Misplaced Pages

Slapping (strike): Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 09:09, 25 August 2010 editEekerz (talk | contribs)10,565 edits →Etymology and definitions: links, slap fight, fix punctuation← Previous edit Latest revision as of 07:08, 8 January 2025 edit undoTimothy Cooper (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,922 editsm →Bitch slap: Inserted "a". 
(353 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Striking a face with an open hand}}
{{Other uses}}
{{About|the method of striking a person|other uses|Slap (disambiguation){{!}}Slap}}
{{Redirect|Slap fight|the arcade game|Slap Fight}}]
⚫ ]) slaps Captain John Sullivan (played by ]) in a scene from the 1954 film '']'']]
'''Slapping''' or '''smacking''' is ] a person with the open ] of the hand, in a movement known as a '''slap''' or '''smack'''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA1170 |title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary |year=2004 |edition=11th |page=1170|publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=9780877798095 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/slap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054524/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/slap |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |title=slap |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |quote=Hit or strike with the palm of the hand or a flat object}}</ref> A '''backhand''' uses the back of the hand instead of the palm.


⚫ ==Etymology and definitions==
]
The word ''slap'' was first recorded in 1632, probably as a form of ].<ref>, ]</ref> It shares its beginning consonants with several other English words related to violence, such as "slash", "slay", and "slam".<ref name="lexico">{{Cite book|title=English Lexicogenesis|first=D. Gary|last=Miller|year=2014|isbn=978-0199689880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNfQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|page=166}}</ref> The word is found in several English ]s, such as, "]", "]", "]", "]", "]" (as a mild punishment), "]" (as an insult or, alternatively, as a reproof against a lewd or insulting comment), and "]" (an expression of friendship or congratulations).


=== In music ===
A '''slap''' or "smack" is a broad stroke made with the open hand, as opposed to a ] that is made with a closed fist. Slaps are frequently made across the face, but can be also made across hands or any other body part, and can use either the palm of the hand or the back of the hand.
{{Main|Slapping (music)}}
In ] and other styles of music, the term refers to the action of pulling an instrument's strings back and allowing them to smack the instrument.


=== Bitch slap ===
⚫ ==Etymology and definitions==
{{redirect|bitch slap||Bitch Slap (disambiguation)}}
⚫ The word was first recorded in 1632, probably of imitative origin (]). The word is found in several English ]s, such as, "slap ]", "slap-]", "]", "]", "slap on the ]" (as a mild punishment), "slap in the face" (as an insult or, alternatively, as a reproof against a lewd or insulting comment), and "slap on the back" (an expression of friendship or congratulations). In music, the term is used in jazz, referring to the action of pulling strings back and allowing them to smack the instrument.<ref>, ]</ref><ref>]</ref> The word "slap" is frequently used to minimize the perceived violence of an act, even if the act was especially severe. One person may hit another across the face and injure them severely, but in calling it a slap, make it seem less severe, since slapping is often associated with minor violence.<ref>Cotterill, Janet. ''Language in the Legal Process.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. pp. 81-82, ISBN 0333969022</ref><ref>Renzetti, Claire and Raquel Bergen. ''Violence against Women''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 45, ISBN 0742530558</ref>
"Bitch slap" is a ] phrase that dates to the 1990s.<ref name="cassells">{{Cite book|title=Cassell's dictionary of Slang|first=Jonathon|last=Green|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA114|page=114|year=2006|isbn=978-0304366361|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}}</ref> It means to slap someone to express dominance, contempt, or disrespect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bitch-slap|title = Definition of BITCH-SLAP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bitch-slap|title=Definition of bitch-slap &#124; Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}</ref>


