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{{Short description|American biochemist and professor of structural biology}}
{{Infobox_Scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Roger David Kornberg
|image = Roger.Kornberg.JPG | name = Roger Kornberg
| honorific_suffix = ]<ref name=formemrs>{{cite web |author=Anon|year=2009|url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F2009%2F48%27) |title=Certificate of Election EC/2009/48: Roger D. Kornberg |publisher=] |archive-date=2017-03-21 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321145843/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F2009%2F48%27) |location=London}}</ref>
|caption = Roger David Kornberg
| image = Roger Kornberg (Nobel Medicine or Physiology 2006) in Stockholm, June 2016.jpg
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|4|24}}
| caption = Kornberg in 2016
|birth_place = ], ], ]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|4|24}}
|residence = ]
| birth_place = ], U.S.
|nationality = ]
|death_date = | death_date =
|death_place = | death_place =
|field = ] | field = ]
| work_institution = {{Plainlist|
|work_institution = ],<br> ],<br> ]
|alma_mater = ] (undergraduate),<br>] (PhD) * ]
* ]
|doctoral_advisor =
* ]
|known_for = Transmission of genetic information from ] to ]
* ]}}
|prizes = ] (2006), <br>] (2006), <br>] (2000)
|religion = | education = {{Plainlist|
* ] (BS)
|footnotes =
* ] (PhD)}}
| thesis_title = The Diffusion of Phospholipids in Membranes
| thesis_year = 1972
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302673759
| doctoral_advisor = ]<ref name=phd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Roger David |last=Kornberg |title=The Diffusion of Phospholipids in Membranes |publisher=Stanford University |date=1972 |oclc=38611465|id={{ProQuest|302673759}} }}</ref>
| known_for = Transmission of genetic information from ] to ]
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* ] (2006)
* ] (2006)
* ] (2005)
* ] (2000)
* ] (1997)
* ] (1990)}}
| religion =
| signature = RogerDKornberg.jpg
| website = {{URL|http://kornberg.stanford.edu}}
| spouse = Yahli Lorch
| children = 3{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}
}} }}
'''Roger David Kornberg''' (born {{birth date|1947|4|24}}) is an ] ] and ] of ] at ] School of Medicine.


'''Roger David Kornberg''' (born April 24,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2006/kornberg/facts/|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> 1947) is an American ] and ] of ] at ] School of Medicine. Kornberg was awarded the ] in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from ] is copied to ], "the molecular basis of ] ]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mednews.stanford.edu/kornberg/ |title=Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/press.html |title=Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="decadelong">{{cite journal |last1=N |first1=Kresge |last2=Al. |first2=Et |title=The Decade-long Pursuit of a Reconstituted Yeast Transcription System: the Work of Roger D. Kornberg |year=2009 |pmid=19847957 |pmc=2785628 |volume=284 |issue=43 |journal=J Biol Chem |pages=e18-20|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(20)38209-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>
Kornberg was awarded the ] in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from ] is copied to ], "the molecular basis of ] ]."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://mednews.stanford.edu/kornberg/
| title = Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
| publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/press.html
| title = Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006
| publisher = ]
}}</ref> His father, ], who was also a professor at Stanford University, was awarded the ] in 1959.


== Early life and education ==
== Biography ==
Kornberg was born in ], into a ] family,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry |url=https://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Chemistry.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.jinfo.org}}</ref> the eldest son of biochemist ], who won the Nobel Prize, and ] who was also a biochemist. He earned his ] in ] from ] in 1967 and his ] in ] from Stanford in 1972 supervised by ].<ref name=phd />
Kornberg was born in ], ] to a ] family. He was the first of three children born to biochemists ] and his wife, Sylvy (] Levy), who worked together.


