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{{Short description|None}} | |||
The following is a list of ] Highways (National Roads). Generally, odd numbered highways are of north-south alignment and even numbered highways are aligned east-west. However there are many exceptions. There are also many provincial roads that are not in this list. | |||
] | |||
] | |||
The '''National Roads''' and '''Motorways in ]''' constitute the main road network of the country. These two types of roads are distinct in terms of their construction specifications. Their main difference is that motorways (]: Αυτοκινητόδρομοι) adhere to higher quality construction standards than National Roads (]: Εθνικές Οδοί). | |||
For example, a typical motorway (highway) in Greece consists of six or four lanes (three or two lanes in each direction) plus an emergency lane, separated by a central barrier. Entrances and exits to the motorways are only provided at ] junctions (]) and there are no traffic lights. Greek motorways are generally organized so that the odd-numbered motorways are of north-south alignment and the even-numbered motorways are of east-west alignment. However, there are many exceptions. | |||
==List of National Roads== | |||
A typical National Road in Greece is usually a ] or ] with ]s and with one or two traffic lanes for each direction, usually with an emergency lane on each side as well. The designation of some important roads of Greece as "national" was first decided by a 1955 decree, while a minister's decision in 1963 determined the numbering of these roads. In 1998, a survey of the ] defined some new national roads that were constructed after the 1963 decision. | |||
*]] or ''']''' (''Ethniki Odos''): | |||
] - ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]] or ''']''': | |||
] - ] - ] - (branch to Albanian border: ] - ]) - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - Turkish Border with ] (runs parallel to ] from Thessaloniki to Alexandoupoli) | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - border with the former Yugoslav ] (towards ]) | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]] or ''']''': | |||
] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]]: ] - ] - ] - ], excludes freeway. | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] Old Road | |||
*]] or ]: ] - ] - ] New Road (partly freeway) | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ], connecting ] with ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] - junction with ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - west of ] up to ] | |||
*]: ] (]n border) - ] (junction with ] | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: ] - junction with ] north of ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] (in the island of ]) | |||
*]: ] - ] - Turkish border near ]/ Bulgarian Border S of ]. | |||
*]: ] - ] - ]. | |||
*]: ] - Bulgarian border ( ] ). | |||
*]: ] - Bulgarian Border ( ], ] ). | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] (junction with ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] (northern ]) | |||
*]: ] (junction with ]) - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] (junction with ]) | |||
*]: ] - Artemis(]) | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ] | |||
*]: ] - ]-]-] | |||
*]: ] - ] (50km west of ]) | |||
The naming system of motorways and National Roads is different. For example, "A2" refers to the ] motorway, while "GR-2" refers to ]. All motorways are named by using the capital letter "A", followed by a number (e.g. A1). The main motorways of Greece have a single digit number and auxiliary motorways perpendicular to the main ones have a double digit number (e.g. A25). Motorways have their own white-on-green signs, while National Roads are designated by white-on-blue signs. | |||
==Correlation with European routes== | |||
The construction of the Greek motorway network has been, to a large extent, a very complex and demanding project due to the peculiarities of the geomorphology of the areas through which the new roads pass. The Greek mainland is extremely mountainous;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Greece {{!}} Geography|url=http://www.visitgreece.gr/en/geography|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Visit Greece {{!}} The Official website of the Greek Tourism Organisation}}</ref> the local topography as well as environmental concerns regarding the local flora and fauna played a decisive role in the final route design. In order to overcome these difficulties, the construction of multiple large and expensive technical works, such as tunnels and bridges, was necessary in many cases. Indicatively, the total number of tunnels built along the four Greek major motorways (], ], ] and ]) is about 150 and their total length is about 200 km (measured as a single bore).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ο ασφαλής, σύγχρονος αυτοκινητόδρομος μειώνει τον χρόνο ταξιδιού από την Αθήνα στη Θεσσαλονίκη-Έργα|url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/el/projects/greece/safe-modern-motorway-cuts-journey-time-from-athens-to-thessaloniki|access-date=2020-07-14|website=ec.europa.eu|language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Egnatia Motorway S.A. {{!}} The Demanding Geotechnical Works|url=https://www.egnatia.eu/en/projects/egnatia-motorway/ta-dyskola-geotexnika-erga/|access-date=2020-07-14|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Egnatia Motorway S.A. {{!}} The Construction of the Egnatia Motorway|url=https://www.egnatia.eu/en/projects/egnatia-motorway/h-kataskeui-tis-egnatias-odou/|access-date=2020-07-14|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Παρουσίαση Έργου Ολυμπίας Οδού - Olympia Odos|url=https://www.olympiaodos.gr/project/Parousiash-Ergou/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.olympiaodos.gr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ppandp|title=Description – NEA ODOS|url=https://www.neaodos.gr/description/?lang=en|access-date=2020-07-14|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
This is a list of ] that shows which parts of them run through Greece. | |||
With a total length of about 2320 km as of 2020, Greece's motorway network is the biggest one in Southeastern Europe and one of the most advanced in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/35705-aftokinitodromoi-diktyo-2500-xiliometra-mexri-to-2017|title=Αυτοκινητόδρομοι: Δίκτυο 2.500 χιλιόμετρα μέχρι το 2017 - ypodomes.com|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185609/https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/35705-aftokinitodromoi-diktyo-2500-xiliometra-mexri-to-2017|archive-date=2018-06-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
'''Major routes:''' | |||
*]: ], ] - ] - ], ] - ] - ] through GR-9, GR-9A and GR-7 | |||
*]]: ] (border with the former Yugoslav ]) - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] through GR-3, ] - ] - ] through GR-27, ] - ] through GR-48, ] - ] - ] through ], ] - ] through motorway, ] - ] through GR-7, ] - ] through GR-90 | |||
*]]: border with the former Yugoslav ] - ] - ] through ], ] - ] through GR-90 | |||
*]]: Bulgarian border - ] through GR-57, ] - ] through GR-12 | |||
*]: ] | |||
*]: Albanian border at ] - ] - ] - ] (west of ]), through GR-2 | |||
*]]: ] | |||
*]: ] | |||
*]]: ] and ] - ] through ] | |||
==Motorways== | |||
'''Other routes:''' | |||
<!-- | |||
]-->] | |||
] | |||
Greece's motorway network has been extensively modernized throughout the 2000s and part of it is still under construction. Most of it was completed by early 2017. There are a total of 10 main routes throughout the Greek mainland and Crete, from which some feature numerous branches/auxiliary routes, as described in the listing below. | |||
===Greek motorways according to ministerial decree of 2015=== | |||
*]: ] (Albanian border) - junction with GR-20 | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" | |||
*]: ] | |||
|- | |||
*]: ]-] partly through GR-42, ] - ] - ] partly through GR-38 | |||
!style="width:35%"|Name | |||
*]: ] | |||
!style="width:30%"|Connecting cities | |||
*]: ] - ] through GR-3 | |||
!style="width:10%"|Progress | |||
!style="width:25%"|Notes | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Athens - Thessaloniki - Evzonoi''' | |||
|], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
|550/550 km | |||
342/342 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Egnatia Odos''' | |||
|], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
|670/670 km | |||
416/416 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Central Greece Motorway''' | |||
|], ], ], ] | |||
|136/175 km | |||
84.5/109 mi | |||
|style="background: #FFCBCB"|<small> Northern part 46km ] - ] sections are under construction.</small> | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Trikala - Larissa''' | |||
(Operational as an expressway) | |||
|], ], ] | |||
|45/63.3 km | |||
27.9/39.3 mi | |||
|style="background: #B3B7FF"|<small>Sections ] river - Megalochori, 4km between ] - ] and beltway of Larissa are completed. Nikaia - Pineios river and Megalochori - Trikala under planning</small> | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Ionia Odos''' | |||
|], ], ], ], ] | |||
|196/364 km | |||
122/226 mi | |||
| style="background: #FFCBCB"|<small>Section ] - ] is under planning</small> | |||
<small>75-kilometer section ] - ] is under construction</small> | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Attiki Odos''' | |||