==In humans== === Happy slapping ===
{{Main|Happy slapping}}
⚫ ] slapping ] in the 1954 film '']''. In the film, the plane is encountering an engine failure, and to calm Stack's character, Wayne's character slaps him twice.]]
For about five years beginning in 2004, ] became a UK ]. Happy slapping is the phenomenon whereby kids assault someone while being taped by a friend on their ]: afterwards the video is uploaded to a site like ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgFpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |title=Kids online: opportunities and risks for children |publisher=Policy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1847424389 |editor-last=Livingstone |editor-first=Sonia |location=Bristol |page=150 |editor2=Haddon, Leslie}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Frederick|title=15 minutes of fame: becoming a star in the YouTube revolution|year=2008|publisher=Alpha|location=Indianapolis, IN|isbn=978-1592577651|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/15minutesoffameb0000levy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrea Clifford-Poston ; foreword by Liz|title=A playworker's guide to understanding children's behaviour : working with the 8–12 age group|year=2008|publisher=Karnac|location=London|isbn=978-1855754942|pages=145}}</ref> Media coverage of the alleged trend led to a nationwide ], including a call by one member of parliament for schools to block mobile phone signals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life|publisher=Routledge|first=Gerard|last=Goggin|year=2006|isbn=978-0415367431|url=https://archive.org/details/cellphoneculture0000gogg|url-access=registration|page=}}</ref>
The purpose of a slap is often to humiliate, instead of injure, the target. Depending on the severity of the slap, the victim may charge the assailant with assault. This may constitute a common assault. In many films and television programs, such as a film even titled ''Slap Her... She's French'', girls and women typically slap boys, men and other females who offend them in some way and humiliate them, as occasionally occurs in real life. Such films have helped to create a cultural acceptance of women slapping men, at least as opposed to men striking women.<ref name = domes>Loseke, Donileen et.al. ''Current Controversies on Family Violence.'' Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. pp. 66-67 ISBN 0761921060</ref> This acceptance is probably partially linked to the fact that women are generally physiologically weaker and cause less harm than men when they slap.<ref>Denmark, Florence and Michele Paludi. ''Psychology of Women.'' New York: Praeger, 2008. p. 562 ISBN 0275991628</ref> Studies show slapping to be used more in female acts of violence than male acts, males using different methods. Many females tend not to slap males now due to legal issues such as a slap possibly being counted as an assault. Slaps can often bring about controversy and humiliation, often when they are unexpected by the slapee.<ref>Robbins, Pamela Clark and John Monahan. "Mental Disorder, Violence, and Gender." ''Law and Human Behavior.'' (Dec 2003) 27.6 pp. 561-571.</ref> Studies have shown that women who inflict minor acts of violence, such as slaps, on their spouses, are more likely to be abused themselves. Men who are slapped by their wives for certain behaviors are more able to justify in their own minds return violence when their spouse does not perform well. Often the return violence is more severe than the initial slap.<ref name = domes/> Thus, although society is more accepting of women who hit men than of men who hit women, women who slap statistically seem to be more likely to suffer from return violence than women who don't.<ref name = domes/> Also, both men and women who are violent with their spouses are more likely to slap or spank their children as well.<ref>Lamb, Michael. ''Parenting and Child Development in "Nontraditional" Families.'' Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. p. 311 ISBN 080582748X</ref>


==In animals== ==Usage and meaning==

Beavers slap their tails on the water as a danger signal.<ref>Hall, Richard J. "Does Representational Content Arise from Biological Function?" ''PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association''. 1990 pgs. 193-199</ref> Female fish of the ] genus will slap males with their tail fins if they are over-aggressive in mating.<ref>Warburton, Barbara and Clark Hubbs. "Reproductive Behavior of Gambusia heterochir." ''Copeia.'' (Dec 1957) 1957.4 pp. 299-300</ref> Dolphins have been observed to slap the surface{{Vague|surface of what exactly?|date=April 2010}} with their tails, possibly to express aggression or sexual impulses.<ref>Slooten, Elisabeth. "Behavior of Hector's Dolphin: Classifying Behavior by Sequence Analysis." ''Journal of Mammalogy.'' Nov 1994 75.4 pp. 956-964</ref> ] will slap their tails on the surface as a warning. They have also been known to slap attacking ] with their tails to keep them away. Males use their tails to slap other male humpbacks in mating contests.<ref></ref>
The purpose of a slap is often to humiliate, more than injure. A "slap in the face" is a common idiom, dating back to the late 1800s, that means to rebuke, rebuff or insult.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=Christine|title=The American heritage dictionary of idioms|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Mass. |isbn=039572774X|pages=|edition=1st pbk.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00amme_0/page/589}}</ref>

