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	{{Short description\|History of the Turkic peoples}}		{{Short description\|History of the Turkic peoples}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	{{POV\|date=March 2022}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=March 2022}}		{{More citations needed\|date=March 2022}}
	{{Inline\|date=March 2022}}		{{Inline\|date=March 2022}}
	{{Contradicts other~~\|Xiongnu~~\|date=March 2022}}		{{Contradicts other\|date=March 2022}}
	{{Contradicts other\|Turkic peoples\|date=March 2022}}		{{Contradicts other\|Turkic peoples\|date=March 2022}}
	}}		}}
			{{History of the Turkic peoples}}
	'''] history''' is the common history between today's ]. While the ] were the first state established under the name of Turk, there were many Turkic tribes and states before the Göktürks.
			'''] history''' is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the ].

	Most of the ] were descendants of ],<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Taşbaş \|first=Erhan \|date=2022-01-01 \|title=Kinship in the Xiongnu Political System \|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jots/issue/66850/1034076 \|journal=Journal of Old Turkic Studies \|language= \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=118–134 \|doi=10.35236/jots.1034076}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Lee \|first=Joo-Yup \|date=2016 \|title=The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 \|journal=Central Asiatic Journal \|volume=59 \|issue=1-2 \|pages=101–132 \|doi=10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 \|issn=0008-9192}}</ref> a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples located at ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Xiongnu People \|url=http://global.britannica.com/topic/Xiongnu \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311191625/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Xiongnu \|archive-date=11 March 2020 \|access-date=25 July 2015 \|website=britannica.com \|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> According to some fragmentary information in the Chinese historical records, The Xiongnu are from the Turkic background rather than Mongolic,<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Lee \|first=Joo-Yup \|last2=Kuang \|first2=Shuntu \|date=2017 \|title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26572263 \|journal=Inner Asia \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=197–239 \|issn=1464-8172}}</ref> together with the emphasis of Ashina clan's Xiongnu origin.<ref name="Zhou50">] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref name="Northern99">] (李延寿), '']'', ] {{in lang\|zh}}</ref><ref>'']'', vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, , University of Helsinki, 2005</ref> however, despite the claims of Chinese records, the ethnicity of the Xiongnu are uncertain—a Turkic origin has been proposed for them{{sfn\|Hucker\|1975\|p=136}}<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Savelyev \|first1=Alexander \|last2=Jeong \|first2=Choongwon \|date=May 10, 2020 \|title=Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West \|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18 \|website=Cambridge \|quote=The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic (Late Proto-Turkic, to be more precise).}}</ref> as well as others, such as a ],<ref name="Harmatta488">{{harvnb\|Harmatta\|1994\|p=488}}: "Their royal tribes and kings (''shan-yü'') bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language."</ref>{{sfn\|Bailey\|1985\|pp=21–45}}{{sfn\|Jankowski\|2006\|pp=26–27}} ],<ref name="Tumen">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Tumen D \|date=February 2011 \|title=Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia \|url=http://user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf \|url-status=dead \|journal=Oriental Studies \|publisher=Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies \|volume=49 \|pages=25, 27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140858/http://user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf \|archive-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> ],{{sfn\|Di Cosmo\|2004\|p=166}} ],{{sfn\|Beckwith\|2009\|page=404–405 notes 51–52}}{{sfn\|Adas\|2001\|p=88}}<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Vovin \|first=Alexander \|year=2000 \|title=Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? \|journal=Central Asiatic Journal \|volume=44 \|issue=1 \|pages=87–104 \|jstor=41928223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=高晶一 \|first=Jingyi Gao \|date=2017 \|script-title=zh:確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源 \|trans-title=Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies \|journal=Central Asiatic Journal \|volume=60 \|issue=1–2 \|pages=51–58 \|doi=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051 \|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051}}</ref> or multi-ethnic.{{sfn\|Geng\|2005}} The Xiongnu were the first ] in the ] history.
	] mural, ], 7th century CE, Mongolia.]]
	Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of ]. The history of all people that emerged in ] and ] has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing ] to the ] and ] to the ]. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after ], and they helped their spread and development (], ], ], ], ] and ]).
	{{TOC limit\|limit=2}}		{{TOC limit\|limit=2}}
	== The beginning of Turkic history ==
	The nationalization process of human communities living on earth begins with their transition from ] to farmer-herder.<ref>Jared Diamond Tüfek, Mikrop ve Çelik, Tübıtak Yayınları, ISBN 975-403-271-81997</ref> It is thought that the human communities that formed the Turks started ] in 6000 BC.<ref name="ref708">Mirfatih Zekiyev, Türklerin ve Tatarların Kökeni, s. 143-178, Selenge Yayınları, Ağustos 2007</ref>{{unreliable source\|date=February 2022}} This date can be accepted as the beginning of the ] Turkic culture.

			== Origins ==
	]
			Turks are an important political identity of ]. They first appeared at ] ]s and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, ], ], and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that ] have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of ]n ] ] ].<ref>{{Citation \|title=Historical Backgrounds \|date=2021 \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/turkic/historical-backgrounds/B5A0223FE8F5078EF190F3F788E18BD7 \|work=Turkic \|pages=114–142 \|editor-last=Johanson \|editor-first=Lars \|series=Cambridge Language Surveys \|place=Cambridge \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|doi=10.1017/9781139016704.006 \|isbn=978-0-521-86535-7 \|s2cid=265386317 \|access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref>
	=== ] ===

			''Türk'' was first used as a political identity in history during the ] period.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=West \|first=Barbara A. \|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania \|date=19 May 2010 \|publisher=Infobase Publishing \|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 \|page=829 \|quote=The first people to use the ethnonym ''Turk'' to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century}}</ref> The ] was invented by ] as well.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), ''History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478''</ref> The ruling ] origins are disputed.{{sfn\|Christian\|1998\|p=249}}
	* '''312 BC''': Founding of the Great Hun State (]) and Northern Chance War between ] and ].
	* '''240 BC''': Great Wall of China built to protect the nation against ].
	* '''209 BC''': Death of ] (leader of the ]), and ] becomes the leader of the ] .
	* '''201 BC''': First mentioning of the name "]" in history.
	* '''201 BC''': Siege of ]

			] mural, ], 7th century CE, Mongolia.]]
	]
			Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of ]. The history of all people that emerged in ] and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing ] to the West and ]s to the ]. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after ], and they helped their spread and development (], Judaism, ], ], ] and ]).

			== The beginning of Turkic history ==
	=== ] ===
			=== 3rd century BC ===
			* '''240 BC''': Great Wall of China started to be built to protect the nation against ].
			* '''c. 202 BC''': ] ] Modu conquered the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), ] (丁零), Gekun (鬲昆), and Xinli (薪犁);<ref>] '']'' "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. It was when the ] had just stabilized the Central Region, . "</ref> The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic-speaking ], respectively, as ]<ref>Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99</ref> and ].<ref>Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.</ref><ref>Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.</ref> The ] were also proposed to be early Proto-]<ref>
			Hyun Jin Kim: . Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.</ref><ref>
			Peter B. Golden: in ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140</ref> or ancestors of ] among the ].{{efn\|Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g. ] 100, ] 84, ] 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking ]; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the ]<ref>Xu (2005) p. 175-176, 184</ref>}}<ref>] " txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, , University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."</ref> or related to ] and ] speakers,<ref>Werner, Heinrich ''Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft''. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004 . </ref>

			]
	* '''187 BC''': ] between ] and ]
	* '''177 BC - 165 BC''': ] expulsion from ] to ] by the ] and annihilation of the ]
	* '''177 BC - 165 BC''': ] incursions into ]
	* '''138 BC-126 BC''': ] established
	* '''2nd century BC''': ] (Great Hun State) collapsed

	]

	=== ] ===
	]

	* '''49 BC-36 BC''': ]'s migration to ] (Western ])

	]]]

	=== ] ===

	* '''48''': ] split into two (Northern Hiung-nu and Southern Hiung-nu)
	* 93: The ] are defeated by the ]

	]]]

	=== ] ===

	* ] presence in the ] (north of the ])

	]]]

	=== ] ===

	* '''260''': ] north of ]

	]]]

	=== ] ===

			=== 4th century ===
	* '''304-351''': ] kingdoms in northern China (], ])
	* '''388-392''': ] kingdom in northern China
	* '''374-375''': ] crossing the ]
	* '''386-409''': ] in Northern China
	* '''395''': ]		* '''395''': ]

	=== ] ===		=== 5th century ===
			* '''461''': ] around ]
	]]]

	* '''402''': Founding of ]
	* '''407-431''': ] kingdom (]) in northern China
	* '''422''': Capture of ] by the ]
	* '''427''': Agreement between the ] and ]
	* '''434''': ] between ] and ]
	* '''440''': Beginning of the ] invasions
	* '''451''': ] in ] (modern day ])
	* '''452''': ]'s expedition to ] and his meeting with ]
	* '''480''': ] between the ] and the ]		* '''480''': ] between the ] and the ]
	* '''480''': ] helping ] in the Mazdek Revolts

	== ]/Turks ==		== Middle Ages/Turks ==
	]

	=== ] ===		=== 6th century ===
	]		]

			* '''540''': The re-emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in the ]<ref>{{Cite web\|date=18 December 2020\|title=Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi\|url=https://www.storyandhistory.org/turk-tarihi/\|access-date=18 December 2020\|website=Story and History\|language=tr}}</ref>
	* '''531-578''': The erection of the ] by the ] ]
			* '''540''': ] King of Iran, ], born to a ] Princess mother who married ]
	* '''534''': Disintegration of the ]
			*'''551''': Establishment of the ].
	* '''540''': The re-emergence of the lost ] Turks mentioned in the ]<ref>{{Cite web\|date=18 December 2020\|title=Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi\|url=https://www.storyandhistory.org/turk-tarihi/\|access-date=18 December 2020\|website=Story And History\|language=tr}}</ref>
	* '''552''': ] revolt against ] domination. ~~Establishment of the ].~~		* '''552''': ] revolt against ] domination.
	* '''565''': Defeat of the ] on their war with ].		* '''565''': Defeat of the ] on their war with ].
			* '''567 ''': ] ambassador Maniakh sent by ] to ].
	* '''582''': Seperation of the ].
			* '''567 ''': Establishment of the ].
			* '''568''': ], a Byzantine diplomat, sent to the ] Empire.
			* '''582''': Separation of the ].

