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The "nobles of all Hungary, who are called ]" from both the senior and the junior king's domains assembled in ] in 1267.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}} Upon their request, Béla and Stephen jointly confirmed their privileges, which had first been spelled out in the ], before 7 September.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=33}} Shortly after the meeting, Béla assigned four noblemen from each county with the task of revising property rights in Transdanubia.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}} | The "nobles of all Hungary, who are called ]" from both the senior and the junior king's domains assembled in ] in 1267.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}} Upon their request, Béla and Stephen jointly confirmed their privileges, which had first been spelled out in the ], before 7 September.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=33}} Shortly after the meeting, Béla assigned four noblemen from each county with the task of revising property rights in Transdanubia.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}} | ||
King ] invaded the Banate of Macsó, a region under the rule of Béla's widowed daughter, Anna.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=203}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=182}} |
King ] invaded the Banate of Macsó, a region under the rule of Béla's widowed daughter, Anna.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=203}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=182}} A royal army soon routed the invaders and captured Stephen Uroš.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=203}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=162}} The Serbian monarch was forced to ransom before being released.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=203}} | ||
Béla's favorite son, Béla died in the summer of 1269.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=163}} On 18 January 1270 his youngest daughter, the saintly ] also died.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=163}} In short, the elderly Béla fell terminally ill.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=265}} In a letter, he requested King Ottokar II of Bohemia (Princess Anna's son-in-law) to assist his wife, daughter and partisans in case they were forced to leave Hungary after his death.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=265}} | |||
Béla lost his favourite son in the summer of 1269. Afterwards, his favourite daughter, ] exercised more and more influence over him. In his last will, Béla entrusted his daughter and his followers to her son-in-law, King Otakar II of Bohemia, because he did not trust his son. | |||
Béla died in Rabbits' Island on 3 May 1270.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=33}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=162}} He was burried in the church of the ]s in Esztergom, but Archbishop Philip of Esztergom had his corps transferred to the Esztergom Cathedral.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|pp=163-164}} The Minorites only succeeded in regaining Béla's remains after a long lawsuit.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=164}} | |||
==Family== | ==Family== |
Revision as of 14:29, 8 April 2014
King of Hungary and Croatia
Béla IV | |
---|---|
King of Hungary and Croatia | |
Reign | 21 September 1235 – 3 May 1270 |
Coronation | 14 October 1235 in Székesfehérvár |
Predecessor | Andrew II |
Successor | Stephen V |
Born | 29 November 1206 |
Died | 3 May 1270 (1270-05-04) (aged 63) |
Burial | Székesfehérvár |
Spouse | Maria Laskarina |
Issue | Kinga of Poland Margaret of Hungary Catherine of Hungary Anna of Hungary Jolenta of Poland Elizabeth of Hungary Constance of Hungary Stephen V of Hungary Saint Margaret of Hungary Béla |
Dynasty | Árpád dynasty |
Father | Andrew II of Hungary |
Mother | Gertrude of Merania |
Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. Being the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in 1214. His father, who strongly opposed the child Béla's coronation, refused to give Béla a province to rule up until 1220. In this year, Béla was appointed Duke of Slavonia with jurisdiction in Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia. From 1226, he governed Transylvania with the title Duke. He supported Christian missions among the pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east of his province. Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged his suzerainty and he adopted the title of King of Cumania in 1233.
King Andrew died on 21 September 1235 and Béla suceeded him. He attempted to restore royal authority which had under his father diminished. For this purpose, he revised his predecessors' land grants and reclaimed former royal estates, causing discontent among his subjects. The Mongols invaded Hungary and annihilated Béla's army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. He escaped from the battlefield, but a Mongol detachment chased him from town to town as far as Trogir on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. He survived the invasion, but the Mongols devastated the country before their unexpected withdrawal in March 1242.