|], ], ], ] | |||
|48/48 km | |||
30/30 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Corinth–Tripoli–Kalamata''' | |||
|], ], ], ] | |||
|149/149 km | |||
93/93 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Olympia Odos''' | |||
|], ], ] | |||
|215/215 km | |||
134/134 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Schimatari - Chalkis''' | |||
|] | |||
|11/26 km | |||
7/16 mi | |||
|style="background: #B3B7FF"|<small>Chalkis bypass is under planning</small> | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Velestino - Volos''' | |||
|] | |||
|0/13 km | |||
0/8 mi | |||
| style="background: #B3B7FF"|<small>Upgrade under planning</small> | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Thessaloniki - Chalkidiki''' | |||
|], ], ] | |||
|88/88 km | |||
55/55 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
<small>No emergency lane, green signs</small> | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Thessaloniki - Serres - Promachonas''' | |||
|], ] | |||
|105/105 km | |||
62/62 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Kozani - Ptolemaida - Niki''' | |||
|], ], ] | |||
|40/79 km | |||
25/49 mi | |||
| style="background: #B3B7FF"|<small>Sections ] - ] and ] - ] completed</small> | |||
<small>Section Ptolemaida - Florina under planning</small> <small>to be upgraded</small> | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Siatista - Krystallopigi''' | |||
|], ], ] | |||
|72/72 km | |||
45/45 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Aktio - Amvrakia''' | |||
|], ] | |||
|48/48 km | |||
30/30 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Hymettus Beltway''' | |||
|], ], ], ] | |||
|13.5/20 km | |||
8.4/12 mi | |||
|style="background: #B3B7FF"|<small>Sections ] - ] and southern expansion to ] under planning</small> | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Koropi - Aerodromio''' | |||
|] | |||
| 6/6 km | |||
4/4 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Aigaleo Beltway''' | |||
|], ], ] | |||
|10 km | |||
6.2 mi | |||
|style="background: #B3B7FF"|] intersection under planning | |||
|-style="background:navajowhite; color:black;" | |||
|]<br/>'''Lefktro - Sparti''' | |||
|], ] | |||
|45.5/45.5 km | |||
28/28 mi | |||
|''Completed'' | |||
|- | |||
|]<br/>'''Northern Cretan Motorway''' | |||
|], ], ], ] | |||
|41/310 km | |||
25/193 mi | |||
| style="background: #FFCBCB"|<small>Upgrade under construction/planning</small> | |||
|} | |||
===A1 (Athens - Thessaloniki - Evzonoi)=== | |||
'''Note:''' when certain highways that carry European routes are replaced with motorways, the European routes will be re-assigned to the new motorways. For example, GR-7 carries the ] from Tripoli to Kalamata. When the ] - ] - ] motorway is complete, ] will run through it and not through GR-7 anymore. | |||
] | |||
==Motorways== | |||
] | |||
] | |||
The ''']''' is the oldest and most important motorway of ], connecting the country's largest cities, ] and ] and passing through many important regions of Greece on a south-north direction. Section Chalastra - ] was constructed earlier as an expressway, with no upgrade planned. | |||
] | |||
The full length of this motorway is around 553 km or 346 miles, including 14 km or 8.7 miles of shared route with the ] (Egnatia Odos). Note that until recently, the "P" in "PAThE" referred to ], but the Patra – Athens section has now become part of the ] (Olympia Odos), belonging to a different project.<ref name="yd">{{cite web|url=http://www.ypodomes.com|title=Υποδομές - Το μοναδικό website για όλες τις υποδομές στην Ελλάδα - ypodomes.com|website=www.ypodomes.com|access-date=2014-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305185212/http://www.ypodomes.com/|archive-date=2014-03-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MEL">{{cite web|url=https://www.motorways-exits.com/|title=Motorways - Exit Lists Page|website=motorways-exits.com|access-date=2011-04-18}}</ref> | |||
* ] '''Motorway A1''' (see ]), also known as the "'''PAThE Motorway'''" from the initials of the route: '''P'''ireas - '''A'''thens - '''Th'''essaloniki - '''E'''vzoni (the border station with the former Yugoslav ]), often called simply "''Ethniki Odos''" (''National Road''). It is the oldest and most important motorway, passing through many important regions of ], on a south-north direction. Some parts of this route are not up to motorway standards yet, but there are plans for them to be upgraded. These parts are: ], and ] Valley. Currently (Summer 2008), works are in progress around ], due to be completed in 2011. A large part of the route around the bay was completed in April 2008. At ] valley, works are due to start in 2008, to be completed around 2012. This part will include 11 km of tunnels, made mostly for environmental protection. Some upgrade to motorway needs to be done on the ] - ] part as well. The full length of this motorway will be around 553 km or 346 miles, including 14 km or 8.7 mi shared route with Via Egnatia. Note that until recently, the "P" in "PAThE" referred to ], but the Patra - Athens part is now named "Motorway A8" and belongs to a different project. | |||
* The ''']''' is a branch of the ], connecting it with the city of ]. | |||
* ] ] or "'''Egnatia Odos'''" in Greek, is a new motorway starting at the ] port and ending at the Turkish Border in ]. It is now numbered '''Motorway A2''', and it is known as the "horizontal road axis" of Greece, since it is the longest so far and has a west - east direction. It connects almost all of northern Greece and provides access to various other locations as well as international borders with various "vertical routes" that begin from various locations along the A2. Specifically, there are auxiliary routes to ], ], and the main route leads to ]. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is accessed through PAThE, as described above. Another auxiliary route runs close to the ] river in the prefecture of the same name, reaching a point where Greece's , Turkey's and Bulgaria's borders meet. Some of those auxiliary routes are not motorways, but typical 2-lane highways, but of higher quality than similar highways in the rest of Greece. The project, including the auxiliary routes, is scheduled to be completed in 2009, and the length of the main route will be 670 kilometres or 416 miles. | |||
* The '''A12 motorway''' is a planned branch of the ], connecting it with the city of ]. Upgrade of the pre-existing section is under way. | |||
* The '''A13 motorway''' is a now cancelled branch of the ], from ] to ]; connecting it with the ] (Attiki Odos) and serving as a western bypass of Athens Metropolitan Area. | |||
===A2 (Egnatia Odos)=== | |||
* ] '''Motorway A3''' is another one starting from ] (Motorway A1 intersection) and ending at ], close to ]. It carries the ]. Construction started on June 2007, and it is expected to be complete after 5 years. It is also known as "'''Central Greece Motorway'''", and its full length will be 175 kilometres or 109 miles. Link: | |||
] and ].]] | |||
The ''']''', also called '''Egnatia Odos''' (Egnatia Motorway), is a motorway situated in northern Greece, connecting several major cities on the way. It starts at the port of ] and ends at ] border crossing with Turkey. | |||
* ] '''Motorway A5''', also known as '''Ionia Odos''' in Greek, or ] is another project currently under construction. It starts from ] at the '''Egnatia Odos''' interchange, and ends at ], close to ], after crossing the ] through the ]. There, it connects to the A8 and A9 (see below). It passes through most of western continental Greece, along the ], hence the name "Ionia Odos". Work on the majority of the highway began in spring 2006 and will span 6 years being completed by 2012. Some parts were previously completed: the ] bypass and the ] bypass. Link: | |||
Part of its length, a section of about 360 km (220 mi) from ] to ], parallels the ancient Roman ], which ran from modern ] in ] to Thessaloniki and thence to ] (now ], ]). The project has therefore been dubbed a modern Via Egnatia (in Greek, Egnatia Odos / Εγνατία Οδός). However, the parallel is not exact; the original Via Egnatia was much longer (1,120 km / 696 miles) and its western section, from Thessaloniki to the ], ran much further north than the modern road. | |||
* ] The urban "'''Attiki Odos motorway'''" (]) is numbered '''Motorway A6'''. Its full length is 65 kilometres or 40.4 miles. It is planned to be extended to various directions, bringing its total length to 141 km or 88 miles. It has various auxiliary routes: "Motorway A64" which (in full length) is the route ] - southern suburbs, "Motorway A65" from ] to Skaramangas (naval industrial area) and "Motorway A62" which is a small 6 km (4 mi) part connecting the main route to the ]. The A64 is now complete only from ] to ], and the rest will start to be constructed in 2008, to be completed around 2011. It is commonly referred to as "Hymettus Ring", or "Imittos Ring". A small part of A65, remains still unconstructed, and it is yet unknown when it will be completed. | |||
Specifically, there are auxiliary routes to ] and ], with the main route leading to ]. ] is accessed through the ] (AThE), as described above, or via the ] (see below). Another auxiliary route runs close to the ] river in the prefecture of the same name, reaching a point where Greece's, Turkey's and Bulgaria's borders meet. Some of those auxiliary routes are not yet motorways, but typical 2-lane expressways, although they are of considerably higher quality than other similar expressways in the rest of Greece. The project (including most of the auxiliary routes), was completed in 2009, with the length of the main route being 670 kilometers or 416 miles, making it the longest motorway in ]. | |||