	]]]		]

	== ] ==		== 7th century ==

	=== ] ===

			=== Central Asia ===
			* '''625 ''': Establishment of ].
	* '''630''': ] came under Chinese domination, ] came under Chinese influence.		* '''630''': ] came under Chinese domination, ] came under Chinese influence.
	* '''639''': ] prince ]'s attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace.		* '''639''': ] prince ]'s attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace.
	* '''659''': ] came under Chinese rule.		* '''659''': ] came under Chinese rule.
	* '''~~673-674~~''': ] ~~reach~~ ] ~~and besiege ].~~		* '''665''': Establishment of ].
	* '''674''': The appearance of Turkic mercenaries (]) in ] armies.		* '''674''': The appearance of Turkic mercenaries (]s) in ] armies.
	* '''681''': ] established.		* '''681''': ] established.
	* '''699''': The establishment of the ] (in present-day ])		* '''699''': The establishment of the ] (in present-day ])

	=== ] ===		=== Eastern Europe ===
			* '''626–627''': ] ]' request for help from the ], the ]' invasion of the ] by defeating the ] after ]

	* '''616''': First siege of ] by ]
	* '''621''': ] uprising under ], accelerating ] of the ]
	* '''626''': The ] besieged ] for the second time and began to decline as a result of heavy losses.
	* '''626-627''': ] ]' request for help from the ], the ]' invasion of the ] by defeating the ]
	* '''630''': ]' settlement in the ]-] basin, which was affiliated to the ], and the establishment of the ] in the north of the ].		* '''630''': ]' settlement in the ]-] basin, which was affiliated to the ], and the establishment of the ] in the north of the ].
	* '''~~651-652~~''': War of the ] and the ], who overthrew the ] and captured all of ]		* '''651–652''': War of the ] and the ], who overthrew the ] and captured all of ]
	* '''678''': The division of the ] by the westward pressure of the ]		* '''678''': The division of the ] by the westward pressure of the ]
	* '''680''': The establishment of the ] by the ] who landed in the ]

	<div class="center">
	'''Division of ]:'''
	<gallery class="center">
	File:Türk Tarihi 650.jpg\|
	File:Türk Tarihi 678.jpg\|
	File:Türk Tarihi 680.jpg\|
	</gallery>] \| ] \| ]
	</div>
	]]]

	== ] ==

	=== ] ===

			== 8th century ==
	* '''705-715''': Arabs take ]
			=== Inner Asia ===
	* '''720-735''': ] in ]
			]'s memorial complex in ].]]
	* '''721-737''': ] attack against Arabs
			* '''705–715''': Arabs take ]
	* '''744''': The destruction of the ] by the rebellious ], ] and ]
			* '''720–735''': ] in ]
	* '''745''': Establishment of the ], independent khanate of ] in what is today ]
			* '''721–737''': ] attack against Arabs
	* '''750''': The strengthening of ]-] relations after the ] came to the head of the Arab Empire
	* '''~~751~~''': The ~~entry~~ of the ] ~~into ]~~, the defeat of the Chinese~~ by the ~~Arabs~~ ~~with the help of the~~ ] ~~in the~~ ]~~, the~~ ~~conversion~~ of the ]~~ ~~to ]~~		* '''744''': The destruction of the ] by the rebellious ], ] and ]s; Establishment of the ]
			* '''745''': Independent khanate of ] in what is today ]
			* '''750''': The strengthening of ]-] relations after the ] came to the head of the Arab Empire
			* '''751''': The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the ] in the ], the conversion of the ] to ]
	* '''762''': ] aided ] in China in suppressing the ]		* '''762''': ] aided ] in China in suppressing the ]
	* '''765''': Adoption of the ] by the ]		* '''765''': Adoption of the ] by the ]
	* '''766''': The dissolution of the ] by the ] of the ], the establishment of the autonomous ], the laying of the foundations of the ] by the ] who escaped from the ] and migrated to the vicinity of the ] and ] lakes.		* '''766''': The dissolution of the ] by the ] of the ], the establishment of the autonomous ], the laying of the foundations of the ] by the ] who escaped from the ] and migrated to the vicinity of the ] and ] lakes.
	* '''~~789-795~~''': Fight for the throne and decline in the ]		* '''789–795''': Fight for the throne and decline in the ]

	=== ] ===		=== Eastern Europe ===
			* '''705''': ], a Khazar princess and Byzantine empress as the second wife of ]

	* '''~~713-737~~''': ], ] loss of ]		* '''713–737''': ], ] loss of ]
	* '''716''': The first written agreement of the ] with the ] and the start of taxation		* '''716''': The first written agreement of the ] with the ] and the start of taxation
	* '''~~717-718~~''': Aid of the ] to ] against the ]		* '''717–718''': Aid of the ] to ] against the ]
	* '''740''': Adoption of ] as the official religion of the ]		* '''740''': Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the ]
			* '''741''': ], a ] princess, Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Eastern Roman Emperor ]. Mother of Byzantine emperor, ]
	* '''745-775''': Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense
			* '''745–775''': Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense
	* '''764''': Invasion of the ] and ] by the ], defeating the ]		* '''764''': Invasion of the ] and ] by the ], defeating the ]
	* '''780''': Founding of ]		* '''780''': Founding of ]
	* '''792''': After the ], ] began to pay taxes to the ] again.		* '''792''': After the ], ] began to pay taxes to the ] again.
			* '''795''': ], a Byzantine general of Khazar-Armenian descent who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I
	* '''796''': Invasion of the ] by the ], stuck in the ]

			== 9th century ==
	]]]
			] at its greatest extent.]]

			] that is being considered as an Avar lamellar helmet from ], Dated 560–600 AD.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kubik \|first1=Adam \|title=The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156. \|page=151 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/36969235 \|language=en\|journal=Histïria I Swiat\|date=2008\|volume=7}}</ref>]]
	== ] ==
	], when the ] was at the height of its power]]

	=== ] ===

			=== Central Asia ===
	* '''821''': ] repulse ]		* '''821''': ] repulse ]
	* '''832''': The ] plunged into turmoil		* '''832''': The ] plunged into turmoil
	* '''840''': The collapse of the ] as a result of the attack of the ], the establishment of the ], the escape of the ] to the southwest, the ], who did not recognize the ] sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the ].		* '''840''': The collapse of the ] as a result of the attack of the ], the establishment of the ], the escape of the ] to the southwest, the ], who did not recognize the ] sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the ].
	* '''848''': The establishment of the ] of the ] who migrated to the South West		* '''848''': The establishment of the ] of the ] who migrated to the South West
	* '''856''': The establishment of the ] by another ] branch that migrated to the southwest.		* '''856''': The establishment of the ] by another ] branch that migrated to the southwest.

	=== ] ===		=== Eastern Europe ===

	* '''804''': The collapse of the ], which was dissolved as a result of the blows of the ] and consequently, the attacks of the ]
	* '''811-814''': The ]'s defeat of the ]
	* '''860''': The Russians, who expanded to the south, reached ] in the ].		* '''860''': The Russians, who expanded to the south, reached ] in the ].
	* '''861''': Migration of ] around ] to the north of the ] under the pressure of ], ] and ]		* '''861''': Migration of ] around ] to the north of the ] under the pressure of ], ] and ]
			* '''880''': The formation of the ]
	* '''864-865''': The Bulgarian King ] accepted ], the ] became completely ] and broke away from the ].
	* '''889''': The advance of the ] in the north of the ] to the west under the pressure of the ] and ]		* '''889''': The advance of the ] in the north of the ] to the west under the pressure of the ] and ]
	* '''892''': The ] advancing to the west forced the ] from the ] to migrate beyond the ], forming an agreement with the ].		* '''892''': The ] advancing to the west forced the ] from the ] to migrate beyond the ], forming an agreement with the ].

	=== ] and ] ===		=== Asia and Africa ===
			* '''833–842''': The increasing influence of ] in the ] palace during ]'s reign

	* '''~~833-842~~''': The ~~increasing influence~~ of ] in ~~the~~ ] ~~palace~~ ~~during~~ ]'s ~~reign~~		* '''836''': The relocation of the ] capital from ] to ], where the ] was located
			* '''868''': ] sovereignty over ], ], ] and the north of ] but still remain within the ]
	* '''836''': The relocation of the ] capital from ] to ], where the ] was located
	* '''868''': ] sovereignty over ], ], ] and the north of ] but still remain within the ]

	== ] ==

	=== ] ===

			== 10th century ==
			=== Central Asia ===
	* '''923''': The establishment of the ] by the ], descended from the ], in the north of China		* '''923''': The establishment of the ] by the ], descended from the ], in the north of China
	* '''924''': The destruction of the ] by the ], the end of the Turkic rule in ], the migration of the ] to their present homeland.		* '''924''': The destruction of the ] by the ], the end of the Turkic rule in ], the migration of the ] to their present homeland.
	* '''934''': With ]'s acceptance of ], the ] adopt the religion of ]		* '''934''': With ]'s acceptance of ], the ] adopt the religion of ]
			* '''979''': The ] came under the domination of the Han Chinese Northern ], the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come the ] Turks.<ref>''] et al., ]'', "阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the ]'s Shatuo</ref><ref>Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in ''From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica)'' Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252</ref> The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.<ref name="Aristov">{{cite book\| author = Аристов Н. А. \| url = https://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksRu/Aristov-Trudy_po_istorii_i_etnicheskomu_sostavu_tiurkskih_plemen.pdf \| title = Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен \| agency = В. М. Плоских \|location= Бишкек \|date = 2003 \|publisher= Илим \| pages = 103\| isbn = 5-8355-1297-X}}</ref><ref name="Ochir">{{cite book\| author = Очир А. \| url = http://kigiran.com/sites/default/files/ochir_mongolskie_etnonimy.pdf \| title = Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов \| agency = Э. П. Бакаева, К. В. Орлова \|location= Элиста \|date = 2016 \|publisher= КИГИ РАН \| pages = 133–135\| isbn = 978-5-903833-93-1}}</ref><ref>Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization" ''The Turks'', Ankara, 2002, p. 98, {{ISBN\|975-6782-56-0}}</ref><ref>Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in ''From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica)'' Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252</ref>
	* '''979''': The ] came under the domination of the Northern ], the Turkic presence in the north of China melted.
	* '''~~990-999~~''': The ] destroyed the ], ] came under Turkic rule after 300 years.		* '''990–999''': The ] destroyed the ], ] came under Turkic rule after 300 years.

	=== ] ===

			=== Eastern Europe ===
	* '''920''': Russo-Pecheneg War		* '''920''': Russo-Pecheneg War
	* '''922''': Visit of ] as ] to the ], which converted to Islam		* '''922''': Visit of ] as ambassador to the ], which converted to Islam
	* '''940''': Russian-Byzantine alliance against ], ] lose ]		* '''940''': Russian-Byzantine alliance against ], ] lose ]
	* '''943''': ] allied with the ] against the ]		* '''943''': ] allied with the ] against the ]
	* '''965''': ]'s alliance with the ] against the ]		* '''965''': ]'s alliance with the ] against the ]
	* '''~~968-972~~''': ]' attacks on the ]		* '''968–972''': ]' attacks on the ]
	* '''969''': The capture of the ] capital by the ] king ], the withdrawal of the ] to the north of the ]		* '''969''': The capture of the ] capital by the Russian king ], the withdrawal of the ] to the north of the ]
	* '''985''': ]'s alliance with the ] against the ]		* '''985''': ]'s alliance with the ] against the ]
	* '''986''': Settlements of the ] in the south of ] by breaking away from the ]		* '''986''': Settlements of the ] in the south of ] by breaking away from the ]

	=== ] and ] ===		=== Asia and Africa ===

	* '''905''': The end of the ] dynasty in ] by the ]		* '''905''': The end of the ] dynasty in ] by the ]
	* '''935''': Another ] dynasty, the ], seized power in ] and dominated ], ], ] and northern ].		* '''935''': Another ] dynasty, the ], seized power in ] and dominated ], ], ] and northern ].
	* '''~~963~~''': ~~Establishment~~ of ], ~~expansion~~ ~~of Turkish sovereignty to~~ ] ~~and ]~~		* '''977''': Sabuktigin establishs ] in Khorasan(modern-day ])
	* '''969''': Termination of the rule of the ] by the ]		* '''969''': Termination of the rule of the ] by the ]

	== ] ==		== 11th century ==
			].]]