Béla introduced radical reforms in order to prepare his kingdom for a second Mongol invasion. He allowed the barons and the prelates to erect stone fortresses and to set up their private armed forces. He promoted the development of fortified towns. During his reign, thousands of colonists arrived from the Holy Roman Empire, Poland and other neighboring regions to settle in the lands depopulated. Béla's efforts to rebuild his devastated country won him the epithet of "second founder of the state" (Template:Lang-hu).
He set up an alliance against the Mongols, which included Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych, Boleslaw the Chaste, Duke of Cracow and other Ruthenian and Polish princes. His allies supported him in occupying the Duchy of Styria in 1254, but it was lost to King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1260. During his reign, a wide buffer zone was established along the southern frontier of Hungary after the annexation of Bosnia, and some neighboring regions.
Early life (1206–1220)
Béla was the oldest son of King Andrew II of Hungary by his first wife, Gertrude of Merania. He was born in the second half of 1206. Upon King Andrew's initiative, Pope Innocent III had already on 7 June appealed to the Hungarian prelates and barons to swear an oath of loyalty to the King's future son.
Queen Gertrude showed blatant favoritism towards her German relatives and courtiers, causing widespread discontent among the native lords. Taking advantage of her husband's campaign in the distant Principality of Halych, a group of aggrieved noblemen seized and murdered the Queen in the forests of the Pilis Hills on 28 September 1213. King Andrew only punished one of the conspirators, a certain Count Peter, after his return from Halych. Although Béla was a child when his mother was assassinated, he never forget her and declared his deep respect for her in many of his royal charters.
Andrew II betrothed Béla to an unnamed daughter of Tzar Boril of Bulgaria in 1213 or 1214, but their engagement was broken. In 1214, the King requested the Pope to excommunicate some unnamed lords who planned to crown Béla king in his father's lifetime. Although the eight-year-old Béla was crowned in the same year, his father did not grant him a province to rule.
King Andrew left for a Crusade to the Holy Land in August 1217. Instead of Béla, he appointed John of Merania, Archbishop of Esztergom to represent him during his absence. During this period, Béla stayed with his maternal uncle Berthold of Merania in Steyr in the Holy Roman Empire. Andrew II returned from the Holy Land in late 1218. He had arranged the engagement of Béla and Maria Laskarina, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. She accompanied King Andrew to Hungary and Béla married her in 1220.
Rex iunior
Duke of Slavonia (1220–1226)
The senior king ceded the lands between the Adriatic Sea and the Dráva River—Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—to Béla in 1220. A letter of 1222 of Pope Honorius III reveals that "some wicked men" forced King Andrew to share his realms with his heir. Béla initially styled himself as "King Andrew's son and King" in his charters; from 1222 he used the title "by the Grace of God, King, son of the King of Hungary, and Duke of all Slavonia".
Béla separated from his wife in the first half of 1222 upon his father's demand. However, Pope Honorius denied to declare their marriage illegal. Béla accepted the Pope's decision and took refugee in Austria from his father's anger. He only came back, together with his wife, after the prelates mediated an agreement in the first half of 1223. Having returned to his duchy, Béla launched a campaign against Domald of Sidraga, a rebellious Dalmatian nobleman and captured his fortress at Klis. Domald's domains were confiscated and distributed among his rivals, the Šubići who had supported Béla during the siege.
Duke of Transylvania (1226–1235)
King Andrew transferred Béla from Slavonia to Transylvania in 1226. As Duke of Transylvania, Béla adopted an expansionist policy and expanded his influence over the Carpathian Mountains. He supported the Dominicans' proselytizing activities among the Cumans, who dominated the lands east of the Carpathians. In 1227 he crossed the mountains and met Boricius, a Cuman chieftain, who had decided to convert to Christianity. At their meeting, Boricius and his subjects were baptized and acknowledged Béla's suzerainty. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania was established in the same year.
