp |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> and the Targ Music Center in ]. The ], featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays and street theater, has been held annually since 1961; for the past 25 years, Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The ] in the ] neighborhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp |publisher=Jerusalem Theater |title=The Jerusalem Centre for the Performing Arts |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The ], located in a ] opposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city's only ] theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khan.co.il/about/index_english.php |publisher=The Khan Theatre |title=About Us |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years, as the site of ''Shav'ua Hasefer'', an annual week-long book fair, and outdoor music performances.<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |title=Summer Nights Festival 2008 | |||
| |work=Jerusalem Foundation | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
| |url=http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=738&ID=2452 | |||
| }}</ref> The ] is held annually, screening Israeli and international films.<ref name="filmfestival">{{cite web | |||
| |title=About The Festival | |||
| |work=Jerusalem Film Festival | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
| |url=http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=361&ArticleID=163&sng=1 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| The ], for many years the only Arab cultural center in East Jerusalem, engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to upgrade and rekindle interest in the arts at the national level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnt-pal.org/history.php |publisher=Palestinian National Theatre |title=History |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The ], in downtown Jerusalem, houses the paintings of ] and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/Ticho_house/index.html |title=Ticho House |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> ], established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art.<ref name="alhoash">{{cite web | |||
| |title=About Alhoash | |||
| |work=Palestinian ART Court | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
| |url=http://www.alhoashgallery.org/aboutus.shtml | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==Economy== | |||
| ] | |||
| Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was located far from the major ports of ] and ].<ref name="politics-1967">{{cite book|title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |isbn=0231106408 |date=1996-04-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |accessdate=2007-03-13 |pages=207–10}}</ref> Jerusalem's religious landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the ] and the ],<ref name="cbs" /> but in the past half-century it has become increasingly clear that Jerusalem's providence cannot solely be sustained by its religious significance.<ref name="politics-1967" /> | |||
| Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967 ] has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.<ref name="politics-1967" /> Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian ] accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older — lower in comparison to that of ] (58.0%) and ] (52.4%).<ref name="cbs" /> Poverty in the city has increased dramatically in recent years; between 2001 and 2007, the number of people below the ] increased by forty percent.<ref name="insider">{{cite news|url=http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Briefs/10317.htm |publisher=] |title=Study shows poverty level in Jerusalem double that of other Israeli cities |date=2007-01-11 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> In 2006, the average monthly income for a worker in Jerusalem was ]5,940 (]1,410), NIS1,350 less than that for a worker in Tel Aviv.<ref name="insider" /> | |||
| ] in West Jerusalem]] | |||
| During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of ] in order to preserve the unique historic and ] character of the city.<ref name="ingeborg-mandate" /> Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of ] in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure." By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.<ref name="cbs" /> Only 8.5% of the ] work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%). Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=] |title=Employed Persons, by Industry, District and Sub-District of Residence, 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial center, a growing number of ] companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|title=Bet your bottom dollar?|author=Gil Zohar|publisher=]|date=June 28, 2007|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Northern Jerusalem's ''Har Hotzvim'' industrial park is home to some of Israel's major corporations, among them ], ], and ]. Expansion plans for the park envision one hundred businesses, a fire station, and a school, covering an area of 530,000 m² (130 acres).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |publisher=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |title=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> | |||
| Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centered in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers ] and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.<ref name="politics-1967" /> | |||
| ==Transportation== | |||
| {{main|Transport in Jerusalem}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The airport nearest to Jerusalem is ], which was used for domestic flights until its closure in 2001. Since then it has been under the control of the Israel Defense Forces due to disturbances in ] and the ]. All air traffic from Atarot was rerouted to ], Israel's largest and busiest airport, which serves nine million passengers annually.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ask the Pilot |url=http://www.salon.com/tech/col/smith/2006/06/09/askthepilot189/index1.html |last=Smith |first=Patrick |date=2006-06-09 |publisher=Salon |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> | |||
| ], the second-largest bus company in the world,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy{{ndash}} Transportation |date=2001-11-01 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> handles most of the local and intercity bus service out of the city's ] on ] near the western entrance to Jerusalem from ]. As of 2008, Egged buses, ] and private cars are the only transportation options in Jerusalem. This is expected to change with the completion of the ], a new rail-based transit system currently under construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rakevetkala-jerusalem.org.il/ENB2.html |publisher=Jerusalem Mass Transit System Project |title=Solution |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and will have 24 stops.<ref name="panacea" /> It is scheduled for completion in 2010.<ref name=railtech>{{Cite web | |||
| | title = Jerusalem Light Rail Project | |||
| | work = Railway Technology | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-11-22 | |||