In his 2004 text ], anthropologist ] defines what he calls the "cheek slap," which he describes as "the classic action of a lady responding to the unwelcome attentions of a male." Morris categorizes the cheek slap as a "display blow", meaning one that is impossible to ignore but doesn't cause much damage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&pg=PA76 |title=The naked woman: a study of the female body |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0312338534 |edition=Reprint. |location=New York |pages=76 |author-link=Desmond Morris}}</ref>

⚫ The word "slap" is frequently used to minimize the perceived violence of an act, even if the act was especially severe. One person may hit another across the face and injure them severely, but in calling it a slap, it may seem less severe, since slapping is often associated with minor violence.<ref>Cotterill, Janet. ''.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. pp. 81–82, {{ISBN|0333969022}}</ref><ref>Renzetti, Claire and Raquel Bergen. ''Violence against Women''. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 45, {{ISBN|0742530558}}</ref>

==Cultural aspects==
Slapping is viewed differently by different cultures. In many countries, such as ], slapping a ] is viewed as a form of physical abuse, and is illegal (see ]), whereas in others, such as ], it is seen by only some parents as abusive, and even then only moderately so.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Malley-Morrison|editor-first=Kathleen|title=International perspectives on family violence and abuse: a cognitive ecological approach|year=2004|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum|location=Mahwah, NJ|isbn=0805842454|pages=20, 36}}</ref> The slapping of children in England and Northern Ireland remains legal as of 2023, despite being illegal in the two other UK constituent countries of Scotland (since 2020) and Wales (since 2022).

In some cultures,{{which|date=January 2020}} when girls ] for the first time, their mothers often slap them across the face, a cultural tradition thought by some to signify the difficulties of life as a woman.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2A93c_JS6sQC&pg=PA29 |title=The Girls' History and Culture Reader; The Twentieth Century |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0252077685 |editor-last=Forman-Brunell |editor-first=Miriam |location=Urbana |pages=29 |editor2=Paris, Leslie}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSSrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Learning religion: anthropological approaches |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1845455941 |editor-last=Berliner |editor-first=David |location=New York |page=35 |editor2=Sarró, Ramon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Arnett|first=Jeffrey Jensen|title=International encyclopedia of adolescence|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0001arne|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-0415966672|pages=}}</ref>

Studies have shown that although ] frown upon ] regardless of whether the perpetrator is male or female, generally they are more accepting of minor violence, such as slapping, when it is perpetrated by a woman against a man or vice versa. Women who inflict minor acts of violence on their male partners have a higher-than-normal probability of being severely assaulted by those partners, and domestic violence experts therefore advise at-risk women to refrain from even minor acts of physical aggression against their partners.<ref name="domes">Loseke, Donileen et al. ''.'' Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. pp. 66–67 {{ISBN|0761921060}}</ref> It has been suggested by Michael Lamb that both men and women who are violent toward their ]s are more likely to be so with their children as well.<ref>Lamb, Michael. ''Parenting and Child Development in "Nontraditional" Families.'' Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. p. 311 {{ISBN|080582748X}}</ref>

In India, the "insult slap" is a political maneuver used to express disapproval of ideas of a particular public figure or politician.<ref>https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/the-etiquette-of-the-insult-slap/ {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>

Slapping is very often portrayed in films and television programs. For example, in '']'' girls and women typically slap boys, men and other females who offend them in some way and humiliate them.