* ] The '''Motorway A7''' also known as the '''Eastern Peloponese Motorway''' starts from ] at the interchange with '''Motorway A1''' and runs up to ], passing through ]. It replaces the old GR-7. The part from Corinth to Tripoli was constructed in 1988-1994, but is due to be improved or partly reconstructed along with the rest of the route to Kalamata. It has a secondary branch to ]. Its full length will be 205 kilometres or 127 miles, including the auxiliary route. | |||
* The ''']''' is a branch of the ], referred to as the '''Thessaloniki – Nea Moudania Motorway''' or '''Chalkidiki Motorway''', connecting ] to ] on the ] peninsula. As it passes through the eastern periphery of ] the A24 becomes part of the ] (''Esoteriki Peripheriaki Odos'', {{langx|el|Εσωτερική Περιφερειακή Οδός}}). | |||
* ] '''Motorway A8''' is the route from Athens to Patras, which until recently was a part of the '''PAThE''' motorway. It begins from ], at the interchange with '''Attiki Odos (A6)''' and it reaches ], where it continues as "Motorway A9" (see below). The Elefsina - Corinth part already exists, and the Corinth - Patra part will start to be constructed in 2008, to be completed on 2011. It will mostly be a widening and general reconstruction of the old ]. | |||
* The ''']''' is a branch of the ] and lies between ] to the Greek–Bulgarian border crossing, via ] (taking over parts of the ]). | |||
* The ''']''' is a partially complete motorway that branches off the ] north of ], before heading towards ], ] and the border crossing with North Macedonia at ]. During 2012, tenders were announced for the construction of the 14 kilometers section from ] up to the border crossing with North Macedonia. Construction of this section started in 2013, finished in 2015 and it was opened to traffic on 20 May 2016. The ] - ] part is currently an expressway, planned to be upgraded to a motorway. | |||
* The ''']''' branches off the ] near ], and serves the city of ] and the Greek–]n border crossing at Krystallopigi. | |||
=== A3 (Central Greece Motorway) === | |||
* ] '''Motorway A9''' is the motorway that continues from ] to the southern Peloponese, where it leads east again at some point, to join with the A7 at some point of the Tripoli - Kalamata section. Physically, the A8 and A9 are the same motorway. The point where the numbers split, at ], is roughly where the interchange with the A5 will be. Construction starts along with the A8, but this will be completed on 2013. The A8 and A9 are known together as the ''']''', since the A8 runs along the north of the Peloponese, and the A9 to the west. | |||
The ''']''', or the '''Central Greece Motorway''' (usually referred to as just ]) is currently under construction. It will link the ] (AThE) near ] with the ] (Egnatia Odos) near ], and carry the ]. Its total length will be {{Convert|174|km|mi|abbr=}}.<ref name="yd"/><ref name="MEL"/> | |||
Construction began in 2009, lasted 2 years and stopped in 2011 due to the ]. At the end of 2013 it was decided to proceed with the immediate construction of the central middle section, Trikala–Xyniada with a length of 80 km, while construction of the northern (Grevena–Trikala) and southern (Xyniada–Lamia) sections was postponed. | |||
* ] The GR-90, temporarily known as '''Motorway A90''', located in ], is currently being upgraded to motorway, with certain parts already complete, as of summer 2007. It is also known as "'''North Crete Motorway'''", and its full length will be 310 kilometres or 193 miles. Other sources claim it to be 250km or 156 mi. | |||
The middle section between Xyniada and Trikala was inaugurated and opened to traffic on December 22, 2017. In October 2018 the ] approved the funding for the construction of the southern section, Xyniada - ], which out of the 32,5km, the 14,2 km section from the ] to ] I/C is opened to traffic on July 15, 2021, while the rest is expected to be completed by 2024. The construction of the northern section, ]–] junction, has started on November of 2021 with completion due by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/autokinitodromoi/uperastikoi/kedriki-odos-e65/item/23271-%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B565-%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B1-%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1-%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B5 |title=ypodomes.com |access-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223917/http://ypodomes.com/index.php/autokinitodromoi/uperastikoi/kedriki-odos-e65/item/23271-%ce%ba%ce%b5%ce%bd%cf%84%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%bf%ce%b4%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%b565-%ce%b3%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b6%cf%8e%ce%bd%ce%b5%ce%b9-%cf%84%ce%bf-%ce%be%cf%85%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ac%ce%b4%ce%b1-%cf%84%cf%81%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%b1-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1-%cf%84%ce%b1-%ce%ac%ce%ba%cf%81%ce%b1-%ce%b2%ce%bb%ce%ad%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bc%ce%b5 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
===A5 (Ionia Odos)=== | |||
'''Note 1:''' Except for the previously mentioned ]s, all other highways in Greece are undivided 2-laned. Lengths are approximate. | |||
The ''']''', also referred to as the '''Ionia Odos''' (Ionian Motorway), is a fully operational motorway since 3 August 2017 when its last section under construction was delivered to traffic. It starts from ] at the ] (Egnatia Odos) interchange, and currently ends at ], in ], after crossing the ] through the ]. There, it connects to the ] (see below). | |||
The route passes through most of western continental Greece, along the ], hence its name "Ionia Odos". Work on the majority of the highway began in spring 2006 and would span six years, to be completed by 2012. Though, because of economic problems of the constructing companies, all construction works were halted in 2011, but since mid-2013 works on the whole of the 196 km motorway started again. The ] - ] section was completed in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://int.ert.gr/the-last-section-of-ionia-odos-motorway-to-be-fully-put-into-operation/|title=The last section of "Ionia Odos" motorway to be fully put into operation|last=Dervou|first=Angeliki|date=2017-08-02|work=ERT International|access-date=2017-08-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171948/http://int.ert.gr/the-last-section-of-ionia-odos-motorway-to-be-fully-put-into-operation/|archive-date=2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="yd"/> | |||
'''Note 2:''' Motorway numbers are different and irrelevant to other highways' numbers. For example, Motorway A6 refers to ], while "GR-6", as listed above, refers to a different road. The same goes for ], which is numbered "Motorway A2", and the old highway "GR-2". | |||
The ] - ] section is currently under construction with completion due in 2025. The motorway will in future be extended to ] (near Meligalas) where it will intersect with the ] (Moreas). The full length of the motorway will be {{convert|364|km|abbr=on}} on completion. | |||
'''Note 3:''' Another motorway lies between ] and ]. It has been recently numbered '''Motorway A67''' but this is most likely temporary. It is also known as the '''Halkidiki Motorway'''. Its first 8km (from ] exit till the ] intersection) are a 6-lane divided motorway. The next 29km (until the ] intersection) are a 4-lane divided motorway and the last 17km (until ] ) are a 2-lane undivided highway, under construction to be transformed into a 4-lane divided motorway. The first part of it is common with the ]. | |||
* The ''']''', also known as '''Ambrakia Odos''' (Amvrakia Motorway) is a branch of the ] connecting it with the island of ] and the undersea-tunnel of Aktio, leading to ]. This motorway section is expected to serve the popular tourist region around the ]. At {{convert|48.6|km|abbr=on}} long, the motorway was expected to finish in 2012, having started construction in 2009. Earthworks were largely completed by April 2012 but structures had not commenced as of that time. In mid-2013, works had begun again, but as of December 2016, problems with funding have kept the road largely behind schedule. The {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} section from the Preveza - Aktio tunnel to Vonitsa and the {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}} section from Ionia Odos to Loutraki (also known as ] bypass), have been opened to traffic in 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/autokinitodromoi/uperastikoi/loipoi-autokinitodromoi/item/52621-amvrakia-odos-stin-kykloforia-to-tmima-aktio-vonitsa |title=Αμβρακία Οδός: Στην κυκλοφορία το τμήμα Άκτιο-Βόνιτσα - ypodomes.com |website=www.ypodomes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430233827/https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/autokinitodromoi/uperastikoi/loipoi-autokinitodromoi/item/52621-amvrakia-odos-stin-kykloforia-to-tmima-aktio-vonitsa |archive-date=2019-04-30}}</ref> and 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ypodomes.com/aktio-amvrakia-stin-kykloforia-i-parakampsi-amfilochias-kata-20-lepta-pio-syntomi-i-diadromi/|title=Άκτιο-Αμβρακία: Στην κυκλοφορία η Παράκαμψη Αμφιλοχίας – Κατά 20 λεπτά πιο σύντομη η διαδρομή - ypodomes.com |website=www.ypodomes.com }}</ref> respectively. The final {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} section from Loutraki to ] was completed and opened to traffic in 2024. | |||