| | url = http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/jerusalem/ | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Another work in progress<ref name="panacea">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1170359814381 |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |last=Afra |first=Orit |title=Panacea or pain? |date=2007-02-08 |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> is a new ] from ] to Jerusalem, which is scheduled to be completed in 2011. Its terminus will be an underground station (80 m deep) serving the ] and the Central Bus Station,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overseas.huji.ac.il/campus.asp?cat=277&in=275 |publisher=Rothberg International Station{{ndash}} Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=Life in Jerusalem{{ndash}} Transportation |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> and is planned to be extended eventually to ]. ] operates train services to ] from Tel Aviv via ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/jerusalem_m.html |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Jerusalem - Malha |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/map.html |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Passenger Lines Map |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> | |||
| ] is one of Jerusalem's major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with ], which continues toward Tel Aviv. ] runs through the center of the city near the ] between East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35-kilometer (22-mile) ] around the city, fostering faster connection between the ]s.<ref name="rings">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1137605873879&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=2006-01-19 |accessdate=2007-03-17 |last=Burstein |first=Nathan |title=Running rings around us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1180527974291&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=Their way or the highway? |author=Gil Zohar |publisher=] |date=May 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-11}}</ref> The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.<ref name="rings" /> | |||
| == Education== | |||
| ] on ]]] | |||
| Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in ], ] and ]. Founded in 1925, the ] has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.<ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=243&pubCode=1</ref> The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as ] and ].<ref name="huji-history" /> The university has produced several ] laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Avram Hershko |last=Hershko |first=Avram |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/gross-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=David J. Gross |last=Gross |first=David |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Daniel Kahneman |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> One of the university's major assets is the ], which houses over five million books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: Main Collections |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: History and Aims |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on ], on ] and a medical campus at the ]. | |||
| ] was established in 1984<ref name="al-quds1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |publisher=al-Quds University |accessdate=2007-03-19 |title=Science & Technology}}</ref> to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |publisher=al-Quds University |title=Urgent Appeal |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a campus encompassing 190,000 square metres (47 acres).<ref name="al-quds1" /> Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the ]<ref>Official site of the ]: , </ref> and ],<ref>Official site of ]: , </ref> whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University. | |||
| ] at ] ]] | |||
| The ], founded in 1969, combines training in ] and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm |publisher=Jerusalem College of Technology |title=About JCT |accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and ] are based in the city, with the ] claiming to be the largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=The village of Mir, where Torah once flowed |last=Wohlgelernter |first=Elli |date=2000-12-28 |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.<ref name="cbs" /> However, due to the large portion of students in ] frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took ] exams ('']'') and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike ]s, many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.<ref name="cbs" /> To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046 |title=The best medicine for Jerusalem |author=Jonathan Lis |date=May 4, 2005}}</ref> | |||
| Schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.<ref name="human-rights">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |work=Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools |title=Summary |month=September |year=2001 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> While many schools in the heavily Arab ] are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is currently building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighborhoods. Three schools, in the neighborhoods of ] and ], will open in 2008.<ref name="lis">{{cite news | |||
| |last=Lis | |||
| |first=Jonathan | |||
| |title=Mayor to raise funds for E. J'lem Arabs to block Hamas | |||
| |work=Haaretz | |||
| |accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
| |date=2008-04-21 | |||
| |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html | |||
| }}</ref> In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6 billion shekels was allocated for this project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html |title=8,000 new classrooms to be built in Arab, ultra-Orthodox schools |author=Or Kashti |date=March 18, 2007}}</ref> In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools in Arab East Jerusalem.<ref name="lis"/> Arab high school students take the '']'' matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.<ref name="human-rights" /> | |||
| ==Sports== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| The two most popular sports in Jerusalem, and Israel as a whole, are ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Israel |last=Torstrick |first=Rebecca L. |isbn=0313320918 |date=2004-06-30 |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=141 |quote=The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are soccer (Israeli football) and basketball. |accessdate=2007-03-07}}</ref> ] is one of the most popular teams in Israel. Fans include several former and current political figures who make a point of attending its games.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%20beyond%20the%20conflict/Betar%20Jerusalem-%20A%20Local%20Sports%20Legend%20Exports%20Tal |publisher=Israel Magazine via the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |last=Griver |first=Simon |month=October |year=1997 |accessdate=2007-03-07 |title=Betar Jerusalem: A Local Sports Legend Exports Talent to Europe's Top Leagues}}</ref> Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is ] Whereas Beitar has been ] champion five times,<ref>{{he icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.beitar-jerusalem.org.il/ |publisher=Beitar Jerusalem F.C. |title=Home |accessdate=2007-03-07}} (The listing of championship wins are located on the left side.)</ref> Hapoel has only won the Cup once. Also, Beitar plays in the more prestigious ], while Hapoel is in the third division ]. | |||
