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			{{Short description\|Love and attachment to one's country}}
	'''Patriotism''' is a feeling of love and devotion to one's own homeland (''patria,'' the land of one's fathers). This article surveys the concept of patriotism from the viewpoints of history, politics, ethics, and biology.
			{{otheruses}}
	], Paris, 1814]]
			{{Distinguish\|Nationalism}}
			{{Globalize\|article\|West\|date=July 2020}}
			{{Use British English\|date=November 2013}}
			] of patriotism in the ] in ] (1840), by sculptor Francisco Pérez del Valle]]
			{{Nationalism sidebar\|core}}

			'''Patriotism''' is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to ], mostly ] and sometimes ].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book\|url= https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000chis\|url-access=registration \|title= Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment \|author= Harvey Chisick \|date= 2005-02-10\|publisher= Scarecrow Press \|access-date= 2013-11-03\|isbn= 9780810865488 }}</ref>{{page needed\|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{multiref2
	==Patriotic acts==
			\|1={{cite web\|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ \|title= Nationalism \|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\|date=2020-09-02\|first=Nenad\|last=Miscevic \|access-date= 2013-11-03}}
	Generally, any selfless act that directly benefits the nation is considered patriotic. Perhaps the clearest example is the act of risking death in battle. However, many other less dramatic beneficial acts, such as performing the backup work needed to keep a military force functioning, or looking out for the morale of soldiers, are also considered patriotic.
			\|2={{cite web\|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/patriotism/ \|title= Patriotism \|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy \|date=2020-12-16 \|first=Igor\|last=Primoratz\|access-date= 2013-11-03}} }}</ref>

			== Terminology and usage ==
	In addition, ''symbolic'' acts are also often considered to be patriotic. Such acts would include displaying the national flag, singing the national anthem, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic ] on one's vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming one’s allegiance to the nation.
			An excess of patriotism is called '']''; another related term is '']''.

			The ] word "patriot" derived from "compatriot", in the 1590s, from ] {{lang\|frm\|patriote}} in the 15th century. The French word's {{lang\|fr\|compatriote}} and {{lang\|fr\|patriote}} originated directly from Late Latin {{lang\|la\|patriota}} "fellow-countryman" in the 6th century. From ] {{transliteration\|grc\|patriotes}} "fellow countryman", from {{transliteration\|grc\|patrios}} "of one's fathers", {{transliteration\|grc\|patris}} "fatherland". The term ''patriot'' was "applied to barbarians who were perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive and who had only a common Patris or fatherland." The original European meaning of ''patriots'' applied to anyone who was a fellow countryman regardless of the socio-economic status.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kemiläinen \|first=Aira \|year=1989 \|title=The idea of patriotism during the first years of the French Revolution \|journal=History of European Ideas \|volume=11 \|issue=1–6 \|pages=11–19 \|doi=10.1016/0191-6599(89)90193-9}}</ref>
	The line between the two kinds of patriotic act is blurred by the fact that some people feel that in committing an act of symbolic patriotism, they are raising the determination or morale of their fellow citizens, who then will be more likely or able to commit acts that benefit the nation directly.

			==History==
	Levels of patriotism vary across time and among nations. Typically, patriotic acts and feelings are greater during ] or when the nation is otherwise under external threat. It is less well understood why nations vary in their levels of patriotic feeling. Among modern societies, many have observed a difference between the ], where symbolic patriotic expression is ubiquitous, and the nations of Western Europe, where symbolic patriotic expression certainly exists but plays a less important role. Various theories have been advanced, often related to the relative ages of the countries, and the historical perspective of European countries given the violent ] they experienced in the 20th century.
			] during World War I]]
			] recruitment poster (1917)]]
			The notions of ] and group dedication can be found in cultures globally throughout history.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Patriotism – 401 Words \|url=https://www.studymode.com/essays/Patriotism-55662260.html\|url-access=subscription \|access-date=2023-02-06 \|website=Studymode}}</ref>{{better source needed\|date=July 2023}} For ] thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the ]. It was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools since their {{lang\|fr\|patrie}} was heaven, so they could not inspire a love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this notion of patriotism was ].<ref name="books.google.com"/>{{page needed\|date=August 2023}}

			Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excess of patriotism. In 1774, ] published ''The Patriot'', a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel".<ref>{{Citation\|last=Boswell\|first=James\|author-link=James Boswell\|title=The Life of Samuel Johnson\|title-link=Life of Samuel Johnson\|year=1791\|publisher=The Modern Library\|location=New York\|isbn=\|page=}}</ref> ], who reported this comment in his '']'', does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking a false use of "patriotism" by contemporaries such as ] (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favor of what he considered "true" patriotism.<ref name="Griffin p. 21">{{Citation\|last=Griffin\|first=Dustin\|title=Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|location=Cambridge\|year=2005\|isbn=978-0-521-00959-1}}</ref> However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself.{{citation needed\|date=October 2023}}
	The types of acts considered patriotic depend very much on ones point of view. Acts that one person considers patriotic may appear treasonous to another. For example, both soldiers and war resisters may consider their actions driven by a love of their country and a desire to see the greatest good for it, while at the same time seeing the others' actions as damaging and unpatriotic.

			==Cultural aspects==
	== The ethics of patriotism ==
			{{See also\|Cultural nationalism}}
	]
	Different people have different opinions about whether patriotism is morally good. Often, these opinions vary according to what sort of patriotism is involved.