===A6 (Attiki Odos)=== | |||
] | |||
The ''']''', or ''']''', forms part of the urban motorway network of ]'s metropolitan area. Its full length is {{convert|65|km|mi}} and it is also planned to be extended to various directions, bringing its total length to {{convert|141|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The ] has various auxiliary routes, namely the Aigaleo Ring Road (]) and the Hymettus Ring Road (]), serving parts of western and eastern Athens respectively; while the 6 km (4 mi) section leading from the main route to the ] is numbered as the A64. | |||
* The ''']''' is a section of the ] which branches off the main A6 route. It is referred to as the Hymettus Beltway (A62) (]: Περιφερειακή Υμηττού), serving parts of eastern Athens, while it is also expected to be extended further southwards to ] and further eastwards towards ]. | |||
* The ''']''' is a section of the ] which branches off at the end of the main A6 route. It basically serves as a corridor from ] and ] towards the ]. | |||
* The ''']''' is a second auxiliary route that branches off the main A6 route. The A64 section of the ] is referred to as the Aigaleo Ring Road (A65) (]: Περιφερειακή Αιγάλεω) and serves parts of western Athens. A small part of the A65, the ] interchange, remains unfinished, with completion expected by 2028.<ref name="yd"/><ref name="MEL"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=Major road linking Aigaleo with highway {{!}} eKathimerini.com |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/1258401/major-road-linking-aigaleo-with-highway/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |language=English}}</ref> | |||
* The ''']''' is a small branch of ] which connects ] with the ]. It serves as a small detour of the main route and its length is {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}}. | |||
===A7 (Corinth–Tripoli–Kalamata)=== | |||
] (A7).]] | |||
The ''']''' starts from ], at the interchange with the ] and continues to ], passing through ]. It replaced the old ] as the main road, with the section between Corinth and Tripoli, constructed between 1984 and 1990 and officially becoming part of the Greek road network in 1992. | |||
The A7 has recently undergone extensive improvement to full motorway standards. As of December 2012, the motorway section between Corinth and Kalamata is fully constructed and operational. Its total length is 205 kilometers or 127 miles.<ref name="yd"/><ref name="MEL"/> | |||
* The ''']''' is a branch of the ] (Moreas) from Lefktro, connecting it with ]. It was opened on 18 April 2016. | |||
===A8 (Olympia Odos)=== | |||
''']''', also known as the ''']''', is the motorway from ] to ]. It begins in ], at the interchange with the ] (Attiki Odos) and ends at the ] (Ionia Odos) interchange in ]. | |||
The ]–] section has been completed to motorway standards, while the ] – ] section begun construction in 2008, and was due to be completed in 2012. After construction works had begun again the whole motorway was completed in 2017. It includes the widening and general reconstruction of the ] along with some new tunnels and bridges.<ref name="yd"/><ref name="MEL"/> | |||
===A90 (Northern Crete motorway)=== | |||
''']''' is a temporary name for a motorway under construction in ]. It is more widely known as '''North Road Axis of Crete''' ({{langx|el|Βόρειος Οδικός Άξονας Κρήτης}}, '''BOAK''') and is Greece's only motorway that is not on its mainland, but on an island. Certain parts have already been completed, as of summer 2007, such as the bypasses at ], ] and ]. In late 2014, the ] - ] part (which also serves as a bypass of Agios Nikolaos) was opened to traffic. Its full length will be 310 kilometres or 193 miles<ref name="yd"/><ref name="MEL"/> from ] in the east to ] in the west, and it is expected to be completed by the year 2031. | |||
=== Electronic toll system and interoperability === | |||
On April 4, 2018, an international tender was launched by the Greek government for the ] for the procurement, design and installation of a satellite and ] (e-tolls) in the Greek motorways, using ] and ] technologies. The new system would be the first distance-based pricing model in Greece, replacing the existing toll plazas and charging vehicles depending on the distance covered in the entirety of the country’s motorway network (including the currently state-owned ]).The project's cost was estimated at about ]400 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Καραγιάννης|first=Νίκος|date=2018-04-05|title=Five contenders for Greece's new electronic tolling system installation project|url=https://ypodomes.com/five-contenders-for-greece-s-new-electronic-tolling-system-installation-project/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Ypodomes.com|language=el}}</ref> | |||
The system would be double; Passenger vehicles' license plates would automatically be captured and identified by traffic cameras upon their entrance and exit from the tolled motorway network with the use of ANPR technology, while professional and heavy vehicles would all carry transponders which would monitor and record their position using satellites (]). 5 contenders participated in the tender, namely Aκtor SA – ] – ]- ], ] – Nusz, ] – ] – ], ] – ] and ] – SkyToll.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Καραγιάννης|first=Νίκος|date=2018-07-19|title=Tender for Greece's new electronic tolling system progresses|url=https://ypodomes.com/tender-for-greece-s-new-electronic-tolling-system-progresses/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Ypodomes.com|language=el}}</ref> In May 2019, the second phase of the tender was completed and two consortiums passed, Aκtor SA – ] – ]- ] and ] – Nusz.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-02|title=ΑΚΤΩΡ και ΜΥΤΙΛΗΝΑΙΟΣ πέρασαν στην τελική φάση για τα ηλεκτρονικά διόδια, ποιο σχήμα δεν συνέχισε - ypodomes.com|url=https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/52687-aktor-kai-mytilinaios-perasan-stin-teliki-fasi-gia-ta-ilektronika-diodia-poio-sxima-apokleistike|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502175528/https://www.ypodomes.com/index.php/alles-ypodomes/endiaferouses-eidiseis/item/52687-aktor-kai-mytilinaios-perasan-stin-teliki-fasi-gia-ta-ilektronika-diodia-poio-sxima-apokleistike|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-05-02|access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> Finally, a week before the ], the then ] ] appointed concessionaire the consortium of Aκtor SA – ] – ]- ], after evaluation of the financial offers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ολγα|first=Κλώντζα|date=2019-11-01|title=Ηλεκτρονικά διόδια : Νέος διαγωνισμός εντός 6μήνου - Ερχεται ενιαίο e-pass|url=https://www.tovima.gr/2019/11/01/society/ilektronika-diodia-neos-diagonismos-entos-6minou/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Ειδήσεις - νέα - Το Βήμα Online|language=el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102144739/https://www.tovima.gr/2019/11/01/society/ilektronika-diodia-neos-diagonismos-entos-6minou/|archive-date=2019-11-02|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==== Cancellation of the first tender ==== | |||
Although the tender for the new system had been strongly disputed by the contestants themselves, the then Minister Ch. Spirtzis of ] decided to proceed with it. The concerns regarded the subject of the tender itself, as such a wide implementation does not exist in any developed country, as well as the absence of an agreement for the implementation of such a system. Moreover, existing concession agreements with the private companies managing most of the Greek motorways would have to be amended.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-28|title=GRITS: Το νέο σύστημα ηλεκτρονικών διοδίων με ένα πομποδέκτη για όλους τους αυτοκινητόδρομους|url=https://ypodomes.com/grits-to-neo-systima-ilektronikon-diodion-me-ena-pompodekti-gia-oloys-toys-aytokinitodromoys/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Ypodomes.com|language=el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604201837/https://ypodomes.com/grits-to-neo-systima-ilektronikon-diodion-me-ena-pompodekti-gia-oloys-toys-aytokinitodromoys/|archive-date=2020-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Καραγιάννης|first=Νίκος|date=2020-05-28|title=GRITS: The new electronic tolling system with one transceiver for all motorways|url=https://ypodomes.com/grits-the-new-electronic-tolling-system-with-one-transceiver-for-all-motorways/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Ypodomes.com|language=el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604201834/https://ypodomes.com/grits-the-new-electronic-tolling-system-with-one-transceiver-for-all-motorways/|archive-date=2020-06-04|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In the autumn of 2019, the tender for the electronic toll system was cancelled by the ] following the discovery of several deficiencies and an appeal by the Mytilineos – Nusz consortium, second bidder of the tender, and other participants regarding the bid evaluation procedure, noting that its bid was not preferred although it was lower by €70 million.<ref name=":0" /> The tender was officially cancelled at the end of May 2020.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