			]
	=== ] ===
			{{Continental Asia in 1100 CE\|right\|The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.\|\|Map of the Seljuk Empire.png}}

			=== Central Asia ===
			* '''1030''': Ghaznavid Empire reaches to its greatest extent under ].
	* '''1036''': The ] came under the rule of the Mongolian ].		* '''1036''': The ] came under the rule of the Mongolian ].
	* '''1042''': The division of the ] into East and West		* '''1042''': The division of the ] into East and West
Line 230:		Line 160:
	* '''1092''': As a result of the ] being dragged into internal turmoil, the two Karakhanid states became independent again.		* '''1092''': As a result of the ] being dragged into internal turmoil, the two Karakhanid states became independent again.

	=== ] ===		=== Eastern Europe ===

	* '''1016''': The destruction of the ] by the ] and the ]		* '''1016''': The destruction of the ] by the ] and the ]
	* '''1037''': Settlement of ] defeated by the ] in ]		* '''1037''': Settlement of ] defeated by the ] in Romania
	* '''~~1061-1068~~''': The ], who defeated the ], captured the north of the ] and ]		* '''1061–1068''': The ], who defeated the ], captured the north of the ] and ]
	* '''1091''': After the ], the ], who attacked the ], which was in turmoil, were destroyed by the Byzantine-Kipchak alliance around ].		* '''1091''': After the ], the ], who attacked the ], which was in turmoil, were destroyed by the Byzantine-Kipchak alliance around ].
			* '''1093''': ] decisive defeat of the ] at the ].{{efn\|Curta states "The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II, grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk."{{sfn\|Curta\|2019\|p=176}}}}{{sfn\|Guimon\|2021\|p=362}}
	* '''1093''': ]' decisive defeat of the ]

	=== ] ===

			=== Asia ===
	* '''1038''': Establishment of the ] in ]
	* '''~~1040~~''': ~~In the ],~~ the ] ~~defeated the~~ ] ~~and spread towards ]~~		* '''1038''': Establishment of the ] in ].
	* '''~~1048~~''': ~~The~~ ]~~, who~~ defeated ~~the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at~~ the ], entered ]		* '''1040''': In the ], the ] defeated the ] and spread towards ].
	* '''~~1055~~''': ] ~~conquer~~ ] ~~and seize the~~ ]		* '''1048''': The ], who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at the ], entered ].
			* '''1055''': ] conquer ] and seize the ].
			* '''1056''': Sejuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
			* '''1063''': Abbasid princess, Sayida Khatun, daughter of Abbasid Caliph ] married to the Seljuk Sultan, ].
	* '''1064''': ] conquer ] Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance		* '''1064''': ] conquer ] Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance
	* '''1071''': The ], who defeated the ] at the ], ~~spread~~ to ].		* '''1071''': The ] ] who have defeated the ] at the ], started settlements at ].{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}}
			* '''1071''': ], Seljuk princess, daughter of sultan ] married to the Abbasid caliph, ].
	* '''1072''': Establishment of ] in ] (subordinate to ])
	* '''~~1077~~''': Establishment of ~~the~~ ] ~~whose capital is~~ ] (subordinate to ~~the~~ ])		* '''1072''': Establishment of ] in ] as subordinate to ]
			* '''1077''': Establishment of the ] whose capital is ] as subordinate to the ].
	* '''1081''': The construction of the navy on the ] coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the ]		* '''1081''': The construction of the navy on the ] coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the ]
	* '''1085''': Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State		* '''1085''': Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State.
			* '''1087''': ], Seljuk princess, daughter of ] married to the Abbasid caliph, ]. Abbasid and Seljuk Prince, Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was born from this marriage.
	* '''1092''': As a result of the murder of ] by the ], the ] was dragged into internal turmoil		* '''1092''': As a result of the murder of ] by the ], the ] was dragged into internal turmoil
	* '''1096''': The destruction of the pioneers of the ] by the ] in ]		* '''1096''': The destruction of the pioneers of the ] by the ] in ]
	* '''~~1096-1099~~''': As a result of the ], ] and ] were taken back by ], and ] were formed on the ]n and ] coasts.		* '''1096–1099''': As a result of the ], ] and ] were taken back by ], and ] were formed on the Syrian and ] coasts.

	=== ] ===		=== South Asia ===
			* '''1001–1027''': The expeditions of ], the ruler of the ], in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty and ] to the north of India
			* '''1037–1059''': The struggle of the ] with the ] resulted into ] and ] being dominated by the ]
			* '''1059''': ] between ] and ]
			* '''1079–1080''': ]'s defeat of the ], which gained power in ]

			== 12th century ==
	* '''1001-1027''': The expeditions of ], the ] of the ], to India, resulted in the spread of Turkish sovereignty and ] to the north of ] and ]
			=== Asia ===
	* '''1037-1059''': The struggle of the ] with the ], ] and ] being dominated by the ]
	* '''1059''': ] between ] and ]
	* '''1079-1080''': ]'s defeat of the ], who gained power in ]
	<div class="center">
	<gallery class="center">
	File:Türk Tarihi 1055.jpg\|
	File:Türk Tarihi-1071.jpg\|
	File:Türk Tarihi 1092.jpg\|
	</gallery>] \| ] \| ]</div>

	== ] ==
	]]]
	=== ] ===
	* '''1100''': The ] defeated the ] in ] and definitively stopped the ]' advance to ].		* '''1100''': The ] defeated the ] in ] and definitively stopped the ]' advance to ].
	* '''1101''': The defeat of the ] and the ] by the Crusaders in ] and ]		* '''1101''': The defeat of the ] and the ] by the Crusaders in ] and ]
	* '''1104''': The ] defeated the Crusaders in ] and blocked their advance to the ].		* '''1104''': The ] defeated the Crusaders in ] and blocked their advance to the ].
	* '''1104''': Establishment of ] in ]		* '''1104''': Establishment of ] in ]
	* '''~~1105-1128~~''': Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in ], the resistance of ] and ] to the Crusader sieges		* '''1105–1128''': Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in ], the resistance of ] and ] to the Crusader sieges
			* '''1108''': Seljuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
			* '''1124''': Seljuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
	* '''1127''': Establishment of ] in ]		* '''1127''': Establishment of ] in ]
	* '''~~1127-1174~~''': The struggle of the ]'s with the Crusaders		* '''1127–1174''': The struggle of the ]'s with the Crusaders
			*'''1137''': Seljuk princess, ], married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
			*'''1140''': Abbasid princess, Zubaydah, daughter of ] married to the Seljuk Sultan, ].
	* '''1144''': The conquest of ] by the ]'s		* '''1144''': The conquest of ] by the ]'s
	* '''1144''': Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in ]		* '''1144''': Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in ]
	* '''~~1147-1149~~''': Organized after the fall of ], in the ], the ] defeated the Crusaders' German army in ] and ], the ]'s repelled the Crusaders' ]		* '''1147–1149''': Organized after the fall of ], in the ], the ] defeated the Crusaders' German army in ] and ], the ]'s repelled the Crusaders' ]
	* '''1150''': The elimination of the ], one of the four Crusader states, by the ]		* '''1150''': The elimination of the ], one of the four Crusader states, by the ]
	* '''1154''': Elimination of the ] by the ]		* '''1154''': Elimination of the ] by the ]
			* '''1158''': Abbasid princess, ], daughter of ], married to the Seljuk Sultan, ] and then another Seljuk Sultan, ].
	* '''1173-1178''': The ] became the only power in ] by capturing all the lands of the ].
			* '''1173–1178''': The ] became the only power in ] by capturing all the lands of the ].
	* '''1174-1183''': ]'s Ending ] sovereignty in ]
			* '''1174–1183''': ]'s Ending ] sovereignty in ]
	* '''1176''': The defeat of the ] by the ] in the ], the finalization of the ] sovereignty in ]		* '''1176''': The defeat of the ] by the ] in the ], the finalization of the ] sovereignty in ]
			* '''1186''': Seljuk princess, ] married to the Abbasid Caliph, ].
	* '''1190''': The invasion of ] by the German arm of the Crusaders in the ], the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor ] in ]		* '''1190''': The invasion of ] by the German arm of the Crusaders in the ], the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor ] in ]
			* '''1192''': Seljuk Sultan, ] married to Dawlat Raziya Khatun, daughter of ], a Byzantine nobleman.

	=== ] and ] ===		=== Iran and Central Asia ===
			* '''1092–1118''': Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within the ]

	* '''1092-1118''': Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within the ]
	* '''1132''': The Mongolian ] started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the ].		* '''1132''': The Mongolian ] started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the ].
	* '''1134''': ] overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids		* '''1134''': ] overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids
	* '''1137''': ] overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in ]		* '''1137''': ] overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia
	* '''1141''': The collapse of the ], which was defeated by the ] in the ]		* '''1141''': The collapse of the ], which was defeated by the ] in the ]
	* '''~~1154-1157~~''': Dissolution of the ] after the rebellion of the ], the independence of the ]		* '''1154–1157''': Dissolution of the ] after the rebellion of the ], the independence of the ]
	* '''~~1182-1194~~''': The ] conquered ] by defeating ], ] and ]		* '''1182–1194''': The ] conquered ] by defeating ], ] and ]
	* '''1188''': The elimination of the ], one of the successors of the ], by the ]		* '''1188''': The elimination of the ], one of the successors of the ], by the ]
	* '''1194''': The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State, one of the successors of the ], by the ].		* '''1194''': The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State, one of the successors of the ], by the ].

	=== ] ===		=== South Asia ===
			* '''1135''': The Seljuk army re-entering ] and taxing the ] again
			* '''1148–1151''': Great destruction caused by the ] after capturing ]
			* '''1152''': ] capture of ] from ]
			* '''1157–1163''': With the disintegration of the ], ] and ] fell back into the hands of the ].
			* '''1186''': The conquest of the ], which continued to dominate ], with ] as its capital, caused by the ].

			=== Eastern Europe ===
	* '''1117''': The entry of the ] army into ] and the taxation of the ]
			] battle mask, c. 13th century]]
	* '''1119''': Consolidation of the ]'s dominance in northern ]
	* '''1135''': The Great Seljuk army re-entering ] and taxing the ] again
	* '''1148-1151''': Great destruction caused by the ] after capturing ]
	* '''1152''': ] liberation of ] from ]
	* '''1157-1163''': With the disintegration of the ], ] and ] fell back into the hands of the ].
	* '''1186''': The collapse of the ], which continued to dominate ], with ] as its capital, caused by the ].

			* '''1111–1116''': ] tribes defeated by the ]
	=== ] ===

	* '''1111-1116''': ] tribes defeated by the ]
	* '''1123''': ] supported by ] expel ] from Tbilisi		* '''1123''': ] supported by ] expel ] from Tbilisi
	* '''1150''': The Kipchaks regain their strength in the ].		* '''1150''': The Kipchaks regain their strength in the ].
	* '''1154''': The Kipchaks, who repulsed the ], re-established their dominance around ].		* '''1154''': The Kipchaks, who repulsed the ], re-established their dominance around ].
	* '''~~1157-1174~~''': Conflicts between ] and ]		* '''1157–1174''': Conflicts between ]n and ]
	* '''~~1174-1185~~''': Military successes of the ] against the ]		* '''1174–1185''': Military successes of the ] against the ]
			* '''1200''': The dissolution of the ]

			== 13th century ==
	], ]]]
			], c. 1200 CE]]

			] (r. 1220–1237) in ], Turkey]]
	== ] ==
	] in the ]]]		] in the 13th century]]

	=== ] and the ] ===

			=== Asia and the Middle East ===
	* '''1202''': The expansion of the ] to ] by eliminating the ]		* '''1202''': The expansion of the ] to ] by eliminating the ]
	* '''1207''': The opening of the ] to the ] with the conquest of ]		* '''1207''': The opening of the ] to the ] with the conquest of ]
Line 332:		Line 260:
	* '''1239''': The ] weakened the ].		* '''1239''': The ] weakened the ].
	* '''1243''': The defeat of the ] by the ] in the ]		* '''1243''': The defeat of the ] by the ] in the ]
	* '''1250''': The seizure of power by the Turkish-origin ] in ], putting an end to the ]		* '''1250''': The seizure of power by the Turkish-origin ] in Egypt, putting an end to the ]
	* ] laid the foundations of the principality in ]		* ] laid the foundations of the principality in ]
	* '''1299''': Founding of the ]		* '''1299''': Founding of the ]

	=== ] ===		=== Central Asia ===

	* '''1212''': The elimination of the ], who ruled in ], by the ].		* '''1212''': The elimination of the ], who ruled in ], by the ].

