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{{Short description|Philippine presidential administration from 2016 to 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox administration {{Infobox administration
| image = President Rodrigo Duterte.jpg | image = President Rodrigo Duterte portrait (half-body crop).jpg
| name = Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte | name = Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
| term_start = June 30, 2016 | term_start = June 30, 2016
| term_end = present | term_end = June 30, 2022
| president = Rodrigo Roa Duterte
| seat = ], ]
| seat = ], ]
| party = ] | party = ]
| predecessor = ] | predecessor = ]
| successor = | successor = ]
| seal = Seal of the President of the Philippines.svg | president_link = President of the Philippines
| election = ]
| cabinet = '']''
}} }}
{{Rodrigo Duterte sidebar}} {{Rodrigo Duterte sidebar}}


]'s six-year tenure as the ] began ], succeeding ]. He was the first president from ], the first president to have worked in all three branches of government, and the oldest to be elected.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/77212-presidency-and-vice-presidency-by-the-numbers-duterte-robredo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808190247/http://malacanang.gov.ph/77212-presidency-and-vice-presidency-by-the-numbers-duterte-robredo/ |archive-date=August 8, 2016 |website=]}}</ref> He won ] amid growing frustration with post-] governance that favored ]s over ordinary Filipinos.<ref name="CasipleEtAl-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Casiple |first1=Ramon C. |last2=McCargo |first2=Duncan |last3=Aspinall |first3=Edward |last4=Davidson |first4=Michael W. |last5=Hicken |first5=Allen |last6=Weiss |first6=Meredith L. |last7=Villegas |first7=Bernardo M. |last8=Manzano |first8=George |last9=Baviera |first9=Aileen S. P. |date=August 31, 2016 |title=Roundtable: The 2016 Philippine Presidential Election |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862 |journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia |publisher=] |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=180–181 |doi=10.1355/cs38-2a |s2cid=157111016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319034802/https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862 |archive-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Garrido |first=Marco |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Analysis; Filipinos don't long for the Marcos era. Why is his son in the lead? |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> His tenure ended on June 30, 2022.
The '''presidency''' of ] began at noontime of June 30, 2016 following his ] as the 16th ], succeeding ]. His term is expected to end at noontime of June 30, 2022. ] ] from the ] of ] also took office as the 14th ] on the same day, succeeding ].


Duterte began ] and ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=December 26, 2019 |title=Duterte's relentless war on drugs, corruption, crime |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1089333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531034442/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1089333 |archive-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Duterte: Fight will continue against drugs, crime, corruption |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/916996/duterte-fight-will-continue-against-drugs-crime-corruption |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918094540/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/916996/duterte-fight-will-continue-against-drugs-crime-corruption |archive-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> leading to a reduction in drug proliferation<ref name="PNAGovPH-24KVillages">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> which caused the deaths of 6,600 people.<ref name="Inquirer-6600">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gonzales |first=Cathrine |date=June 18, 2019 |title=6,600 killed in war vs drugs from July 2016 to May 2019 — PNP |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1131433/6600-killed-in-war-vs-drugs-from-july-2016-to-may-2019-pnp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202143718/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1131433/6600-killed-in-war-vs-drugs-from-july-2016-to-may-2019-pnp |archive-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> His administration ] after the court launched a preliminary examination into alleged ] committed during the crackdown.
Duterte is the first president from ]<ref name=rodylenibynumbers>{{cite web|title=Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo | work= Presidential Museum and Library |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/77212-presidency-and-vice-presidency-by-the-numbers-duterte-robredo/}}</ref> and the oldest person to be elected president of the Philippines.<ref name=rodylenibynumbers/> He is also the first Philippine president to have worked in the three branches of the government.<ref name=rodylenibynumbers/> Duterte was the mayor of ] at the time of his ] victory, garnering over 16 million votes or about 39% of total votes, beating his closest rival by over 6.6 million votes.<ref name="CNNPH-OfficialCount">{{cite news |title=Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=CNN Philippines |date=30 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831094438/http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html |archivedate=31 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Duterte's approval rating has been relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive.<ref name="Nikkei-OnTrack">{{cite news |last1=Venzon |first1=Cliff |title=Duterte on track to become Philippines most popular president |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Duterte-on-track-to-become-Philippines-most-popular-president |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=Nikkei Asian Review |date=8 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202154442/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Duterte-on-track-to-become-Philippines-most-popular-president |archivedate=2 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="ABCNews-WeedonAlan">{{cite news |last1=Weedon |first1=Alan |title='Gold, guns and goons': Why the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte remains incredibly popular |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-10/duterte-rodrigo-philippines-president-popular-despite-criticism/11058752 |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=ABC News |date=10 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015044350/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-10/duterte-rodrigo-philippines-president-popular-despite-criticism/11058752 |archivedate=15 October 2019 |language=en-AU}}</ref>


Duterte increased infrastructure spending and launched ], an ambitious infrastructure program. He initiated ] economic reforms, including reforming the ]. He also established ] to eliminate corruption and ]. Additionally, he granted free irrigation to small farmers and liberalized rice imports with the Rice Tariffication Law.
Duterte started a nationwide campaign to rid the country of crime, and corruption, and illegal drugs. The ] saw about 6,600 persons linked to the illegal drug trade killed as of July 2019.<ref name="Inquirer-6600">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Cathrine |title=6,600 killed in war vs drugs from July 2016 to May 2019 — PNP |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1131433/6600-killed-in-war-vs-drugs-from-july-2016-to-may-2019-pnp |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=18 June 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202143718/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1131433/6600-killed-in-war-vs-drugs-from-july-2016-to-may-2019-pnp |archivedate=2 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Duterte campaigned to restore the death penalty in the Philippines.<ref name="Inquirer-DeathPenalty" /> However, the law reinstating the death penalty stalled in the Senate in April 2017, where it did not appear to have enough votes to pass.<ref name="PhilStar-DeathPenalty" />


Duterte resumed peace talks with the ] in 2016, but cancelled all negotiations on February 2017 following attacks and kidnapping of soldiers by ] members, branding the CPP-NPA as a ].<ref name="CNNPH-CPP-NPA" /> The ] lasted for five months from May 23 to October 17, 2017, the day after the deaths of militant leaders ] and ], with Duterte declaring ] as "liberated from terrorist influence".<ref name="Aljazeera-MarawiLiberated" /> Duterte implemented a campaign against terrorism and signed the controversial ]. He ] in Mindanao during the ] and extended it for two years, the longest period of martial law in the Philippines since ]' ]. He pursued peace talks with the ] (CPP) but cancelled them in February 2017 after attacks by the ] (NPA) against government forces as justification and declared the CPP-NPA as a terrorist group.<ref name="CNNPH-CPP-NPA" /> He created task forces ] and for the reintegration of former communist rebels, and enacted ] and granting amnesty to former rebels.


Duterte implemented ] in state universities and colleges and institutionalized an ]. He also signed the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the government's health insurance program and ordered the full implementation of the ]. In ] the ], he initially implemented ], causing a 9.5% contraction of the ] (GDP) in 2020.<ref name="CNNPH-PHEconomyPlunges" /> However, with the economy gradually reopening, the GDP increased by 5.6% in 2021.<ref name="GulfNews-PHEconomyJumps" />
Duterte initiated the massive Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan which, according to the administration, will usher in the "Golden Age of Infrastructure", reducing poverty, encouraging economic growth and reducing congestion in ].<ref name="pcoo" /> Notable landmark laws signed during his tenure include the ] which paved the way for free college education in all ] and colleges nationwide,<ref name="ABS-CBN-FreeTuition">{{cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/04/17/who-can-avail-of-free-college-tuition-under-new-law|title=Who can avail of free college tuition under new law?|first=Dharel |last=Placido |work=ABS-CBNNews|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> and the ] (TRAIN Law), which lowered ] and increased ] particularly ]es on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, tobacco and non-essential goods.<ref name="ABSCBN-TaxReform" />


Duterte sought improved relations with ] and ] and reduced dependence on the ]. He took a conciliatory stance toward China, setting aside the controversial '']'' ruling on South China Sea claims.<ref name="Diplomat-ForeignPolicy">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galang |first=Mico A. |date=April 6, 2017 |title=US, China, and Duterte's 'Independent Foreign Policy' |work=] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/us-china-and-dutertes-independent-foreign-policy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407050015/https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/us-china-and-dutertes-independent-foreign-policy/ |archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Fu-Kuo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |title=South China Sea Lawfare: Post-Arbitration Policy Options and Future Prospects |last2=Zou |first2=Keyuan |last3=Wu |first3=Shicun |last4=Spangler |first4=Jonathan |date=April 20, 2017 |publisher=South China Sea Think Tank |isbn=978-986-92828-3-3 |page=101 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523005319/https://books.google.com/books?id=py5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
Building on the progress of the preceding Aquino administration, the ] (BOL) was signed into law establishing the ] which has greater autonomy than the ] (ARMM). The new autonomous region replaced the ARMM upon the ratification of the BOL in a plebiscite held in 2019.<ref name="Inquirer-YesVotes">{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Jovic |title=Yes votes have it: Law creating Bangsamoro region ratified |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1077727/yes-votes-have-it-law-creating-bangsamoro-region-ratified |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=newsinfo.inquirer.net |date={{date|January 26, 2019}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213015117/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1077727/yes-votes-have-it-law-creating-bangsamoro-region-ratified |archivedate=13 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