			Many patriotic people take pride in sharing a distinct, common culture, believing it to be central to their ] and unity. Many are devoted to the preservation of their traditional culture and encourage ] by people from other cultures. However, some of the more ] forms of patriotism tend to de-emphasize ethnic culture in favor of a shared ].<ref>{{multiref2
	Some instances of patriotism induce almost universal admiration. To give just one of many possible examples, in ], a number of Dutch soldiers gave their lives in a hopeless cause attempting to defend the ] from invading ] armies. This act would be considered by almost everyone to be a clear case of selfless, admirable patriotism.
			\|1={{cite encyclopedia \|title=Patriotism \|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica \|last=Baumeister \|first=Andrea \|date=4 July 2023 \|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. \|location=United States \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriotism-sociology }}
			\|2={{cite journal \|last=Schmidt \|first=Royal J. \|year=1956 \|title=Cultural Nationalism in Herder \|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas \|volume=17 \|issue=3 \|pages=407–417 \|doi=10.2307/2707552\|jstor=2707552 }} }}</ref>

			==Philosophical issues==
	Yet many of the invading Nazi soldiers doubtless felt, too, that they were engaged in a patriotic act, in this case on behalf of the ] nation. Many of them had been indoctrinated in a form of unquestioning patriotism during their teenage years, while they were members of the ]. Very few people today, even in Germany, would consider the unprovoked German attack on Holland to have been justified, and to the extent that patriotism facilitated it, then patriotism could be considered, in this case, a bad thing. Throughout history, various governments have invoked patriotic feelings to support military aggression, arbitrary imprisonment of aliens, and even murder, acts considered evil by most individuals.
			Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a ] (a ] or even a ]). This is the opposite of the ] demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar and opposed forces. ] and ] both argued that the difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the one doing the labeling.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Billig\|first=Michael\|title=Banal Nationalism\|title-link=Banal Nationalism\|location=London\|publisher=Sage Publishers\|year=1995\|pages=56–58}}</ref>

			], professor of ] at ], says a popular view of the "patriotist" position is robust obligations to compatriots and only minimal ] responsibilities to foreigners.<ref name="LRRECS">{{Cite book\|title=Liberal Rights and Responsibilities: Essays on Citizenship and Sovereignty\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ\|url-access=limited\|first=Christopher Heath\|last=Wellman\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York\|year=2014\|pages=, \|isbn=9780199982189}}</ref> Wellman calls this position "patriotist" rather than "nationalist" to single out the members of territorial, political units rather than cultural groups.<ref name="LRRECS"/>
	In addition, many politicians have exploited patriotism in attacking their opponents, accusing them of betraying the nation. In the view of many, the nature of these comments harm political discussion and provide less opportunity for ] to flourish, because it appeals only to a visceral negative emotion (that is, angry patriotism), rather than to voters’ reasoned views on policy.

			], in his influential essay '']'', distinguished patriotism from the related concept of ]:
	A commonly cited example of the danger inherent in the political exploitation of patriotism is the case of ], who rose to power (terminating democracy in Germany for many years) in part by accusing the existing government of ] for having signed the armistice that ended the ]. (See ].)

			<blockquote>By 'patriotism' I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, ''not'' for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Orwell\|first=George\|chapter=Notes on Nationalism\|title=Essays\|year=1994\|publisher=Penguin\|location=New York\|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinessaysofg0000orwe\|url-access=registration\|pages=\|isbn=9780140188035 }}</ref></blockquote>
	=== Patriotism distinguished from selflessness ===

			=== Opposition ===
	It can often be difficult to determine whether in admiring a particular act of patriotism, we are admiring patriotism itself, or rather the selflessness that patriotism often inspires. Returning to an example given above (the German invasion of Holland), we can ask whether any particular self-sacrificing Dutch soldier ''actually experienced the emotion of patriotism'' (that is, devotion to the Dutch national state) while he fought. It is possible that some of these soldiers fought because they hated ], because they did not want to appear to be cowards, or because they felt that a soldier always ought to do his duty.
			{{Main\|Anti-patriotism}}
			] stated that "It is lamentable, that to be a good patriot one must become the enemy of the rest of mankind."<ref>{{cite book\|author=Voltaire\|chapter=Country\|title=A Philosophical Dictionary\|title-link=Dictionnaire philosophique\|volume=II\|year=1824\|orig-year=1764\|location=London\|publisher=John & H.L. Hunt\|page=327}}</ref> ] wrote that "The cheapest sort of pride is national pride; for if a man is proud of his own nation, it argues that he has no qualities of his own of which a person can be proud."<ref>{{cite book\|last=Schopenhauer\|first=Arthur\|chapter=The Wisdom of Life\|title=The Wisdom of Life, and Other Essays\|location=London\|publisher=M. Walter Dunne\|translator-first1=Bailey\|translator-last1=Saunders\|translator-first2=Ernest Belfort\|translator-last2=Bax\|series=Universal Classics Library\|orig-year=1851\|year=1901\|url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho\|url-access=registration\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho/page/n22/mode/1up\|chapter-url-access=registration\|page=}}</ref>