===As a combat sport{{Anchor|Slapping contests}}===
In the 2020s, slapping contests began to gain popularity and attention as a ] via ]; opponents stand across from each other and exchange blows until one concedes or is knocked out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamoureux |first=Mack |date=2019-03-21 |title=Professional Slapping Is the World's Greatest Sport |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evewxm/competitive-slapping-is-the-worlds-greatest-sport |website=Vice}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nark |first=Jason |title=‘I’ll do it until I die’: Pennsylvania man tries to slap the pain away |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/slap-fighting-mma-danawhite-boxing-sport-20230225.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, ] president ] attempted to popularize slapping contests via his promotion '']'', which also received sanctioning from the ] with rules patterned upon ] of ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cantor |first=Matthew |date=2022-10-24 |title=‘Like 13-year-olds invented a sport’: face-slapping league gets go-ahead in Vegas |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/24/nevada-new-face-slapping-league-ufc-dana-white |access-date=2023-04-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The series ''Power Slap: Road to the Title'', which had also been delayed after White was filmed slapping his wife in response to her attacking him at a New Year's party,<ref name=":0" /> faced poor viewership and was cancelled by ] after one season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=Report: Dana White’s Power Slap canned by TBS |url=https://bloodyelbow.com/2023/03/14/dana-white-power-slap-canned-by-tbs/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Bloody Elbow |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sky">{{cite web |last=Saqib |first=Faiza |date=January 21, 2023 |title='A recipe for disaster': The Power Slap League - and why neurologists are so concerned |url=https://news.sky.com/story/a-recipe-for-disaster-the-power-slap-league-and-why-neurologists-are-so-concerned-12790902 |website=sky.com}}</ref> However, White's promotion continues to produce shows throughout the year.

=== Slapping incidents ===
*While touring an evacuation hospital during ], U.S. Lieutenant General ] ] who were hospitalized with no visible physical injuries.
*Hungarian-American socialite and actress ] was convicted in 1989 for ] when he stopped her for a traffic violation.
*In 2022 at the ], actor ] controversially ] ] on-stage in response to a joke directed towards his wife ].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Why Will Smith Wasn't Ejected From the Oscars After Chris Rock Slap |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/why-will-smith-wasnt-ejected-from-oscars-chris-rock-slap-1235217098/ |url-status=live |magazine=] |publisher=] |publication-place=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329025321/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/why-will-smith-wasnt-ejected-from-oscars-chris-rock-slap-1235217098/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022}}</ref>

== Xiao Hongchi ==
In December 2024 Chinese therapist Xiao Hongchi, an exponent of the "paida lajin" method, which sees patients being slapped or slapping themselves repeatedly, was jailed for 15 years at ], after a jury found him guilty of the ] of Danielle Carr-Gomm. The victim, aged 71, had ] and fell fatally ill after she stopped taking her ] and fasted during one of his paida lajin therapy retreats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-32545591|title=What happens at a slapping workshop?|date=May 1, 2015|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/dec/06/slapping-therapy-healer-hongchi-xiao-jailed-gross-negligence-manslaughter|title=‘Slapping therapy’ healer jailed for gross negligence manslaughter of woman|first=Steven|last=Morris|date=December 6, 2024|via=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/updated-sentence-self-healing-practitioner-jailed-gross-negligence-manslaughter-after|title=UPDATED WITH SENTENCE: Self-healing practitioner jailed for gross negligence manslaughter after death of diabetic woman &#124; The Crown Prosecution Service|website=www.cps.gov.uk}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Wiktionary}} {{Wiktionary|slapping}}
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ], 2008 novel


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|30em}}


] ]
]

]
]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 07:08, 8 January 2025

Striking a face with an open hand This article is about the method of striking a person. For other uses, see Slap. "Slap fight" redirects here. For the arcade game, see Slap Fight.
Man being slapped
Officer Dan Roman (played by John Wayne) slaps Captain John Sullivan (played by Robert Stack) in a scene from the 1954 film The High and the Mighty

Slapping or smacking is striking a person with the open palm of the hand, in a movement known as a slap or smack. A backhand uses the back of the hand instead of the palm.