	=== ] ===		=== South Asia ===
			* '''1206''': Establishment of ] by Turkic-origin slave commanders
			* '''1236''': ]'s dominance of all of ], ] and ]
			* '''1290''': Turko-Afghan-origin ] seized power in the ]

			=== 14th century ===
	* '''1206''': Establishment of ] by Turkish-origin slave commanders
			* '''1320–1424''': ] in Delhi established and ruled most of the India.
	* '''1236''': ]'s domination of all of ], ] and ]
			* '''1346''': The ] entered Europe.
	* '''1290''': Turkish-origin ] seized power in the ]
			* '''1361''': ] by the ] occurred.

			* '''1370''': The ] are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying ] ] women during the early Ming dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://hal.science/hal-03427697/document \|first1=Erika \|last1=Sandman\|first2= Camille\|last2= Simon\|title=Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun\|journal= Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics\|date=2016\|volume= 3\|issue=1\|page=88\|doi=10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 \|s2cid=146919944 \|id=hal-03427697}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| url=https://www.academia.edu/31665301 \| title=Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun \| journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics \| date=23 October 2023 \| volume=3 \| issue=1 \| page=85 \| last1=Sandman \| first1=Erika \| last2=Simon \| first2=Camille \| doi=10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 \| s2cid=146919944 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis\|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78563017.pdf\|publisher= University of Helsinki\|title= A Grammar of Wutun\|degree =PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures\|first =Erika \|last=Sandman\|page= 15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Han\|first=Deyan\|others=Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators\|edition=2\|editor1-last=Mostaert \|editor1-first=Antoine \|journal=Central Asiatic Journal \|volume=43–44 \|date=1999 \|publisher=O. Harrassowitz \|page=212 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HZxAAAAMAAJ&q=,+with+the+exception+of+Hui+,+there+is+no+case+of+a+Salar%27s+daughter+marrying+a+non+-+Salar+.+On+the+contrary+,+many+non+-+Salar+females+married+into+Salar+households+.+As+folk+acounts+and+historical+records+recount+,+shortly+after+Salar+ancestors+reached+Xunhua+,+they+had+relation-+ships+with+neighbouring+Tibetans+through+marriage+.+Tibetan+women+primarily+married+into+Salar+males+%27+households+and+,+af-+terwards+,+brides+were+expected+to+convert+to \|title=The Salar Khazui System}}</ref>
	], the ] state becomes ], ]]]
	The ] has been completely ] since ].

	=== ] ===

	* '''1320-1424''': ] in ] established and ruled most of the India.
	* '''1346''': The ] entered ].
	* '''1361''': ] by the ] occured.
	* '''1370''': ]'s seizure of power, establishment of ].		* '''1370''': ]'s seizure of power, establishment of ].
	* '''1382''': ] leads the ]'s Army and sets ].		* '''1382''': ] leads the ]'s Army and sets ].
	* '''1389''': ]: ] ]		* '''1389''': ]: ] ]
	* '''~~1389-1403~~''': Reign of ]		* '''1389–1403''': Reign of ]
	* '''1398''': ]'s ]		* '''1398''': ]'s ]

			=== 15th century ===
	]]]
			==== Asia ====

	=== ] ===
	] from 1206 to 1517]]

	==== ] ====

	* '''1402''': ] between ] and ]		* '''1402''': ] between ] and ]
	* '''1406''': Re-emergence of ] and ] people on the stage of history		* '''1406''': Re-emergence of ] and ] people on the stage of history
	* '''1453''': ] by ]		* '''1453''': ] by ]
	* '''~~1453-1504~~''': The golden age of the ].		* '''1453–1504''': The golden age of the ].

	==== ] ====

			==== Central Asia ====
	* '''1405''': ]'s death		* '''1405''': ]'s death
	* '''~~1405-1447~~''': Arrival of ] in ]		* '''1405–1447''': Arrival of ] in ]
	* '''~~1447-1449~~''': ]		* '''1447–1449''': ]
	* '''~~1456~~''': Establishment of the ]		* '''1465''': Establishment of the ]

	==== ] ====

	* '''1414-1517''': Delhi Sultanate's Turkic dynasty Iranianized

	==== ] ====

			==== Eastern Europe ====
	* '''1430''': ] formed		* '''1430''': ] formed
	* '''1445''': Establishment of the ]		* '''1445''': Establishment of the ]
	* '''~~1462-1505~~''': ] created		* '''1462–1505''': ], ] created
	* '''1473''': ]: ]		* '''1473''': ]: ]

			== Modern era (1500 AD – present) ==
	== New Age ==
			=== 16th century ===
	]]]
			==== Eastern Europe ====
	] at ]]]
			* '''1502''': The ]'s destruction of the ] state

			* '''1552''': Russia's annexation of the ]
	=== ] ===
			* '''1556''': The annexation of the ] by Russia

			* '''1557''': Russia's annexation of the ]
	==== ] ====
			* '''1571''': ] burns Moscow

	* '''~~1502~~''': ~~The ]~~'s ~~destruction~~ of the ] ~~State~~		* '''1580–1598''': Russia's elimination of the ]
	* '''1552''': ]'s annexation of the ]
	* '''1556''': The annexation of the ] by ]
	* '''1557''': ]'s annexation of the ]
	* '''1571''': ] burns ]
	* '''1580-1598''': Russia's elimination of the ]

	==== ] ====

			==== Central Asia ====
	* '''1500''': ] and ] in ]		* '''1500''': ] and ] in ]
	* '''1510''': The defeat of ] by ]		* '''1510''': The defeat of ] by ]

	==== ] ====		==== Asia ====
			* '''1502''': ]'s establishment of the ] in Iran

	* '''1502''': ]'s establishment of the ] in ]
	* '''1514''': The ], the settlement of the ] in ]		* '''1514''': The ], the settlement of the ] in ]
	* '''1516''': ], ] taking ] and ] from the ]		* '''1516''': ], ] taking ] and ] from the ]
Line 422:		Line 327:
	* '''1590''': ] conquest of the entire ] and ]		* '''1590''': ] conquest of the entire ] and ]

	==== ] ====		==== South Asia ====

	* '''1526''': Establishment of the ]		* '''1526''': Establishment of the ]

	==== ] ====		==== Africa ====

	* '''1516''': Establishment of ] administration in ]		* '''1516''': Establishment of ] administration in ]
	* ] domination in ]		* ] domination in ]
	* '''1551''': Beginning of ] rule in ]		* '''1551''': Beginning of ] rule in ]
	* '''1557''': Establishment of the ] by the ]		* '''1557''': Establishment of the ] by the ]
	* '''1574''': Beginning of ] rule in ]		* '''1574''': Beginning of ] rule in ]
	* '''1577''': The spread of ] rule in ]		* '''1577''': The spread of ] rule in ]
	* '''~~1576-1580~~''': ] influence in ]		* '''1576–1580''': ] influence in ]

	]]]

	=== ] ===

	==== ] ====

			=== 17th century ===
			==== Eastern Europe ====
	* '''1600''': The defeat of the ].		* '''1600''': The defeat of the ].
	* '''1606''': The ], which symbolized the ]'s peak		* '''1606''': The ], which symbolized the ]'s peak
Line 447:		Line 346:
	* '''1699''': ]. The decline of the ].		* '''1699''': ]. The decline of the ].

	==== ] ====		==== Asia ====
			==== Central Asia ====

			* '''1605''': Russian invasion of ]
	==== ] ====
			* '''1615–1650''': The struggle of the ] people against the ]

	* '''1605''': ] invasion of ]
	* '''1615-1650''': The struggle of the ] people against the ]
	* '''1620''': Russia's annexation of ] lands		* '''1620''': Russia's annexation of ] lands
	* '''1628''': ] domination by ]		* '''1628''': ] domination by Russia
	* '''~~1628-1630~~''': Another ] tribe, the ], who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols, trampled on ] and settled in the ] region.		* '''1628–1630''': Another ] tribe, the ], who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols, trampled on ] and settled in the ] region.
	* '''~~1634-1642~~''': ]'s suppression of the ] revolts		* '''1634–1642''': Russia's suppression of the ] revolts
	* '''1639''': ]'s Reaching the ]		* '''1639''': Russia's Reaching the Pacific Ocean
	* '''1680''': ] capture ], end of ]		* '''1680''': ] capture ], end of ]

	==== ] ====		==== South Asia ====
			* '''1628–1658''': ], emperor of India.
			* '''1658–1707''': ], emperor of India.

			=== 18th century ===
	* '''1628-1658''': ], ] of ].
			], a member of the Turkic ], who established ].]]
	* '''1658-1707''': ], ] of ].

	=== ] ===		==== Eastern Europe ====
			* '''1742–1775''': ] in Russia (Tatar uprising)
	]]]
	], a member of the Turkic ], who established ].]]

	==== ] ====

	* '''1742-1775''': ] in ] (Tatar uprising)
	* '''1783''': Annexation of ] by the ].		* '''1783''': Annexation of ] by the ].

	==== ] ====		==== Asia ====
			* '''1717–1730''': ] of the ].

			* '''1736–1747''': ] of ] origin established ], owning the identity of Turkic ].
	* '''1717-1730''': ] of the ].
	* '''~~1736-1747~~''': ] of ] ~~origin~~ ~~established~~ ], owning the identity of Turkic ].		* '''1794''': ] founded in ] by a ].
	* '''1794''': ] founded in ] by a ].
	==== ] ====

			==== Central Asia ====
	* '''1709''': Establishment of ]		* '''1709''': Establishment of ]
	* '''~~1709-1718~~''': The ]-] Conflict		* '''1709–1718''': The ]n-] Conflict
	* '''1718''': The division of the ] into three kingdoms.		* '''1718''': The division of the ] into three kingdoms.
	* '''1721''': ]'s annexation of ]		* '''1721''': Russia's annexation of ]
	* '''1731''': The minor part of the ] came under ] protection.		* '''1731''': The minor part of the ] came under ] protection.
	* '''~~1740-1747~~''': ] domination in the ]		* '''1740–1747''': Iranian domination in the ]
	* '''~~1755-1759~~''': The ], which took over the administration in ], seized ] which was in the hands of the ]		* '''1755–1759''': The ], which took over the administration in China, seized ] which was in the hands of the ]ns
	* '''1755''': ] under the rule of the ], which seized power in ]		* '''1755''': ] under the rule of the ], which seized power in China
	* '''1756''': ]'s capture of the ] region		* '''1756''': Russia's capture of the ] region
	* '''1785''': ] takeover of the ]		* '''1785''': ]'s takeover of the ]

	==== ] ====

			==== Africa ====
	* '''1705''': The ] appointed in ], which was a part of the ]		* '''1705''': The ] appointed in ], which was a part of the ]
	* '''~~1798-1799~~''': ] expedition of ]. Turkish-French conflicts.		* '''1798–1799''': ] expedition of ]. Turkish-French conflicts.