			], a famous Japanese ] of the late 19th/early 20th century, devoted a large section of his widely read ''Imperialism, Monster of the Twentieth Century'' to a condemnation of patriotism.<ref name=Tierney>{{cite book\|translator-last=Tierney\|translator-first=Robert\|title=Imperialism: Monster of the Twentieth Century\|first=Shūsui\|last=Kōtoku\|year=1901\|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/shusui-kotoku-imperialism}}</ref>{{rp\|5}} One of the many arguments is based on the ] value of empathy: "I am as convinced as ] that any man would rush without hesitation to rescue a child who was about to fall into a well... A human being moved by such selfless love and charity does not pause to think whether the child is a family member or a close relative. When he rescues the child from danger, he does not even ask himself whether the child is his own or belongs to another."{{r\|Tierney\|page=143}} Patriotism is used to dehumanize others whom we would naturally have empathy for. He argues, "atriotism is a discriminating and arbitrary sentiment confined to those who belong to a single nation-state or live together within common national borders",{{r\|Tierney\|page=59}} a sentiment cultivated and used by militarists in their drive for war.
	It seems possible, in fact, that there are two meanings for the phrase “patriotic act”. In the broad sense, a patriotic act is any selfless act that benefits the nation, irrespective of motivation; in the narrow sense, a patriotic act is a selfless act that is specifically motivated by patriotic feelings.

			] have taken various stances regarding patriotism. On one hand, ] famously stated that "The working men have no country"<ref>{{cite book\|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm \|title=Manifesto of the Communist Party\|year=1848\|chapter=II. Proletarians and Communists \|publisher=Marxists.org \|access-date=2013-11-03}}</ref> and that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause to vanish still faster." The same view is promoted by present-day ] such as ], who is "in favor of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth."<ref>{{cite web\|title=Alan Woods outlines the resistance to capitalism at Montreal's Concordia University\|first=Isa\|last=Al-Jaza'iri\|date=2 November 2012\|url=https://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210133415/http://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm\|archive-date=December 10, 2014\|website=In Defence of Marxism}}</ref> On the other hand, ] and ] are usually in favor of ] based on the theory of ].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Motyl\|first=Alexander J.\|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl\|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II\|year=2001\|publisher=Academic Press\|isbn=978-0-12-227230-1}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=August 2023}}
	Returning to the Dutch example one more time, we can imagine two soldiers, equally brave and self-sacrificing. The first soldier is motivated by a narrow-minded, chauvinistic preference for all things Dutch. The second cares nothing for the Dutch nation as such, but has carefully studied Fascism and has a deep commitment to save the world from its perceived evils. Many people might well admire the second soldier more than the first, even though he could be considered the less patriotic of the two.

			Against ] arguments in favour of national patriotism, ] wrote that such a concept was - for most of human history - "so remote from the real experience of most human beings".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hobsbawm \|first=Eric \| title=Nations and nationalism since 1780 \|edition=2nd \|year=1992 \|page=46}}</ref>
	=== Patriotism vs. universal brotherhood ===

			] oppose patriotism.<ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Primoratz \|first1=Igor \|title=Philosophical and Political Perspectives \|last2=Pavkovic \|first2=Aleksandar \|editor-first1=Aleksandar \|editor-last1=Pavkovic \|year=2016 \|doi=10.4324/9781315599724\|isbn=9781317083177 }}</ref> This was exemplified by ], who stated: <blockquote>Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves better, nobler, grander, and more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living in that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in an attempt to impose his superiority upon all the others.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Goldman\|first=Emma\|title=Patriotism: a menace to liberty \|year=1917\|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-patriotism-a-menace-to-liberty \|access-date=2022-12-21 \|website=The Anarchist Library \|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>
	The example illustrates the point that patriotism embodies two things: selflessness, which virtually everyone admires, plus a belief that we owe a greater allegiance to our fellow citizens than to foreigners. It is the latter ingredient of patriotism that is controversial. Some people oppose the concept of a universal human community to patriotism, as expressed for instance in the idealistic phrase "Alle Menschen werden Brüder" ("all people become brothers") sung in ]’s ].

			===Region-specific issues===
	The question of whether we are ''more'' like brothers with our countrymen than with other people arises constantly in practical life. For instance, immigration laws are based on the principle that the citizens of a country, merely by accident of birth, have an automatic entitlement to live in it, but foreigners do not. Little consensus currently exists about how, in formulating policies, we should weigh loyalties within a nation against loyalties to all of our fellow humans.
			In the ], thinkers such as ] have advocated a "]", but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the ] and more often than not coincides with "]".<ref>{{cite magazine \|last1=Grygiel \|first1=Jakub \|title=The Return of Europe's Nation-States \|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/return-europes-nation-states\|url-access=subscription \|website=Foreign Affairs Magazine \|date=3 October 2016 \|publisher=Hein Company \|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