==Career==
Kornberg earned his ] in ] from ] in 1967 and his ] in ] from Stanford in 1972. He then became a postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge England.
Kornberg became a ] fellow at the ] in Cambridge, England and then an Assistant Professor of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School in 1976, before moving to his present position as Professor of Structural Biology at ] in 1978.<ref name="Vasmatkar">{{cite book |last1=Vasmatkar |first1=Pashupat |last2=Kamaljit |first2=Kaur |title=Miracles in Biochemistry: The contribution of the Nobel laureates to the field of Biochemistry |date=2019 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |location=India |isbn=978-9388910743 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23WQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>
Since 2004, Kornberg has been the editor of the '']''.<ref name="Richardson">{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=Charles C. |title=It Seems Like Only Yesterday |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |date=2 June 2015 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033850 |pmid=26034887 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He serves on the Board of Directors of ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Reviews Board of Directors |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/about/our-team |website=Annual Reviews}}</ref>


==Research==
==Scientific Discoveries and Nobel Prize==
]
All organisms are controlled by their genes, which are coded by DNA, which is copied to RNA, which creates ]s, which are sequences of ]s. DNA resides in the ]. When a cell expresses a gene, it copies (]) that gene's DNA sequence onto a ] (mRNA) sequence. mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to ]s. The ribosomes read the mRNA and ] the code into the right amino acid sequence to make that gene's protein.
], ], ], ] and ]]]


The DNA is transcribed to mRNA by an enzyme, ], with the help of many other proteins. Using ], Kornberg identified the role of RNA polymerase II and other proteins in transcribing DNA, and he created three-dimensional images of the protein cluster using ]. Polymerase II is used by all organisms with nuclei, including humans, to transcribe DNA. Kornberg identified the role of RNA polymerase II and other proteins in DNA transcription, creating three-dimensional images of the protein cluster using ].<ref name="Stoddart">{{cite journal |last1=Stoddart |first1=Charlotte |title=Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=1 March 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-022822-1|doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/structural-biology-how-proteins-got-their-closeup |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>


Kornberg and his research group have made several fundamental discoveries concerning the mechanisms and regulation of eukaryotic transcription. While a postdoctoral fellow working with ] and ] at the MRC in the 1970s, Kornberg discovered the ] as the basic protein complex packaging chromosomal DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (chromosomal DNA is often termed "]" when it is bound to proteins in this manner, reflecting ]'s discovery that certain structures within the cell nucleus would absorb dyes and become visible under a microscope).<ref>Kornberg, R.D. (1974) Chromatin structure: a repeating unit of histones and DNA. Science 184, 868-871.</ref> Within the nucleosome, Kornberg found that roughly 200 bp of DNA are wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Kornberg and his research group have made several fundamental discoveries concerning the mechanisms and regulation of eukaryotic transcription. While a graduate student working with Harden McConnell at Stanford in the late 1960s, he discovered the "flip-flop" and lateral diffusion of phospholipids in bilayer membranes. Meanwhile, as a postdoctoral fellow working with ] and ] at the MRC in the 1970s, Kornberg discovered the ] as the basic protein complex packaging chromosomal DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (chromosomal DNA is often termed "]" when it is bound to proteins in this manner).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kornberg |first1=R. D. |title=Chromatin Structure: A Repeating Unit of Histones and DNA |journal=Science |volume=184 |issue=4139 |year=1974 |pages=868–871 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.184.4139.868 |pmid=4825889|bibcode=1974Sci...184..868K }}</ref> Within the nucleosome, Kornberg found that roughly 200 bp of DNA are wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. With Yahli Lorch, Kornberg showed that a nucleosome on a promoter prevents the initiation of transcription, leading to the recognition of a functional role for the nucleosome, which serves as a general gene repressor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lorch |first1=Yahli |last2=LaPointe |first2=Janice W. |last3=Kornberg |first3=Roger D. |title=Nucleosomes inhibit the initiation of transcription but allow chain elongation with the displacement of histones |journal=Cell |volume=49 |issue=7 |year=1987 |pages=203–210 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(87)90561-7 |pmid=3568125 |s2cid=21270171 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