Duterte is a polarizing figure, facing criticism and international opposition for his anti-narcotics efforts.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||last=Romero |first=Segundo J. E. Jr. |date=September 26, 2016 |title=Duterte's Rise to Power in the Philippines: Domestic and Regional Implications |url=https://th.boell.org/en/2016/09/26/dutertes-rise-power-philippines-domestic-and-regional-implications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062744/https://th.boell.org/en/2016/09/26/dutertes-rise-power-philippines-domestic-and-regional-implications |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |website=] - Southeast Asia Regional Office |language=en}}</ref> Various poll agencies such as ], PUBLiCUS Asia, and ] consider Duterte's approval ratings to have remained high during and after his presidency, according to their own polling, making Duterte as the most popular post-People Power Revolution president.<ref name="Manila Times Duterte most popular">{{cite web |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/27/news/duterte-most-popular-post-edsa-president-publicus/1848860 |title=Duterte most popular post-EDSA president - Publicus |last=Cruz |first=Kaithreen |date=Jun 27, 2022|website=Manila Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627031050/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/27/news/duterte-most-popular-post-edsa-president-publicus/1848860 |access-date=Sep 20, 2023|archive-date=June 27, 2022 }}</ref>
Following the ]-led ], Duterte has declared ] throughout ]<ref name="ABS-CBN-MartialLaw">{{cite web | url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/23/17/duterte-declares-martial-law-in-mindanao | title=Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao}}</ref> which was later extended for two years until 2019 in a bid to ensure order in the island.<ref name="Inquirer-3rdMartialLaw">{{cite news |last1=Roxas |first1=Pathricia Ann V. |title=Congress approves 3rd martial law extension in Mindanao |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1062275/congress-okays-3rd-martial-law-extension-in-mindanao |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213133424/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1062275/congress-okays-3rd-martial-law-extension-in-mindanao |archivedate=13 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


{{TOC limit|4}}
Duterte has pursued a ] described by his administration as an "independent foreign policy", pursuing greater foreign relations with China and Russia and has distanced the country from its traditional ally the United States. He has adopted a more friendly stance towards China compared to his predecessor and has set aside the previous government policy of using the '']'' international arbitration ruling to assert the Philippines' claims over the South China Sea and its islands.


==Election, transition, and inauguration==
==Transition==
{{main|Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte}} {{Main|Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign|2016 Philippine presidential election|Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte|Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte}}
] (right).]]


], ], and ] during the 2016 presidential election.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pacia |first=Sara Isabelle |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Duterte can credit new 'Solid South,' NCR and Cebu for win |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/785257/duterte-lead-thanks-to-new-solid-south-vote-rich-ncr-and-cebu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516152854/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/785257/duterte-lead-thanks-to-new-solid-south-vote-rich-ncr-and-cebu |archive-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref>]]
Duterte's presidential transition began on May 30, 2016 when the ] proclaimed his candidacy the winner of the ] held on ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html |title=Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president |publisher=CNN Philippines |date=May 27, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html |title=Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo |publisher=CNN Philippines |date=May 28, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788148/congress-proclaims-duterte-robredo-as-new-president-vp-rody-a-no-show |title=Duterte, Robredo proclaimed new President, VP; Rody a no-show |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 30, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref> Duterte's transition team was in charge of preparing the new presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the ]. At the time the transition team was organized, Duterte was leading by a significant margin at the unofficial count by the ] (COMELEC) and the ] (PPCRV).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/132724-duterte-transition-team |title=Duterte transition team formed, holds first meeting |publisher=Rappler |date=May 11, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref> Duterte met with various personalities during his transition period, notably, ], the executive minister of ] religious group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/134187-rody-duterte-inc-eduardo-manalo|title=When Rody Duterte met INC's Eduardo Manalo|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


Duterte, campaigning on a ] of fighting ], ], and ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Duterte willing to lose life, presidency to fulfil vow vs crime, drugs, corruption |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/763333/duterte-willing-to-lose-life-presidency-to-fulfil-vow-vs-crime-drugs-corruption |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210092716/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/763333/duterte-willing-to-lose-life-presidency-to-fulfil-vow-vs-crime-drugs-corruption |archive-date=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tupaz |first=Voltaire |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Who's your pick for #Du30Cabinet? |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/moveph/133333-du30-cabinet-rodrigo-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524163311/https://www.rappler.com/moveph/133333-du30-cabinet-rodrigo-duterte/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Duterte fulfilled 'change is coming' slogan: Palace |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524171203/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175161 |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> won the ] with {{number and percent|16,601,997|42,552,835|2}} votes, defeating ] leader ] by over 6.6 million votes.<ref name="CNNPH-OfficialCount">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528155551/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2016}}</ref>
The transition lasted until the day of Duterte's ] on June 30, 2016.


] on June 30, 2016.]]
==Inauguration==
{{main|Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte}}
]]]
The inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte as the ] ] took place on June 30, 2016 at the ] of the ] in ]. The oath of office was administered by ], ]. It was the fourth ] to be held in Malacañang, and the first since the ] was started.


On ], the ] declared Duterte the winner of the presidential election.<ref name="CNNPH-OfficialCount" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=May 28, 2016 |title=Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193202/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html |archive-date=May 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gonzales |first=Yuji Vincent |date=May 30, 2016 |title=Duterte, Robredo proclaimed new President, VP; Rody a no-show |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788148/congress-proclaims-duterte-robredo-as-new-president-vp-rody-a-no-show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803230437/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788148/congress-proclaims-duterte-robredo-as-new-president-vp-rody-a-no-show |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> Duterte's transition team was organized after he led by a significant margin at the unofficial count by the ] (COMELEC) and the ].<ref name="Rappler-TransitionTeam">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cepeda |first=Mara |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Duterte transition team formed, holds first meeting |work=] |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/132724-duterte-transition-team |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516121658/http://www.rappler.com:80/nation/politics/elections/2016/132724-duterte-transition-team |archive-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> The transition team prepared the new presidential residence and cabinet appointments, and held meetings with the ].<ref name="Rappler-TransitionTeam" />
The inauguration of ] as Vice President commenced at 9:00{{nbsp}}a.m. ] at the Quezon City Reception House, Robredo's official office. By her request, Robredo's oath was administered by two village chiefs, Ronaldo D. Coner, the chief of ] Punta Tarawal in ], described as the "smallest, farthest and poorest barangay" in Robredo's home province, ],<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte, Robredo to hold separate inauguration rites|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/06/15/16/duterte-robredo-to-hold-separate-inauguration-rites|accessdate=June 15, 2016|work=]|date=June 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=de Jesus|first1=Julliane Love|title=Duterte does not want joint inauguration with Robredo–VP's camp|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/790751/duterte-camp-no-joint-inauguration-with-robredo|accessdate=June 15, 2016|work=]|date=June 15, 2016}}</ref> and Regina Celeste San Miguel, the chief of Barangay Mariana, ] where Robredo's office is located.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/571017/news/nation/simple-inauguration-for-robredo-at-qc-reception-house|title=Simple inauguration for Robredo at QC Reception House|publisher=]|date=June 23, 2016|accessdate=June 24, 2016}}</ref>


{{Listen
==Personnel==
| image = ]
| help =
| filename = Inauguration of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte 6 30 2016-uH80-bjOBnM.webm
| alt =
| title = Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte
| description = Duterte is joined by his children as he ] as the ].<ref name="ABSCBN-DuterteTakesOath">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 30, 2016 |title=President Duterte takes oath of office |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/06/30/16/president-duterte-takes-oath-of-office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701143517/https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/06/30/16/president-duterte-takes-oath-of-office |archive-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref>
}}


On June 30, 2016, ], an ] and ] of Duterte, ] as the ] in a simple ceremony held in the largest room of ] in ].<ref name="ABSCBN-DuterteTakesOath" /><ref name="MindaNews-OathInRizalHall">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Arguillas |first=Carolyn O. |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Duterte to take oath in Rizal Hall; no lunch but pritong saging will be served |work=] |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2016/06/duterte-to-take-oath-in-rizal-hall-no-lunch-but-pritong-saging-will-be-served/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209171153/https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2016/06/duterte-to-take-oath-in-rizal-hall-no-lunch-but-pritong-saging-will-be-served/ |archive-date=February 9, 2018 |quote=The Rizal Ceremonial Hall where Duterte will be sworn in as President, is the largest room in the Malacanan Palace and is used for large dinners and large assemblies. The first President to take his oath there was Ferdinand Marcos, on February 25, 1986 although he delivered his inaugural address in Maharlika Hall (now Kalayaan Hall).}}</ref> This was the fourth inauguration to be held in Malacañang and the first since the establishment of the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=June 30, 2016 |title=Rodrigo Duterte sworn in as 16th Philippine president |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/30/1598149/rodrigo-duterte-sworn-16th-philippine-president |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701132614/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/30/1598149/rodrigo-duterte-sworn-16th-philippine-president |archive-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="MindaNews-OathInRizalHall" /><ref name="ABSCBN-DuterteTakesOath" />
{{Col-begin}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}
==Administration and cabinet==
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000; float:left;"
{{Main|List of administration members in the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte}}
|-
]
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|