Etymology and definitions

The word slap was first recorded in 1632, probably as a form of onomatopoeia. It shares its beginning consonants with several other English words related to violence, such as "slash", "slay", and "slam". The word is found in several English colloquialisms, such as, "slap fight", "slap-happy", "slapshot", "slapstick", "slap on the wrist" (as a mild punishment), "slap in the face" (as an insult or, alternatively, as a reproof against a lewd or insulting comment), and "slap on the back" (an expression of friendship or congratulations).

In music

Main article: Slapping (music)

In jazz and other styles of music, the term refers to the action of pulling an instrument's strings back and allowing them to smack the instrument.

Bitch slap

"bitch slap" redirects here. For other uses, see Bitch Slap (disambiguation).

"Bitch slap" is a slang phrase that dates to the 1990s. It means to slap someone to express dominance, contempt, or disrespect.

Happy slapping

Main article: Happy slapping

For about five years beginning in 2004, happy slapping became a UK fad. Happy slapping is the phenomenon whereby kids assault someone while being taped by a friend on their mobile phone: afterwards the video is uploaded to a site like YouTube. Media coverage of the alleged trend led to a nationwide moral panic, including a call by one member of parliament for schools to block mobile phone signals.

Usage and meaning

The purpose of a slap is often to humiliate, more than injure. A "slap in the face" is a common idiom, dating back to the late 1800s, that means to rebuke, rebuff or insult.

In his 2004 text The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body, anthropologist Desmond Morris defines what he calls the "cheek slap," which he describes as "the classic action of a lady responding to the unwelcome attentions of a male." Morris categorizes the cheek slap as a "display blow", meaning one that is impossible to ignore but doesn't cause much damage.

The word "slap" is frequently used to minimize the perceived violence of an act, even if the act was especially severe. One person may hit another across the face and injure them severely, but in calling it a slap, it may seem less severe, since slapping is often associated with minor violence.

Cultural aspects

Slapping is viewed differently by different cultures. In many countries, such as Iceland, slapping a child is viewed as a form of physical abuse, and is illegal (see corporal punishment of children), whereas in others, such as England, it is seen by only some parents as abusive, and even then only moderately so. The slapping of children in England and Northern Ireland remains legal as of 2023, despite being illegal in the two other UK constituent countries of Scotland (since 2020) and Wales (since 2022).

In some cultures, when girls menstruate for the first time, their mothers often slap them across the face, a cultural tradition thought by some to signify the difficulties of life as a woman.

Studies have shown that although Americans frown upon domestic violence regardless of whether the perpetrator is male or female, generally they are more accepting of minor violence, such as slapping, when it is perpetrated by a woman against a man or vice versa. Women who inflict minor acts of violence on their male partners have a higher-than-normal probability of being severely assaulted by those partners, and domestic violence experts therefore advise at-risk women to refrain from even minor acts of physical aggression against their partners. It has been suggested by Michael Lamb that both men and women who are violent toward their spouses are more likely to be so with their children as well.

In India, the "insult slap" is a political maneuver used to express disapproval of ideas of a particular public figure or politician.

Slapping is very often portrayed in films and television programs. For example, in Slap Her... She's French girls and women typically slap boys, men and other females who offend them in some way and humiliate them.

As a combat sport

In the 2020s, slapping contests began to gain popularity and attention as a combat sport via viral videos; opponents stand across from each other and exchange blows until one concedes or is knocked out.

In 2023, UFC president Dana White attempted to popularize slapping contests via his promotion Power Slap, which also received sanctioning from the Nevada State Athletic Commission with rules patterned upon those of mixed martial arts. The series Power Slap: Road to the Title, which had also been delayed after White was filmed slapping his wife in response to her attacking him at a New Year's party, faced poor viewership and was cancelled by TBS after one season. However, White's promotion continues to produce shows throughout the year.

