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In 2010, cultural theorists Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker re-introduced the term ''metamodernism'' as an intervention in the ] debate. In their article "Notes on Metamodernism," they asserted that the 2000s were characterized by the return of typically modern positions that did not forfeit the postmodern mindsets of the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="journalofaestheticsandculture">Vermeulen, Timotheus and Robin van den Akker. "", ''Journal of Aesthetics and Culture" 2 (2010): 1–14.</ref> The prefix ] here referred not to a reflective stance or repeated rumination, but to ] ], which denotes a movement between opposite poles as well as beyond them.<ref>Editorial, ''Notes on metamodernism'', Retrieved October 14, 2011.</ref>
In 2010, cultural theorists Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker re-introduced the term ''metamodernism'' as an intervention in the ] debate. In their article "Notes on Metamodernism," they asserted that the 2000s were characterized by the return of typically modern positions that did not forfeit the postmodern mindsets of the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="journalofaestheticsandculture">Vermeulen, Timotheus and Robin van den Akker. "", ''Journal of Aesthetics and Culture" 2 (2010): 1–14.</ref> The prefix ] here referred not to a reflective stance or repeated rumination, but to ] ], which denotes a movement between opposite poles as well as beyond them.<ref>Editorial, ''Notes on metamodernism'', Retrieved October 14, 2011.</ref>
Van den Akker and Vermeulen defined metamodernism as a continuous ], a constant repositioning between mindsets that are evocative of the modern and postmodern but are ultimately suggestive of another ]: one that negotiates between a yearning for universal truths on the one hand and relativism on the other, between hope and doubt, sincerity and irony, knowingness and naivety, construction and deconstruction. They suggested that the metamodern attitude orients itself toward another future, another ], while acknowledging that this future or narrative might not exist, or, if it does materialize, may be inherently problematic.<ref name="MAD"> ''Museum of Arts and Design'', Retrieved June 26, 2014.</ref>
In 2011, the artist Luke Turner published a metamodernist manifesto, later credited to his collaborator ], based on the article by Vermeulen and Van den Akker, calling for an end to "the inertia resulting from a century of modernist ideological naivety and the cynical insincerity of its antonymous bastard child", and proposing instead "a pragmatic romanticism unhindered by ideological anchorage."<ref>Turner, L. Retrieved November 7, 2011.</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10628273/Shia-LaBeouf-Is-there-genius-in-his-madness.html | title=Shia LaBeouf: Is there genius in his madness? | publisher=The Daily Telegraph (UK) | date=12 February 2014 | accessdate=19 June 2014 | author=McCahill, M.}}</ref><ref name="aqnb">{{cite web | url=http://www.aqnb.com/2014/05/19/an-interview-with-luke-turner-nastja-sade-ronkko/ | title=An Interview with Luke Turner & Nastja Sade Ronkko | publisher=aqnb | date=19 May 2014 | accessdate=8 June 2014 | author=Swift, T.}}</ref>
In 2011, the artist Luke Turner published a metamodernist manifesto, later credited to his collaborator ], based on the article by Vermeulen and Van den Akker, calling for an end to "the inertia resulting from a century of modernist ideological naivety and the cynical insincerity of its antonymous bastard child", and proposing instead "a pragmatic romanticism unhindered by ideological anchorage."<ref>Turner, L. Retrieved November 7, 2011.</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10628273/Shia-LaBeouf-Is-there-genius-in-his-madness.html | title=Shia LaBeouf: Is there genius in his madness? | publisher=The Daily Telegraph (UK) | date=12 February 2014 | accessdate=19 June 2014 | author=McCahill, M.}}</ref><ref name="aqnb">{{cite web | url=http://www.aqnb.com/2014/05/19/an-interview-with-luke-turner-nastja-sade-ronkko/ | title=An Interview with Luke Turner & Nastja Sade Ronkko | publisher=aqnb | date=19 May 2014 | accessdate=8 June 2014 | author=Swift, T.}}</ref>
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Metamodernism is an art movement and philosophical perspective characterized by an alternation between the values and techniques of modernism and those of postmodernism. First described in the 1970s, since 2010 it has become closely associated with the work of Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker.