			==Surveys==
	In his article "Is patriotism a virtue?" (1984), the philosopher ] addresses this question in a particularly subtle way. He first notes that most contemporary conceptions of morality insist on a kind of impartial blindness to accidental traits like national origin in the just treatment of our fellow humans—and therefore, that patriotism is inevitably ''not'' moral under these conceptions. MacIntyre goes on, however, to construct a sophisticated alternative conception of morality that would be compatible with patriotism.
			Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism, such as the ] project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time-dependent. For example, according to the project, patriotism in ] before ] ranked at or near the top {{Compared to?\|date=July 2023}}. According to a study by the Identity Foundation, 60% of ] were proud of their country in 2009.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161005112907/http://www.identity-foundation.de/images/stories/downloads/Studie_Deutsch-Sein_final_klein.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=August 2024}}</ref> According to ], the figure was as high as 83%.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Stolz Deutscher zu sein \|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/6573/umfrage/stolz-deutscher-zu-sein/ \|access-date=2024-06-03 \|website=Statista \|language=de}}</ref> In a 2020 ] survey, 53% of participants surveyed in Germany said they were proud of their country, the highest figure among the nations surveyed (] (45 %), ] (41 %), ] (39 %)).<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Silver \|first1=Laura \|last2=Fagan \|first2=Moira \|last3=Connaughton \|first3=Aidan \|last4=Mordecai \|first4=Mara \|date=2021-05-05 \|title=5. National pride and shame \|work=Views About National Identity Becoming More Inclusive in U.S., Western Europe \|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/05/05/5-national-pride-and-shame/ \|access-date=2024-06-03 \|publisher=Pew Research Center \|language=en-US}}</ref>

			{{Asof\|since=y\|1981}}, the ] polls for national values and beliefs. The survey includes the question "Are you proud to be ?"; the answers to which range from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud). They then use the average answer given to create comparisons between not only nations but also high and low income citizens.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Morse \|first1=Adair\|last2=Shive\|first2=Sophie Anne \|title=Patriotism in Your Portfolio \|journal=Journal of Financial Markets \|volume=14 \|issue=2 \|pages=411–40 \|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/35931\|doi=10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125010752/http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/adair.morse/research/nat080211.pdf \|archive-date=November 25, 2011 \|year=2011 \|hdl=2027.42/35931 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
	=== Patriotism for other countries? ===

			In 2022, U.S. adults who said they were "extremely proud" to be an American hit an all-time low, according to a ] poll.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Brenan \|first=Megan \|date=2023-06-29 \|title=Extreme Pride in Being American Remains Near Record Low \|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/507980/extreme-pride-american-remains-near-record-low.aspx \|access-date=2023-06-29 \|website=Gallup.com \|language=en}}</ref>
	History includes many cases of individuals who acted with impassioned selflessness on behalf of countries not their own. For example, the ] was a Frenchman who fought for the independence of the thirteen British colonies in America. The "Philhellenes," western Europeans who fought in the ], are another example; as are the Americans who fought on the Allied side before the entry of their country into the ]. Such cases call into question what we mean by "patriotism": for instance, was Lafayette an American patriot, or the Philhellenes Greek patriots?

	Alasdair MacIntyre would claim that they were not; that these and similar cases are instances of ], but not of patriotism. Under this view, Lafayette was only devoted to the ideals of political liberty that underlay the American Revolution, but was not specifically patriotic for America. For MacIntyre, patriotism by definition can only be a preference for one's ''own'' country, not a preference for the ideals that a country is believed to stand for.

	The opposite view is also widely held: for instance, many Americans who profess to be patriots would claim that their patriotism is not an ''arbitrary'' preference for America, but is rather is based on special virtues (for instance, "freedom"), that are specially, perhaps uniquely, possessed by America. Presumably, for such individuals, it would be quite coherent to claim that Lafayette was an American patriot, since he fought on behalf of (what are held to be) American virtues.

	== Patriotism and kin selection ==

	Why do so many people experience intense patriotic feelings? One explanation that has been proposed is that such feelings result, in the long run, from ]. Our ancestors certainly lived in small groups of genetically related individuals. Feelings of intense loyalty to one's own group might have led individuals to take actions that were poorly justified on grounds of self-interest, but helped the group as a whole. Since genes tended to be shared by the entire group, and cooperation likely was critical to group survival, a propensity to experience feelings of loyalty to the group was probably favored by ]. This idea was expressed by ] in 1871 as follows:

	:A tribe including many members who, from possessing in a high degree the spirit of patriotism, fidelity, obedience, courage, and sympathy, were always ready to aid one another, and to sacrifice themselves for the common good, would be victorious over most other tribes; and this would be natural selection.

	Since Darwin’s time, evidence for kin selection has been observed among many species that live in small groups. Frequently, animals in such species have been observed taking actions that risk their own lives but benefit the safety of the group as a whole (an example is the issuance of a warning call against predators, an act which directs the predator’s attention to the individual who gave it). Moreover, it is documented that the members of such groups typically are indeed related, and thus share a tacit interest in the long-term success of each other’s genetic endowment.

	Today, of course, the feelings of intense patriotism that grip (for example) many Americans cannot possibly be supported in the evolutionary sense by kin selection, since Americans form a huge and genetically very diverse population. Yet the forces believed to have created human nature, and hence these feelings, were in effect over a period of many millennia, during which time all human societies were very small. Evidently, there was nothing to stop the feeling of group loyalty from carrying over, without biological purpose, from small groups to large.

	The political rhetoric associated with patriotism often compares the nation to a family, as in, for instance, the terms “Fatherland,” “Mother Russia,” or the patriotic words ] places in the mouth of ]:

	:“We few, we happy few, we band of brothers”

	In the kin-selection account of patriotism, this kind of metaphor might be viewed as seeking to focus the natural feelings people have towards kin onto the nation as a whole.

	The kin selection theory of patriotism is not universally accepted, and the following paragraphs list some alternative points of view.

	Among biologists, some believe that the quantitative conditions needed to make kin selection effective in small human societies were not met. The controversy hinges on what numerical values are to be plugged into the (generally accepted) equations of ] that govern kin selection.