==== Interoperability ==== | |||
From March 2011, five (Attiki Odos SA, Aegean Motorway SA, Olympia Odos SA, Moreas SA, Gefyra SA) of the total of seven operating concessionaires of the Greek motorways are part of an interoperable network named "GRITS" (Greek Interoperable Toll Service), which allows drivers to travel along the participating motorways, passing from the electronic toll lanes, using a single ].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Συμφωνία παραχωρησιούχων για ενιαίο e-pass σε όλους τους αυτοκινητόδρομους, του Γιώργου Λιάλιου {{!}} Kathimerini|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/1050067/article/oikonomia/ellhnikh-oikonomia/symfwnia-paraxwrhsioyxwn-gia-eniaio--e-pass-se-oloys-toys-aytokinhtodromoys|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.kathimerini.gr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105144456/https://www.kathimerini.gr/1050067/article/oikonomia/ellhnikh-oikonomia/symfwnia-paraxwrhsioyxwn-gia-eniaio--e-pass-se-oloys-toys-aytokinhtodromoys|archive-date=2019-11-05|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In October 2019, it was agreed that the remaining two concessionaires (Nea Odos SA and Kentriki Odos SA), as well as the currently state-owned Egnatia Odos SA, would join the GRITS network. Drivers will therefore be able to travel and pay tolls electronically using a single transponder across the entire Greek motorway network. In the autumn of 2019 technical discussions began between all the companies, testing of the system began in the summer of 2020 and it is expected to become operational in the autumn of 2020.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
==National Roads== | |||
] | |||
] (Crete)]] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
The '''National Roads''' in Greece (]: Εθνικές Οδοί) are ] or ] roads with one or two traffic lanes for each direction, usually with an emergency lane on each side as well. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] – ] - North Macedonia, replaced by the ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: Albania - ] – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] - Turkey (runs parallel to the ] from Thessaloniki to Alexandoupoli) | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] - ] – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] - North Macedonia | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] - ] – ] – ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] - ] – ] – ] (runs parallel to the ] from Igoumenitsa to Metsovo) | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] - ] old road | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] – junction with ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] (]n border) – ] (junction with ]) | |||
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| ]: ] - ] | |||
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|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - ] (junction with ]) | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - ] – ] - Bulgaria | |||
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| ]: ] - ] - ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] - ] - Bulgaria | |||
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| ]: ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - Bulgaria | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - ] - Bulgaria | |||
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| ]: ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] ring road | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] – ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] - ] - ] | |||
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| ]: ] – ] | |||
|} | |||
* '''Additional National Roads according to the register of the National Roads 1998''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] – ] new road (partly motorway) | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ]: ] – ] - ] | |||
|} | |||
== Current construction projects in Greece == | |||
As of autumn 2017, most motorway construction projects all over Greece are completed. | |||
* Part of the ] was completed in late 2017 at a cost of 1,4 bn euros. | |||
* The ] (Ionia Odos) and ] (Olympia Odos) motorways were both finished and opened to traffic in mid-2017 at a cost of 2,2 bn euros and 1,118 bn euros respectively. | |||
* The ] was completed in November 2016, costing a total of 1 bn euros. | |||
* The final construction point of the ] at the ] opened to traffic in April 2017, costing 1,3 bn euros. | |||
== Correlation with European routes == | |||
This is a list of ] that shows which parts of them run through Greece. | |||
'''Major routes:''' | |||
{| class=wikitable | |||
!Road | |||
!style="width:75%"|Route<ref name="unece-list">{{cite web|title=European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries|url=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2016/sc1/ECE-TRANS-SC1-2016-03-Rev1e.pdf|website=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|publisher=United Nations|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406024702/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2016/sc1/ECE-TRANS-SC1-2016-03-Rev1e.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2023|location=Geneva|pages=9-19|language=en-us|date=1 November 2016|url-status=live|id=ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1}}</ref> | |||
!style="width:25%"|Notes | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] (ferry to Italy) – Nea Thesi | |||
|] Nea Thesi – ] | |||
|] Preveza – ] | |||
|] Katouna – ] – ] – ] – ] | |||
|] Mintilogli – ] – ] | |||
|] Kalo Nero – ] | |||
|] Oichalia – Kalamata | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] (border with North Macedonia) – ] – ] | |||
|] Kozani – ] – ] – ] | |||
|] Lamia – Roditsa | |||
|] Roditsa – ] | |||
|] Bralos – ] | |||
|] Amphissa – ] | |||
|] Chrisso – ] – ] | |||
|] Antirrio – ] | |||
|] Rio – ] – ] | |||
|] Corinth – ] – ] (ferry to Kissamos) | |||
|] / ] ] (ferry to Kalamata) – ] | |||
}} | |||
|The E65 will be rerouted between Kozani and Lamia when the ] is completed.<ref name="e65-greece">{{cite web|title=Central Greece Highway E-65|url=https://commission.europa.eu/projects/central-greece-highway-e-65_en|website=European Commission|publisher=Directorate-General for Communication|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730023024/https://commission.europa.eu/projects/central-greece-highway-e-65_en|archive-date=30 July 2024|location=Brussels|language=en-gb|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] (border with North Macedonia) – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] (ferry to Chania) | |||
|] / ] ] (ferry to Piraeus) – ] – ] – ] | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl|] ] (border with Bulgaria) – ] – ] | |||
|] Lagkadas – ] | |||
|] Efkarpia – ] | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] (border with Bulgaria) – ] – ] – Ardani | |||
|] Ardani – ] | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] (border with Albania) – ] | |||
|] Florina – ] – ] | |||
|] Levaia – ] | |||
|] Arnissa – ] | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|] ] (ferry to Italy) – ] – ] – ] – ] – ] (border with Turkey) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] (ferry to Italy) – ] – ] | |||
|] Panagia – ] | |||
|] Kalabaka – ] | |||
|] Trikala – ] | |||
|] Larissa Ring Road | |||
|] Larissa – ] | |||
|] Velestino – ] | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|align=center|] | |||
|{{ubl | |||
|] ] – ] | |||
|] Elefsina – ] (via ], bypassing ]) | |||
}} | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
'''Other routes:''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ] (Albanian border) - ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ] ] (will be replaced by ]) | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ] ]-] - ] ] – ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ] ] | |||
|- | |||
|align=center| ] | |||
| ] ] – ] (planned to be replaced by ]) | |||
|} | |||
'''Note:''' When certain highways that carry European routes are replaced with motorways, the European routes will be reassigned to the new motorways. For example, GR-7 carried the ] from Tripoli to Kalamata. When the ] was completed, the ] numbering was reassigned to it. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*] | * ] | ||
*] | * ] | ||
*] | * ] | ||
*] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
==References== | |||
<!--Categories--> | |||
] | |||
] | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
== External links == | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304220615/http://www.greek-motorway.net/ |date=2012-03-04 }} | |||
* | |||
{{Greekroads}} | |||
{{Roads in Europe}} | |||
{{Motorways in Europe}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 03:02, 12 January 2025
The National Roads and Motorways in Greece constitute the main road network of the country. These two types of roads are distinct in terms of their construction specifications. Their main difference is that motorways (Greek: Αυτοκινητόδρομοι) adhere to higher quality construction standards than National Roads (Greek: Εθνικές Οδοί).