|-
On May 31, 2016, a few weeks before his presidential inauguration, Duterte named his ],<ref name="Inquirer-DuterteNamesCabinet">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=May 31, 2016 |title=Duterte names members of Cabinet |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788515/duterte-names-members-of-cabinet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803230505/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788515/duterte-names-members-of-cabinet |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> which consisted of former military generals, childhood friends, classmates, and ] politicians.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=June 1, 2016 |title=Duterte's cabinet taps retired generals and communists |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Duterte-s-cabinet-taps-retired-generals-and-communists |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221120161158/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:weGeGMo-zv8J:https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Duterte-s-cabinet-taps-retired-generals-and-communists |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his presidential inauguration, he administered a mass oath-taking for his Cabinet officials, and held his first Cabinet meeting on June 30.<ref name="PhilStar-CabinetTakesOath">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=June 30, 2016 |title=Duterte's Cabinet takes oath, holds first meeting |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/30/1598175/dutertes-cabinet-takes-oath-holds-first-meeting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701152211/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/30/1598175/dutertes-cabinet-takes-oath-holds-first-meeting |archive-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="RTVM-CabinetMassOathTaking">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 30, 2016 |title=Mass Oath-Taking of the Cabinet Members |work=] |publisher=] |url=https://rtvm.gov.ph/mass-oath-taking-of-the-cabinet-members/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225191005/https://rtvm.gov.ph/mass-oath-taking-of-the-cabinet-members/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> He appointed his long-time personal aide ] as ] to provide general supervision to the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Diola |first=Camille |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Duterte appoints closest aide, broadcaster to Palace posts |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/03/1589711/duterte-appoints-closest-aide-broadcaster-palace-posts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915212059/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/03/1589711/duterte-appoints-closest-aide-broadcaster-palace-posts |archive-date=September 15, 2016}}</ref>
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''

|-
During his tenure, Duterte appointed several retired military generals and police directors to the Cabinet and other government agencies,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Zamora |first1=Fe |last2=Tubeza |first2=Philip C. |date=June 27, 2017 |title=Duterte hires 59 former AFP, PNP men to Cabinet, agencies |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/908958/duterte-hires-59-former-afp-pnp-men-to-cabinet-agencies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626201951/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/908958/duterte-hires-59-former-afp-pnp-men-to-cabinet-agencies |archive-date=June 26, 2017}}</ref> stating they are honest and competent.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=October 15, 2018 |title=Duterte defends Cabinet appointment of ex-military men |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015224830/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051147 |archive-date=October 15, 2018}}</ref> He initially offered four ] to left-leaning individuals,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Ramos |first1=Roy |last2=Glang |first2=Hader |date=May 17, 2016 |title=Philippines' Duterte offers cabinet posts to rebels |work=] |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/philippines-duterte-offers-cabinet-posts-to-rebels/573461 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518094242/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/philippines-duterte-offers-cabinet-posts-to-rebels/573461 |archive-date=May 18, 2016}}</ref> who later resigned, were fired, or rejected by the ] after relations between the government and the communist rebels deteriorated.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 6, 2019 |title=Duterte repeats claim leftist ex-Cabinet members funded NPA |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/10/6/Rodrigo-Duterte-leftist-Cabinet-members-fund-NPA.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006103427/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/10/6/Rodrigo-Duterte-leftist-Cabinet-members-fund-NPA.html |archive-date=October 6, 2019}}</ref><ref name="CNNPH-DuterteFires" /> Duterte fired several Cabinet members and officials who were linked to corruption<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Duterte to fire more corrupt officials |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/12/Duterte-corrupt-officials.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114054959/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/12/Duterte-corrupt-officials.html |archive-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Flores |first=Helen |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Duterte: I fired corrupt Cabinet members |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/02/2171620/duterte-i-fired-corrupt-cabinet-members |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401190919/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/02/2171620/duterte-i-fired-corrupt-cabinet-members |archive-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> but critics accused him of "recycling" people he fired when he appointed some of them to other government positions.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Duterte: There's no corruption in my Cabinet |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1102960/duterte-theres-no-corruption-in-my-cabinet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403230109/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1102960/duterte-theres-no-corruption-in-my-cabinet |archive-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tan |first=Lara |date=June 7, 2018 |title=Is Duterte 'recycling' fired officials? Only 3 out of 20, says Roque |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/06/07/Duterte-corruption-fired-officials-Faeldon-Pompee-La-Vina.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611103812/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/06/07/Duterte-corruption-fired-officials-Faeldon-Pompee-La-Vina.html |archive-date=June 11, 2018}}</ref> Stating he is not an economist,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Duterte finds businessmen's ten proposals 'doable' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/570797/duterte-finds-businessmen-s-ten-proposals-doable/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120173402/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/570797/duterte-finds-businessmen-s-ten-proposals-doable/story/ |archive-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref> Duterte appointed several ]s to his Cabinet, which he relied upon for economic affairs.<ref name="DevelopingEconomics-Juego">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Juego |first=Bonn |date=June 13, 2020 |title=Addressing the Pandemic in the Philippines Necessitates a New Economic Paradigm |language=en |work=Developing Economics |url=https://developingeconomics.org/2020/06/13/addressing-the-pandemic-in-the-philippines-necessitates-a-new-economic-paradigm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624214726/https://developingeconomics.org/2020/06/13/addressing-the-pandemic-in-the-philippines-necessitates-a-new-economic-paradigm/ |archive-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref>
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
|-
|]<br /> <small>]<br />]</small> || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
|-
|]||''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|Chief Presidential Legal Counsel||''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|Cabinet Secretary||''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash; October 16, 2018
|-
||| ''']''' || November 5, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] ||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; September 6, 2017
|-
||| '''Rosalina Bistoyong''' (OIC) || September 11, 2017 &ndash; November 30, 2017
|-
||| ''']''' || December 1, 2017 &ndash;
|-
|] ||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; June 27, 2019
|-
||| ''']''' || August 5, 2019 &ndash;
|-
|] ||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; March 4, 2019
|-
||| ''']''' (OIC) || March 5, 2019 &ndash; August 5, 2019
|-
||| ''']''' || August 5, 2019 &ndash;
|-
|] ||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] ||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; May 3, 2017
|-
||| Ret. Gen. ''']''', AFP || May 8, 2017 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] ||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; March 8, 2017
|-
|||''']''' (Acting) || March 9, 2017 &ndash; May 17, 2017
|-
|||''']''' || May 18, 2017 &ndash; October 15, 2018
|-
|||''']''' || October 16, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''', M.D. || June 30, 2016 &ndash; October 10, 2017
|-
||| '''Herminigildo V. Valle''' (OIC) || October 12, 2017 &ndash; October 25, 2017
|-
||| ''']''' || October 26, 2017 &ndash;
|-
|] ||Ret. Gen. ''']''' || January 7, 2020 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; September 22, 2017
|-
||| Ret. BGen. ''']''' || October 12, 2017 &ndash; June 30, 2019
|-
||| ''']''' || July 1, 2019 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; April 4, 2017
|-
|||''']''' (OIC) || April 5, 2017 &ndash; December 10, 2017
|-
|||Ret. Gen. ''']''' || January 5, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash; April 5, 2018
|-
||| ''']''' || April 5, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || Ret. Maj. Gen. ''']''', AFP|| June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
||] || ''']''' (Acting) || June 30, 2016 &ndash; July 31, 2016
|-
||| ''']''' || August 1, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; August 16, 2017
|-
||| '''Emmanuel A. Leyco''' (OIC) || August 19, 2017 &ndash; May 9, 2018
|-
||| '''Virginia Orogo''' || May 10, 2018 &ndash; October 15, 2018
|-
||| Ret. Lt. Gen. ''']''' || October 17, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; May 8, 2018
|-
||| ''']''' || May 8, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
||] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; October 27, 2017
|-
||| ''']''' || October 30, 2017 &ndash; October 15, 2018
|-
|||''']''' || October 15, 2018 &ndash; April 12, 2020
|-
||| '''Harry Roque''' || April 13, 2020 &ndash;
|-
||] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
|-
||] || ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; October 15, 2018
|-
||| '''Jesus Melchor Quitain''' (OIC) || November 12, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|]||'''Patricia Licuanan'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash; January 15, 2018
|-
||| '''Prospero de Vera III''' || January 26, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|]||Gen. ''']''' || July 1, 2016 &ndash; December 7, 2016
|-
|||Gen. ''']''' || December 7, 2016 &ndash; October 26, 2017
|-
|||Gen. ''']''' || October 26, 2017 &ndash; April 18, 2018
|-
|||Gen. ''']''' || April 18, 2018 &ndash; December 12, 2018
|-
|||Gen. ''']''' || December 12, 2018 &ndash; September 24, 2019
|-
|||Gen. ''']''' || September 24, 2019 &ndash; January 4, 2020
|-
|||Gen. ''']''' || January 4, 2020 &ndash;
|-
|]||Dir. Gen. ''']''' || July 1, 2016 &ndash; April 19, 2018
|-
|||Dir. Gen. ''']''' || April 19, 2018 &ndash; October 14, 2019
|-
|||Dir. Gen. ''']''' || October 14, 2019 &ndash;
|-
|]||''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash; April 16, 2020
|-
||| '''Karl Chua''' (acting) || April 17, 2020 &ndash;
|-
|]||''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|]||''']''' || July 8, 2016 &ndash; August 19, 2016
|-
||| ''']''' (OIC) || August 23, 2016 &ndash; May 21, 2017
|-
|||Ret. BGen. ''']''', AFP || May 22, 2017 &ndash;
|-
|]||Ret. Gen. ''']''', AFP|| June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process|| ''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; November 27, 2018
|-
|||Ret. Gen. ''']''' || December 12, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|]||''']'''|| June 30, 2016 &ndash; August 20, 2018
|-
||| '''Noel Felongco''' || November 6, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|Presidential Assistant for the Visayas||'''Michael Dino'''||June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|]||''']''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; September 9, 2016
|-
|||''']'''|| September 9, 2016 &ndash; May 9, 2019
|-
|||'''Nathaniel D. Dalumpines''' (OIC)||May 10, 2019 &ndash; July 31, 2019
|-
|||''']''' || August 1, 2019 &ndash;
|-
|]|| '''Guiling A. Mamondiong''' || July 13, 2016 &ndash; October 24, 2018
|-
||| Ret. Supt. '''Isidro Lapeña''' PNP || October 25, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|Presidential Adviser on Legislative Affairs and <br /> Secretary of Presidential Legislative Liaison Office|| '''Adelino B. Sitoy''' ||September 12, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|]|| '''Maria Regina G. Galias''' (OIC) || September 12, 2016 &ndash; August 19, 2018
|-
||| '''Francisco P. Acosta''' || August 20, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|]||'''Yasmin Busran-Lao'''||July 9, 2016 &ndash; July 8, 2018
|-
||| Atty. ''']''' || July 9, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|]|| '''Benjamin P. Reyes''' || August 26, 2016 &ndash; July 8, 2017
|-
||| Ret. Gen. '''Dionisio Santiago''', AFP || July 10, 2017 &ndash; November 6, 2017
|-
|||''']''' || January 5, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Marcial Amaro III''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; January 4, 2018
|-
|||Ret. Gen. ''']''', AFP || April 18, 2018 &ndash; October 24, 2018
|-
|||Ret. VAdm. '''Narciso A. Vingson Jr.''' (OIC), AFP, || October 24, 2018 &ndash; March 1, 2020
|-
|||Ret. VAdm. ''']''' || March 2, 2020 &ndash;
|-
|] || Ret. Capt. ''']''', PMC || June 30, 2016 &ndash; August 21, 2017
|-
|||Ret. Supt. '''Isidro Lapeña''', PNP || August 22, 2017 &ndash; October 24, 2018
|-
|||Ret. Gen. ''']''', AFP || October 25, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Jaime Morente''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Cesar Dulay''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || Atty. '''Martin Delgra III''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Edgar Galvante''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Alex Monteagudo''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Dante Gierran''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; February 21, 2020
|-
||| '''Eric Bito-on Distor''' (OIC) || February 22, 2020 &ndash;
|-
|] || Ret. BGen. '''Ricardo Jalad''' PA || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Gamaliel Cordoba''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Andrea Domingo''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash;
|-
|] || Ret. Supt. '''Isidro Lapeña''' PNP || June 30, 2016 &ndash; September 5, 2017
|-
||| Ret. Gen. '''Aaron Aquino''' || September 6, 2017 &ndash; May 25, 2020
|-
||| '''Wilkins M. Villanueva''' || May 26, 2020 &ndash;
|-
| Administrator of the National Irrigation Administration || '''Peter T. Laviña''' || November 15, 2016 &ndash; March 1, 2017
|-
||| Ret. Gen. ''']''' || March 7, 2017 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Avelino Andal''' || June 30, 2016 &ndash; March 15, 2017
|-
|||'''Romulo “Billy” Dela Rosa''' || July 3, 2017 &ndash;
|-
|] || '''Tomas Escarez''' (OIC) || June 30, 2016 &ndash; December 28, 2016
|-
||| Ret. Maj. '''Jason Aquino''' || December 29, 2016 &ndash; September 11, 2018
|-
||| '''Judy Carol L. Dansal''' (OIC) || September 12, 2018 &ndash;
|-
|] ||Ret. Supt. '''Rolando Asuncion''' (OIC) || June 30, 2016 &ndash; January 6, 2017
|-
|||Ret. Supt. '''Benjamin delos Santos''' || January 6, 2017 &ndash; July 13, 2017
|-
|||'''Valfrie Tabian''' (OIC)|| July 16, 2017 &ndash; April 18, 2018
|-
|||Ret. Dir. Gen. ''']''' || April 20, 2018 &ndash; October 12, 2018
|-
||| Ret. Capt. ''']''', PMC || October 12, 2018 &ndash; September 4, 2019
|-
||| Dep. Dir. Gen. '''Melvin Ramon G. Buenafe''' (OIC) || September 6, 2019 &ndash; September 16, 2019
|-
||| '''Gerald Bantag''' || September 17, 2019 &ndash;
|-
|] ||'''Joel Joseph Marciano Jr.''' || January 7, 2020 &ndash;
|}
{{Col-end}}