Kornberg's research group at ] later succeeded in the development of a faithful transcription system from baker's yeast, a simple unicellular eukaryote, which they then used to isolate in a purified form all of the several dozen proteins required for the transcription process. Through the work of Kornberg and others, it has become clear that these protein components are remarkably conserved across the full spectrum of eukaryotes, from yeast to human cells. Kornberg's research group at ] later succeeded in the development of a faithful transcription system from ], a simple unicellular eukaryote, which they then used to isolate in a purified form all of the several dozen proteins required for the transcription process. Through the work of Kornberg and others, it has become clear that these protein components are remarkably conserved across the full spectrum of eukaryotes, from yeast to human cells.<ref name="Capa">{{cite journal |last1=Capa |first1=Nossa |title=Our Journal Cover |journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial |date=2001 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=231 |doi=10.1590/S1676-24442001000400001 |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/jbpml/a/Xb79Kg8YPYZMgBXyVg9JtRw/?format=pdf&lang=en |access-date=8 September 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Using this system, Kornberg made the major discovery that transmission of gene regulatory signals to the RNA polymerase machinery is accomplished by an additional protein complex that they dubbed ].<ref>Kelleher III, R.J., Flanagan, P.M. and Kornberg, R.D. (1990) A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus. Cell 61, 1209-1215.</ref> As noted by the Nobel Prize committee, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is actually enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and Mediator. The discovery of Mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process."<ref></ref> Using this system, Kornberg made the major discovery that transmission of gene regulatory signals to the RNA polymerase machinery is accomplished by an additional protein complex that they dubbed ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelleher |first1=Raymond J. |last2=Flanagan |first2=Peter M. |last3=Kornberg |first3=Roger D. |title=A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus |journal=Cell |volume=61 |issue=7 |year=1990 |pages=1209–1215 |issn=0092-8674 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(90)90685-8|pmid=2163759 |s2cid=4971987 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As noted by the Nobel Prize committee, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is actually enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and Mediator. The discovery of Mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2006/kornberg/facts/|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>


At the same as Kornberg was pursuing these biochemical studies of the transcription process, he devoted two decades to the development of methods to visualize the atomic structure of RNA polymerase and its associated protein components. Initially, Kornberg took advantage of expertise with lipid membranes gained from his graduate studies to devise a technique for the formation of two-dimensional protein crystals on lipid bilayers. These 2D crystals could then be analyzed using electron microscopy to derive low-resolution images of the protein's structure. Eventually, Kornberg was able to use ] to solve the ] of RNA polymerase at atomic resolution.<ref>Cramer, P., Bushnell, D.A. and Kornberg, R.D. (2001) Structural basis of transcription: RNA polymerase II at 2.8 ångstrom resolution. Science 292, 1863-1876.</ref><ref>Gnatt, A.L., Cramer, P., Fu, J., Bushnell, D.A. and Kornberg, R.D. (2001) Structural basis of transcription: An RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 Å resolution. Science 292, 1876-1882.</ref> The structure of RNA polymerase obtained by Kornberg is the most complex protein structure solved to date. He has recently extended these studies to obtain structural images of RNA polymerase associated with accessory proteins.<ref>Bushnell, D.A., Westover, K.D., Davis, R.E. and Kornberg, R.D. (2004) Structural basis of transcription: An RNA polymerase II – TFIIB cocrystal at 4.5 angstroms. Science 303, 983-988.</ref>Through these studies, Kornberg has created an actual picture of how transcription works at a molecular level. According to the Nobel Prize committee, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow. What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process."<ref> 2006</ref> At the same time as Kornberg was pursuing these biochemical studies of the transcription process, he devoted two decades to the development of methods to visualize the atomic structure of RNA polymerase and its associated protein components.<ref name="Stoddart"/> Initially, Kornberg took advantage of expertise with lipid membranes gained from his graduate studies to devise a technique for the formation of two-dimensional protein crystals on lipid bilayers. These 2D crystals could then be analyzed using electron microscopy to derive low-resolution images of the protein's structure. Eventually, Kornberg was able to use ] to solve the ] of RNA polymerase at atomic resolution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cramer |first1=P. |title=Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Angstrom Resolution |journal=Science |volume=292 |issue=5523 |year=2001 |pages=1863–1876 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.1059493 |pmid=11313498|bibcode=2001Sci...292.1863C |url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1943340/component/escidoc:1943341/1943340.pdf |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8729-F |s2cid=4993438 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gnatt |first1=A. L. |title=Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex at 3.3 A Resolution |journal=Science |volume=292 |issue=5523 |year=2001 |pages=1876–1882 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.1059495|pmid=11313499 |bibcode=2001Sci...292.1876G |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8723-C |s2cid=12379905 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> He has recently extended these studies to obtain structural images of RNA polymerase associated with accessory proteins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bushnell |first1=D. A. |title=Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II-TFIIB Cocrystal at 4.5 Angstroms |journal=Science |volume=303 |issue=5660 |year=2004 |pages=983–988 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.1090838 |pmid=14963322|bibcode=2004Sci...303..983B |s2cid=36598301 }}</ref> Through these studies, Kornberg has created an actual picture of how transcription works at a molecular level. According to the Nobel Prize committee, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow. What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process."<ref> 2006</ref>