The term metamodern was used by University of Oregon professor Mas'ud Zavarzadeh in the Journal of American Studies in April 1975. In an article entitled "The Apocalyptic Fact and the Eclipse of Fiction in Recent American Prose Narratives," Zavarzadeh described the metamodern as a "response to the emerging realities of a technetronic culture," specifically the "overwhelming actualities of contemporary America, which render all interpretations of 'reality' arbitrary and therefore simultaneously accurate and absurd." Zavarzadeh, quoting Alain Robbe-Grillet, described a body of literature in which daily experience was rendered as "neither significant nor absurd. It is, quite simply." According to Zavarzadeh, the "fusion of fact and fiction blurs the dichotomy between 'life' and 'art' and indeed such a sharp division between the two does not exist in the emerging aesthetics which I shall, for the lack of a better term, call 'Metamodernist.' As a result of these changes in the chemistry of contemporary reality, the fictive novel--a closed, self-sufficient set, independent of raw experiential life--is yielding to other forms of narrative which operate as an open set, combining such allegedly antithetical elements as the 'fictional' and the 'factual,' 'critical' and the 'creative,' 'art' and 'life.'" Literary critic Larry McCaffery credited Zavarzadeh, in The Metafictional Muse (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982), with "provid a useful starting point for an understanding of metafiction in his discussion of various new literary tendencies..." World Literature Today in 1992 noted that Zavarzadeh had "proposed a radical oppositional critique as a means to uncover the social contradictions in writing. This dialectic proposes not to explicate a text but to implicate it in global frames of knowing...a new perspective on postmodern thought, a metatheoretical critique of contemporary theory in the context of its sociopolitical problematic."
In a 2000 article in The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Moyo Okediji expanded the connotations of the term metamodern to position it as a mediation between modernity and postmodernity. Okediji identified as metamodern a coterie of black American artists who expanded existing definitions of form while also aiming to "transcend, fracture, subvert, circumvent, interrogate and disrupt, hijack and appropriate modernity and postmodernity at nearly every available point." He summarized the metamodern as a "extension of and challenge to modernism and postmodernism."
The term metamodernism was first introduced as an intervention in the post-postmodernism debate in 2003, when Andre Furlani, writing in Contemporary Literature, developed a new usage of the concept in his article "Postmodern and After." Furlani, relying on the meaning of the Greek preposition and prefix "meta-", described metamodernism as an aesthetic paradigm in art that is "after yet by means of modernism...a departure as well as a perpetuation."
In 2007, the term was used by literary theorist Alexandra Dumitrescu to describe the poetry of William Blake, as well as the fiction of Arundhati Roy and Michel Tournier.
Present usage
In 2010, cultural theorists Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker re-introduced the term metamodernism as an intervention in the post-postmodernism debate. In their article "Notes on Metamodernism," they asserted that the 2000s were characterized by the return of typically modern positions that did not forfeit the postmodern mindsets of the 1980s and 1990s. The prefix "meta-" here referred not to a reflective stance or repeated rumination, but to Plato'smetaxy, which denotes a movement between opposite poles as well as beyond them.
In 2011, the artist Luke Turner published a metamodernist manifesto, later credited to his collaborator Shia LaBeouf, based on the article by Vermeulen and Van den Akker, calling for an end to "the inertia resulting from a century of modernist ideological naivety and the cynical insincerity of its antonymous bastard child", and proposing instead "a pragmatic romanticism unhindered by ideological anchorage."
Popularity
In June 2010, van den Akker and Vermeulen founded the webzine Notes on Metamodernism. The webzine brings together scholars and critics from a variety of nationalities and disciplines, all of whom are working on tendencies in philosophy, politics, and the arts that can no longer be described in terms of postmodernism.
In January 2011, the German newspapers Die Zeit and Der Tagesspiegel proclaimed metamodernism the new dominant paradigm in the arts.
In November 2011, the Museum of Arts and Design in New York staged an exhibition entitled No More Modern: Notes on Metamodernism, featuring the work of Pilvi Takala, Guido van der Werve, Benjamin Martin and Mariechen Danz.
In March 2012, Galerie Tanja Wagner in Berlin curated Discussing Metamodernism in collaboration with van den Akker and Vermeulen, billed as the first exhibition in Europe to be staged around the concept of metamodernism. The show featured the work of Ulf Aminde, Yael Bartana, Monica Bonvicini, Mariechen Danz, Annabel Daou, Paula Doepfner, Olafur Eliasson, Mona Hatoum, Andy Holden, Sejla Kameric, Ragnar Kjartansson, Kris Lemsalu, Issa Sant, David Thorpe, Angelika J. Trojnarski, Luke Turner and Nastja Rönkkö.
In 2013, the artist Ankit Love created Mist, a magazine that juxtaposes fashion and science with an eye toward "the metamodern age."
^ Vermeulen, Timotheus and Robin van den Akker. "Notes on metamodernism", Journal of Aesthetics and Culture" 2 (2010): 1–14. Cite error: The named reference "journalofaestheticsandculture" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