==Judicial appointments== ==Judicial appointments==
] on August 31, 2018, to fill in the position of ],<ref name="PNAGovPH-DeCastro" /> whose appointment ] by the Supreme Court three months prior.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=May 11, 2018 |title=SC grants quo warranto petition to oust Sereno |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1034957 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514163643/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1034957 |archive-date=May 14, 2018}}</ref>]]

Duterte appointed the following to the ]: Duterte appointed the following to the ]:


===Chief Justice=== ===Chief Justice===
#] - August 28, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-DeCastro">{{cite news |last1=Musico |first1=Jelly |title=Duterte defends appointment of de Castro as CJ |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1046047 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date={{date|August 27, 2018}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331171312/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1046047 |archivedate=31 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> #] - August 28, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-DeCastro">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=August 27, 2018 |title=Duterte defends appointment of de Castro as CJ |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1046047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331171312/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1046047 |archive-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>
#] - November 28, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-Bersamin">{{cite news |last1=Parrocha |first1=Azer |title=Duterte defends Bersamin's Chief Justice appointment |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055274 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date={{date|November 29, 2018}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331171931/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055274 |archivedate=31 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> #] - November 28, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-Bersamin">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Duterte defends Bersamin's Chief Justice appointment |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331171931/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055274 |archive-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>
#] - October 23, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1179001/diosdado-peralta-is-new-chief-justice|title=Diosdado Peralta is new Chief Justice|last=Corrales|first=Nestor|date=October 23, 2019|website=]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> #] - October 23, 2019<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=October 23, 2019 |title=Diosdado Peralta is new Chief Justice |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1179001/diosdado-peralta-is-new-chief-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023085455/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1179001/diosdado-peralta-is-new-chief-justice |archive-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>
#] - April 5, 2021 (as Chief Justice)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Calayag |first=Keith |date=April 2, 2021 |title=Duterte appoints Alexander Gesmundo Chief Justice |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/04/02/news/duterte-appoints-alexander-gesmundo-chief-justice/858796 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402032645/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/04/02/news/duterte-appoints-alexander-gesmundo-chief-justice/858796 |archive-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref>


===Associate Justices=== ===Associate Justices===
#] - March 6, 2017 (as Associate Justice), July 26, 2018 (as ]).<ref name="inquirer-Martires">{{cite news |last1=Corrales |first1=Nestor |title=Associate Justice Samuel Martires is new Ombudsman |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1014764/associate-justice-samuel-martires-is-new-ombudsman |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine Daily inquirer |date={{date|July 26, 2018}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030221552/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1014764/associate-justice-samuel-martires-is-new-ombudsman |archivedate={{date|30 Oct 2018}} |language=en}}</ref>
#] - March 8, 2017<ref name="inquirer-Tijam">{{cite news |last1=Torres-Tupas |first1=Tetch |title=Duterte completes JBC with appointment of retired SC Justice Tijam |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1092835/duterte-completes-jbc-with-appointment-of-retired-sc-justice-tijam |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine Daily inquirer |date={{date|March 6, 2019}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173248/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1092835/duterte-completes-jbc-with-appointment-of-retired-sc-justice-tijam |archivedate=31 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
#] - July 12, 2017<ref name="ABSCBNNews-CAChief">{{cite news |last1=Reformina |first1=Ina |title=Duterte appoints CA Chief as new SC justice |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/13/17/duterte-appoints-ca-chief-as-new-sc-justice |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=13 July 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816100607/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/13/17/duterte-appoints-ca-chief-as-new-sc-justice |archivedate=16 August 2017}}</ref>
#] - August 14, 2017<ref name="PNAGovPH-Gesmundo">{{cite news |last1=Reganit |first1=Jose Cielito |title=Duterte appoints Sandiganbayan's Gesmundo to SC |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1006119 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=14 August 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818014711/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1006119 |archivedate=18 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
#] - August 10, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-Reyes">{{cite news |last1=Musico |first1=Jelly |title=Duterte appoints CA Jose Reyes as new SC Justice |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044452 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=10 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813152341/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044452 |archivedate=13 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#] - October 10, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-Hernando">{{cite news |last1=Parrocha |first1=Azer |title=Duterte appoints Hernando as SC associate justice |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1050636 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=10 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175503/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1050636 |archivedate=31 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
#] - November 28, 2018<ref name="Inquirer-Carandang">{{cite news |last1=Torres-Tupas |first1=Tetch |title=Duterte appoints CA Justice Carandang to Supreme Court |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1057911/duterte-appoints-ca-justice-carandang-to-supreme-court |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=28 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129131116/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1057911/duterte-appoints-ca-justice-carandang-to-supreme-court |archivedate=29 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#] - March 7, 2019<ref name="PNAGovPH-LazaroJavier">{{cite news |last1=Parrocha |first1=Azer |title=Duterte names new SC Associate Justice |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1063862 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=6 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331180444/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1063862 |archivedate=31 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
#] - May 27, 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1123795/duterte-names-fellow-davao-native-inting-as-newest-sc-associate-justice/|title=Duterte names fellow Davao native Inting as newest SC associate justice|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
#] - August 5, 2019<ref name="rapplerappointment">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/237079-duterte-appoints-rodil-zalameda-supreme-court-associate-justice|title=Duterte appoints CA justice Zalameda to Supreme Court|last=Buan|first=Lian|website=Rappler|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>
#] - December 3, 2019<ref name="ABSCBN">{{Cite web |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/03/19/duterte-appoints-2-appellate-court-justices-to-supreme-court |title=Duterte appoints 2 appellate court justices to Supreme Court: sources |website=ABS-CBN News |language=en |access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>
#] - December 3, 2019<ref name="ABSCBN" />
#] - January 8, 2020<ref name="Rappler">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/248803-duterte-appoints-samuel-gaerlan-supreme-court-associate-justice |title=Duterte appoints CA justice Gaerlan to Supreme Court |last=Tomacruz |first=Sofia|website=Rappler |language=en |date=8 January 2020|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
# - between May 11, 2020 and August 11, 2020
# - between September 18, 2020 and December 18, 2020