== Awards == === Lipids membrane ===
As a graduate student at Stanford University, Kornberg's studied the rotation of phospholipids and defined for the first time the dynamics of lipids in the membrane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kornberg |first1=RD |last2=McConnell |first2=HM |title=Lateral diffusion of phospholipids in a vesicle membrane. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=October 1971 |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=2564–8 |doi=10.1073/pnas.68.10.2564 |pmid=4332815|pmc=389469 |bibcode=1971PNAS...68.2564K |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kornberg called the movement of lipid from one leaflet to the other flip-flop because he had studied only a few years before electronic circuit elements called ]. The term gave rise to the naming of proteins called ]s and floppases.<ref name="Epand">{{cite book |last1=Epand |first1=Richard M. |last2=Ruysschaert |first2=Jean-Marie |title=The biophysics of cell membranes : biological consequences |date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=9789811062438 |pages=33–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ps3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>
He has received the following awards:

* 1981: Eli Lilly Award
=== Industrial collaborations ===
* 1982: Passano Award, ]
Kornberg has served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of the following companies: Cocrystal Discovery, Inc (Chairman), ] Corporation (Chairman), ], Ltd, Oplon Ltd (Chairman), and ]. Kornberg has also been a director for the following companies: OphthaliX Inc., ], Can-Fite BioPharma, Ltd, Simploud and ]
* 1990: Ciba-Drew Award

* 1997: Harvey Prize from the ] - ''Israel Institute of Technology''
== Awards and honors ==
Kornberg has received the following awards:
{{colbegin | colwidth=35em}}
* 1981: ]
* 1982: Passano Award from the ]
* 1990: ]
* 1997: ] from the ]
* 2000: ] * 2000: ]
* 2001: Hope-Seyler Award, Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Germany * 2001: Hoppe-Seyler Award, Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Germany<ref name="Hartl2001">{{cite journal |last1=Hartl |first1=Franz-Ulrich |title=Roger D. Kornberg Felix Hoppe-Seyler Lecturer 2001 |journal=Biological Chemistry |volume=382 |issue=8 |pages=1101–2 |year=2001 |issn=1431-6730 |doi=10.1515/BC.2001.139|pmid=11592389 |s2cid=41857405 }}</ref>
* 2001: Welch Award in Chemistry * 2001: ] in Chemistry
* 2002: ASBMB-Merck Award * 2002: ASBMB-Merck Award{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
* 2002: Pasarow Award in Cancer Research * 2002: ] in Cancer Research
* 2002: Le ] * 2002: ]
* 2003: Elected to ]ship <ref name=membo>{{cite web|url=http://people.embo.org/profile/roger-d-kornberg|website=people.embo.org|title=Roger D. Kornberg}}</ref>
* 2003: Massry Prize
* 2003: ] from the ], ]
* 2005: ] Cancer Research Foundation’s ] Jr. Prize<ref>{{cite web |
* 2005: ] Cancer Research Foundation’s ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/philanthropy/cancer_research/Alfreadsloan2005.htm |title=The 2005 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Laureate |access-date=2006-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019201634/http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/philanthropy/cancer_research/Alfreadsloan2005.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2006-10-19}}</ref>
|url= http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/philanthropy/cancer_research/Alfreadsloan2005.htm
* 2006: ] from ]
|title=The 2005 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Laureate
|accessdate=2006-10-04
}}
</ref>
* 2006: Dickson Prize, University of Pittsburgh
* 2006: ] * 2006: ]
* 2006: ] from ] * 2006: ] from ]<ref></ref>
* 2008: ] Membership
* [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2009|2009:
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)]]<ref name=formemrs />
* 2012: Honorary Fellow,


{{colend}}

== See also ==

* ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|30em}}


== External links == ==External links==
{{Scholia|author}}
*
* {{Nobelprize}}
*, from the ], ]
*
*
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{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 2001-2025}} {{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 2001–2025}}
{{2006 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry}}
{{FRS 2009}}