Béla had for long opposed his father's "useless and superfluous perpetual grants", because the distribution of royal estates destroyed the traditional basis of royal authority. Béla confiscated the estates of two noblemen, brothers Simon and Michael Kacsics, who had plotted against his mother in 1228. He started to reclaim King Andrew's land grants in the same year. The Pope supported Béla's efforts, but the King often hindered the execution of his son's orders.
Béla's youngest brother, Andrew, Prince of Halych was expelled from his principality in the spring of 1229. Béla decided to assist his dethroned brother, proudly boasting that the town of Halych "would not remain on the face of the earth, for there was no one to deliver it from his hands", according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. In 1229 or 1230 he crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laid siege to Halych together with his Cuman allies. However he could not seize the town and withdrew his troops. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle writes that his many soldiers "died of many afflictions" on their way home.
Béla invaded Bulgaria in 1228 or 1232, but he could not capture Vidin. Around the same time, he set up a new border province, the Banate of Szörény, in the lands between the Carpathians and the Lower Danube. In a token of his suzerainty in his territory, Béla adopted the title "King of Cumania" in 1233. Béla sponsored the mission of Friar Julian and three other Dominican monks who decided to visit the descendants of the Hungarian groups who had centuries earlier remained in Magna Hungaria, the legendary homeland of the Hungarians.
His reign
Before the Mongol invasion (1235–1241)
King Andrew died on 21 September 1235. Béla, who succeeded his father without opposition, was crowned king in Székesfehérvár on 14 October. He dismissed and punished many of his father's closest advisors. For instance, he had Palatine Denis blinded and Julius Kán imprisoned. The former was accused of having, in King Andrew's life, an adulterous liaison with Queen Beatrix, the King's young widow. Béla ordered her imprisonement, but she managed to escape to the Holy Roman Empire, where she gave birth to a posthumous son, Stephen. Béla and his brother, Coloman considered her son a bastard.
Béla declared that his principal purpose was "the restitution of royal rights" and "the restoration of the situation which existed in the country" in the reign of his grandfather, Béla III. According to the contemporaneous Roger of Torre Maggiore, he even "had the chairs of the barons burned" in order to prevent them from sitting in his presence during the meetings of the royal council. Béla set up special commissions which revised all royal charters of land grants made after 1196. The annulment of former donations alienated many of his subjects from the King. Pope Gregory IX protested strongly at the withdrawal of royal grants made to the Cistercians and the military orders. In exchange for Béla's renouncing of the taking back of royal estates in 1239, the Pope authorized him to employ local Jews and Muslims in financial administration, which had for decades been opposed by the Holy See.
After returning from Magna Hungaria in 1236, Friar Julian informed Béla of the Mongols, who had by that time reached the Volga River and were planning to invade Europe. The Mongols invaded Desht-i Qipchaq—the westernmost regions of the Eurasian Steppes— and routed the Cumans. Fleeing the Mongols, at least 40,000 Cumans approached the eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary and demanded admission. After their leader, Köten promised to convert together with his people to Christianity, and to fight against the Mongols, Béla agreed to gave them shelter in 1239. However, the settlement of masses of nomadic Cumans in the plains along the Tisza River gave rise to many conflicts between them and the local villagers. Béla, who needed the Cumans' military support against the Mongols, rarely punished them for their rapes and other misdeeds. His Hungarian subjects thought that he was biased in the Cumans' favor, thus "enmity emerged between the people and the king", according to Roger of Torre Maggiore.
Béla supported the development of towns. For instance, he confirmed the liberties of the citizens of Székesfehérvár and granted privileges to Hungarian and German settlers in Bars (Starý Tekov, Slovakia) in 1237. Zadar, a town in Dalmatia which had been lost to Venice in 1202, acknowledged Béla's suzerainty in 1240.
Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241–1242)
The Mongols, who seized Kiev on 6 December 1240, gathered in the lands bordering Hungary and Poland in preparation for an invasion against the two countries. They demanded Béla's submission to their Great Khan Ögödei. Béla refused to yield and had the mountain passes fortified. The Mongols broke through the barricades erected in the Verecke Pass (Veretsky Pass, Ukraine) under the command of Batu Khan on 12 March 1241.
Duke Frederick II of Austria, who arrived to assist Béla against the invaders, defeated a small Mongol troop near Pest. He seized prisoners, including Cumans from the Eurasian Steppes who had been forced to join the Mongols. When the citizens of Pest realized the presence of Cumans in the invading army, mass hysteria emerged. The townsfolk accused Köten and their Cumans of cooperating with the enemy. A riot broke out and the mob massacred Köten's retinue. Köten was either slaughtered or commited suicide. On hearing about Köten's fate, his Cumans decided to leave Hungary and destroyed many villages on their way towards the Balkan Peninsula.
With the Cumans' departure Béla lost his most valuable allies and he could only muster an army of less than 60,000 against the invaders. However, his army was ill-prepared for the fight and its commanders—the barons alienated by Béla's policy—"would have liked the king to be defeated so that they would then be dearer to him", according to Roger of Torre Maggiore's account. The Hungarian army was virtually annihilated at the Battle of Mohi on the Sajó River on 11 April 1241. A great number of Hungarian lords, prelates and noblemen were killed, and Béla himself could hardly escape from the battlefield. He fled through Nyitra to Pressburg (present-day Nitra and Bratislava in Slovakia). The triumphant Mongols occupied and ravaged most lands to the east of the Danube River by the end of June.
Upon Duke Frederick II of Austria's invitation, Béla went to Hainburg an der Donau. However, the Duke, instead of helping, forced him to cede three counties (most probably Locsmánd, Pozsony, and Sopron). From Hainburg, Béla fled to Zagreb and sent letters to Pope Gregory IX, Emperor Frederick II, King Louis IX of France and other Western European monarchs, urging them to sent reinforcements to Hungary. In the hope of military assistance, he even accepted Emperor Frederick II's suzerainty in June. Although the Pope declared a Crusade against the Mongols, no reinforcements arrived.
The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube early in 1242. A Mongol detachment under the command of Kadan, a son of Great Khan Ögödei, chased Béla from town to town in Dalmatia. Béla took refugee in the well-fortified Trogir. Before Kadan laid siege to the town in March, news arrived of the Great Khan's death. All Mongol troops were soon withdrawn from Hungary, because Batu Khan wanted to attend at the election of Ögödei's successor with sufficient force.
"Second Founder of the State" (1242–1261)
Upon his return to Hungary in May 1242, Béla found a country in ruins. Devastation was especially heavy in the plains east of the Danube where at least half of the villages was depopulated. The Mongols had destroyed most traditional centers of administration, which were defended by earth-and-timber walls. Only well-fortified places, including Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and the Pannonhalma Archabbey, had resisted their siege. A severe famine followed in 1242 and 1243.
Preparation for a new Mongol invasion was the central concern of Béla's policy after his return. In a letter of 1247 to Pope Innocent IV, Béla announced his plan to strengthen the Danube—the "river of confrontations"—with new forts. He abandoned the ancient royal prerogative to build and own castles, promoting the erection of nearly 100 new fortresses by the end of his reign. For instance, Béla had a new castle built at Nagysáros (Veľký Šariš, Slovakia), his wife at Visegrád.
Béla attempted to increase the number of the soldiers and to improve their equipment. He made land grants in the forested regions and obliged the new landowners to equip heavily armoured cavalrymen to serve in the royal army. For instance, the so-called ten-lanced nobles of Szepes (Spiš, Slovakia) received their privileges from Béla in 1243. He even allowed the barons and prelates to employ armed noblemen, who had previously been directly subordinated to the sovereign, in their private retinue. Béla granted the Banate of Szörény to the Knights Hospitaller on 2 June 1247, but the Knights abandoned the region by 1260.