{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
==Changes==
#] - March 6, 2017 (as Associate Justice),<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Adel |first=Rosette |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Samuel Martires named new SC justice |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/03/06/1677179/samuel-martires-named-new-sc-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001081353/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/03/06/1677179/samuel-martires-named-new-sc-justice |archive-date=October 1, 2018}}</ref> July 26, 2018 (as ]).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Associate Justice Samuel Martires is new Ombudsman |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1014764/associate-justice-samuel-martires-is-new-ombudsman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030221552/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1014764/associate-justice-samuel-martires-is-new-ombudsman |archive-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>
#] - March 8, 2017<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torres-Tupas |first=Tetch |date=March 6, 2019 |title=Duterte completes JBC with appointment of retired SC Justice Tijam |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1092835/duterte-completes-jbc-with-appointment-of-retired-sc-justice-tijam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173248/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1092835/duterte-completes-jbc-with-appointment-of-retired-sc-justice-tijam |archive-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>
#] - July 12, 2017<ref name="ABSCBNNews-CAChief">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Reformina |first=Ina |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Duterte appoints CA Chief as new SC justice |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/13/17/duterte-appoints-ca-chief-as-new-sc-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816100607/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/13/17/duterte-appoints-ca-chief-as-new-sc-justice |archive-date=August 16, 2017}}</ref>
#] - August 14, 2017 (as Associate Justice)<ref name="PNAGovPH-Gesmundo">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Reganit |first=Jose Cielito |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Duterte appoints Sandiganbayan's Gesmundo to SC |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1006119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818014711/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1006119 |archive-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref>
#] - August 10, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-Reyes">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=August 10, 2018 |title=Duterte appoints CA Jose Reyes as new SC Justice |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813152341/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044452 |archive-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref>
#] - October 10, 2018<ref name="PNAGovPH-Hernando">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=October 10, 2018 |title=Duterte appoints Hernando as SC associate justice |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1050636 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175503/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1050636 |archive-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>
#] - November 28, 2018<ref name="Inquirer-Carandang">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torres-Tupas |first=Tetch |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Duterte appoints CA Justice Carandang to Supreme Court |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1057911/duterte-appoints-ca-justice-carandang-to-supreme-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129131116/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1057911/duterte-appoints-ca-justice-carandang-to-supreme-court |archive-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref>
#] - March 7, 2019<ref name="PNAGovPH-LazaroJavier">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 6, 2019 |title=Duterte names new SC Associate Justice |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1063862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331180444/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1063862 |archive-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref>
#] - May 27, 2019<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torres-Tupas |first=Tetch |date=May 27, 2019 |title=Duterte names fellow Davao native Inting as newest SC associate justice |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1123795/duterte-names-fellow-davao-native-inting-as-newest-sc-associate-justice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605033048/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1123795/duterte-names-fellow-davao-native-inting-as-newest-sc-associate-justice/ |archive-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref>
#] - August 5, 2019<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Buan |first=Lian |date=August 5, 2019 |title=Duterte appoints CA justice Zalameda to Supreme Court |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/237079-duterte-appoints-rodil-zalameda-supreme-court-associate-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805053145/https://www.rappler.com/nation/237079-duterte-appoints-rodil-zalameda-supreme-court-associate-justice |archive-date=August 5, 2019}}</ref>
#] - December 3, 2019<ref name="ABSCBN-Appoints2Appellate">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 3, 2019 |title=Duterte appoints 2 appellate court justices to Supreme Court: sources |language=en |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/03/19/duterte-appoints-2-appellate-court-justices-to-supreme-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203133725/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/03/19/duterte-appoints-2-appellate-court-justices-to-supreme-court |archive-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref>
#] - December 3, 2019<ref name="ABSCBN-Appoints2Appellate" />
#] - January 8, 2020<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tomacruz |first=Sofia |date=January 8, 2020 |title=Duterte appoints CA justice Gaerlan to Supreme Court |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/248803-duterte-appoints-samuel-gaerlan-supreme-court-associate-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114160027/https://www.rappler.com/nation/248803-duterte-appoints-samuel-gaerlan-supreme-court-associate-justice |archive-date=January 14, 2020}}</ref>
#] - July 16, 2020<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 16, 2020 |title=Duterte appoints CA justice Padilla to Supreme Court |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/16/Duterte-appoints-CA-justice-Supreme-Court-.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717095208/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/16/Duterte-appoints-CA-justice-Supreme-Court-.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020}}</ref>
#] - October 8, 2020<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Navalio |first=Mike |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Duterte appoints CA's Rosario to Supreme Court |language=en |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/09/20/duterte-appoints-ca-justice-rosario-to-sc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009222410/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/09/20/duterte-appoints-ca-justice-rosario-to-sc |archive-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>
# ] - January 26, 2021<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 26, 2021 |title=Duterte names Jhosep Lopez as Supreme Court justice |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1128545 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126065603/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1128545 |archive-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref>
#] - July 2, 2021<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=September 14, 2021 |title=CA justice Japar Dimaampao appointed as 2nd Muslim SC justice |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1487814/ca-justice-japar-dimaampao-appointed-as-2nd-muslim-sc-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917043556/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1487814/ca-justice-japar-dimaampao-appointed-as-2nd-muslim-sc-justice |archive-date=September 17, 2021}}</ref>
#] - September 27, 2021<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Galvez |first1=Daphne |last2=Torres-Tupas |first2=Tetch |date=November 16, 2021 |title=Duterte names Midas Marquez as SC associate justice |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515624/duterte-names-midas-marquez-as-sc-associate-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116042211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515624/duterte-names-midas-marquez-as-sc-associate-justice |archive-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref>
#] - February 23, 2022<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=February 23, 2022 |title=Duterte appoints Antonio Kho as new SC associate justice |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223161840/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168445 |archive-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref>
#] - May 18, 2022<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Panaligan |first=Rey |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Duterte names CA Justice Filomena Singh 15th Supreme Court member |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/18/duterte-names-ca-justice-filomena-singh-15th-supreme-court-member/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518090921/https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/18/duterte-names-ca-justice-filomena-singh-15th-supreme-court-member/ |archive-date=May 18, 2022}}</ref>
{{div col end}}


==Major activities==
===2016===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Position
! scope="col" | Agency/Department
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Replaced by
|-
| 1
| ]
| Chairperson
| ]
| December 5, 2016
| ] <br /> Eduardo Del Rosario
|-
| 2
| Al Argosino
| rowspan="2"|Deputy Commissioners
| rowspan="2"|]
| rowspan="2"|December 16, 2016
| Estanislao Canta (OIC) <br /> Tobias Javier
|-
| 3
| Michael Robles
|Jose Carlitos Licas (OIC) <br /> Aimee Torrefranca-Neri
|}