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Kornberg, Roger David
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American chemist
|DATE OF BIRTH=] ]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=], ]
|DATE OF DEATH=living
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kornberg, Roger D.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kornberg, Roger D.}}
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Latest revision as of 16:06, 24 December 2024

American biochemist and professor of structural biology
Roger KornbergForMemRS
Kornberg in 2016
Born (1947-04-24) April 24, 1947 (age 77)
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Education
Known forTransmission of genetic information from DNA to RNA
SpouseYahli Lorch
Children3
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsStructural biology
Institutions
ThesisThe Diffusion of Phospholipids in Membranes (1972)
Doctoral advisorHarden M. McConnell
Websitekornberg.stanford.edu
Signature

Roger David Kornberg (born April 24, 1947) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied to RNA, "the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription."

Early life and education

Kornberg was born in St. Louis, Missouri, into a Jewish family, the eldest son of biochemist Arthur Kornberg, who won the Nobel Prize, and Sylvy Kornberg who was also a biochemist. He earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry from Harvard University in 1967 and his Ph.D. in chemical physics from Stanford in 1972 supervised by Harden M. McConnell.

Career

Kornberg became a postdoctoral research fellow at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England and then an Assistant Professor of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School in 1976, before moving to his present position as Professor of Structural Biology at Stanford Medical School in 1978. Since 2004, Kornberg has been the editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry. He serves on the Board of Directors of Annual Reviews.

Research

Kornberg in 2006
Roger D. Kornberg (third from left) with Andrew Fire, George Smoot, Dick Cheney, Craig Mello and John C. Mather

Kornberg identified the role of RNA polymerase II and other proteins in DNA transcription, creating three-dimensional images of the protein cluster using X-ray crystallography.

Kornberg and his research group have made several fundamental discoveries concerning the mechanisms and regulation of eukaryotic transcription. While a graduate student working with Harden McConnell at Stanford in the late 1960s, he discovered the "flip-flop" and lateral diffusion of phospholipids in bilayer membranes. Meanwhile, as a postdoctoral fellow working with Aaron Klug and Francis Crick at the MRC in the 1970s, Kornberg discovered the nucleosome as the basic protein complex packaging chromosomal DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (chromosomal DNA is often termed "chromatin" when it is bound to proteins in this manner). Within the nucleosome, Kornberg found that roughly 200 bp of DNA are wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. With Yahli Lorch, Kornberg showed that a nucleosome on a promoter prevents the initiation of transcription, leading to the recognition of a functional role for the nucleosome, which serves as a general gene repressor.

Kornberg's research group at Stanford later succeeded in the development of a faithful transcription system from baker's yeast, a simple unicellular eukaryote, which they then used to isolate in a purified form all of the several dozen proteins required for the transcription process. Through the work of Kornberg and others, it has become clear that these protein components are remarkably conserved across the full spectrum of eukaryotes, from yeast to human cells.

Using this system, Kornberg made the major discovery that transmission of gene regulatory signals to the RNA polymerase machinery is accomplished by an additional protein complex that they dubbed Mediator. As noted by the Nobel Prize committee, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is actually enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and Mediator. The discovery of Mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process."

At the same time as Kornberg was pursuing these biochemical studies of the transcription process, he devoted two decades to the development of methods to visualize the atomic structure of RNA polymerase and its associated protein components. Initially, Kornberg took advantage of expertise with lipid membranes gained from his graduate studies to devise a technique for the formation of two-dimensional protein crystals on lipid bilayers. These 2D crystals could then be analyzed using electron microscopy to derive low-resolution images of the protein's structure. Eventually, Kornberg was able to use X-ray crystallography to solve the 3-dimensional structure of RNA polymerase at atomic resolution. He has recently extended these studies to obtain structural images of RNA polymerase associated with accessory proteins. Through these studies, Kornberg has created an actual picture of how transcription works at a molecular level. According to the Nobel Prize committee, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow. What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process."

Lipids membrane

As a graduate student at Stanford University, Kornberg's studied the rotation of phospholipids and defined for the first time the dynamics of lipids in the membrane. Kornberg called the movement of lipid from one leaflet to the other flip-flop because he had studied only a few years before electronic circuit elements called flip-flops. The term gave rise to the naming of proteins called flippases and floppases.