	=== ] ===

	==== ] ====

			=== 19th century ===
			==== Eastern Europe ====
	* '''1829''': ]'s independence		* '''1829''': ]'s independence
	* '''1878''': ], ], ], ] gaining their independence, ] gaining autonomy		* '''1878''': ], ], ], ] gaining their independence, ] gaining autonomy
Line 506:		Line 396:
	* '''1881''': ]'s birth		* '''1881''': ]'s birth
	* '''1885''': ]'s annexation of ]		* '''1885''': ]'s annexation of ]
			* '''1813''': Russia's annexation of ] and ]

	* '''~~1813~~''': ~~]'s~~ ~~annexation~~ of ~~] and~~ ]		* '''1827''': Russian domination of the ]
	* '''~~1827~~''': ] ~~domination~~ of ~~the~~ ]		* '''1828''': ]' entry into Russian domination
	* '''1828''': ]' ~~entry into~~ ] ~~domination~~		* '''1828''': Russia's annexation of ] and ]
	* '''1828''': ]'s annexation of ] and ]
	* '''1829''': Russia's annexation of ]		* '''1829''': Russia's annexation of ]
	* '''1839''': ] in the ]		* '''1839''': ] in the ]
	* '''1876''': The first constitution of the ] legislated.		* '''1876''': The first constitution of the ] legislated.

	==== ] ====		==== Central Asia ====

	* '''1820''': The ] of the ] came under the rule of the ]		* '''1820''': The ] of the ] came under the rule of the ]
	* '''1847''': The lands of the ] completely passed into the hands of ]		* '''1847''': The lands of the ] completely passed into the hands of Russia
	* '''~~1851-1854~~''': The defeat of the ] to the ]		* '''1851–1854''': The defeat of the ] to the ]
	* '''1864''': The start of ] expeditions to ]		* '''1864''': The start of Russian expeditions to ]
	* '''1865''': Establishment of Kashgar Khanate in ]		* '''1865''': Establishment of Kashgar Khanate in ]
	* '''1866''': The ] came under ] rule		* '''1866''': The ] came under Russian rule
	* '''1868''': The ] came under ] rule		* '''1868''': The ] came under Russian rule
	* '''1871''': ] occupation of ]		* '''1871''': Russian occupation of ]
	* '''1873''': The ] came under ] rule		* '''1873''': The ] came under Russian rule
	* '''1876''': Russia's annexation of the ]		* '''1876''': Russia's annexation of the ]
	* '''~~1877-1878~~''': ]'s elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar		* '''1877–1878''': China's elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar
	* '''~~1881-1884~~''': ]'s annexation of ]		* '''1881–1884''': Russia's annexation of ]

	==== ] ====

			==== South Asia ====
	* '''1805''': The ] came under the auspices of the ] who defeated the ]		* '''1805''': The ] came under the auspices of the ] who defeated the ]
	* '''1857''': The ] overthrow the ], the end of nine centuries of Turkish rule/existence in ]		* '''1857''': The ] overthrow the ]

	==== ] ====

			==== Africa ====
	* '''1807''': ] abolish ], ] patrol around ] to intercept slave ships
			* '''1807''': ] abolish ], ] patrol around Africa to intercept slave ships
	* '''1822''': ]'s entry into ] rule		* '''1822''': ]'s entry into ] rule
	* '''~~1830-1842~~''': ] invasion of ]		* '''1830–1842''': French invasion of ]
	* '''~~1831-1840~~''': Ottoman-Egyptian struggle, ] gaining autonomy		* '''1831–1840''': Ottoman-Egyptian struggle, ] gaining autonomy
	* '''1869''': Opening of the ]		* '''1869''': Opening of the ]
	* '''1881''': Second ]		* '''1881''': Second ]
	* '''1882''': ] invasion of ]		* '''1882''': ] invasion of ]
	* '''1885''': ] invasion of ]		* '''1885''': Italian invasion of ]
	* '''1885''': End of Turkish rule in ]		* '''1885''': End of Turkish rule in ]
	* '''1888''': ] invasion of ], end of Turkish presence in ]		* '''1888''': ] invasion of ], end of Turkish presence in ]

	=== ] ===		=== 20th century ===
	]]]
	]]]

	* '''1905''': Beginning of ].		* '''1905''': Beginning of ].
	* '''~~1910-1920~~''': ] of ] and ]		* '''1910–1920''': ] of ] and ]
	* '''~~1911-1912~~''': Invasion of ] by ]		* '''1911–1912''': Invasion of ] by Italy
	* '''1912''': Balkan wars		* '''1912''': Balkan wars
	* '''~~1915-1916~~''': ]		* '''1915–1916''': ]
	* '''1917''': ]'s declaration of autonomy		* '''1917''': ]'s declaration of autonomy
	* '''1918''': The ] was signed between ] and the ].		* '''1918''': The ] was signed between ] and the ].
	* '''~~1919-1922~~''': ~~The~~ ] ~~took place~~.		* '''1918''': Establishment of ].
			* '''1919–1922''': The ] took place.
	* '''1919-1928''': ] against the ]
			* '''1919–1928''': ] against the ]
	* '''1921-1944''': ]
	* '''~~1922~~''': ] ~~victory~~ ~~over ]~~		* '''1921–1944''': ]
	* '''~~1923~~''': ~~] proclaimed to~~ be a ]		* '''1922''': Turkish victory over ]
	* '''~~1932-1934~~''': ] of ] in ]		* '''1923''': ] proclaimed to be a Republic
			* '''1932–1934''': ] of ] in China
	* '''1938''': ]'s death		* '''1938''': ]'s death
	* '''1944''': Short-lived ] established with the help of the ] army		* '''1944''': Short-lived ] established with the help of the Russian army
			* '''1945''': formation of the autonomous government of ] by ] "Tabriz , Ardebil , Urmia , Zanjan , Qəzvin"
	* '''1955''': ]: Declaring ] (]) an autonomous region
			* '''1946''': The killing of the Turkic nation of ] by the ]
	* '''1971''': ] withdrawal from ]
			* '''1971''': European withdrawal from Central Asia
	* '''1974''': ]		* '''1974''': ]
	* '''1983''': The declaration of independence of the ]		* '''1983''': The declaration of independence of the ]
	* '''1988''': The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict		* '''1988''': The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict
	* '''1990''': Soviet invasion of ]		* '''1990''': Soviet invasion of ]
	* '''1991''': The collapse of the ] and ~~the emergence~~ of the ]		* '''1991''': The collapse of the ] and themergence of the ]
	* '''1992''': Admission of the ] Turkic republics to the ]:		* '''1992''': Admission of the ] Turkic republics to the UN:
	** ]		** ]
	** ]		** ]
Line 583:		Line 468:
	* '''1993''': The occupation of a region of ] by the ].		* '''1993''': The occupation of a region of ] by the ].
	* '''1993''': In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in ], which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.		* '''1993''': In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in ], which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.
	* '''1993''': The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all ] and communities and related communities.		* '''1993''': The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.

	]

	=== ] ===

			=== 21st century ===
	* '''2005:''' ] in ].
	* '''2005:''' Kazakh leader ]'s proposal to establish a common market in ] in his address to the nation.		* '''2005:''' ] in Kyrgyzstan.
			* '''2005:''' Kazakh leader ]'s proposal to establish a common market in Central Asia in his address to the nation.
	* '''2005''': ] in Uzbekistan		* '''2005''': ] in Uzbekistan
	* '''2006:''' ] put into service.		* '''2006:''' ] put into service.
	* '''2007:''' The first meeting of ] countries to determine the status of the ].		* '''2007:''' The first meeting of ] countries to determine the status of the ].
	* '''2008:''' Establishment of the ] between ], ], ] and ] on 21 November 2008.		* '''2008:''' Establishment of the ] between ], ], ] and ] on 21 November 2008.
	* '''2009:''' Establishment of ].		* '''2009:''' Establishment of ].
	* '''2013:''' ]		* '''2013:''' ]
			* '''2016:''' ] by ]<ref name=Kinney1-10>{{Cite journal\|last=Kinney\|first=Drew H.\|year=2016\|title=Civilian Actors in the Turkish Military Drama of July 2016\|url=http://www.emgr.unic.ac.cy/wp-content/uploads/EMPN_10.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011081541/http://www.emgr.unic.ac.cy/wp-content/uploads/EMPN_10.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2017-10-11\|journal=Eastern Mediterranean Policy Note\|volume=10\|pages=1–10}}</ref>
	* '''2016:''' ] by ]

	== Books ==
	] showing the march of ] to ].]]		] showing the march of ] to ].]]

			==Notes==
			{{notelist}}

	=== Turkish books ===		=== Turkish books ===

	* İbrahim Kafesoğlu, ''Türk Millî Kültürü'', Ankara, 1983.		* İbrahim Kafesoğlu, ''Türk Millî Kültürü'', Ankara, 1983.
	* Zeki. Velidi Togan, ''Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş'', İstanbul, 1970.		* Zeki. Velidi Togan, ''Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş'', İstanbul, 1970.
Line 630:		Line 512:

	=== English and foreign books ===		=== English and foreign books ===

	* R. Grousset, ''L'Empire des steppes'', Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)		* R. Grousset, ''L'Empire des steppes'', Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
	* DE. Guignes, ''Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols'', Paris, 1756.		* DE. Guignes, ''Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols'', Paris, 1756.
Line 644:		Line 525:
	* Hammer-Purgstall, Von, ''Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours'', Paris, 1835.		* Hammer-Purgstall, Von, ''Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours'', Paris, 1835.
	* H.H. Howorth, ''History of the Mongols'', Londra, 1876.		* H.H. Howorth, ''History of the Mongols'', Londra, 1876.
	* Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi - Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004		* Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

	== See also ==		== See also ==
			* '']''
	* ]		* ]
	* ]

	==References==		==References==
Line 655:		Line 536:
	== Sources ==		== Sources ==
	* {{cite book \|last=Adas \|first=Michael \|year=2001 \|title=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History \|publisher=American Historical Association/Temple University Press}}		* {{cite book \|last=Adas \|first=Michael \|year=2001 \|title=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History \|publisher=American Historical Association/Temple University Press}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Bailey \|first=Harold W. \|author-link=Harold Walter Bailey \|year=1985 \|title=Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts'', VII \|url=https://archive.org/details/EtymologyOfXiongnuNamesByTheLateH.w.Bailey \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|jstor=312539 \|access-date=30 May 2015 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Bailey \|first=Harold W. \|author-link=Harold Walter Bailey \|year=1985 \|title=Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts, VII \|url=https://archive.org/details/EtymologyOfXiongnuNamesByTheLateH.w.Bailey \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|jstor=312539 \|access-date=30 May 2015 }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Beckwith \|first=Christopher I. \|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith \|date=16 March 2009 \|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC \|publisher=] \|isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 \|access-date=30 May 2015 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Beckwith \|first=Christopher I. \|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith \|date=16 March 2009 \|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC \|publisher=] \|isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 \|access-date=30 May 2015 }}
			* {{cite book \|last=Christian \|first=David \|title=A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia \|volume=1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire \|publisher=Blackwell \|year=1998}}
			* {{cite book \|title=Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) \|volume=1 \|chapter=Oghuz, Pechenegs, and Cumans: Nomads of Medieval Eastern Europe? \|pages=152–178 \|first=Florin \|last=Curta \|publisher=Brill \|year=2019 }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Di Cosmo \|first=Nicola \|year=2004 \|title=Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History \|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} (First paperback edition)		* {{cite book \|last=Di Cosmo \|first=Nicola \|year=2004 \|title=Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History \|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} (First paperback edition)
	* {{cite journal\|last=Geng\|first=Shimin \|journal=Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi\|script-title=zh:阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨\|trans-title=On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language\|script-journal=zh:语言与翻译（汉文版）\|trans-journal=Language and Translation\|year=2005\|issue=2\|issn=1001-0823\|oclc=123501525\|url=http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-QCode~yyyfy200502001.html\|archive-date=25 February 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225170056/http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-QCode~yyyfy200502001.html}}		* {{cite journal\|last=Geng\|first=Shimin \|journal=Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi\|script-title=zh:阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨\|trans-title=On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language\|script-journal=zh:语言与翻译（汉文版）\|trans-journal=Language and Translation\|year=2005\|issue=2\|issn=1001-0823\|oclc=123501525\|url=http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-QCode~yyyfy200502001.html\|archive-date=25 February 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225170056/http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-QCode~yyyfy200502001.html}}
			* {{cite book \|title=Historical Writing of Early Rus (c. 1000–c. 1400) in a Comparative Perspective \|first=Timofey V. \|last=Guimon \|publisher=Brill \|year=2021 }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Harmatta \|first=János \|author-link=János Harmatta \|chapter=Conclusion \|editor1-last=Harmatta \|editor1-first=János \|editor1-link=János Harmatta \|date=1 January 1994 \|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC \|publisher=] \|pages=485–492 \|isbn=978-9231028465 \|access-date=29 May 2015 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Harmatta \|first=János \|author-link=János Harmatta \|chapter=Conclusion \|editor1-last=Harmatta \|editor1-first=János \|editor1-link=János Harmatta \|date=1 January 1994 \|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC \|publisher=] \|pages=485–492 \|isbn=978-9231028465 \|access-date=29 May 2015 }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Hucker \|first=Charles O. \|year=1975 \|title=China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture \|publisher=Stanford University Press \|isbn=0-8047-2353-2\|quote="The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba)."}}		* {{cite book \|last=Hucker \|first=Charles O. \|year=1975 \|title=China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture \|publisher=Stanford University Press \|isbn=0-8047-2353-2\|quote="The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba)."}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Jankowski \|first=Henryk \|author-link=:pl:Henryk Jankowski (turkolog) \|date=2006 \|title=Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea\|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik , 8: Central Asia; 15. \|publisher=] \|isbn=978-90-04-15433-9 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Jankowski \|first=Henryk \|author-link=:pl:Henryk Jankowski (turkolog) \|date=2006 \|title=Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea\|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik , 8: Central Asia; 15. \|publisher=] \|isbn=978-90-04-15433-9 }}
			* {{Cite journal \|last=Lee \|first=Joo-Yup \|date=2016 \|title=The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 \|journal=Central Asiatic Journal \|volume=59 \|issue=1–2 \|pages=101–132 \|doi=10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 \|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 \|issn=0008-9192}}

	]		]
			]
			]
			]

Latest revision as of 14:12, 11 January 2025

History of the Turkic peoples

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History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century

Turkic peoples

Onogurs
Oghuz Turks
Saragurs
Utigurs
Bulgars
Sabir
Kutrigurs
Karluks
Kimek
Kipchaks
Cherniye Klobuki
Uyghurs
Tatars
Kumyks
Yakuts
Dolgans
Krymchaks
Crimean Karaites

Turkic Languages

Turkish
Azerbaijani
Uzbek
Kazakh
Uyghur
Turkmen
Tatar
Kyrgyz
Bashkir
Chuvash
Qasgqai
Karakalpak
Sakha
Kumyk
Karachay-Balkar
Tuvan
Gagauz
Karaim
Krymchak

Turkic Mythology

Belief system: Tengrism and Shamanism
Chief gods and goddesses: Kayra and Ülgen
Epics and heroes: Ergenekon and Asena
Major concepts: Sheka and Grey wolf

Pre-14th century

Yenisei Kyrgyz People 202 BCE–13th CE
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Dingling 71 BC–?? AD
Tiele (Gaoche)
Göktürks
First Turkic Khaganate 552–581 Western Turkic Khaganate 581–657 (Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis) Eastern Turkic Khaganate 581–650 Second Turkic Khaganate 682–744
Sabiri People
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Kangar Union 659–750
Turk Shahi 665-850
Türgesh Khaganate 699–766
Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 743–1035
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Western Kara-Khanid Eastern Kara-Khanid
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Sultanate of Rum
Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1067–1239
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century
Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1136–1225
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Mamluk dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughlaq dynasty
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Golden Horde 1242–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517
Bahri dynasty
Ottoman State 1299–1922

Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples.

Origins

Turks are an important political identity of Eurasia. They first appeared at Inner Eurasian steppes and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, West Asia, Siberia, and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that Proto-Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of Eurasian equestrian pastoral nomadic culture.

Türk was first used as a political identity in history during the Göktürk Khaganate period. The old Turkic script was invented by Göktürks as well. The ruling Ashina clan origins are disputed.

Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of world history. The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and Western cultures to the East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development (Manichaeism, Judaism, Buddhism, Orthodox, Nestorian Christianity and Islam).

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century BC

240 BC: Great Wall of China started to be built to protect the nation against Inner Asian nomads.
c. 202 BC: Xiongnu chanyu Modu conquered the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射), Dingling (丁零), Gekun (鬲昆), and Xinli (薪犁); The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic-speaking Tiele people, respectively, as Hegu and Xue. The Dingling were also proposed to be early Proto-Turkic people or ancestors of Tungusic speakers among the Shiwei. or related to Na-Dené and Yeniseian speakers,

4th century

395: Migration Period

5th century

461: Sabir people around Siberia
480: Pre-Bulgarians between the Caspian Sea and the Danube

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century

540: The re-emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in the Ergenekon epic
540: Sasanian King of Iran, Hormizd IV, born to a Khazar Princess mother who married Khosrow I
551: Establishment of the First Turkic Khaganate.
552: Göktürks revolt against Rouran domination.
565: Defeat of the Hephthalites on their war with Göktürks.
567 : Western Turkic Khaganate ambassador Maniakh sent by Istämi to Constantinople.
567 : Establishment of the Pannonian Avars.
568: Zemarchus, a Byzantine diplomat, sent to the Göktürks Empire.
582: Separation of the First Turkic Khaganate.

7th century

Central Asia

625 : Establishment of Tokhara Yabghus.
630: Eastern Turkic Khanate came under Chinese domination, Western Turkic Khanate came under Chinese influence.
639: Turkic prince Ashina Jiesheshuai's attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace.
659: Western Turkic Khaganate came under Chinese rule.
665: Establishment of Turk Shahis.
674: The appearance of Turkic mercenaries (Mamluks) in Arab armies.
681: Second Turkic Khaganate established.
699: The establishment of the Turgesh Khanate (in present-day Kyrgyzstan)

Eastern Europe

626–627: Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius' request for help from the Khazars, the Khazars' invasion of the Caucasus by defeating the Sassanids after the Sassanids and Pannonian Avars besieged Constantinople
630: Khazars' settlement in the Don-Volga basin, which was affiliated to the Western Turkic Khaganate, and the establishment of the Great Bulgarian Khanate in the north of the Black Sea.
651–652: War of the Arab Empire and the Khazars, who overthrew the Sassanids and captured all of Iran
678: The division of the Great Bulgarian Khanate by the westward pressure of the Khazars

8th century

Inner Asia

705–715: Arabs take Transoxiana
720–735: Orkhon Monuments in Ötüken
721–737: Turgesh attack against Arabs
744: The destruction of the Second Turkic Khanate by the rebellious Uyghurs, Karluks and Basmyls; Establishment of the Uyghur Khaganate
745: Independent khanate of Kimeks in what is today Kazakhstan
750: The strengthening of Arab-Turkic relations after the Abbasids came to the head of the Arab Empire
751: The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the Karluks in the Battle of Talas, the conversion of the Karluks to Islam
762: Uyghur Khaganate aided Tang dynasty in China in suppressing the An-Lu-Shan uprising
765: Adoption of the Mani religion by the Uyghur Khan Bögü
766: The dissolution of the Türgesh Khanate by the Karluks of the Uyghur Khanate, the establishment of the autonomous Karluk Khanate, the laying of the foundations of the Oghuz Yabgu State by the Oghuzes who escaped from the Karluks and migrated to the vicinity of the Caspian and Aral lakes.
789–795: Fight for the throne and decline in the Uyghur Khaganate

Eastern Europe

705: Theodora of Khazaria, a Khazar princess and Byzantine empress as the second wife of Justinian II
713–737: Khazar-Arab War, Khazar loss of Caucasus
716: The first written agreement of the Danube Bulgarian Khanate with the Byzantine Empire and the start of taxation
717–718: Aid of the Bulgarians to Byzantium against the Arab Siege of Constantinople
740: Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the Khazars
741: Tzitzak, a Khazar princess, Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine V. Mother of Byzantine emperor, Leo IV the Khazar
745–775: Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense
764: Invasion of the Caucasus and western Iran by the Khazars, defeating the Abbasids
780: Founding of Volga Bulgaria
792: After the Battle of Markeli, Byzantium began to pay taxes to the Bulgarians again.
795: Bardanes Tourkos, a Byzantine general of Khazar-Armenian descent who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I

9th century

Central Asia

821: Uighurs repulse Tibetans
832: The Uighur Khaganate plunged into turmoil
840: The collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate as a result of the attack of the Kyrgyz people, the establishment of the Kyrgyz Khaganate, the escape of the Uyghurs to the southwest, the Karluks, who did not recognize the Kyrgyz sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the Karakhanid State.
848: The establishment of the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom of the Uyghurs who migrated to the South West
856: The establishment of the Karahoca Uyghur Kingdom by another Uyghur branch that migrated to the southwest.

Eastern Europe

860: The Russians, who expanded to the south, reached Kiev in the Khazar Khaganate.
861: Migration of Pechenegs around Sri Darya to the north of the Black Sea under the pressure of Oghuzes, Kimeks and Karluks
880: The formation of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation
889: The advance of the Pechenegs in the north of the Black Sea to the west under the pressure of the Khazars and Kipchaks
892: The Pechenegs advancing to the west forced the Hungarians from the Dnieper to migrate beyond the Carpathians, forming an agreement with the Byzantine Empire.

Asia and Africa

833–842: The increasing influence of Turkic slave soldiers in the Abbasid palace during Caliph Mutasim's reign
836: The relocation of the Abbasid capital from Baghdad to Samerra, where the Turkic slave garrison was located
868: Tulunid sovereignty over Egypt, Syria, Palestine and the north of Iraq but still remain within the Abbasid Caliphate

10th century

Central Asia

923: The establishment of the Later Tang dynasty by the Shatuo Turks, descended from the Göktürks, in the north of China
924: The destruction of the Kyrgyz State by the Mongol Khtai, the end of the Turkic rule in Ötüken, the migration of the Kyrgyz to their present homeland.
934: With Satuk Buğra Khan's acceptance of Islam, the Karakhanid State adopt the religion of Islam
979: The Shatuo Turks came under the domination of the Han Chinese Northern Song dynasty, the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come the Ongud Turks. The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.
990–999: The Karakhanid State destroyed the Samanid Empire, Transoxiana came under Turkic rule after 300 years.

Eastern Europe

920: Russo-Pecheneg War
922: Visit of Ibn Fadlan as ambassador to the Bulgarian Khanate of İdil, which converted to Islam
940: Russian-Byzantine alliance against Khazars, Khazars lose Crimea
943: Pechenegs allied with the Russians against the Byzantine Empire
965: Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with the Russians against the Khazars
968–972: Pechenegs' attacks on the Russians
969: The capture of the Khazar capital by the Russian king Svyatoslav I, the withdrawal of the Khazars to the north of the Caucasus
985: Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with the Russians against the Volga Bulgarian State
986: Settlements of the Seljuks in the south of Kazakhstan by breaking away from the Oghuz Yabgu State

Asia and Africa

905: The end of the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt by the Abbasids
935: Another Turkic dynasty, the Ikhshidid dynasty, seized power in Egypt and dominated Syria, Palestine, Hejaz and northern Sudan.
977: Sabuktigin establishs Ghaznavid dynasty in Khorasan(modern-day Afghanistan)
969: Termination of the rule of the Ikhshidid dynasty by the Fatimid State

11th century

1100 KARAKHANID
KHANATE KIEVAN
RUS'CumansPechenegsKyrgyzsFATIMID
CALIPHATE GEORGIA XI XIA JurchenKimeksKHITAN EMPIRE QOCHO GHAZNAVID
EMPIRE CHOLA
EMPIRE WESTERN
CHALUKYAS PAGAN DALI KHMER MALAYU PALA
EMPIRE SELJUK
EMPIRE SONG
DYNASTY SULTANATE
OF RUM GO-
RYEO class=notpageimage| The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.

Central Asia

1030: Ghaznavid Empire reaches to its greatest extent under Mahmud of Ghazni.
1036: The Kansu Uyghur Kingdom came under the rule of the Mongolian Tankut Kingdom.
1042: The division of the Karakhanid State into East and West
1050: The destruction of the Kimek Khanate by the invasion of the Kipchaks
1089: Samarkand-centered Western Karakhanid State entered the Seljuk nationality
1091: The Eastern Karakhanid State, based in Kashgar, became subject to the Seljuks.
1092: As a result of the Great Seljuk State being dragged into internal turmoil, the two Karakhanid states became independent again.

Eastern Europe

1016: The destruction of the Khazar Khaganate by the Russians and the Byzantine Empire
1037: Settlement of Pechenegs defeated by the Russians in Romania
1061–1068: The Kipchaks, who defeated the Russians, captured the north of the Black Sea and Ukraine
1091: After the Battle of Manzikert, the Pechenegs, who attacked the Byzantine Empire, which was in turmoil, were destroyed by the Byzantine-Kipchak alliance around Enez.
1093: Cuman–Kipchak Confederation decisive defeat of the Kievan Rus' at the Battle of the Stuhna River.

Asia

1038: Establishment of the Seljuk State in Khorasan.
1040: In the Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids and spread towards Persia.
1048: The Seljuks, who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at the Battle of Kapetron, entered Eastern Anatolia.
1055: Seljuks conquer Baghdad and seize the Abbasid Caliphate.
1056: Sejuk princess, Khadija Arslan Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Qaim.
1063: Abbasid princess, Sayida Khatun, daughter of Abbasid Caliph Al-Qaim married to the Seljuk Sultan, Tughril I.
1064: Seljuks conquer Ani Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance
1071: The Oghuz Turcomans who have defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert, started settlements at Anatolia.
1071: Sifri Khatun, Seljuk princess, daughter of sultan Alp Arslan married to the Abbasid caliph, Al-Muqtadi.
1072: Establishment of Danishmend Principality in Sivas as subordinate to Great Seljuks
1077: Establishment of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm whose capital is Iznik as subordinate to the Great Seljuks.
1081: The construction of the navy on the Aegean coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the Turkish Naval Forces
1085: Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State.
1087: Mah-i Mulk Khatun, Seljuk princess, daughter of Malik-Shah I married to the Abbasid caliph, Al-Muqtadi. Abbasid and Seljuk Prince, Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was born from this marriage.
1092: As a result of the murder of Sultan Melikşah by the Order of Assassins, the Great Seljuk State was dragged into internal turmoil
1096: The destruction of the pioneers of the First Crusade by the Anatolian Seljuk State in Iznik
1096–1099: As a result of the First Crusade, Iznik and Western Anatolia were taken back by Byzantium, and Crusader statelets were formed on the Syrian and Palestinian coasts.

South Asia

1001–1027: The expeditions of Mahmud of Ghazni, the ruler of the Ghaznavids, in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty and Islam to the north of India
1037–1059: The struggle of the Ghaznavids with the Seljuk Empire resulted into Khorasan and Iran being dominated by the Seljuks
1059: Peace treaty between Ghaznavids and Seljuks
1079–1080: Ghaznavids's defeat of the Ghurid dynasty, which gained power in Afghanistan

12th century

Asia

1100: The Danishmends defeated the Principality of Antakya in Malatya and definitively stopped the Crusaders' advance to Southeastern Anatolia.
1101: The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State and the Danishmends by the Crusaders in Kastamonu and Merzifon
1104: The Great Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders in Harran and blocked their advance to the Euphrates.
1104: Establishment of Börüoğulları Atabey in Damascus
1105–1128: Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in Syria, the resistance of Damascus and Aleppo to the Crusader sieges
1108: Seljuk princess, Ismah Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustazhir.
1124: Seljuk princess, Amira Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustarshid.
1127: Establishment of Zengi Atabeylik in Mosul
1127–1174: The struggle of the Zengid's with the Crusaders
1137: Seljuk princess, Fatimah Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muqtafi.
1140: Abbasid princess, Zubaydah, daughter of Al-Muqtafi married to the Seljuk Sultan, Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud.
1144: The conquest of Urfa by the Zengid's
1144: Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in Erbil
1147–1149: Organized after the fall of Urfa, in the Second Crusade, the Anatolian Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders' German army in Eskişehir and Ladik, the Zengid's repelled the Crusaders' Siege of Damascus
1150: The elimination of the Urfa County, one of the four Crusader states, by the Zengids
1154: Elimination of the Börioğulları Atabey by the Zengids
1158: Abbasid princess, Kerman Khatun, daughter of Al-Muqtafi, married to the Seljuk Sultan, Muhammad II ibn Mahmud and then another Seljuk Sultan, Arslan-Shah.
1173–1178: The Anatolian Seljuk State became the only power in Anatolia by capturing all the lands of the Danishmends.
1174–1183: Salahaddin Ayyubi's Ending Zengid sovereignty in Syria
1176: The defeat of the Byzantines by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the Battle of Myriokephalon, the finalization of the Seljuk sovereignty in Anatolia
1186: Seljuk princess, Seljuki Khatun married to the Abbasid Caliph, al-Nasir.
1190: The invasion of Konya by the German arm of the Crusaders in the Third Crusade, the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in Silifke
1192: Seljuk Sultan, Kaykhusraw I married to Dawlat Raziya Khatun, daughter of Manuel Maurozomes, a Byzantine nobleman.

Iran and Central Asia

1092–1118: Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within the Great Seljuk State
1132: The Mongolian Karahitays started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the Qocho.
1134: Karahitays overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids
1137: Karahitays overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia
1141: The collapse of the Great Seljuk State, which was defeated by the Karahitays in the Battle of Qatwan
1154–1157: Dissolution of the Great Seljuk State after the rebellion of the Oghuzs, the independence of the Khorezmshahs State
1182–1194: The Khwarazmshahs conquered Transoxiana by defeating Iran, Khorasan and Karahitays
1188: The elimination of the Kerman Seljuk State, one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State, by the Oghuzes
1194: The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State, one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State, by the Khwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

1135: The Seljuk army re-entering Ghazni and taxing the Ghaznavids again
1148–1151: Great destruction caused by the Ghurids after capturing Ghazni
1152: Seljuks capture of Ghazni from Ghurids
1157–1163: With the disintegration of the Great Seljuk State, Ghazni and Afghanistan fell back into the hands of the Ghurids.
1186: The conquest of the Ghaznavid State, which continued to dominate Punjab, with Lahore as its capital, caused by the Ghurids.

Eastern Europe

1111–1116: Kipchak tribes defeated by the Russians
1123: Georgians supported by Kipchaks expel Great Seljuks from Tbilisi
1150: The Kipchaks regain their strength in the Dnieper.
1154: The Kipchaks, who repulsed the Russians, re-established their dominance around Kharkiv.
1157–1174: Conflicts between Volga Bulgarian and Russians
1174–1185: Military successes of the Kipchaks against the Russians
1200: The dissolution of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation

13th century

Statue of Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237) in Alanya, Turkey

Asia and the Middle East

1202: The expansion of the Anatolian Seljuk State to Eastern Anatolia by eliminating the Saltuklu Principality
1207: The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Mediterranean with the conquest of Antalya
1214: The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Black Sea with the conquest of Sinop
1228: Elimination of the Mengüçlü Principality by the Anatolian Seljuk State
1230: The Khorezmshahs, who escaped from the Mongol invasion and advanced to Anatolia, were stopped by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the Battle of Yassıçemen
1239: The revolt of Baba İshak weakened the Anatolian Seljuk State.
1243: The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State by the Mongols in the Battle of Kösedağ
1250: The seizure of power by the Turkish-origin Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, putting an end to the Ayyubids
Nureddin Bey laid the foundations of the principality in Karaman
1299: Founding of the Ottoman State

Central Asia

1212: The elimination of the Karakhanids, who ruled in Fergana, by the Khwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

1206: Establishment of Delhi Sultanate by Turkic-origin slave commanders
1236: Delhi Sultanate's dominance of all of northern India, Kashmir and Bangladesh
1290: Turko-Afghan-origin Khalji dynasty seized power in the Delhi Sultanate

14th century

1320–1424: Tughluk Dynasty in Delhi established and ruled most of the India.
1346: The Ottomans entered Europe.
1361: Conquest of Edirne by the Ottomans occurred.
1370: The Salars are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying Amdo Tibetan women during the early Ming dynasty.
1370: Timur's seizure of power, establishment of Timurid Empire.
1382: Tokhtamysh leads the Golden Horde's Army and sets Moscow on fire.
1389: Battle of Kosovo: Ottoman domination in the Balkans
1389–1403: Reign of Bayezid
1398: Timur's military expedition to India

15th century

Asia

1402: Battle of Ankara between Timur and Bayezid I
1406: Re-emergence of Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu people on the stage of history
1453: Conquest of Istanbul by Mehmed the Conqueror
1453–1504: The golden age of the Akkoyunlu state.