===2017=== ===Speeches===
{{Listen
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
| image = ]
|-
| help =
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
| filename = 2016 State of the Nation Address (SONA) of Rodrigo Roa Duterte, 16th President of the Republic of the Philippines.webm
! scope="col" | Name
| alt =
! scope="col" | Position
| title = 2016 State of the Nation Address
! scope="col" | Agency/Department
| description = Duterte delivers his ] at the ] with ] ] (seated left) and ] ] on July 25, 2016.
! scope="col" | Date
}}
! scope="col" | Replaced by
|-
| 1
| Rolando Asuncion
| Director
| ]
| January 6, 2017
| Benjamin Delos Santos
|-
| 2
| Peter T. Laviña
| Administrator
| National Irrigation Administration
| March 1, 2017
| Ret. Gen. ]
|-
| 3
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| March 8, 2017
| ] (Acting) <br /> ]
|-
| 4
| Avelino Andal{{efn-lr|As Board Member of ].}}
| Administrator
| ]
| March 15, 2017
| Romulo Dela Rosa
|-
| 5
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| April 4, 2017
| ] <br /> Ret. Gen. ]
|-
| 6
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| May 3, 2017
| Ret. Gen. ]
|-
| 7
| ]
| Spokesperson
| ]
| May 19, 2017
| Atty. Leah Quimabao
|-
| 8
| Benjamin P. Reyes
| Chairman
| ]
| May 24, 2017
| Ret. Gen. Dionisio Santiago
|-
| 9
| Benjamin Delos Santos
| Director
| ]
| July 13, 2017
| Rey Raagas (OIC)<br />Ret. Dir. Gen. ]
|-
| 10
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| August 16, 2017
| Emmanuel A. Leyco (OIC)<br />Virginia Orogo (Acting)<br />Ret. Lt. Gen. ]
|-
| 11
| Ret. Capt. ]{{efn-lr|As Deputy Administrator of the Office of the Civil Defense, later as Director-General of the ], Later, he was sacked from office on September 4, 2019.}}
| Commissioner
| ]
| August 21, 2017
| Ret. Supt. Isidro Lapeña{{efn-lr|As Commissioner of the ], later he was designated as Director-General of ].}}
|-
| 12
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| September 6, 2017
| Rosalina Bistoyong (OIC) <br /> ]
|-
| 13
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| September 22, 2017
| Ret. BGen. ]
|-
| 14
| Martin Diño{{efn-lr|As ].}}
| Chairperson
| ]
| September 27, 2017
| Wilma Esima
|-
| 15
| Jose Vicente Salazar
| Chairperson
| Energy Regulatory Commission
| October 9, 2017
| ]
|-
| 16
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| October 10, 2017
| Herminigildo V. Valle (OIC) <br /> ]
|-
| 17
| Gertrudo de Leon
| Undersecretary
| ]
| October 20, 2017
| Herman B. Jumilla
|-
| 18
| ]{{efn-lr|As ].}}
| Presidential Spokesman
| ]
| rowspan="2"|October 27, 2017
| ]
|-
| 19
| ]{{efn-lr|As ], later resigned on October 11, 2018.}}
| Chairman
| North Luzon Railways Corporation
|
|-
| 20
| Ret. Gen. Dionisio Santiago
| Chairman
| ]
| November 6, 2017
| ]
|-
| 21
| Cesar Chavez
| Undersecretary
| ]
| November 23, 2017
|Timothy James Batan
|-
| 22
| Terry Ridon
| Chairman
| rowspan="5"|Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor
| rowspan="5"|December 11, 2017
| Noel Felongco{{efn-lr|As Lead Convenor of the ]}}
|-
| 23
| Melissa A. Aradanas{{efn-lr|As ] Deputy Director General.}}
| rowspan="4"|Commissioners
| Romeo Halasan Janduga
|-
| 24
| Manuel Serra Jr.{{efn-lr|As Member of ] Governing Board}}
| ]
|-
| 25
| Joan Lagunda{{efn-lr|As Assistant Secretary of ].}}
| Norman Brillantes Baloro
|-
| 26
| Noel Indonto
| Melvin Mitra
|-
| 27
| Atty. Elba Cruz
| President
| Development Academy of the Philippines
| December 21, 2017
| Magdalena Mendoza (OIC) <br /> Engelbert Caronan Jr.
|}


*] (June 30, 2016)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=June 30, 2016 |title=Inaugural address of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/06/30/inaugural-address-of-president-rodrigo-roa-duterte-june-30-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120150058/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/06/30/inaugural-address-of-president-rodrigo-roa-duterte-june-30-2016/ |archive-date=January 20, 2018 |website=] |language=en, ceb}}</ref>
===2018===
*] (July 25, 2016)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=July 25, 2016 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte, First State of the Nation Address, July 25, 2016 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/07/25/rodrigo-roa-duterte-first-state-of-the-nation-address-july-25-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107062146/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/07/25/rodrigo-roa-duterte-first-state-of-the-nation-address-july-25-2016/ |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |website=] |language=en, fil}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
*] (July 24, 2017)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=July 24, 2017 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Second State of the Nation Address, July 24, 2017 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2017/07/24/rodrigo-roa-duterte-second-state-of-the-nation-address-july-24-2017/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2017/07/24/rodrigo-roa-duterte-second-state-of-the-nation-address-july-24-2017/ |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |website=] |language=en, fil}}</ref>
|-
*] (July 23, 2018)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=July 23, 2018 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Third State of the Nation Address, July 23, 2018 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/07/23/rodrigo-roa-duterte-third-state-of-the-nation-address-july-23-2018/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045258/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/07/23/rodrigo-roa-duterte-third-state-of-the-nation-address-july-23-2018/ |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |website=] |language=en, fil}}</ref>
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
*] (July 22, 2019)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=July 22, 2019 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Fourth State of the Nation Address, July 22, 2019 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2019/07/22/rodrigo-roa-duterte-fourth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-22-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045122/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2019/07/22/rodrigo-roa-duterte-fourth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-22-2019/ |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |website=] |language=en, fil}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Name
*] (July 27, 2020)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=July 27, 2020 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Fifth State of the Nation Address, July 27, 2020 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/07/27/rodrigo-roa-duterte-fifth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-27-2020/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028170652/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/07/27/rodrigo-roa-duterte-fifth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-27-2020/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |website=] |language=en, fil}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Position
*] (July 26, 2021)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=July 26, 2021 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Sixth State of the Nation Address, July 26, 2021 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2021/07/26/rodrigo-roa-duterte-sixth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-26-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917195335/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2021/07/26/rodrigo-roa-duterte-sixth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-26-2021/ |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |website=] |language=en, fil}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Agency/Department

! scope="col" | Date
===Major acts and legislation===
! scope="col" | Replaced by
{{Main|List of major acts and legislation during the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte}}
|-
{{See also|17th Congress of the Philippines#Laws passed|18th Congress of the Philippines#Republic Acts}}
| 1

| Marcial Amaro III
Duterte signed into law 379 ]s in the ]; 120 of these laws were national in scope while 259 were local.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Domingo |first=Katrina |date=July 20, 2019 |title=4 pct of House bills in 17th Congress enacted into law |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/20/19/4-pct-of-house-bills-in-17th-congress-enacted-into-law |access-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720112948/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/20/19/4-pct-of-house-bills-in-17th-congress-enacted-into-law |archive-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> In the ], Duterte signed into law 311 bills, of which 119 were national and 192 were local.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=June 13, 2022 |title=18th Congress passed 311 bills that became law: report |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176541 |access-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613083624/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176541 |archive-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>
| Administrator

| ]
===Executive issuances===
| January 4, 2018
{{See also|Ordinance Power of the President of the Philippines}}
| Ret. Gen. ]{{efn-lr|As Commissioner of the ]}}

|-
The ] lists ]s,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; Executive Orders; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=executive-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117135635/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=executive-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> 1,401 proclamations,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; Proclamations; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=proclamations&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC#038;president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117133420/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=proclamations&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> 53 memorandum orders,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; Memorandum Orders; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=memorandum-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC#038;president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117134101/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=memorandum-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> 98 memorandum circulars,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; Memorandum Circulars; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=memorandum-circulars&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117134653/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=memorandum-circulars&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> 48 administrative orders,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; Administrative Orders; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=administrative-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117135204/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=administrative-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> 20 special orders,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; Special Orders; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=special-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117140423/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=special-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> and one general order<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Master List Generator; General Orders; Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=general-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117140054/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/masterlist-generator/?category=general-orders&president=rodrigo-roa-duterte&per_page=100&on_order=DESC |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> issued by Duterte.
| 2
| Jose Jorge E. Corpuz
| Chairman
| ]
| January 12, 2018
| Ret. Gen. Anselmo Pinili
|-
| 3
| Patricia Licuanan
| Chairperson
| ]
| January 15, 2018
| Prospero de Vera III
|-
| 4
| Amado Valdez
| Chairman
| rowspan="2"|]
| rowspan="2"|February 12, 2018
| Aurora Cruz-Ignacio
|-
| 5
| Jose Gabriel La Viña{{efn-lr|As ], later as ], now resigned on October 17, 2018.}}
| Commissioner
| Ricardo Moldez
|-
| 6
| Allen Capuyan{{efn-lr|As Chairperson of the ]}}
| Assistant General Manager
| ]
| March 14, 2018
| Elenita M. Fernando
|-
| 7
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| rowspan="2"|April 5, 2018
| ]
|-
| 8
| ]
| Chairperson
| ]
| Ronald Gian Cardema
|-
| 9
| Dominador Say
| Undersecretary
| ]
| April 17, 2018
| Renato Ebarle
|-
| 10
| Atty. Karen Jimeno{{efn-lr|As Undersecretary for Disaster Resiliency of the ], later resigned.}}
| Undersecretary for Legal Affairs and Priority Projects
| ]
| April 22, 2018
|
|-
| 11
| Atty. Aimee Torrecampo-Neri
| Deputy Commissioner
| ]
| May 2, 2018
| Marc Red Mariñas (OIC)
|-
| 12
| Roberto Teo
| Board Member
| ]
| May 7, 2018
|
|-
| 13
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| May 8, 2018
| ]
|-
| 14
| Tingagun Umpa
| Assistant Secretary
| ]
| rowspan="3"|May 15, 2018
|
|-
| 15
| ]
| Assistant Secretary
| ]
|
|-
| 16
| Frederick Alegre
| Assistant Secretary
| ]
| Myra Abubakar
|-
| 17
| ]
| Head
| Tourism Promotions Board
| May 21, 2018
| Arnold Gonzales (OIC)<br /> Maria Venus Tan
|-
| 18
| Mark Tolentino
| Assistant Secretary
| ]
| May 22, 2018
|
|-
| 19
| Rudolf Jurado
| Chief
| Office of the Government Corporate Counsel
| May 28, 2018
| Elpidio Vega
|-
| 20
| Noel Patrick Prudente
| Deputy Commissioner
| ]
| May 30, 2018
| Jeffrey Ian C. Dy
|-
| 21
| Celestina dela Serna
| Officer-in-Charge
| ]
| June 5, 2018
| Roy Ferrer
|-
| 22
| Patricia Yvette Ocampo
| Chairperson
| ]
| August 7, 2018
| Lucille Karen E. Malilong
|-
| 23
| Petronilo L. Ilagan
| Undersecretary
| ]
| August 15, 2018
|
|-
| 24
| ]
| Lead Convenor
| ]
| August 20, 2018
| Noel Folengco
|-
| 25
| ]{{efn-lr|As Board Member of ]}}
| Undersecretary of Tourism Advocacy and Public Affairs
| ]
| August 22, 2018
| Edwin R. Enrile
|-
| 26
| Ret. Maj. Jason Aquino
| Administrator
| ]
| September 11, 2018
| Judy Carol L. Dansal (OIC)
|-
| 27
| ]{{efn-lr|As Deputy Exceutive Director of ]}}
| Assistant Secretary
| ]
| October 1, 2018
|
|-
| 28
| Joel Maglunsod
| Undersecretary
| ]
| October 2, 2018
| Ana Colting Dione
|-
| 29
| Ret. Dir. Gen. ]
| Director-General
| ]
| rowspan="3"|October 12, 2018
| Ret. Capt. ]
|-
| 30
| ]
| Secretary
| ]
| ]
|-
| 31
| Marc Red Mariñas
| Deputy Commissioner
| ]
| Atty. Jose Ronaldo P. Ledesma (OIC)
|-
| 32
| ]
| Presidential Spokesman
| ]
| rowspan="2"|October 15, 2018
| ]
|-
| 33
| ]
| Special Assistant to the President
| ]
| Jesus Melchor Quitain (OIC)
|-
| 34
| ]
| Cabinet Secretary
| ]
| October 16, 2018
| ]
|-
| 35
| ]
| Political Adviser
| Office of Political Adviser
| rowspan="3"|October 17, 2018
|
|-
| 36
| ]
| Undersecretary
| ]
|
|-
| 37
| Guiling A. Mamondiong
| Director-General
| ]
| Ret. Supt. Isidro Lapeña
|-
| 38
| Maria Lourdes Turalde-Jarabe
| Undersecretary for Promotive Operations and Programs
| rowspan="3"|]
| rowspan="3"|November 18, 2018
|
|-
| 39
| Mae Ancheta-Templa
| Undersecretary for Protective Operations and Programs
|
|-
| 40
| Hope Hervilla
| Undersecretary for Disaster Response Management
|
|-
| 41
| Falconi Millar
| Secretary-General
| ]
| November 19, 2018
| Marcelino Escalada Jr.
|-
| 42
| ]
| Presidential Adviser
| rowspan="3"|]
| rowspan="3"|November 27, 2018
| Gen. ]
|-
| 43
| Ronald Flores
| Undersecretary
|
|-
| 44
| Yeshtern Donn Baccay
| Assistant Secretary
|
|-
| 45
| Stella Quimbo
| Commissioner
| ]
| November 28, 2018
|
|-
|}


===2019=== ===National budget===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- |-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|R. A. No.|Republic Act}}
! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Position ! scope="col" | Principal ]
! scope="col" | Agency/Department ! scope="col" | Date signed
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Replaced by
|- |-
! scope="row" | 10924
| 1
| General Appropriations Act of 2017
| ]
| ]
| Deputy Exceutive Director
| December 22, 2016<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=December 22, 2016 |title=Duterte signs P3.35-T nat'l budget for 2017 |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/855650/duterte-signs-p3-35-t-natl-budget-for-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225173210/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/855650/duterte-signs-p3-35-t-natl-budget-for-2017 |archive-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref>
| ]
| February 26, 2019
| ]
|- |-
! scope="row" | 10964
| 2
| General Appropriations Act of 2018
| ]{{efn-lr|As Governor of ]}}
| Loren Legarda
| Secretary
| December 19, 2017<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nicolas |first=Jino |date=December 19, 2017 |title=Tax reform, budget implementation set |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2017/12/20/94520/tax-reform-budget-implementation-set/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418215133/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2017/12/20/94520/tax-reform-budget-implementation-set/ |archive-date=April 18, 2022}}</ref>
| ]
| March 4, 2019
| ] (OIC)
|- |-
! scope="row" | 11260
| 3
| General Appropriations Act of 2019
| Emmanuel F. Dooc
| Loren Legarda
| President and CEO
| April 15, 2019<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Torres |first1=Sherrie Ann |last2=Cruz |first2=RG |last3=Balancio |first3=Joyce |date=April 15, 2019 |title=Duterte signs 2019 budget with vetoed provisions |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/15/19/duterte-signs-2019-national-budget |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415125517/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/15/19/duterte-signs-2019-national-budget |archive-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref>
| ]
| March 7, 2019
| Aurora Cruz-Ignacio
|- |-
! scope="row" | 11464
| 4
| Extension of General Appropriations Act of 2019
| Alexander Balutan
| ]
| General Manager
| December 20, 2019<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=December 26, 2019 |title=Duterte extends 2019 budget's validity until 2020 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1089505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226063111/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1089505 |archive-date=December 26, 2019}}</ref>
| ]
| March 8, 2019
| Royina Garma
|- |-
! scope="row" | 11465
| 5
| General Appropriations Act of 2020
| Nela Charade Puno
| Nancy Binay
| Director General
| January 6, 2020<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Duterte signs P4.1-T national budget for 2020 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1090126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106155314/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1090126 |archive-date=January 6, 2020}}</ref>
| ]
| May 16, 2019
| Enrique Domingo
|-
| 6
| Ronald Gian Cardema
| Chairperson
| ]
| May 19, 2019
| Paul Anthony Pangilinan
|- |-
! scope="row" | 11520
| 7
| General Appropriations Act of 2021
| Reynaldo Velasco
| Nancy Binay
| Administrator
| December 29, 2020<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Duterte signs laws extending validity of Bayanihan 2, 2020 budget |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/01/06/2068626/duterte-signs-laws-extending-validity-bayanihan-2-2020-budget |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106090444/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/01/06/2068626/duterte-signs-laws-extending-validity-bayanihan-2-2020-budget |archive-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>
| ]
| May 24, 2019
| Emmanuel B. Salamat
|-
| 8
| Roy Ferrer
| Officer-in-Charge
| rowspan="7"|]
| rowspan="7"|June 13, 2019
| Ret. Gen. Ricardo Morales
|-
| 9
| Jack Arroyo
| Local Chief Executive
|
|-
| 10
| Rex Maria Mendoza
| Independent Director of the Monetary Board
|
|-
| 11
| Hildegardes Dineros
| Member, Information Economy sector
|
|-
| 12
| Celestina Ma. Jude dela Serna
| Member, Filipino Overseas Workers sector
|
|-
| 13
| Roberto Salvador
| Member, Formal Economy sector
|
|-
| 14
| Joan Cristine Reina Liban-Lareza
| Member, Health Care Provider sector
|
|-
| 15
| Ret. BGen. ]
| Secretary
| ]
| June 30, 2019
| ]
|-
| 16
| Jesus Clint O. Aranas
| President and General Manager
| ]
| July 2, 2019
| ]
|-
| 17
| ]{{efn-lr|As Chairman of ]}}
| Secretary
| ]
|rowspan="2"|August 5, 2019
| ]
|-
| 18
| ] (OIC)
| Secretary
| ]
| ]
|-
| 19
| Ret. Capt. ]
| Director-General
| ]
| September 4, 2019
| Melvin Ramon G. Buenafe (OIC)<br>Gerald Bantag
|-
| 20
| Jose Antonio Goitia
| Executive Director
| ]
| September 10, 2019
| Anshari C. Lomodag Jr.
|-
| 21
| Pedro Aquino Jr.
| President and CEO
| ]
| October 15, 2019
| Lt. Gen. Rozzano Briguez
|- |-
! scope="row" | 11640
| General Appropriations Act of 2022
| Nancy Binay
| December 30, 2021<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Unite |first=Betheena |date=December 30, 2021 |title=Duterte signs P5.024-trillion national budget for 2022 |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/12/30/duterte-signs-p5-024-trillion-national-budget-for-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230043846/https://mb.com.ph/2021/12/30/duterte-signs-p5-024-trillion-national-budget-for-2022/ |archive-date=December 30, 2021}}</ref>
|} |}


==Leadership style==
===2020===
{{See also|Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte}}