For example, a typical motorway (highway) in Greece consists of six or four lanes (three or two lanes in each direction) plus an emergency lane, separated by a central barrier. Entrances and exits to the motorways are only provided at grade-separated junctions (interchanges) and there are no traffic lights. Greek motorways are generally organized so that the odd-numbered motorways are of north-south alignment and the even-numbered motorways are of east-west alignment. However, there are many exceptions.
A typical National Road in Greece is usually a single carriageway or limited-access road with at-grade intersections and with one or two traffic lanes for each direction, usually with an emergency lane on each side as well. The designation of some important roads of Greece as "national" was first decided by a 1955 decree, while a minister's decision in 1963 determined the numbering of these roads. In 1998, a survey of the Hellenic Statistical Authority defined some new national roads that were constructed after the 1963 decision.
The naming system of motorways and National Roads is different. For example, "A2" refers to the Egnatia Odos motorway, while "GR-2" refers to National Road 2. All motorways are named by using the capital letter "A", followed by a number (e.g. A1). The main motorways of Greece have a single digit number and auxiliary motorways perpendicular to the main ones have a double digit number (e.g. A25). Motorways have their own white-on-green signs, while National Roads are designated by white-on-blue signs.
The construction of the Greek motorway network has been, to a large extent, a very complex and demanding project due to the peculiarities of the geomorphology of the areas through which the new roads pass. The Greek mainland is extremely mountainous; the local topography as well as environmental concerns regarding the local flora and fauna played a decisive role in the final route design. In order to overcome these difficulties, the construction of multiple large and expensive technical works, such as tunnels and bridges, was necessary in many cases. Indicatively, the total number of tunnels built along the four Greek major motorways (A1, A2, A5 and A8) is about 150 and their total length is about 200 km (measured as a single bore).
With a total length of about 2320 km as of 2020, Greece's motorway network is the biggest one in Southeastern Europe and one of the most advanced in Europe.
Motorways
Greece's motorway network has been extensively modernized throughout the 2000s and part of it is still under construction. Most of it was completed by early 2017. There are a total of 10 main routes throughout the Greek mainland and Crete, from which some feature numerous branches/auxiliary routes, as described in the listing below.
Greek motorways according to ministerial decree of 2015
Name | Connecting cities | Progress | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Athens - Thessaloniki - Evzonoi |
Athens, Thebes, Lamia, Larissa, Katerini, Thessaloniki, Evzonoi | 550/550 km
342/342 mi |
Completed |
Egnatia Odos |
Igoumenitsa, Ioannina, Grevena, Veria, Thessaloniki, Kavala, Xanthi, Komotini, Alexandroupoli | 670/670 km
416/416 mi |
Completed |
Central Greece Motorway |
Lamia, Karditsa, Trikala, Grevena | 136/175 km
84.5/109 mi |
Northern part 46km Kalampaka - sections are under construction. |
Trikala - Larissa (Operational as an expressway) |
Trikala, Farkadona, Larissa | 45/63.3 km
27.9/39.3 mi |
Sections Pineios river - Megalochori, 4km between - Nikaia and beltway of Larissa are completed. Nikaia - Pineios river and Megalochori - Trikala under planning |
Ionia Odos |
Tsakona, Patras, Missolonghi, Arta, Ioannina | 196/364 km
122/226 mi |
Section Ioannina - Kakavia is under planning |
Attiki Odos |
Elefsina, Athens, Pallini, Lavrio | 48/48 km
30/30 mi |
Completed |
Corinth–Tripoli–Kalamata |
Corinth, Argos, Tripoli, Kalamata | 149/149 km
93/93 mi |
Completed |
Olympia Odos |
Athens, Corinth, Patras | 215/215 km
134/134 mi |
Completed |
Schimatari - Chalkis |
Chalkis | 11/26 km
7/16 mi |
Chalkis bypass is under planning |
Velestino - Volos |
Volos | 0/13 km
0/8 mi |
Upgrade under planning |
Thessaloniki - Chalkidiki |
Thessaloniki, Nea Moudania, Kallithea | 88/88 km
55/55 mi |
Completed
No emergency lane, green signs |
Thessaloniki - Serres - Promachonas |
Thessaloniki, Serres | 105/105 km
62/62 mi |
Completed |
Kozani - Ptolemaida - Niki |
Kozani, Ptolemaida, Florina | 40/79 km
25/49 mi |
Sections Kozani - Ptolemaida and Florina - Niki completed
Section Ptolemaida - Florina under planning to be upgraded |
Siatista - Krystallopigi |
Kastoria, Kozani, Florina | 72/72 km
45/45 mi |
Completed |
Aktio - Amvrakia |
Vonitsa, Aktio | 48/48 km
30/30 mi |
Completed |
Hymettus Beltway |
Elliniko, Athens, Pallini, Rafina | 13.5/20 km
8.4/12 mi |
Sections Pikermi - Rafina and southern expansion to Elliniko under planning |
Koropi - Aerodromio |
Athens International Airport | 6/6 km
4/4 mi |
Completed |
Aigaleo Beltway |
Skaramagas, Athens, Ano Liosia | 10 km
6.2 mi |
Skaramagas intersection under planning |
Lefktro - Sparti |
Tripoli, Sparta | 45.5/45.5 km
28/28 mi |
Completed |
Northern Cretan Motorway |
Chania, Rethymno, Heraklion, Agios Nikolaos | 41/310 km
25/193 mi |
Upgrade under construction/planning |
A1 (Athens - Thessaloniki - Evzonoi)
The A1 motorway is the oldest and most important motorway of Greece, connecting the country's largest cities, Athens and Thessaloniki and passing through many important regions of Greece on a south-north direction. Section Chalastra - Evzonoi was constructed earlier as an expressway, with no upgrade planned.