	Further afield, there are individuals who accept the theory of ] in general but reject efforts to invoke it in the explanation of human behavior. Such people would be likely to emphasize the great malleability of the human character, including the apparent possibility of creating patriotism through the instruction of youth, as in the Hitler Youth example above.

	Still other people would reject the kin selection theory of patriotism simply because they reject the theory of evolution on which it depends. Often such individuals rely instead on religious beliefs to understand why the human character is the way it is. From this point of view, one possible account of patriotism would be that ] has permitted individual people to become either good or evil (a consequence of the doctrine of ]), and that patriotism is simply a natural behavior of good people.

	== Patriotism and religion ==

	Throughout history, patriotic feeling has often been linked to religion. At various points in history, particularly in time of ], various relations of religion and patriotism have prevailed.

	In one variant, patriotic participants in a war acknowledge that the enemy worships the same god, but judge that this god is on their own side, thus providing the external justification for patriotism noted just above. This is perhaps a fair characterization of the attitude of many of the participants in the ] or most of the fronts of the ]. Another variant is for each side to worship different gods, acknowledge that the other side’s god exists, and believe that their own god is superior. This may have characterized the conflicts between the ancient ] and their ] opponents, as narrated in the ]. Yet another version of religious patriotism is the belief that a god or set of gods is on one’s side, and that the god or gods of the other side simply do not exist. This view often characterized the beliefs of the European powers during the ] period, when their armies often fought against ] opponents.

	Under any of these circumstances, religion can provide a satisfactory account to its believers for what otherwise would be a paradox, namely, that both sides in a conflict can feel patriotic at the same time. The idea would be that the other side is in fact fighting against God’s will, and thus can be considered to be engaged in a false kind of patriotism.

	While patriotism often appeals to religion, not all religions countenance patriotism. For example, some Restorationist Christian denominations, such as ] and ]s, refuse to participate in patriotic acts and ceremonies and refuse to wear patriotic attire.

	== Patriotism and history ==

	Levels of patriotism in all nations have varied through history, and it is an intriguing puzzle for historians why this should be so.

	It is tempting to think that ] is a cause of patriotism. For instance, it could be imagined that the military forces of ] succeeded in fending off much larger numbers of attacking ]ns because ancient Persia was a ], whereas many of the Greeks lived in democracies, which gave them a sense of solidarity and hence of patriotism. Similarly, it is often thought that the ], by freeing the French of the yoke of ], set off a great surge of patriotism that led to the great (if ultimately temporary) success of the French armies in the Revolutionary and ]ic Wars.

	This theory cannot be entirely true, since there have been many states that had tyrannical systems of government but nonetheless had very high levels of patriotism. Two have already been mentioned here: early 19th-century France (after ] had made himself emperor) and Nazi Germany.

	== Patriotism and politics ==

	Patriotism can be both for or against the current government of a nation. Supporters of the current government may hold the opinion that patriotism implies support of one's government and its policies, and that opposition to the government's policies amounts to ]. But in other instances, rebellion against a corrupt or tyrannical government may be justified as an act needed to save the nation, and thus is likewise motivated by patriotism.

	== Patriotism and related concepts ==

	Patriotism is sometimes associated with ], i.e. the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own people, however this may be defined. However, in the case of ethnocentrism, the people in question need not form a nation, but can be a smaller or larger unit. Moreover, the term ethnocentrism is generally used negatively, whereas the term patriotism is quite often used positively.

	It is also sometimes problematic to distinguish between patriotism and ], as some people tend to use ''nationalist'' as a near-synonym for ''patriot''. However, nationalism (but not patriotism) also has a particular meaning, expressing a desire among a people to form an independent nation.

	The word ] denotes a narrow-minded and thoughtless but impassioned dedication to a particular cause, and thus is always used negatively. The cause can be of any kind (hence the widespread use of the phrase ]), but the term can also refer to national chauvinism; that is, a negative characterization of patriotism.

	Lastly, the word ] is similar to patriotism, but it can only be used negatively, to denote a variety of patriotism deemed to be aggressive and thoughtless.

	==Patriotism and recent U.S. history==
	] on ] became a popular way to display patriotism in the United States around the time of the ].]]
	After ], there was a surge of patriotic feeling in the United States, which was manifested in many of the phenomena discussed above. Displays of symbolic patriotism became ubiquitous, as Americans took to attaching ] to their ] and the outside of their homes. As in previous episodes of intense patriotism, the political climate came to include accusations of national betrayal and even treason. ] claimed that his political opponents were giving "aid and comfort to our enemies"; President ] claimed "If you're not with us, you're against us." In the ], Republican senator ] exclaimed "How dare Senator ] criticize President Bush while we are fighting our ]?"

	Many believe that the surge in patriotism enabled a number of major changes in national policy. The (significantly named) ], which was signed into law on ], ], was designed to combat terrorism but is considered by many to constitute a harmful assault on ]. It is also possible that the patriotic surge created a political climate under which it was possible for the Bush Administration to launch wars first in ] and then (far more controversially) in ].

	Like almost all wars, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq appear to have increased patriotic feeling. As casualties have mounted and opposition to the war has increased, a pattern seen earlier in the ] has reemerged: those in favor of war consider that those who oppose it are unpatriotic, or even outright traitors. Several conservative commentators have indicated they feel that news that paints the US in a negative light is giving aid and comfort to the enemy. Since war opponents understandably resent such accusations, the political debate has taken place in an atmosphere of increasing anger.