For at least 15% of the population perished during the Mongol invasion and the ensuing famine, Béla promoted colonization. He granted special liberties to the colonists, including personal freedom and favorable tax treatment. Germans, Moravians, Poles, Ruthenians and other "guests" arrived from the neighboring countries and were settled in the depopulated or sparsely populated regions. He also persuaded the Cumans who had in 1241 left Hungary to return and settled them in the plains along the River Tisza. He even arranged the engagement of his firstborn son, Stephen, who was crowned king-junior in or before 1246, to Elisabeth, a daughter of a Cuman chieftain.
Béla granted the privileges of Székesfehérvár to more than 20 settlements, promoting their development into self-governing towns. For defensive purposes, he moved the citizens of Pest on a hill on the opposite side of the Danube in 1248. Within two decades their new fortified town, Buda became the most important center of commerce.
Béla adopted an active foreign policy soon after the withdrawal of the Mongols. In the second half of 1242 he invaded Austria and forced Duke Frederick II to surrender the three counties ceded to him during the Mongol invasion. On the other hand, Venice occupied Zadar in the summer of 1243. Béla renounced of it on 30 June 1244, but Venice acknowledged his claim to one third of the customs revenues of the Dalmatian town.
Béla set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols. He married three of his daughters to princes whose countries were also threatened by the Mongols. Rostislav Mikhailovich, a pretender to the Principality of Halych, was the first to marry, in 1243, one of Béla's daughters, Anna. Béla supported his son-in-law to invade Halych in 1245, but Rostislav's opponent, Daniil Romanovich repulsed their attack.
On 21 August 1245 Pope Gregory IX freed Béla of the oath of fidelity he had taken to Emperor Frederick II during the Mongol invasion. In the following year Duke Frederick II of Austria invaded Hungary. He routed Béla's army in the Battle of the Leitha River on 15 June 1246, but perished in the battlefield. His childless death gave rise to a series of conflicts, because both his niece, Gertrude and his sister, Margaret made a claim to Austria and Styria. Béla only decided to intervene in the conflict after the danger of a second Mongol invasion had diminished by the end of the 1240s.
In retaliation of a former Austrian incursion into Hungary, Béla made a plundering raid in Austria and Styria in the summer of 1250. In this year he met and concluded a peace treaty with Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych in Zólyom (Zvolen, Slovakia). With Béla's mediation, Gertrude of Austria married a son of Daniil Romanovich, Roman.
Béla and the Prince of Halych united their troops and invaded Austria and Moravia in June 1252. After their withdrawal, Ottokar, Markgrave of Moravia—who had married Margaret of Austria—invaded and occupied Austria and Styria. In the summer of 1253, Béla launched a campaign against Moravia and laid siege to Olomouc. Although his Ruthenian and Polish allies—Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste of Cracow, and Wladislaw of Opole—intervened on his behalf, Béla lifted the siege by the end of June. Pope Innocent IV mediated a peace treaty between Béla and Ottokar, who had in the meantime become King of Bohemia. According to their treaty, which was signed in Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia) on 1 May 1254, Béla received Styria in exchange for acknowledging Ottokar's claim to Austria.
Béla appointed his son-in-law, Rostislav Mikhailovich Ban of Macsó (Mačva, Serbia) in 1254. Rostislav's task was the creation of a buffer zone along the southern borders. He occupied Bosnia already in the year of his appointment and forced Tzar Michael Asen I of Bulgaria to cede Belgrade and Barancs (Braničevo, Serbia) in 1255. In the same year, Béla adopted the title of King of Bulgaria, but he only used it occasionally in the subsequent years.
The Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against Béla and routed his governor Stephen Gutkeled in early 1258. Béla invaded Styria, restored his suzerainty and appointed his oldest son, Stephen Duke of Styria. In 1259, Batu Khan's successor, Berke, who had converted to Islam, proposed an alliance by offering to marry one of his daughters to a son of Béla, but he refused the Khan's offer.