Slapping incidents

Xiao Hongchi

In December 2024 Chinese therapist Xiao Hongchi, an exponent of the "paida lajin" method, which sees patients being slapped or slapping themselves repeatedly, was jailed for 15 years at Winchester Crown Court, after a jury found him guilty of the manslaughter of Danielle Carr-Gomm. The victim, aged 71, had Type 1 diabetes and fell fatally ill after she stopped taking her insulin and fasted during one of his paida lajin therapy retreats.

See also

References

  1. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster. 2004. p. 1170. ISBN 9780877798095.
  2. "slap". OxfordDictionaries.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Hit or strike with the palm of the hand or a flat object
  3. slap, Online Etymology Dictionary
  4. Miller, D. Gary (2014). English Lexicogenesis. p. 166. ISBN 978-0199689880.
  5. Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell's dictionary of Slang. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 114. ISBN 978-0304366361.
  6. "Definition of BITCH-SLAP".
  7. "Definition of bitch-slap | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com.
  8. Livingstone, Sonia; Haddon, Leslie, eds. (2009). Kids online: opportunities and risks for children. Bristol: Policy. p. 150. ISBN 978-1847424389.
  9. Levy, Frederick (2008). 15 minutes of fame: becoming a star in the YouTube revolution. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha. ISBN 978-1592577651.
  10. Roberts, Andrea Clifford-Poston ; foreword by Liz (2008). A playworker's guide to understanding children's behaviour : working with the 8–12 age group. London: Karnac. p. 145. ISBN 978-1855754942.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Goggin, Gerard (2006). Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-0415367431.
  12. Ammer, Christine (1997). The American heritage dictionary of idioms (1st pbk. ed.). Boston, Mass. : Houghton Mifflin. pp. 589. ISBN 039572774X.
  13. Morris, Desmond (2007). The naked woman: a study of the female body (Reprint. ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0312338534.
  14. Cotterill, Janet. Language in the Legal Process. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. pp. 81–82, ISBN 0333969022
  15. Renzetti, Claire and Raquel Bergen. Violence against Women. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 45, ISBN 0742530558
  16. Malley-Morrison, Kathleen, ed. (2004). International perspectives on family violence and abuse: a cognitive ecological approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 20, 36. ISBN 0805842454.
  17. Forman-Brunell, Miriam; Paris, Leslie, eds. (2010). The Girls' History and Culture Reader; The Twentieth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0252077685.
  18. Berliner, David; Sarró, Ramon, eds. (2009). Learning religion: anthropological approaches. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 35. ISBN 978-1845455941.
  19. Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2007). International encyclopedia of adolescence. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. pp. 492. ISBN 978-0415966672.
  20. Loseke, Donileen et al. Current Controversies on Family Violence. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. pp. 66–67 ISBN 0761921060
  21. Lamb, Michael. Parenting and Child Development in "Nontraditional" Families. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. p. 311 ISBN 080582748X
  22. https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/the-etiquette-of-the-insult-slap/
  23. Lamoureux, Mack (2019-03-21). "Professional Slapping Is the World's Greatest Sport". Vice.
  24. ^ Nark, Jason. "'I'll do it until I die': Pennsylvania man tries to slap the pain away". Inquirer.com. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  25. Cantor, Matthew (2022-10-24). "'Like 13-year-olds invented a sport': face-slapping league gets go-ahead in Vegas". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  26. "Report: Dana White's Power Slap canned by TBS". Bloody Elbow. 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  27. Saqib, Faiza (January 21, 2023). "'A recipe for disaster': The Power Slap League - and why neurologists are so concerned". sky.com.
  28. Donnelly, Matt (March 28, 2022). "Why Will Smith Wasn't Ejected From the Oscars After Chris Rock Slap". Variety. Los Angeles: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  29. "What happens at a slapping workshop?". May 1, 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  30. Morris, Steven (December 6, 2024). "'Slapping therapy' healer jailed for gross negligence manslaughter of woman" – via The Guardian.
  31. "UPDATED WITH SENTENCE: Self-healing practitioner jailed for gross negligence manslaughter after death of diabetic woman | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk.
Categories: