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| {{Short description|Extinct genus of deer}} | |||
| {{More footnotes|date=April 2010}} | {{More footnotes needed|date=April 2010}} | ||
| {{Italic title}} | |||
| {{Automatic |
{{Automatic taxobox | ||
| | name = ''Hoplitomeryx'' | |||
| | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Late Miocene|Early Pliocene}} | | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Late Miocene|Early Pliocene}} | ||
| | image = Hoplitomeryx matthei 1.jpg | | image = Hoplitomeryx matthei 1.jpg | ||
| | image_width = 250px | |||
| | image_caption = Cast of the holotype of ''H. matthei'', Naturalis, National Natural History Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands | | image_caption = Cast of the holotype of ''H. matthei'', Naturalis, National Natural History Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands | ||
| | taxon = Hoplitomeryx | | taxon = Hoplitomeryx | ||
| Line 19: | Line 17: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Hoplitomeryx''''' is a ] of ] deer-like ]s which lived on the former ] during the ] and the ], now a ] on the east coast of South Italy. ''Hoplitomeryx'', also known as "prongdeer", had five |
'''''Hoplitomeryx''''' is a ] of ] deer-like ]s which lived on the former ] during the ] and the ], now a ] on the east coast of ]. ''Hoplitomeryx'', also known as "prongdeer", had five horns and sabre-like upper canines similar to a modern ]. | ||
| Its fossilized remains were retrieved from the late 1960s onwards from reworked reddish, massive or crudely stratified silty-sandy clays (terrae rossae), which partially fill the paleo-karstic fissures in the ] limestone substrate and that are on their turn overlain by Late |
Its fossilized remains were retrieved from the late 1960s onwards from reworked reddish, massive or crudely stratified silty-sandy clays (terrae rossae), which partially fill the paleo-karstic fissures in the ] limestone substrate and that are on their turn overlain by ]-] sediments of a subsequently marine, shallow water and terrigenous origin. In this way a buried paleo] originated. | ||
| The fauna from the paleokarst fillings is known as '']'' fauna after the endemic murid of the region (initially named "Microtia", with a c, but later corrected, because the genus '']'' was already occupied). Later, after the regression and continentalization of the area, a second karstic cycle started in the late Early Pleistocene, the neokarst, which removed part of the paleokarst fill. | The fauna from the paleokarst fillings is known as '']'' fauna after the endemic murid of the region (initially named "Microtia", with a c, but later corrected, because the genus '']'' was already occupied). Later, after the regression and continentalization of the area, a second karstic cycle started in the late Early Pleistocene, the neokarst, which removed part of the paleokarst fill. | ||
| == Description == | == Description == | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ''Hoplitomeryx'' was a deer-like ]<ref>(Leinders 1984)</ref> with a pair of pronged horns above each orbit and one central nasal horn. Hoplitomerycids are not the only horned ]; before the appearance of antlered deer, members of the deer family commonly had horns. Another left-over of this stage is '']'' of North America, the only survivor of a once successful group related to ]. | ''Hoplitomeryx'' was a deer-like ]<ref>(Leinders 1984)</ref> with a pair of pronged horns above each orbit and one central nasal horn. Hoplitomerycids are not the only horned ]; before the appearance of antlered deer, members of the deer family commonly had horns. Another left-over of this stage is '']'' of North America, the only survivor of a once successful group related to ]. | ||
| The diagnostic features of ''Hoplitomeryx'' are: one central nasal horn and a pair of pronged orbital horns, protruding canines, complete fusion of the ] with the ], distally closed metatarsal gully, a non-parallel-sided ],<ref>(Van der Geer 1999)</ref> and an elongated ].<ref>(Van der Geer 2004)</ref> | The diagnostic features of ''Hoplitomeryx'' are: one central nasal horn and a pair of pronged orbital horns, protruding canines, complete fusion of the ] with the ], distally closed metatarsal gully, a non-parallel-sided ],<ref>(Van der Geer 1999)</ref> and an elongated ].<ref>(Van der Geer 2004)</ref> | ||
| Line 34: | Line 32: | ||
| The ''Hoplitomeryx'' skeletal material forms a ] group, containing four size groups from tiny to huge; within the size groups different morphotypes may be present. All size groups share the same typical ''Hoplitomeryx'' features. The different size groups are equally distributed over the excavated fissures, and are therefore not to be considered chronotypes. The hypothesis of an ] consisting of different islands each with its own morphotype cannot be confirmed so far. The tiny and small specimens show ], but this cannot be said for the medium and huge specimens. | The ''Hoplitomeryx'' skeletal material forms a ] group, containing four size groups from tiny to huge; within the size groups different morphotypes may be present. All size groups share the same typical ''Hoplitomeryx'' features. The different size groups are equally distributed over the excavated fissures, and are therefore not to be considered chronotypes. The hypothesis of an ] consisting of different islands each with its own morphotype cannot be confirmed so far. The tiny and small specimens show ], but this cannot be said for the medium and huge specimens. | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The situation with several co-existing morphotypes on an island is paralleled by '']'' (], ], ]). Opinions about its ] differ, and at present two models prevail: one ] for eight morphotypes, or alternatively, two genera for five ]. The second model is based upon limb proportions only, but these are invalid taxonomic features for island endemics, as they change under influence of environmental factors that differ from the mainland. Also in ''Hoplitomeryx'' the morphotypes differ in limb proportions, but here different ancestors are unlikely, because in that case they all ancestors must have shared the typical hoplitomerycid features. |
The situation with several co-existing morphotypes on an island is paralleled by '']'' (], ], ]). Opinions about its ] differ, and at present two models prevail: one ] for eight morphotypes, or alternatively, two genera for five ]. The second model is based upon limb proportions only, but these are invalid taxonomic features for island endemics, as they change under influence of environmental factors that differ from the mainland. Also in ''Hoplitomeryx'' the morphotypes differ in limb proportions, but here different ancestors are unlikely, because in that case they all ancestors must have shared the typical hoplitomerycid features. In '']'' as well as in ''Hoplitomeryx'', the largest species is as tall as an elk, but gracile and slender. | ||
| The large variation is instead explained as an example of adaptive radiation, starting when the ] ancestor colonized the island. The range of empty niches promoted its radiation into several trophic types, yielding a differentiation in ''Hoplitomeryx''. The shared lack of large mammalian ]s and the limited amount of food in all niches promoted the development of derived features in all size groups (apomorphies). | The large variation is instead explained as an example of adaptive radiation, starting when the ] ancestor colonized the island. The range of empty niches promoted its radiation into several trophic types, yielding a differentiation in ''Hoplitomeryx''. The shared lack of large mammalian ]s and the limited amount of food in all niches promoted the development of derived features in all size groups (apomorphies). | ||
| == |
== Taxonomy == | ||
| The affinities of ''Hoplitomeryx'' have long been contentious, due to its unique morphology not closely resembling any living ruminant group. Originally, they were considered to be relatives of Cervidae (deer). However, analysis of the horn cores show that they more closely resemble those of ] (bovines, antelopes),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazza |first=Paul Peter Anthony |date=January 2013 |title=The systematic position of Hoplitomerycidae (Ruminantia) revisited |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699513000107 |journal=Geobios |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–42 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.009|bibcode=2013Geobi..46...33M }}</ref> an affinity also supported by their inner ear anatomy, which resembles those of bovids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mennecart |first1=Bastien |last2=Dziomber |first2=Laura |last3=Aiglstorfer |first3=Manuela |last4=Bibi |first4=Faysal |last5=DeMiguel |first5=Daniel |last6=Fujita |first6=Masaki |last7=Kubo |first7=Mugino O. |last8=Laurens |first8=Flavie |last9=Meng |first9=Jin |last10=Métais |first10=Grégoire |last11=Müller |first11=Bert |last12=Ríos |first12=María |last13=Rössner |first13=Gertrud E. |last14=Sánchez |first14=Israel M. |last15=Schulz |first15=Georg |date=2022-12-06 |title=Ruminant inner ear shape records 35 million years of neutral evolution |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=7222 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-34656-0 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9726890 |pmid=36473836|bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7222M }}</ref>{{Portal|Paleontology}} | |||
| {{Portal|Paleontology}} | |||
| == Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| Line 45: | Line 43: | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{more footnotes|date=September 2013}} | |||
| {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} | {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} | ||
| * De Giuli, C. & Torre, D. 1984a. Species interrelationships and evolution in the Pliocene endemic faunas of Apricena (Gargano Peninsula - Italy). Geobios, Mém. spécial, 8: |
* De Giuli, C. & Torre, D. 1984a. Species interrelationships and evolution in the Pliocene endemic faunas of Apricena (Gargano Peninsula - Italy). Geobios, Mém. spécial, 8: 379–383. | ||
| * De Giuli, C., Masini, F., Torre, D. & Boddi, V. 1986. Endemism and bio-chronological reconstructions: the Gargano case history. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana,25 (3): |
* De Giuli, C., Masini, F., Torre, D. & Boddi, V. 1986. Endemism and bio-chronological reconstructions: the Gargano case history. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana,25 (3): 267–276. Modena. | ||
| * Dermitzakis, M. & De Vos, J. 1987. Faunal Succession and the Evolution of Mammals in Crete during |
* Dermitzakis, M. & De Vos, J. 1987. Faunal Succession and the Evolution of Mammals in Crete during the Pleistocene. Neues Jahrbuch Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 173, 3: 377–408. | ||
| * De Vos, J. 1979. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 82, 1: |
* De Vos, J. 1979. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 82, 1: 59–90. | ||
| * De Vos, J. & Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2002. Major patterns and processes in biodiversity: axonomic diversity on islands explained in terms of sympatric speciation. In: Waldren, B. & Ensenyat (eds.). World Islands in Prehistory, International Insular Investigations, V Deia International Conference of Prehistory. Bar International Series, 1095: |
* De Vos, J. & Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2002. Major patterns and processes in biodiversity: axonomic diversity on islands explained in terms of sympatric speciation. In: Waldren, B. & Ensenyat (eds.). World Islands in Prehistory, International Insular Investigations, V Deia International Conference of Prehistory. Bar International Series, 1095: 395–405. | ||
| * Freudenthal, M. 1972: Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy. ] 14. (includes full text PDF) | * Freudenthal, M. 1972: Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy. ] 14. (includes full text PDF) | ||
| * Freudenthal, M. 1976. Rodent stratigraphy of some Miocene fissure fillings in Gargano (prov. Foggia, Italy). ] 37. (includes full text PDF) | * Freudenthal, M. 1976. Rodent stratigraphy of some Miocene fissure fillings in Gargano (prov. Foggia, Italy). ] 37. (includes full text PDF) | ||
| * Freudenthal, M. 1985. Cricetidae (Rodentia) from the Neogene of Gargano (Prov. of Foggia, Italy). ] 77. (includes full text PDF) | * Freudenthal, M. 1985. Cricetidae (Rodentia) from the Neogene of Gargano (Prov. of Foggia, Italy). ] 77. (includes full text PDF) | ||
| * Leinders, J.J.M. 1984. Hoplitomerycidae fam. nov. (Ruminantia, Mammalia) from Neogene fissure fillings in Gargano (Italy); part 1: The cranial osteology of Hoplitomeryx gen. nov. and a discussion on the classification of pecoran families. ] 70: 1-51, 9 pl. (includes full text PDF) | * Leinders, J.J.M. 1984. Hoplitomerycidae fam. nov. (Ruminantia, Mammalia) from Neogene fissure fillings in Gargano (Italy); part 1: The cranial osteology of Hoplitomeryx gen. nov. and a discussion on the classification of pecoran families. ] 70: 1-51, 9 pl. (includes full text PDF) | ||
| * Mazza, P. 1987. Prolagus apricenicus and Prolagus imperialis: two new Ochotonids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) of the Gargano (Southern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 26 (3): |
* Mazza, P. 1987. Prolagus apricenicus and Prolagus imperialis: two new Ochotonids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) of the Gargano (Southern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 26 (3): 233–243. | ||
| *MAZZA, P. P. A. and RUSTIONI, M. (2011), Five new species of Hoplitomeryx from the Neogene of Abruzzo and Apulia (central and southern Italy) with revision of the genus and of Hoplitomeryx matthei Leinders, 1983. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: 1304–1333. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00737.x}} | *MAZZA, P. P. A. and RUSTIONI, M. (2011), Five new species of Hoplitomeryx from the Neogene of Abruzzo and Apulia (central and southern Italy) with revision of the genus and of Hoplitomeryx matthei Leinders, 1983. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: 1304–1333. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00737.x}} | ||
| * Parra, V., Loreau, M. & Jaeger, J.-J. 1999. Incisor size and community structure in rodents: two tests of the role of competition. Acta Oecologica, 20: |
* Parra, V., Loreau, M. & Jaeger, J.-J. 1999. Incisor size and community structure in rodents: two tests of the role of competition. Acta Oecologica, 20: 93–101. | ||
| * Mazza P.P.A. 2015 Scontrone (central Italy), signs of a 9-million-year-old tragedy. Lethaia, 48: 387–404. {{doi|10.1111/let.12114}} | * Mazza P.P.A. 2015 Scontrone (central Italy), signs of a 9-million-year-old tragedy. Lethaia, 48: 387–404. {{doi|10.1111/let.12114}} | ||
| * Mazza, P.P.A., Rossi M.A., Agostini S. (2015) Hoplitomeryx (Late Miocene, Italy), an example of giantism in insular ruminants. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22: 271–277. {{doi|10.1007/s10914-014-9277-2}} | * Mazza, P.P.A., Rossi M.A., Agostini S. (2015) Hoplitomeryx (Late Miocene, Italy), an example of giantism in insular ruminants. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22: 271–277. {{doi|10.1007/s10914-014-9277-2}} | ||
| * Mazza P. P. A., Rossi M.A., Rustioni M., Agostini S., Masini F. and Savorelli, A. (2016) Observations on the postcranial anatomy of Hoplitomeryx (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Hoplitomericidae) from the Miocene of the Apulia Platform (Italy). Palaeontographica, 307 (1-6): |
* Mazza P. P. A., Rossi M.A., Rustioni M., Agostini S., Masini F. and Savorelli, A. (2016) Observations on the postcranial anatomy of Hoplitomeryx (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Hoplitomericidae) from the Miocene of the Apulia Platform (Italy). Palaeontographica, 307 (1-6): 105–147. | ||
| * Van der Geer, A.A.E. 1999. On the astragalus of the Miocene endemic deer Hoplitomeryx from the Gargano (Italy). In: Reumer, J. & De Vos, J. (eds.). Elephants have a snorkel! Papers in honour of P.Y. Sondaar: |
* Van der Geer, A.A.E. 1999. On the astragalus of the Miocene endemic deer Hoplitomeryx from the Gargano (Italy). In: Reumer, J. & De Vos, J. (eds.). Elephants have a snorkel! Papers in honour of P.Y. Sondaar: 325–336. Deinsea 7. | ||
| * Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. The postcranial of the deer Hoplitomeryx (Mio-Pliocene; Italy): another example of adaptive radiation on Eastern Mediterranean Islands. Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears 12: |
* Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. The postcranial of the deer Hoplitomeryx (Mio-Pliocene; Italy): another example of adaptive radiation on Eastern Mediterranean Islands. Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears 12: 325–336. | ||
| * Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. Island ruminants and the evolution of parallel functional structures. In: Cregut, E. (Ed.): Les ongulés holarctiques du Pliocène et du Pléistocène. Actes Colloque international Avignon, 19-22 septembre. Quaternair, 2005 hors-série 2: |
* Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. Island ruminants and the evolution of parallel functional structures. In: Cregut, E. (Ed.): Les ongulés holarctiques du Pliocène et du Pléistocène. Actes Colloque international Avignon, 19-22 septembre. Quaternair, 2005 hors-série 2: 231–240. | ||
| * Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2008. The effect of insularity on the Eastern Mediterranean early cervoid Hoplitomeryx: the study of the forelimb. Quaternary International, 182(1)145-159. | * Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2008. The effect of insularity on the Eastern Mediterranean early cervoid Hoplitomeryx: the study of the forelimb. Quaternary International, 182(1)145-159. | ||
| * Van der Geer, A., Lyras, G., de Vos, J. & Dermitzakis M. 2010. Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. | * Van der Geer, A., Lyras, G., de Vos, J. & Dermitzakis M. 2010. Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. | ||
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Latest revision as of 22:29, 30 November 2024
Extinct genus of deer | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Hoplitomeryx Temporal range: Late Miocene–Early Pliocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cast of the holotype of H. matthei, Naturalis, National Natural History Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | †Hoplitomerycidae |
| Genus: | †Hoplitomeryx Leinders, 1984 |
| Species | |
| |
Hoplitomeryx is a genus of extinct deer-like ruminants which lived on the former Gargano Island during the Miocene and the Early Pliocene, now a peninsula on the east coast of South Italy. Hoplitomeryx, also known as "prongdeer", had five horns and sabre-like upper canines similar to a modern musk deer.
Its fossilized remains were retrieved from the late 1960s onwards from reworked reddish, massive or crudely stratified silty-sandy clays (terrae rossae), which partially fill the paleo-karstic fissures in the Mesozoic limestone substrate and that are on their turn overlain by Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene sediments of a subsequently marine, shallow water and terrigenous origin. In this way a buried paleokarst originated.
The fauna from the paleokarst fillings is known as Mikrotia fauna after the endemic murid of the region (initially named "Microtia", with a c, but later corrected, because the genus Microtia was already occupied). Later, after the regression and continentalization of the area, a second karstic cycle started in the late Early Pleistocene, the neokarst, which removed part of the paleokarst fill.
Description
Hoplitomeryx was a deer-like ruminant with a pair of pronged horns above each orbit and one central nasal horn. Hoplitomerycids are not the only horned deer; before the appearance of antlered deer, members of the deer family commonly had horns. Another left-over of this stage is Antilocapra of North America, the only survivor of a once successful group related to Giraffidae.
The diagnostic features of Hoplitomeryx are: one central nasal horn and a pair of pronged orbital horns, protruding canines, complete fusion of the navicocuboid with the metatarsal, distally closed metatarsal gully, a non-parallel-sided astragalus, and an elongated patella.
Species
The Hoplitomeryx skeletal material forms a heterogeneous group, containing four size groups from tiny to huge; within the size groups different morphotypes may be present. All size groups share the same typical Hoplitomeryx features. The different size groups are equally distributed over the excavated fissures, and are therefore not to be considered chronotypes. The hypothesis of an archipelago consisting of different islands each with its own morphotype cannot be confirmed so far. The tiny and small specimens show insular dwarfism, but this cannot be said for the medium and huge specimens.
The situation with several co-existing morphotypes on an island is paralleled by Candiacervus (Pleistocene, Crete, Greece). Opinions about its taxonomy differ, and at present two models prevail: one genus for eight morphotypes, or alternatively, two genera for five species. The second model is based upon limb proportions only, but these are invalid taxonomic features for island endemics, as they change under influence of environmental factors that differ from the mainland. Also in Hoplitomeryx the morphotypes differ in limb proportions, but here different ancestors are unlikely, because in that case they all ancestors must have shared the typical hoplitomerycid features. In Candiacervus as well as in Hoplitomeryx, the largest species is as tall as an elk, but gracile and slender.
The large variation is instead explained as an example of adaptive radiation, starting when the Oligocene ancestor colonized the island. The range of empty niches promoted its radiation into several trophic types, yielding a differentiation in Hoplitomeryx. The shared lack of large mammalian predators and the limited amount of food in all niches promoted the development of derived features in all size groups (apomorphies).
Taxonomy
The affinities of Hoplitomeryx have long been contentious, due to its unique morphology not closely resembling any living ruminant group. Originally, they were considered to be relatives of Cervidae (deer). However, analysis of the horn cores show that they more closely resemble those of bovids (bovines, antelopes), an affinity also supported by their inner ear anatomy, which resembles those of bovids.
Notes
- (Leinders 1984)
- (Van der Geer 1999)
- (Van der Geer 2004)
- Mazza, Paul Peter Anthony (January 2013). "The systematic position of Hoplitomerycidae (Ruminantia) revisited". Geobios. 46 (1–2): 33–42. Bibcode:2013Geobi..46...33M. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.009.
- Mennecart, Bastien; Dziomber, Laura; Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Bibi, Faysal; DeMiguel, Daniel; Fujita, Masaki; Kubo, Mugino O.; Laurens, Flavie; Meng, Jin; Métais, Grégoire; Müller, Bert; Ríos, María; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Sánchez, Israel M.; Schulz, Georg (2022-12-06). "Ruminant inner ear shape records 35 million years of neutral evolution". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 7222. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.7222M. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34656-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9726890. PMID 36473836.
References
- De Giuli, C. & Torre, D. 1984a. Species interrelationships and evolution in the Pliocene endemic faunas of Apricena (Gargano Peninsula - Italy). Geobios, Mém. spécial, 8: 379–383.
- De Giuli, C., Masini, F., Torre, D. & Boddi, V. 1986. Endemism and bio-chronological reconstructions: the Gargano case history. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana,25 (3): 267–276. Modena.
- Dermitzakis, M. & De Vos, J. 1987. Faunal Succession and the Evolution of Mammals in Crete during the Pleistocene. Neues Jahrbuch Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 173, 3: 377–408.
- De Vos, J. 1979. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 82, 1: 59–90.
- De Vos, J. & Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2002. Major patterns and processes in biodiversity: axonomic diversity on islands explained in terms of sympatric speciation. In: Waldren, B. & Ensenyat (eds.). World Islands in Prehistory, International Insular Investigations, V Deia International Conference of Prehistory. Bar International Series, 1095: 395–405.
- Freudenthal, M. 1972: Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy. Scripta Geologica 14. (includes full text PDF)
- Freudenthal, M. 1976. Rodent stratigraphy of some Miocene fissure fillings in Gargano (prov. Foggia, Italy). Scripta Geologica 37. (includes full text PDF)
- Freudenthal, M. 1985. Cricetidae (Rodentia) from the Neogene of Gargano (Prov. of Foggia, Italy). Scripta Geologica 77. (includes full text PDF)
- Leinders, J.J.M. 1984. Hoplitomerycidae fam. nov. (Ruminantia, Mammalia) from Neogene fissure fillings in Gargano (Italy); part 1: The cranial osteology of Hoplitomeryx gen. nov. and a discussion on the classification of pecoran families. Scripta Geologica 70: 1-51, 9 pl. (includes full text PDF)
- Mazza, P. 1987. Prolagus apricenicus and Prolagus imperialis: two new Ochotonids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) of the Gargano (Southern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 26 (3): 233–243.
- MAZZA, P. P. A. and RUSTIONI, M. (2011), Five new species of Hoplitomeryx from the Neogene of Abruzzo and Apulia (central and southern Italy) with revision of the genus and of Hoplitomeryx matthei Leinders, 1983. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: 1304–1333. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00737.x
- Parra, V., Loreau, M. & Jaeger, J.-J. 1999. Incisor size and community structure in rodents: two tests of the role of competition. Acta Oecologica, 20: 93–101.
- Mazza P.P.A. 2015 Scontrone (central Italy), signs of a 9-million-year-old tragedy. Lethaia, 48: 387–404. doi:10.1111/let.12114
- Mazza, P.P.A., Rossi M.A., Agostini S. (2015) Hoplitomeryx (Late Miocene, Italy), an example of giantism in insular ruminants. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22: 271–277. doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9277-2
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External links
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Hoplitomeryx | |