The full length of this motorway is around 553 km or 346 miles, including 14 km or 8.7 miles of shared route with the A2 (Egnatia Odos). Note that until recently, the "P" in "PAThE" referred to Patras, but the Patra – Athens section has now become part of the A8 (Olympia Odos), belonging to a different project.
- The A11 motorway is a branch of the A1, connecting it with the city of Chalcis.
- The A12 motorway is a planned branch of the A1, connecting it with the city of Volos. Upgrade of the pre-existing section is under way.
- The A13 motorway is a now cancelled branch of the A1, from Thiva to Elefsina; connecting it with the A6 (Attiki Odos) and serving as a western bypass of Athens Metropolitan Area.
A2 (Egnatia Odos)
The A2 motorway, also called Egnatia Odos (Egnatia Motorway), is a motorway situated in northern Greece, connecting several major cities on the way. It starts at the port of Igoumenitsa and ends at Kipoi border crossing with Turkey.
Part of its length, a section of about 360 km (220 mi) from Evros to Thessaloniki, parallels the ancient Roman Via Egnatia, which ran from modern Durrës in Albania to Thessaloniki and thence to Byzantium (now Istanbul, Turkey). The project has therefore been dubbed a modern Via Egnatia (in Greek, Egnatia Odos / Εγνατία Οδός). However, the parallel is not exact; the original Via Egnatia was much longer (1,120 km / 696 miles) and its western section, from Thessaloniki to the Adriatic Sea, ran much further north than the modern road.
Specifically, there are auxiliary routes to Albania and Bulgaria, with the main route leading to Turkey. North Macedonia is accessed through the A1 (AThE), as described above, or via the A27 (see below). Another auxiliary route runs close to the Evros river in the prefecture of the same name, reaching a point where Greece's, Turkey's and Bulgaria's borders meet. Some of those auxiliary routes are not yet motorways, but typical 2-lane expressways, although they are of considerably higher quality than other similar expressways in the rest of Greece. The project (including most of the auxiliary routes), was completed in 2009, with the length of the main route being 670 kilometers or 416 miles, making it the longest motorway in Greece.
- The A24 motorway is a branch of the A2, referred to as the Thessaloniki – Nea Moudania Motorway or Chalkidiki Motorway, connecting Thessaloniki to Nea Moudania on the Chalkidiki peninsula. As it passes through the eastern periphery of Thessaloniki the A24 becomes part of the Thessaloniki Inner Ring Road (Esoteriki Peripheriaki Odos, Greek: Εσωτερική Περιφερειακή Οδός).
- The A25 motorway is a branch of the A2 and lies between Thessaloniki to the Greek–Bulgarian border crossing, via Serres (taking over parts of the GR-12).
- The A27 motorway is a partially complete motorway that branches off the A2 north of Kozani, before heading towards Ptolemaida, Florina and the border crossing with North Macedonia at Niki. During 2012, tenders were announced for the construction of the 14 kilometers section from Florina up to the border crossing with North Macedonia. Construction of this section started in 2013, finished in 2015 and it was opened to traffic on 20 May 2016. The Ptolemaida - Florina part is currently an expressway, planned to be upgraded to a motorway.
- The A29 motorway branches off the A2 near Siatista, and serves the city of Kastoria and the Greek–Albanian border crossing at Krystallopigi.
A3 (Central Greece Motorway)
The A3 motorway, or the Central Greece Motorway (usually referred to as just E65) is currently under construction. It will link the A1 (AThE) near Lamia with the A2 (Egnatia Odos) near Grevena, and carry the European route E65. Its total length will be 174 kilometres (108 mi).
Construction began in 2009, lasted 2 years and stopped in 2011 due to the financial crisis. At the end of 2013 it was decided to proceed with the immediate construction of the central middle section, Trikala–Xyniada with a length of 80 km, while construction of the northern (Grevena–Trikala) and southern (Xyniada–Lamia) sections was postponed.
The middle section between Xyniada and Trikala was inaugurated and opened to traffic on December 22, 2017. In October 2018 the European Commission approved the funding for the construction of the southern section, Xyniada - Lamia, which out of the 32,5km, the 14,2 km section from the A1 to Karpenissi I/C is opened to traffic on July 15, 2021, while the rest is expected to be completed by 2024. The construction of the northern section, Trikala–Egnatia Odos junction, has started on November of 2021 with completion due by 2025.
A5 (Ionia Odos)
The A5 motorway, also referred to as the Ionia Odos (Ionian Motorway), is a fully operational motorway since 3 August 2017 when its last section under construction was delivered to traffic. It starts from Ioannina at the A2 (Egnatia Odos) interchange, and currently ends at Rio, in Patras, after crossing the Corinthian Gulf through the Rio-Antirrio bridge. There, it connects to the A8 (see below).
The route passes through most of western continental Greece, along the Ionian Sea, hence its name "Ionia Odos". Work on the majority of the highway began in spring 2006 and would span six years, to be completed by 2012. Though, because of economic problems of the constructing companies, all construction works were halted in 2011, but since mid-2013 works on the whole of the 196 km motorway started again. The Antirrion - Ioannina section was completed in August 2017.
The Patras - Pyrgos section is currently under construction with completion due in 2025. The motorway will in future be extended to Tsakona (near Meligalas) where it will intersect with the A7 (Moreas). The full length of the motorway will be 364 km (226 mi) on completion.
- The A52 motorway, also known as Ambrakia Odos (Amvrakia Motorway) is a branch of the A5 connecting it with the island of Lefkada and the undersea-tunnel of Aktio, leading to Preveza. This motorway section is expected to serve the popular tourist region around the Ambracian Gulf. At 48.6 km (30.2 mi) long, the motorway was expected to finish in 2012, having started construction in 2009. Earthworks were largely completed by April 2012 but structures had not commenced as of that time. In mid-2013, works had begun again, but as of December 2016, problems with funding have kept the road largely behind schedule. The 15 km (9.3 mi) section from the Preveza - Aktio tunnel to Vonitsa and the 17 km (11 mi) section from Ionia Odos to Loutraki (also known as Amfilochia bypass), have been opened to traffic in 2019 and 2022 respectively. The final 16 km (9.9 mi) section from Loutraki to Vonitsa was completed and opened to traffic in 2024.
A6 (Attiki Odos)
The A6 motorway, or Attiki Odos, forms part of the urban motorway network of Athens's metropolitan area. Its full length is 65 kilometres (40 mi) and it is also planned to be extended to various directions, bringing its total length to 141 km (88 mi). The Attiki Odos has various auxiliary routes, namely the Aigaleo Ring Road (A65) and the Hymettus Ring Road (A62), serving parts of western and eastern Athens respectively; while the 6 km (4 mi) section leading from the main route to the Athens International Airport is numbered as the A64.
- The A62 motorway is a section of the Attiki Odos which branches off the main A6 route. It is referred to as the Hymettus Beltway (A62) (Greek: Περιφερειακή Υμηττού), serving parts of eastern Athens, while it is also expected to be extended further southwards to Elliniko and further eastwards towards Rafina.
- The A64 motorway is a section of the Attiki Odos which branches off at the end of the main A6 route. It basically serves as a corridor from Attiki Odos and Koropi towards the Athens International Airport.
- The A65 motorway is a second auxiliary route that branches off the main A6 route. The A64 section of the Attiki Odos is referred to as the Aigaleo Ring Road (A65) (Greek: Περιφερειακή Αιγάλεω) and serves parts of western Athens. A small part of the A65, the Skaramagas interchange, remains unfinished, with completion expected by 2028.
- The A621 motorway is a small branch of Attiki Odos which connects Attiki Odos with the Hymettus Ring Road. It serves as a small detour of the main route and its length is 2 km (1.2 mi).