	While there was a groundswell of international outrage and support for the US public after the ], the link between the ], the ] and US patriotism has been difficult for some outside the US. Modern ], particularly in the ] (perhaps due to its imperial history) and ] have tended to view any ostentatious display of flags and national symbols as small-minded, ] or, what is worse, ]—they have also been associated with Football ] (see ] for more discussion on this topic). While patriotic statements appear to have played well to the US domestic audience, they necessarily exclude foreigners. Further, many abroad feel that the attributes described as typically or exclusively American—such as freedom and democracy—are not only found in the ], and to claim so is inflammatory.

	It has been claimed that patriotic fervor has decreased the ability of Americans to obtain objective information about the world situation. In particular, the journal ] published research showing that those who obtained their news from outlets that appear to make a concerted effort to be patriotic were more likely to have factual misconceptions about the Iraq war. These misperceptions were: that weapons of mass destruction had been found, that evidence linked ] to ], and that world public opinion favored the war. Respondents that received their news from public broadcasting, conversely, were far less likely to hold these perceptions.

	It has also been claimed that liberal Democrats opposed to the war in Iraq are not patriotic Americans. Hollywood was also at the brunt of America's new patriotic feelings post 9-11, and many artists were snubbed by the American public as a result of their opposition to the war.

	==See also==		==See also==
			* {{annotated link\|]}}
			* {{annotated link\|]}}
			* {{annotated link\|]}}

			==References==
	{{wikiquote}}
			{{Reflist}}
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	==~~Sources and further~~ reading==		==Further reading==
			* {{cite book \| last1=Bar-Tal \| first1=Daniel \| last2=Staub \| first2=Ervin \| title=Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations \| publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company \| year=1999 \| isbn=0-8304-1410-X}}

			* {{cite book\|first=Charles\|last=Blatberg\|title=From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2000\|isbn=0-19-829688-6}}
	'''General'''
			* {{cite book\|first=Craig\|last=Calhoun\|chapter=Is it Time to Be Postnational?\|title=Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights\|editor-first1=Stephen\|editor-last1=May\|editor-first2=Tariq\|editor-last2=Modood\|editor-first3=Judith\|editor-last3=Squires\|location=Cambridge\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2004\|pages=231–56\|isbn=9780511489235 }}

			* {{cite book\|first1=Joshua\|last1=Cohen\|author-link2=Martha C. Nussbaum\|first2=Martha C.\|last2=Nussbaum\|title=For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism\|publisher=Beacon Press\|year=1996\|isbn=0-8070-4313-3}}
	*Bar-Tal, Daniel, and Ervin Staub. ''Patriotism''. Wadsworth Publishing: 1999. ISBN 083041410X.
			* {{cite book\|first=Paul\|last=Gomberg\|chapter=Patriotism is Like Racism\|editor-link=Igor Primoratz\|editor-first=Igor\|editor-last=Primorac\|title=Patriotism\|publisher=Humanity Books\|year=2002\|pages=105–12\|isbn=1-57392-955-7}}
	*Blattberg, Charles. ''From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First'' Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0198296886.
			* {{cite book\|author-link=Jürgen Habermas\|first=Jürgen\|last=Habermas\|chapter=Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity\|title=Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy\|translator-first=William\|translator-last=Rehg\|publisher=MIT Press\|year=1996}}
	*Cohen, Joshua, and Martha C. Nussbaum. ''For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism''. Beacon Press: 1996. ISBN 0807043133.
			* {{cite book\|first=Johan\|last=Huizinga\|chapter=Patriotism and Nationalism in European History\|title=Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance\|translator-first1=James S.\|translator-last1=Holmes\|translator-first2=Hans\|translator-last2=van Marle\|location=New York\|publisher=Meridian Books\|year=1959}}
	*Primoratz, Igor. ''Patriotism''. Humanity Books: 2002. ISBN 1573929557.
			* {{cite book\|author-link=Alasdair MacIntyre\|first=Alasdair\|last=MacIntyre\|chapter=Is Patriotism a Virtue?\|editor-first=R.\|editor-last=Beiner\|title=Theorizing Citizenship\|year=1995\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|pages=209–28}}
	*Viroli, Maurizio. ''For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism''. Oxford University Press: 1997. ISBN 0198293585.
			* {{cite book\|author-link=George Orwell\|first=George\|last=Orwell\|chapter=Notes on Nationalism\|chapter-url=https://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat\|title=England Your England and Other Essays\|publisher=Secker and Warburg\|year=1953}}
	*Alasdair MacIntyre's essay on patriotism was published as a pamphlet by the Department of Philosophy of the ] and is available in many university libraries.
			* {{cite book \| editor-last=Primoratz \| editor-first=Igor \| title=Patriotism \| publisher=Humanities Press International \| year=2002 \| isbn=1-57392-955-7}}

			* {{cite book \| last=Viroli \| first=Maurizio \| title=For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism \| publisher=Oxford University Press on Demand \| year=1997 \| isbn=0-19-829358-5}}
	'''History''':
			* {{cite web\|author-link=John Witherspoon\|first=John\|last=Witherspoon\|url=https://en.wikisource.org/The_Dominion_of_Providence_Over_the_Passions_of_Men\|title=The Dominion of Providence Over The Passions of Man\|location=Princeton\|date=May 17, 1776}}