Industrial collaborations

Kornberg has served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of the following companies: Cocrystal Discovery, Inc (Chairman), ChromaDex Corporation (Chairman), StemRad, Ltd, Oplon Ltd (Chairman), and Pacific Biosciences. Kornberg has also been a director for the following companies: OphthaliX Inc., Protalix BioTherapeutics, Can-Fite BioPharma, Ltd, Simploud and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.

Awards and honors

Kornberg has received the following awards:


See also

References

  1. ^ Kornberg, Roger David (1972). The Diffusion of Phospholipids in Membranes (PhD thesis). Stanford University. OCLC 38611465. ProQuest 302673759.
  2. ^ Anon (2009). "Certificate of Election EC/2009/48: Roger D. Kornberg". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2017-03-21.
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  6. N, Kresge; Al., Et (2009). "The Decade-long Pursuit of a Reconstituted Yeast Transcription System: the Work of Roger D. Kornberg". J Biol Chem. 284 (43): e18-20. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)38209-0. PMC 2785628. PMID 19847957.
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  8. Kornberg Nobel Prize lecture
  9. The Nobel Foundation 2006 prizes in Chemistry
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  11. Vasmatkar, Pashupat; Kamaljit, Kaur (2019). Miracles in Biochemistry: The contribution of the Nobel laureates to the field of Biochemistry. India: Educreation Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 978-9388910743. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  12. Richardson, Charles C. (2 June 2015). "It Seems Like Only Yesterday". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 84 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033850. PMID 26034887.
  13. "Annual Reviews Board of Directors". Annual Reviews.
  14. ^ Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  15. Kornberg, R. D. (1974). "Chromatin Structure: A Repeating Unit of Histones and DNA". Science. 184 (4139): 868–871. Bibcode:1974Sci...184..868K. doi:10.1126/science.184.4139.868. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 4825889.
  16. Lorch, Yahli; LaPointe, Janice W.; Kornberg, Roger D. (1987). "Nucleosomes inhibit the initiation of transcription but allow chain elongation with the displacement of histones". Cell. 49 (7): 203–210. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90561-7. PMID 3568125. S2CID 21270171.
  17. Capa, Nossa (2001). "Our Journal Cover". Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial. 37 (4): 231. doi:10.1590/S1676-24442001000400001. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  18. Kelleher, Raymond J.; Flanagan, Peter M.; Kornberg, Roger D. (1990). "A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus". Cell. 61 (7): 1209–1215. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90685-8. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 2163759. S2CID 4971987.
  19. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  20. Cramer, P. (2001). "Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Angstrom Resolution" (PDF). Science. 292 (5523): 1863–1876. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1863C. doi:10.1126/science.1059493. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8729-F. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11313498. S2CID 4993438.
  21. Gnatt, A. L. (2001). "Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex at 3.3 A Resolution". Science. 292 (5523): 1876–1882. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1876G. doi:10.1126/science.1059495. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8723-C. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11313499. S2CID 12379905.
  22. Bushnell, D. A. (2004). "Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II-TFIIB Cocrystal at 4.5 Angstroms". Science. 303 (5660): 983–988. Bibcode:2004Sci...303..983B. doi:10.1126/science.1090838. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14963322. S2CID 36598301.
  23. A family story about life 2006
  24. Kornberg, RD; McConnell, HM (October 1971). "Lateral diffusion of phospholipids in a vesicle membrane". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (10): 2564–8. Bibcode:1971PNAS...68.2564K. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.10.2564. PMC 389469. PMID 4332815.
  25. Epand, Richard M.; Ruysschaert, Jean-Marie (September 25, 2017). The biophysics of cell membranes : biological consequences. Singapore: Springer. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9789811062438. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  26. Hartl, Franz-Ulrich (2001). "Roger D. Kornberg Felix Hoppe-Seyler Lecturer 2001". Biological Chemistry. 382 (8): 1101–2. doi:10.1515/BC.2001.139. ISSN 1431-6730. PMID 11592389. S2CID 41857405.
  27. "Roger D. Kornberg". people.embo.org.
  28. "The 2005 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Laureate". Archived from the original on 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
  29. The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

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