A7 (Corinth–Tripoli–Kalamata)
The A7 motorway starts from Corinth, at the interchange with the A8 motorway and continues to Kalamata, passing through Tripoli. It replaced the old GR-7 as the main road, with the section between Corinth and Tripoli, constructed between 1984 and 1990 and officially becoming part of the Greek road network in 1992.
The A7 has recently undergone extensive improvement to full motorway standards. As of December 2012, the motorway section between Corinth and Kalamata is fully constructed and operational. Its total length is 205 kilometers or 127 miles.
- The A71 motorway is a branch of the A7 (Moreas) from Lefktro, connecting it with Sparta. It was opened on 18 April 2016.
A8 (Olympia Odos)
A8 motorway, also known as the Olympia Odos, is the motorway from Athens to Patras. It begins in Elefsina, at the interchange with the A6 (Attiki Odos) and ends at the A5 (Ionia Odos) interchange in Patras.
The Elefsina–Corinth section has been completed to motorway standards, while the Corinth – Patras section begun construction in 2008, and was due to be completed in 2012. After construction works had begun again the whole motorway was completed in 2017. It includes the widening and general reconstruction of the GR-8A along with some new tunnels and bridges.
A90 (Northern Crete motorway)
A90 motorway is a temporary name for a motorway under construction in Crete. It is more widely known as North Road Axis of Crete (Greek: Βόρειος Οδικός Άξονας Κρήτης, BOAK) and is Greece's only motorway that is not on its mainland, but on an island. Certain parts have already been completed, as of summer 2007, such as the bypasses at Heraklion, Rethymno and Chania. In late 2014, the Agios Nikolaos - Kalo Chorio part (which also serves as a bypass of Agios Nikolaos) was opened to traffic. Its full length will be 310 kilometres or 193 miles from Sitia in the east to Kissamos in the west, and it is expected to be completed by the year 2031.
Electronic toll system and interoperability
On April 4, 2018, an international tender was launched by the Greek government for the Εxpression of Ιnterest for the procurement, design and installation of a satellite and electronic toll system (e-tolls) in the Greek motorways, using automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) and GNSS technologies. The new system would be the first distance-based pricing model in Greece, replacing the existing toll plazas and charging vehicles depending on the distance covered in the entirety of the country’s motorway network (including the currently state-owned Egnatia Odos).The project's cost was estimated at about €400 million.
The system would be double; Passenger vehicles' license plates would automatically be captured and identified by traffic cameras upon their entrance and exit from the tolled motorway network with the use of ANPR technology, while professional and heavy vehicles would all carry transponders which would monitor and record their position using satellites (GNSS technology). 5 contenders participated in the tender, namely Aκtor SA – Intrakat – Intrasoft Int’l SA- Autostrade Tech S.p.A., Mytilineos – Nusz, Terna – Vinci – Kapsch TrafficCom, OTE – T-Systems International GmbH and STRABAG – SkyToll. In May 2019, the second phase of the tender was completed and two consortiums passed, Aκtor SA – Intrakat – Intrasoft Int’l SA- Autostrade Tech S.p.A. and Mytilineos – Nusz. Finally, a week before the legislative election of July 2019, the then Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Networks Christos Spirtzis appointed concessionaire the consortium of Aκtor SA – Intrakat – Intrasoft Int’l SA- Autostrade Tech S.p.A., after evaluation of the financial offers.
Cancellation of the first tender
Although the tender for the new system had been strongly disputed by the contestants themselves, the then Minister Ch. Spirtzis of Syriza decided to proceed with it. The concerns regarded the subject of the tender itself, as such a wide implementation does not exist in any developed country, as well as the absence of an agreement for the implementation of such a system. Moreover, existing concession agreements with the private companies managing most of the Greek motorways would have to be amended.
In the autumn of 2019, the tender for the electronic toll system was cancelled by the Council of State following the discovery of several deficiencies and an appeal by the Mytilineos – Nusz consortium, second bidder of the tender, and other participants regarding the bid evaluation procedure, noting that its bid was not preferred although it was lower by €70 million. The tender was officially cancelled at the end of May 2020.
Interoperability
From March 2011, five (Attiki Odos SA, Aegean Motorway SA, Olympia Odos SA, Moreas SA, Gefyra SA) of the total of seven operating concessionaires of the Greek motorways are part of an interoperable network named "GRITS" (Greek Interoperable Toll Service), which allows drivers to travel along the participating motorways, passing from the electronic toll lanes, using a single transponder.
In October 2019, it was agreed that the remaining two concessionaires (Nea Odos SA and Kentriki Odos SA), as well as the currently state-owned Egnatia Odos SA, would join the GRITS network. Drivers will therefore be able to travel and pay tolls electronically using a single transponder across the entire Greek motorway network. In the autumn of 2019 technical discussions began between all the companies, testing of the system began in the summer of 2020 and it is expected to become operational in the autumn of 2020.
National Roads
The National Roads in Greece (Greek: Εθνικές Οδοί) are single carriageway or limited-access roads with one or two traffic lanes for each direction, usually with an emergency lane on each side as well.
- Additional National Roads according to the register of the National Roads 1998
Greek National Road 8A: Athens – Corinth – Patras new road (partly motorway) | |
Greek National Road 16A: Greek National Road 16 – Polygyros | |
Greek National Road 34A: Volos – Portaria - Horefto |
Current construction projects in Greece
As of autumn 2017, most motorway construction projects all over Greece are completed.
- Part of the A3 motorway was completed in late 2017 at a cost of 1,4 bn euros.
- The A5 motorway (Ionia Odos) and A8 motorway (Olympia Odos) motorways were both finished and opened to traffic in mid-2017 at a cost of 2,2 bn euros and 1,118 bn euros respectively.
- The A7 motorway was completed in November 2016, costing a total of 1 bn euros.
- The final construction point of the A1 motorway at the Vale of Tempe opened to traffic in April 2017, costing 1,3 bn euros.
Correlation with European routes
This is a list of European routes that shows which parts of them run through Greece.
Major routes:
Road | Route | Notes |
---|---|---|
|
||
|
The E65 will be rerouted between Kozani and Lamia when the A3 motorway is completed. | |
|
||
|
||
Igoumenitsa (ferry to Italy) – Ioannina – Kozani – Thessaloniki – Alexandroupolis – Kipoi (border with Turkey) | ||
|
Other routes:
Kakavia (Albanian border) - | |
Greek National Road 5 (will be replaced by ) | |
Preveza-Amfilochia - Karpenisi – Lamia | |
Greek National Road 39 | |
Elefsina – Thiva (planned to be replaced by ) |
Note: When certain highways that carry European routes are replaced with motorways, the European routes will be reassigned to the new motorways. For example, GR-7 carried the E65 from Tripoli to Kalamata. When the A7 motorway was completed, the E65 numbering was reassigned to it.
See also
- Transport in Greece
- Greece
- European routes
- List of countries by road network size
- List of roads and highways
References
- "Visit Greece | Geography". Visit Greece | The Official website of the Greek Tourism Organisation. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- "Ο ασφαλής, σύγχρονος αυτοκινητόδρομος μειώνει τον χρόνο ταξιδιού από την Αθήνα στη Θεσσαλονίκη-Έργα". ec.europa.eu (in Greek). Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- "Egnatia Motorway S.A. | The Demanding Geotechnical Works". Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- "Egnatia Motorway S.A. | The Construction of the Egnatia Motorway". Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- "Παρουσίαση Έργου Ολυμπίας Οδού - Olympia Odos". www.olympiaodos.gr. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- ppandp. "Description – NEA ODOS". Retrieved 2020-07-14.
- "Αυτοκινητόδρομοι: Δίκτυο 2.500 χιλιόμετρα μέχρι το 2017 - ypodomes.com". Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
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External links
- A greek motorways fan page Archived 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- A page about infrastracture in Greece
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States with limited recognition | |
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Motorways in Europe | |
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