			* Kornelia Kończal and A. Dirk Moses (ed.), ''"Patriotic History" and the (Re)Nationalization of Memory'', in: Journal of Genocide Research, 24 (2), 2022.
	*''The Second World War'' by ] (various editions; e.g. Penguin USA 1990, ISBN 014011341X) addresses the intensification of patriotic feeling in Europe during the 19th century, and how it ultimately helped facilitate the ] and the ] World Wars. Keegan also vividly describes how Adolf Hitler used accusations of treason to help attain power.
			* {{cite book \|editor=Sardoč, Mitja \|title=Handbook of Patriotism \|date=2020 \|publisher=] \|isbn=978-3-319-54483-0 \|pages=XVII, 970 \|url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-54484-7 \|language=en \|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-54484-7}}
	*''Treason : Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism'', by ] (Crown Forum, 2003; ISBN 1400050308) attempts to show that ]s in America have often been disloyal to their country.

	'''Biology''':

	*The quote from Darwin above is from Chapter 5 of his book ''The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex'' (1871). The book is available in a number of modern editions (for an inexpensive one: ISBN 1573921769); and also on line at http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/descent_of_man/index.shtml.
	*''The Selfish Gene'' by ] (various editions, e.g. Oxford Press, 1990, ISBN 0192860925) provides extensive discussion, with examples, of kin selection.
	*''The Third Chimpanzee'', by ] (various editions, e.g. Perennial, 1990, ISBN 0060984031) discusses the role of biological factors in human behavior, including behaviors characterizable as patriotic.
	*http://www.pitt.edu/~inb1/homeopathy.pdf is a skeptical look by a historian at the kin-selection theory of patriotism.

	==External links==		==External links==
			{{wiktionary\|patriotism}}
			{{wikiquote}}
			{{Commons category\|Patriotism}}
			{{Collier's Poster\|Patriotic Societies}}

			{{Conformity}}
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			{{Virtues}}
	*


			{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 00:01, 8 January 2025

Love and attachment to one's country For other uses, see Patriotism (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Nationalism.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.

Terminology and usage

An excess of patriotism is called chauvinism; another related term is jingoism.

The English word "patriot" derived from "compatriot", in the 1590s, from Middle French patriote in the 15th century. The French word's compatriote and patriote originated directly from Late Latin patriota "fellow-countryman" in the 6th century. From Greek patriotes "fellow countryman", from patrios "of one's fathers", patris "fatherland". The term patriot was "applied to barbarians who were perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive and who had only a common Patris or fatherland." The original European meaning of patriots applied to anyone who was a fellow countryman regardless of the socio-economic status.

History

The notions of civic virtue and group dedication can be found in cultures globally throughout history. For Enlightenment thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church. It was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools since their patrie was heaven, so they could not inspire a love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this notion of patriotism was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excess of patriotism. In 1774, Samuel Johnson published The Patriot, a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel". James Boswell, who reported this comment in his Life of Johnson, does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking a false use of "patriotism" by contemporaries such as John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favor of what he considered "true" patriotism. However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself.

Cultural aspects

Philosophical issues

Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion (a civil religion or even a theocracy). This is the opposite of the separation of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar and opposed forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both argued that the difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the one doing the labeling.

Christopher Heath Wellman, professor of philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis, says a popular view of the "patriotist" position is robust obligations to compatriots and only minimal samaritan responsibilities to foreigners. Wellman calls this position "patriotist" rather than "nationalist" to single out the members of territorial, political units rather than cultural groups.

George Orwell, in his influential essay Notes on Nationalism, distinguished patriotism from the related concept of nationalism:

By 'patriotism' I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality.

Opposition

Main article: Anti-patriotism

Voltaire stated that "It is lamentable, that to be a good patriot one must become the enemy of the rest of mankind." Arthur Schopenhauer wrote that "The cheapest sort of pride is national pride; for if a man is proud of his own nation, it argues that he has no qualities of his own of which a person can be proud."

Kōtoku Shūsui, a famous Japanese anarchist of the late 19th/early 20th century, devoted a large section of his widely read Imperialism, Monster of the Twentieth Century to a condemnation of patriotism. One of the many arguments is based on the Confucian value of empathy: "I am as convinced as Mencius that any man would rush without hesitation to rescue a child who was about to fall into a well... A human being moved by such selfless love and charity does not pause to think whether the child is a family member or a close relative. When he rescues the child from danger, he does not even ask himself whether the child is his own or belongs to another." Patriotism is used to dehumanize others whom we would naturally have empathy for. He argues, "atriotism is a discriminating and arbitrary sentiment confined to those who belong to a single nation-state or live together within common national borders", a sentiment cultivated and used by militarists in their drive for war.

Marxists have taken various stances regarding patriotism. On one hand, Karl Marx famously stated that "The working men have no country" and that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause to vanish still faster." The same view is promoted by present-day Trotskyists such as Alan Woods, who is "in favor of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth." On the other hand, Marxist-Leninists and Maoists are usually in favor of socialist patriotism based on the theory of socialism in one country.

Against primordial arguments in favour of national patriotism, Eric Hobsbawm wrote that such a concept was - for most of human history - "so remote from the real experience of most human beings".

Anarchists oppose patriotism. This was exemplified by Emma Goldman, who stated:

Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves better, nobler, grander, and more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living in that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in an attempt to impose his superiority upon all the others.