Discontented with Stephen's rule, the Styrian lords sought assistance from King Ottokar of Bohemia. Béla and his allies—Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste, and Leszek the Black of Sieradz—invaded Moravia, but King Ottokar vanquished them in the Battle of Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 June 1260. The defeat forced Béla to renounce of Styria in favor of King Ottokar in the Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261. On the other hand, Ottokar divorced his elderly wife, Margarete of Austria and married Béla's grandaughter—the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich by Anna—Kunigunda.
Civil war (1261–1266)
Béla and his son, Stephen jointly invaded Bulgaria in 1261. They forced Tzar Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria to abandon the region of Vidin. However, Béla's favoritism towards his younger son, Béla (who was appointed Duke of Slavonia) and daughter, Anna irritated Stephen. Civil war was only avoided through the mediation of the two archbishops—Philip of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa—who persuaded Béla and Stephen to make a compromise. According to the Peace of Pressburg, the two divided the country along the Danube: the lands to the west of the river remained under the direct rule of Béla, and the government of the eastern territories was taken over by Stephen, the king-junior. However
Relationship between father and son remained tense. Béla attached four counties to his younger son's duchy in 1263, and the king-junior seized his mother's and sister's estates which were situted in his realm. Béla and Anna crossed the Danube and invaded Stephen's realm in the summer of 1264. Anna occupied Sárospatak and captured Stephen's wife and children, while Béla's Judge royal, Lawrence, forced Stephen to retreat as far as the fortress at Feketehalom (Codlea, Romania) in the easternmost corner of Transylvania. However, king-junior's partisans relieved the castle and Stephen started a counter-attack in the autumn. In the decisive Battle of Isaszeg, Stephen routed his father's army in March.
It was again the two archbishops who conducted the negotiations between Béla and his son. Their agreement was signed in the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island (Margaret Island, Budapest) on 23 March 1266. The new treaty confirmed the division of the country along the Danube and regulated many aspects of the co-existence of Béla's regnum and Stephen's regimen, including the collection of taxes and the commoners' right to free movement.
Last years (1266–1270)
The "nobles of all Hungary, who are called royal servants" from both the senior and the junior king's domains assembled in Esztergom in 1267. Upon their request, Béla and Stephen jointly confirmed their privileges, which had first been spelled out in the Golden Bull of 1222, before 7 September. Shortly after the meeting, Béla assigned four noblemen from each county with the task of revising property rights in Transdanubia.
King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia invaded the Banate of Macsó, a region under the rule of Béla's widowed daughter, Anna. A royal army soon routed the invaders and captured Stephen Uroš. The Serbian monarch was forced to ransom before being released.
Béla's favorite son, Béla died in the summer of 1269. On 18 January 1270 his youngest daughter, the saintly [[Margaret also died. In short, the elderly Béla fell terminally ill. In a letter, he requested King Ottokar II of Bohemia (Princess Anna's son-in-law) to assist his wife, daughter and partisans in case they were forced to leave Hungary after his death.
Béla died in Rabbits' Island on 3 May 1270. He was burried in the church of the Minorites in Esztergom, but Archbishop Philip of Esztergom had his corps transferred to the Esztergom Cathedral. The Minorites only succeeded in regaining Béla's remains after a long lawsuit.