Central Asia

1405: Timur's death
1405–1447: Arrival of Shahruh in Herat
1447–1449: Ulugh Beg
1465: Establishment of the Kazakh Khanate

Eastern Europe

1430: Crimean Khanate formed
1445: Establishment of the Khanate of Kazan
1462–1505: Astrakhan Khanate, Kazakh khanate created
1473: Sultan Husayn Bayqara: Timurid Renaissance

Modern era (1500 AD – present)

16th century

Eastern Europe

1502: The Crimean Khanate's destruction of the Golden Horde state
1552: Russia's annexation of the Kazan Khanate
1556: The annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate by Russia
1557: Russia's annexation of the Nogai Khanate
1571: Crimean Khanate burns Moscow
1580–1598: Russia's elimination of the Siberian Khanate

Central Asia

1500: Muhammed Shaybani and Uzbeks in Transoxiana
1510: The defeat of Muhammed Shaybani by Shah Ismail

Asia

1502: Ismail's establishment of the Safavid dynasty in Iran
1514: The Battle of Çaldıran, the settlement of the Ottomans in Eastern Anatolia
1516: Battle of Ridaniye, Ottomans taking Syria and Palestine from the Mamluk State
1517: Ottoman domination in Hijaz
1534: Ottomans taking Iraq from Safavids
1538: Ottoman domination in Yemen
1551: Ottoman rule reaching Qatar and Oman
1578: Ottomans reaching the Caspian Sea
1590: Ottoman conquest of the entire Caucasus and Western Iran

South Asia

1526: Establishment of the Mughal Empire

Africa

1516: Establishment of Ottoman administration in Algeria
1516–1517: The Ottomans' destruction of the Mamluk State, Ottoman domination in Egypt
1551: Beginning of Ottoman rule in Libya
1557: Establishment of the Abyssinian Province by the Ottomans
1574: Beginning of Ottoman rule in Tunisia
1577: The spread of Ottoman rule in Fezzan
1576–1580: Ottoman influence in Morocco

17th century

Eastern Europe

1600: The defeat of the Siberian Khanate.
1606: The Treaty of Zitvatorok, which symbolized the Ottoman Empire's peak
1683: Siege of Vienna by the Ottomans.
1699: Treaty of Karlowitz. The decline of the Ottomans.

Asia

Central Asia

1605: Russian invasion of Yenisey
1615–1650: The struggle of the Yenisei Kyrgyz people against the Russians
1620: Russia's annexation of Yakut lands
1628: Dolgan's domination by Russia
1628–1630: Another Mongolian tribe, the Kalmyks, who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols, trampled on Kazakhstan and settled in the Volga region.
1634–1642: Russia's suppression of the Yakut revolts
1639: Russia's Reaching the Pacific Ocean
1680: Mongol capture East Turkestan, end of Chagatai Khanate

South Asia

1628–1658: Shah Jahan, emperor of India.
1658–1707: Aurangzeb, emperor of India.

18th century

Eastern Europe

1742–1775: Pugachev War in Russia (Tatar uprising)
1783: Annexation of Crimea by the Russians.

Asia

1717–1730: Tulip Era of the Ottomans.
1736–1747: Nader Shah of Turkoman origin established Afsharid Empire, owning the identity of Turkic Afshar tribes.
1794: Qajar dynasty founded in Iran by a Turk.

Central Asia

1709: Establishment of Kokand Khanate
1709–1718: The Dzungarian-Kazakh Khanate Conflict
1718: The division of the Kazakh Khanate into three kingdoms.
1721: Russia's annexation of Khakassia
1731: The minor part of the Kazakh Khanate came under Russian protection.
1740–1747: Iranian domination in the Khiva Khanate
1755–1759: The Manchu Dynasty, which took over the administration in China, seized East Turkestan which was in the hands of the Dzungarians
1755: Tuva under the rule of the Manchu Dynasty, which seized power in China
1756: Russia's capture of the Altai region
1785: Manghud's takeover of the Bukhara Khanate

Africa

1705: The Huseyni Dynasty appointed in Tunisia, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire
1798–1799: Egypt expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte. Turkish-French conflicts.

19th century

Eastern Europe

1829: Greece's independence
1878: Treaty of Berlin, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania gaining their independence, Bulgaria gaining autonomy
1881: Greek annexation of Thessaly
1881: Atatürk's birth
1885: Bulgaria's annexation of Eastern Rumelia
1813: Russia's annexation of Dagestan and Azerbaijan
1827: Russian domination of the Balkars
1828: Karachays' entry into Russian domination
1828: Russia's annexation of Yerevan and Nakhchivan
1829: Russia's annexation of Akhaltsikhe
1839: Tanzimat Edict in the Ottoman Empire
1876: The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire legislated.

Central Asia

1820: The Great Juz of the Kazakh Khanate came under the rule of the Kokand Khanate
1847: The lands of the Kazakh Khanate completely passed into the hands of Russia
1851–1854: The defeat of the Khiva Khanate to the Russians
1864: The start of Russian expeditions to West Turkestan
1865: Establishment of Kashgar Khanate in East Turkestan
1866: The Emirate of Bukhara came under Russian rule
1868: The Kokand Khanate came under Russian rule
1871: Russian occupation of Lake Balkhash
1873: The Khiva Khanate came under Russian rule
1876: Russia's annexation of the Khanate of Kokand
1877–1878: China's elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar
1881–1884: Russia's annexation of Turkmenistan

South Asia

1805: The Mughal State came under the auspices of the British who defeated the Maratha Confederation
1857: The British overthrow the Mughal State

Africa

1807: British abolish slave trade, Royal Navy patrol around Africa to intercept slave ships
1822: Sudan's entry into Ottoman rule
1830–1842: French invasion of Algeria
1831–1840: Ottoman-Egyptian struggle, Egypt gaining autonomy
1869: Opening of the Suez Canal
1881: Second French invasion of Algeria
1882: British invasion of Egypt
1885: Italian invasion of Habesh
1885: End of Turkish rule in Sudan
1888: British invasion of Somalia, end of Turkish presence in Horn of Africa

20th century

1905: Beginning of Jadidism movements.
1910–1920: Alash Horda Government of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz
1911–1912: Invasion of Tripoli by Italy
1912: Balkan wars
1915–1916: Gallipoli campaign
1917: Turkistan's declaration of autonomy
1918: The Armistice of Mudros was signed between Turkey and the Allied Powers.
1918: Establishment of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
1919–1922: The Turkish War of Independence took place.
1919–1928: Basmachi Uprising against the Soviet Union
1921–1944: Tuvan People's Republic
1922: Turkish victory over Greeks
1923: Turkey proclaimed to be a Republic
1932–1934: East Turkestan Islamic Republic of Uyghurs in China
1938: Ataturk's death
1944: Short-lived East Turkestan Republic established with the help of the Russian army
1945: formation of the autonomous government of South Azerbaijan by Pishevari "Tabriz , Ardebil , Urmia , Zanjan , Qəzvin"
1946: The killing of the Turkic nation of South Azerbaijan by the Pahlavi regime
1971: European withdrawal from Central Asia
1974: Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1983: The declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
1988: The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict
1990: Soviet invasion of Baku
1991: The collapse of the USSR and themergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States
1992: Admission of the CIS Turkic republics to the UN:
- Kazakhstan
- Uzbekistan
- Azerbaijan
- Turkmenistan
- Kyrgyzstan
1992: The first Turkic Speaking Countries Summit was held in Ankara on 30 October 1992.
1993: The occupation of a region of Azerbaijan by the Armenians.
1993: In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in Almaty, which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.
1993: The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.

21st century

2005: Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan.
2005: Kazakh leader Nursultan Nazarbayev's proposal to establish a common market in Central Asia in his address to the nation.
2005: Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan
2006: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline put into service.
2007: The first meeting of riparian countries to determine the status of the Caspian Sea.
2008: Establishment of the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries between Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on 21 November 2008.
2009: Establishment of Organization of Turkic States.
2013: Gezi Park protests
2016: Turkish coup attempt by Peace at Home Council

Notes

Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g. Weishu 100, Suishu 84, Jiu Tangshu 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking Khitans; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the Mongols
Curta states "The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II, grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk."

Turkish books

İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books

R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

References

Johanson, Lars, ed. (2021), "Historical Backgrounds", Turkic, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–142, doi:10.1017/9781139016704.006, ISBN 978-0-521-86535-7, S2CID 265386317, retrieved 2022-07-16
West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 829. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
Christian 1998, p. 249.
Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Vol. 110 "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國，……。" translation: "Later in the North subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. It was when the Han had just stabilized the Central Region, . "
Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99
Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.
Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.
Hyun Jin Kim: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176.
Peter B. Golden: Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples in Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140
Xu (2005) p. 175-176, 184
Xin Tangshu vol. 219 "Shiwei" txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."
Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."
Werner, Heinrich Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004 abstract. p. 25
"Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi". Story and History (in Turkish). 18 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
Kubik, Adam (2008). "The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets, Historia i Świat nr 7/2018, 141–156". Histïria I Swiat. 7: 151.
Song Lian et al., History of Yuan, "Vol. 118" "阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the Wild Goose Pass's Shatuo
Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
Аристов Н. А. (2003). Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен (PDF). Бишкек: Илим. p. 103. ISBN 5-8355-1297-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
Очир А. (2016). Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов (PDF). Элиста: КИГИ РАН. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization" The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, ISBN 975-6782-56-0
Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
Curta 2019, p. 176.
Guimon 2021, p. 362.
Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (2016). "Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1): 88. doi:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003. S2CID 146919944. hal-03427697.
Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (23 October 2023). "Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 3 (1): 85. doi:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003. S2CID 146919944.
Sandman, Erika. A Grammar of Wutun (PDF) (PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.
Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.). "The Salar Khazui System". Central Asiatic Journal. 43–44. Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212.
Kinney, Drew H. (2016). "Civilian Actors in the Turkish Military Drama of July 2016" (PDF). Eastern Mediterranean Policy Note. 10: 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11.

Sources

Adas, Michael (2001). Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. American Historical Association/Temple University Press.
Bailey, Harold W. (1985). Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts, VII. Cambridge University Press. JSTOR 312539. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Christian, David (1998). A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Blackwell.
Curta, Florin (2019). "Oghuz, Pechenegs, and Cumans: Nomads of Medieval Eastern Europe?". Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 152–178.
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. (First paperback edition)
Geng, Shimin (2005). 阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨 [On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language]. Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi 语言与翻译（汉文版） [Language and Translation] (2). ISSN 1001-0823. OCLC 123501525. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
Guimon, Timofey V. (2021). Historical Writing of Early Rus (c. 1000–c. 1400) in a Comparative Perspective. Brill.
Harmatta, János (1 January 1994). "Conclusion". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. pp. 485–492. ISBN 978-9231028465. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2353-2. The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba).
Jankowski, Henryk (2006). Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. Handbuch der Orientalistik , 8: Central Asia; 15. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15433-9.
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal. 59 (1–2): 101–132. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101. ISSN 0008-9192. JSTOR 10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101.

Categories:

Latest revision as of 14:12, 11 January 2025

Origins

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century BC

4th century

5th century

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century

7th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

8th century

Inner Asia

Eastern Europe

9th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia and Africa

10th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia and Africa

11th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia

South Asia

12th century

Asia

Iran and Central Asia

South Asia

Eastern Europe

13th century

Asia and the Middle East

Central Asia

South Asia

14th century

15th century

Asia

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Modern era (1500 AD – present)

16th century

Eastern Europe

Central Asia

Asia

South Asia

Africa

17th century

Eastern Europe

Asia

Central Asia

South Asia

18th century

Eastern Europe

Asia

Central Asia

Africa

19th century

Eastern Europe

Central Asia

South Asia

Africa

20th century

21st century

Notes

Turkish books

English and foreign books

See also

References

Sources