| In basketball, ] is higher up on the scale, playing in the ]; though it has yet to win a championship, the club has won the ] three times, and the ] in 2004.<ref>{{he icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp |publisher=Hapoel Migdal Jerusalem |title=Home |accessdate=2007-03-07}} (The listing of championship wins are located at the bottom after the completion of the Flash intro.)</ref> Since its opening in 1992, ] has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 21,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2001/12/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20since%2019 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=2001-12-01 |accessdate=2007-03-07 |last=Eldar |first=Yishai |title=Jerusalem: Architecture Since 1948}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] (Jerusalem Day) | |||
| ===Sister cities=== | |||
| *{{flagicon|USA}} ], ] <small>''(since 1993)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sci-icrc.org/icrc/directory/MiddleEast/Israel |publisher=Sister Cities International |accessdate=2007-04-05 |title=Online Directory: Israel, Middle East}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-02-17 |title=New York City Global Partners}}</ref></small> | |||
| ==Endnotes== | |||
| {| class="references-small" style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%" | |||
| |align="right" valign="top"|i. | |||
| |{{note|muni-site}}The website for Jerusalem is available in three languages — , , and . | |||
| |- | |||
| |align="right" valign="top"|ii. | |||
| |{{note|names}}'''Jerusalem''' in other languages: Arabic Bibles use أورشليم Ûrshalîm (Ûrushalîm); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, ''Ûrshalîm-al-Quds'' (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) | |||
| |- | |||
| |align="right" valign="top"|iii. | |||
| |{{note|capital}}Jerusalem is the capital under ]. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (]) are located there. The ] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The ] and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in ] <small>(see and {{PDFlink||319 KB}})</small> See ] for more information. | |||
| |- | |||
| |align="right" valign="top"|iv. | |||
| |{{note|cbs-stats}}Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and ]ian municipalities as well as several additional ] villages and neighborhoods to the northeast. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the ] '']'' by way of the ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=2006-12-02 |publisher=The Associated Press via The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> but their legal statuses have not been reverted. | |||
| |- | |||
| |align="right" valign="top"|v. | |||
| |^ {{note label|bible-david|v|a}}{{note label|bible-david|v|b}}Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from ] accounts, but modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Return to Sodom & Gomorrah |last=Pellegrino |first=Charles R. |publisher=Harper Paperbacks |edition=Second revised |date=1995-12-01 |accessdate=2007-01-18 |isbn=0380726335 |pages=271 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |align="right" valign="top"|vi. | |||
| |{{note|pact}}Sources disagree on the timing of the creation of the ] (Omar). Whereas some say the Pact originated during Umar's lifetime but was later expanded,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791 |last=Marcus |first=Jacob Rader |publisher=Hebrew Union College Press |month=March |year=2000 |isbn=087820217X |pages=13–15 |edition=Revised ed. |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jews-umar.html |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jonsson |first=David J. |title=The Clash of Ideologies |isbn=1597810398 |publisher=Xulon Press |date=2005-02-19 |accessdate=2007-04-18 |pages=256 |quote=During the reign of Umar, the Pact of Umar was established.}}</ref> others say the Pact was created after his death and retroactively attributed to him.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |isbn=1566633400 |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=2001-04-25 |pages=46 |quote=Although the documents are attributed to `Umar, in all probability they actually come from the second Islamic century... The covenant was drawn up in the schools of law, and came to be ascribed, like so much else, to `Umar I}}</ref> Further still, other historians believe the ideas in the Pact pre-date Islam and Umar entirely.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |isbn=1566633400 |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=2001-04-25 |pages=47 |quote=It has recently been suggested that many of the detailed regulations concerning what the ahl al-dhimma were and were not permitted to do come from an earlier historical precedent, namely the regulations which existed in the ] with reference to its religious minorities in Iraq.}}</ref> | |||
| |} | |||
| ===References=== | |||
| {{reflist|3}} | |||
| ===Other resources=== | |||
| *Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). ''Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem'' Harvard University Press | |||
| *Cline, Eric (2004) ''Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press ISBN 0-472-11313-5. | |||
| *Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). ''O Jerusalem!'' Simon and Shuster, N.Y. ISBN 0-671-66241-4 | |||
| *Gold, Dore (2007) ''The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City'' Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7 | |||
| *] (1981) ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem'' Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9 | |||
| *''The Holy Cities: Jerusalem'' produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006 | |||
| *Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) ''Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09730-1 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sisterlinks}} | |||
| * | |||
| *, offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Municipality | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *{{Wikitravel}} | |||
| '''Government''' | |||
| *{{PDFlink||159 KB}}, United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem | |||
| *, the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel | |||
| '''Culture''' | |||
| *, one of Jerusalem's premier art museums | |||
| *, Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust | |||
| * Jerusalemite: The Jerusalem Culture Guide | |||
| '''Education''' | |||
| *, Jerusalem's foremost institution of higher learning | |||
| *, "the only Arab university in Jerusalem" | |||
| '''Maps''' | |||
| *, from the Jerusalem Municipality | |||
| *, from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem | |||
| * from ] | |||
| {{coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|type:city_scale:50000|display=title}} | |||
| {{Jerusalem District}} | |||
| {{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}} | |||
| {{List of Asian capitals by region}} | |||
| {{Holy sites in Judaism}} | |||
| {{Second Journey of Paul of Tarsus}} | |||
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