Family
1218: Maria Laskarina, a daughter of the Emperor Theodore I Lascaris of Nicaea and Anna Angelina, their children included:
- Saint Kunigunda (5 March 1224 – 24 July 1292), wife of Prince Bolesław V the Chaste of Poland
- Margaret (before †1242)
- Catherine (before †1242)
- Anna of Hungary, Baness of Slavonia, (1226/1227 – after 3 July 1271), wife of Prince Rostislav of Macsó
- Elisabeth of Hungary (d.1271), (1236 – 24 October 1271), wife of Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria
- Konstantia of Hungary (c. 1236 – c. 1284), wife of King Lev I of Galicia
- Jolenta of Poland, (1235 – 16/17 June after 1303), wife of Bolesław the Pious Duke of Greater Poland
- King Stephen V of Hungary, (before 18 October 1239 – 6 August 1272)
- Saint Margaret of Hungary, (27 January 1242 – 18 January 1271)
- Duke Béla of Slavonia (c. 1245 – 1269)
His legacy
He made profound changes in the military, economic, social and political system of his realm. His posthumous epithet—the "second founder of the state"—shows that he successfully carried out these reforms. When narrating Béla's defeat in the Battle of Kressenbrunn, the Illuminated Chronicle notes that Béla "was a man of peace, but in the conduct of armies and battles the least fortunate".
Because of the more and more chaotic internal situation after his death many thought him as the last ruler who brought peace to the realm. The epigram on his tomb refers this idea:
Aspice rem caram: tres cingunt Virginis aram: Rex, Dux, Regina, quibus adsint Gaudia Trina Dum licuit, tua dum viguit rex Bela, potestas, Fraus latuit, pax firma fuit, regnavit honestas.
Titles
King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Cumania, Galicia and Lodomeria, Duke of Styria (1254–1258)
Ancestry
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References
- ^ Almási 1994, p. 92.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 247, Appendix 4.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 247.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 127.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 30.
- Makkai 1994a, p. 24.
- Molnár 2001, p. 33.
- Engel 2001, p. 91.
- Fine 1994, p. 102.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 131.
- Engel 2001, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 94.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 248.
- Kontler 1999, p. 76.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 133.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 249.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 136.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 137.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 250.
- Fine 1994, p. 150.
- Magaš 2007, p. 66.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 251.
- Curta 2006, pp. 405–406.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 95.
- ^ Makkai 1994b, p. 193.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 406.
- Engel 2001, pp. 91–93, 98.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 252.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 98.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 139.
- The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1230), p. 37.
- The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1230), p. 38.
- Curta 2006, p. 387.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 129.
- Curta 2006, p. 388.
- Kontler 1999, p. 77.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 144.
- ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 28.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 31.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 254.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 255.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 254-255.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 145.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282.
- ^ Makkai 1994a, p. 25.
- Master Roger's Epistle (ch. 4), p. 143.
- Engel 2001, pp. 96–98.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 409.
- ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 29.
- Grousset 1970, p. 264.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 410.
- Chambers 1979, p. 91.
- Engel 2001, p. 99.
- Master Roger's Epistle (ch. 3), p. 141.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 256.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 147.
- ^ Makkai 1994a, p. 26.
- Engel 2001, pp. 99–100.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 100.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 147–148.
- Kristó 2003, pp. 158–159.
- Master Roger's Epistle (ch. 28), p. 181.
- Chambers 1979, pp. 95, 102–104.
- Kirschbaum 1996, p. 44.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 148.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 34.
- ^ Tanner 2010, p. 21.
- Curta 2006, pp. 409, 411.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 149.
- Grousset 1970, pp. 267–268.
- ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 30.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 104.
- ^ Makkai 1994a, p. 27.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 103.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 78.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 234.
- Sălăgean 2005, p. 235.
- Curta 2006, p. 414.
- Engel 2001, pp. 104–105.
- Bartl et al. 2002, p. 32.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 105.
- Makkai 1994a, p. 29.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 151.
- Engel 2001, p. 112.
- Molnár 2001, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 31.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 257, 263, 268.
- Molnár 2001, p. 36.
- Molnár 2001, p. 37.
- Kontler 1999, p. 81.
- Almási 1994, p. 93.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 106.
- ^ Bárány 2012, p. 353.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 263.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 150.
- ^ Žemlička 2011, p. 107.
- Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 264.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 152.
- ^ Kristó 2003, p. 176.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 153.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 154.