Region-specific issues

In the European Union, thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas have advocated a "Euro-patriotism", but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the nation-state and more often than not coincides with "Euroscepticism".

Surveys

Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism, such as the Correlates of War project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time-dependent. For example, according to the project, patriotism in Germany before World War I ranked at or near the top . According to a study by the Identity Foundation, 60% of Germans were proud of their country in 2009. According to Statista, the figure was as high as 83%. In a 2020 Pew Research Center survey, 53% of participants surveyed in Germany said they were proud of their country, the highest figure among the nations surveyed (France (45 %), United Kingdom (41 %), United States (39 %)).

Since 1981, the World Values Survey polls for national values and beliefs. The survey includes the question "Are you proud to be ?"; the answers to which range from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud). They then use the average answer given to create comparisons between not only nations but also high and low income citizens.

In 2022, U.S. adults who said they were "extremely proud" to be an American hit an all-time low, according to a Gallup poll.

References

^ Harvey Chisick (2005-02-10). Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865488. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- Miscevic, Nenad (2020-09-02). "Nationalism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- Primoratz, Igor (2020-12-16). "Patriotism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Kemiläinen, Aira (1989). "The idea of patriotism during the first years of the French Revolution". History of European Ideas. 11 (1–6): 11–19. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(89)90193-9.
"Patriotism – 401 Words". Studymode. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
Boswell, James (1791), The Life of Samuel Johnson, New York: The Modern Library, p. 525
Griffin, Dustin (2005), Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00959-1
- Baumeister, Andrea (4 July 2023). "Patriotism". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- Schmidt, Royal J. (1956). "Cultural Nationalism in Herder". Journal of the History of Ideas. 17 (3): 407–417. doi:10.2307/2707552. JSTOR 2707552.
Billig, Michael (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publishers. pp. 56–58.
^ Wellman, Christopher Heath (2014). Liberal Rights and Responsibilities: Essays on Citizenship and Sovereignty. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32, 50. ISBN 9780199982189.
Orwell, George (1994). "Notes on Nationalism". Essays. New York: Penguin. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9780140188035.
Voltaire (1824) . "Country". A Philosophical Dictionary. Vol. II. London: John & H.L. Hunt. p. 327.
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1901) . "The Wisdom of Life". The Wisdom of Life, and Other Essays. Universal Classics Library. Translated by Saunders, Bailey; Bax, Ernest Belfort. London: M. Walter Dunne. p. 52.
^ Kōtoku, Shūsui (1901). Imperialism: Monster of the Twentieth Century. Translated by Tierney, Robert.
"II. Proletarians and Communists". Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marxists.org. 1848. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Al-Jaza'iri, Isa (2 November 2012). "Alan Woods outlines the resistance to capitalism at Montreal's Concordia University". In Defence of Marxism. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-227230-1.
Hobsbawm, Eric (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780 (2nd ed.). p. 46.
Primoratz, Igor; Pavkovic, Aleksandar (2016). Pavkovic, Aleksandar (ed.). Philosophical and Political Perspectives. doi:10.4324/9781315599724. ISBN 9781317083177.
Goldman, Emma (1917). "Patriotism: a menace to liberty". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
Grygiel, Jakub (3 October 2016). "The Return of Europe's Nation-States". Foreign Affairs Magazine. Hein Company. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
https://web.archive.org/web/20161005112907/http://www.identity-foundation.de/images/stories/downloads/Studie_Deutsch-Sein_final_klein.pdf
"Stolz Deutscher zu sein". Statista (in German). Retrieved 2024-06-03.
Silver, Laura; Fagan, Moira; Connaughton, Aidan; Mordecai, Mara (2021-05-05). "5. National pride and shame". Views About National Identity Becoming More Inclusive in U.S., Western Europe. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
Morse, Adair; Shive, Sophie Anne (2011). "Patriotism in Your Portfolio" (PDF). Journal of Financial Markets. 14 (2): 411–40. doi:10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.006. hdl:2027.42/35931. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011.
Brenan, Megan (2023-06-29). "Extreme Pride in Being American Remains Near Record Low". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2023-06-29.

External links

Conformity

Enforcement

Proscription	Damnatio memoriae Dissident / Dissenter Exile Homo sacer Ostracism Blacklisting Cancel culture Censorship Deplatforming Outcast Outlaw Civil death Vogelfrei Persona non grata Public enemy Enemy of the people Enemy of the state Scapegoating Shunning
Governmental pressure	Authoritarianism Nationalism Left-wing nationalism National conservatism Totalitarianism Tyranny of the majority
Group pressure	Bandwagon effect Brainwashing Closure (sociology) Collectivism Consensus reality Culture shock Dogma Echo chamber False consensus effect Fear of missing out Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Identification (psychology) Indoctrination Invented tradition Memory conformity Mere exposure effect Milieu control Mobbing Normalization Normative social influence Passing (sociology) Patriotism Peer pressure Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Psychosocial issue Purity spiral Operant conditioning Rally 'round the flag effect Social construction of gender Social contagion Addiction Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Emotional Social influence Social integration Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Toxic positivity Untouchability
Individual pressure	Authoritarian personality Authoritarian leadership style Right-wing authoritarian personality Control freak Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder

Conformity

Experiments

Anticonformity

Virtues

About virtues

Virtue families

Individual virtues

Chinese	De Jing Li Ren Yi
Greek	Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne
Indian	Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Prajñā Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā/Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya
Latin	Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus
Other	Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù

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