- Žemlička 2011, p. 108.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 159.
- ^ Bárány 2012, p. 355.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 155.
- ^ Kristó 2003, p. 177.
- ^ Makkai 1994a, p. 30.
- ^ Kristó 2003, p. 179.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 109.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 157.
- Kristó 2003, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 174.
- ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 236.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 265.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 158.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 120.
- ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 33.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 203.
- Kristó 2003, p. 182.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 162.
- ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 163.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 163–164.
- Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 164.
- Az Árpádházi Királyok Alatt, Vol. 2., Athenaeum, 1899. Page 321
- Gyula Pauler, A Magyar Nemzet Története: Az Árpádházi Királyok Alatt, Vol. 2., Athenaeum, 1899. Page 531
- Mór Wertner, Az Árpádok Családi Története, Pleitz Fer. Pál könyvnyomdája, 1892. Page 606
- Makkai 1994a, p. 28.
- Cartledge 2011, pp. 30–31.
- The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 178.126), p. 140.
Sources
Primary sources
- Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010). Anonymus and Master Roger. CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
- The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annoted translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
- The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
Secondary sources
- Bárány, Attila (2012). "The Expansion of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages (1000–1490)". In Berend, Nóra (ed.). The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. Ashgate Variorum. pp. 333–380. ISBN 978-1-4094-2245-7.
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(help) - Template:Hu icon Almási, Tibor (1994). "IV. Béla". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) . Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 92–93. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
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(help) - Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. ISBN 0-86516-444-4.
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(help) - Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-84904-112-6.
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(help) - Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-78581-567-9.
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(help) - Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
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(help) - Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
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(help) - Template:Hu icon Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 ". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig . Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
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(help) - Fine, John V. A (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
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(help) - Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
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(help) - Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.
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(help) - Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN 963-9165-37-9.
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(help) - Template:Hu icon Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói . I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
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(help) - Template:Hu icon Kristó, Gyula (2003). Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában . Szukits Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-9441-87-2.
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(help) - Magaš, Branka (2007). Croatia Through History. SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-775-9.
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(help) - Makkai, László (1994a). "Transformation into a Western-type state, 1196-1301". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. pp. 23–33. ISBN 963-7081-01-1.
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(help) - Makkai, László (1994b). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172-1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
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(help) - Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
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(help) - Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Regnum Transilvanum. The assertion of the Congregational Regime". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541). Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 233–246. ISBN 973-7784-00-6.
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(help) - Tanner, Marcus (2010). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16394-0.
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(help) - Žemlička, Josef (2011). "The Realm of Přemysl Ottokar II and Wenceslas II". In Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (eds.). A History of the Czech Lands. Charles University in Prague. pp. 106–116. ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2.
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External links
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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(help)
Béla IV of Hungary House of ÁrpádBorn: 29 November 1206 Died: 3 May 1270 | ||
Regnal titles | ||
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VacantTitle last held byAndrew | Duke of Slavonia 1220–1226 |
Succeeded byColoman |
New creation | Duke of Transylvania 1226–1235 |
VacantTitle next held byStephen |
Preceded byAndrew II | King of Hungary and Croatia 1235–1270 |
Succeeded byStephen V |
Preceded byOttokaras opposing claimant | Duke of Styria 1254–1258 |
Monarchs of Hungary | ||||||
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Family tree | ||||||
House of Árpád |
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House of Přemysl |
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House of Wittelsbach |
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Capetian House of Anjou |
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House of Luxembourg |
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House of Habsburg |
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House of Jagiellon |
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House of Hunyadi |
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House of Jagiellon |
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House of Zápolya |
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House of Habsburg |
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House of Habsburg-Lorraine |
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Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. |
Monarchs of Croatia | |
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House of Trpimirović | |
House of Árpád |
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House of Snačić |
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Croatia in personal union with Hungary |
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House of Savoy-Aosta (Independent State of Croatia) |
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