Duterte is known for his ] and ] persona,<ref name="ManilaStandard-LeadershipStyle">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Deligero |first=P. Y. |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Revisiting Duterte's leadership style |work=] |url=https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/born-to-lead-president-duterte/314217349/revisiting-dutertes-leadership-style.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327164750/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/born-to-lead-president-duterte/314217349/revisiting-dutertes-leadership-style.html |archive-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-DuterteHighRating">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Lema |first1=Karen |last2=Petty |first2=Martin |date=October 5, 2020 |title=Philippines' Duterte scores record high rating, despite virus crisis |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN26Q0YK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010143337/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN26Q0YK |archive-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Amador-Baladjay-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Amador |first1=Julio |last2=Baladjay |first2=Deryk |date=December 16, 2020 |title=The New Normal of President Duterte's Independent Foreign Policy |url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/apb540.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=39036 |journal=Asia Pacific Bulletin |location=Washington, DC |publisher=] |issue=540 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310082601/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/system/tdf/private/apb540.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=39036 |archive-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> characterized by fiery rhetoric and controversial, off-the-cuff speeches.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Merez |first=Arianne |date=July 16, 2020 |title='I cannot respond,' Roque says when asked about Duterte's edited speeches |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/16/20/i-cannot-respond-roque-says-when-asked-about-dutertes-edited-speeches |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716101642/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/16/20/i-cannot-respond-roque-says-when-asked-about-dutertes-edited-speeches |archive-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BWorld-LeadershipStyle">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Francia |first1=Arra B. |last2=Balinbin |first2=Arjay L. |date=January 24, 2019 |title=For some businessmen: Duterte's leadership style remains a concern |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/special-reports/2019/01/25/212419/for-some-businessmen-dutertes-leadership-style-remains-a-concern/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529110341/https://www.bworldonline.com/special-reports/2019/01/25/212419/for-some-businessmen-dutertes-leadership-style-remains-a-concern/ |archive-date=May 29, 2022}}</ref> His spokesperson and advisors frequently had to interpret and clarify his remarks.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=October 5, 2016 |title=Don't take Duterte's words literally, Palace exec tells media |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/822136/use-creative-imagination-media-told-in-reporting-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209002908/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/822136/use-creative-imagination-media-told-in-reporting-duterte |archive-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> Some observers expressed concern that his statements may have been misconstrued as government policy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bacungan |first=VJ |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Duterte: '3 in 5 of my statements are just nonsense' |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/09/duterte-statement-nonsense.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209055237/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/09/duterte-statement-nonsense.html |archive-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name="BWorld-LeadershipStyle" /> He was also criticized for his sexist jokes and low tolerance for dissent.<ref name="ManilaStandard-LeadershipStyle" /><ref name="Reuters-DuterteHighRating" /> Duterte believed an "iron fist" was needed to instill discipline<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ramirez |first=Robertzon |date=April 13, 2016 |title=Duterte to rivals: Pray for your ratings to rise |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/04/13/1572733/duterte-rivals-pray-your-ratings-rise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926142425/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/04/13/1572733/duterte-rivals-pray-your-ratings-rise |archive-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> and cultivated a public image of a ] ''Tatay Digong'' (Father Digong), who instills order and discipline within the nation.<ref name="ManilaStandard-LeadershipStyle" /><ref name="Rappler-TatayDigong">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Francisco |first=Katerina |date=July 24, 2017 |title='Tatay Digong' brand, charisma behind Duterte's survey numbers – analysts |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/176555-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-ratings-charisma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724113901/https://www.rappler.com/nation/176555-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-ratings-charisma/ |archive-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="BusinessWorld-TatayDigong">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aquino |first=Norman P. |date=July 21, 2019 |title='Tatay Digong' thrives on pathos to keep rock-star status |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/07/22/243481/tatay-digong-thrives-on-pathos-to-keep-rock-star-status/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408222053/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/07/22/243481/tatay-digong-thrives-on-pathos-to-keep-rock-star-status/ |archive-date=April 8, 2022}}</ref> Amid the ], he imposed ] and used the military and police to enforce ] guidelines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Luna |first=Franco |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Duterte asks public for 'discipline' in following quarantine rules |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/16/2007845/duterte-asks-public-discipline-following-quarantine-rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416155312/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/16/2007845/duterte-asks-public-discipline-following-quarantine-rules |archive-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> Scholars coined the term "Dutertismo" to refer to Duterte's style of governance and the ] and radical elements of his presidency.<ref name="Parcon-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Parcon |first=Ian Clark R. |date=September 1, 2021 |title=Understanding Dutertismo: Populism and Democratic Politics in the Philippines |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568484921000538 |url-status=live |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=131–137 |doi=10.1016/j.ajss.2021.03.001 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |issn=1568-4849 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220806110818/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568484921000538 |archive-date=August 6, 2022 |access-date=July 25, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Labastin-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Labastin |first=Benjiemen A. |date=December 2018 |title=Two Faces of Dutertismo: Two Visions of Democracy in the Philippines |url=http://ses-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2_Labastin_Special-Issue_Dec2018.pdf |journal=Social Ethics Society Journal of Applied Philosophy |publisher=] |issue=Special Issue |pages=31–54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712104535/http://ses-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2_Labastin_Special-Issue_Dec2018.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Position
! scope="col" | Agency/Department
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Replaced by
|-
| 1
| Ret. BGen. ]
| Undersecretary for Operations
| ]
| February 3, 2020
| ]
|-
| 2
| Ret. VAdm. Narciso A. Vingson Jr. (OIC)
| Administrator
| ]
| March 1, 2020
| Ret. VAdm. ]
|-
|}


Duterte has been called a populist for his rejection of titles and casual attitude.<ref name="Ostiguy-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Ostiguy |first1=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qC4PEAAAQBAJ |title=Populism in Global Perspective: A Performative and Discursive Approach |last2=Panizza |first2=Francisco |last3=Moffitt |first3=Benjamin |date=December 29, 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-33542-2 |page= |language=en |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523005308/https://books.google.com/books?id=qC4PEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Dizon |first=Nikko |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Just call me mayor: Duterte shuns 'Mr. President,' 'Your Excellency' |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/851411/just-call-me-mayor-duterte-shuns-mr-president-your-excellency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721202219/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/851411/just-call-me-mayor-duterte-shuns-mr-president-your-excellency |archive-date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> He has issued an order prohibiting the use of honorifics for himself, his family, and his Cabinet members.<ref name="VOA-AntiPomp">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 21, 2016 |title='Don't Call me Excellency' - Philippines President Bans Honorifics |language=en |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/philippines-anti-pomp-president-bans-honorifics/3428928.html |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825181709/https://www.voanews.com/a/philippines-anti-pomp-president-bans-honorifics/3428928.html |archive-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=May 27, 2018 |title=Duterte: Don't refer to my kin as 'First Family' |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/05/27/1819124/duterte-dont-refer-my-kin-first-family |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030843/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/05/27/1819124/duterte-dont-refer-my-kin-first-family |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> He often chewed gum in public and wore casual attire for formal occasions,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Duterte explains gum-chewing habit helps relieve back pain |language=en |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2127995/duterte-explains-gum-chewing-habit-helps-relieve-back-pain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113041851/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2127995/duterte-explains-gum-chewing-habit-helps-relieve-back-pain |archive-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref> saying he dresses for comfort and not to impress anybody.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=November 19, 2017 |title=Duterte: I dress for comfort, and not to impress |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946107/duterte-i-dress-for-comfort-and-not-to-impress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119011420/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946107/duterte-i-dress-for-comfort-and-not-to-impress |archive-date=November 19, 2017}}</ref> His informal and unaffected attitude attracted support from many Filipinos.<ref name="Reuters-DuterteHighRating" /> Duterte described himself as a ], typically starting his working day at 13:00 or 14:00, and calling for news conferences that began at midnight.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Quismundo |first=Tarra |date=May 30, 2016 |title=New President's day starts at 1 p.m. |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788097/new-presidents-day-starts-at-1-p-m |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601073038/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788097/new-presidents-day-starts-at-1-p-m |archive-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lim |first=Frinston |date=July 1, 2017 |title=Duterte has given up night life due to advanced age |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910207/duterte-has-given-up-night-life-due-to-advanced-age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701165432/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910207/duterte-has-given-up-night-life-due-to-advanced-age |archive-date=July 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 1, 2020 |title='Nasaan ang Pangulo?' Duterte says his day starts at 2 p.m. |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/01/20/nasaan-ang-pangulo-duterte-says-his-day-starts-at-2-pm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130220324/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/01/20/nasaan-ang-pangulo-duterte-says-his-day-starts-at-2-pm |archive-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref>
;Notes
{{notelist-lr}}


==Major activities== ==First 100 days==
{{Main|First 100 days of Rodrigo Duterte's presidency}}
] ] during a courtesy call at ], July 19, 2016]]
] in ] on July 24, 2016.]]


During his first 100 days in office, Duterte issued an ] and sought to resume peace talks with ]. He also formulated a comprehensive tax-reform plan and led efforts to pass the ]. Additionally, he sought to streamline government transactions and launched the nationwide ] rescue and ] complaint hotlines. He also established a one-stop service center for overseas Filipino workers and increased the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel.<ref name="ManilaTimes-First100Days">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Valente |first=Catherine S. |date=October 8, 2016 |title=First 100 days yield significant accomplishments |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/08/news/top-stories/first-100-days-yield-significant-accomplishments/290072/ |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205121827/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/08/news/top-stories/first-100-days-yield-significant-accomplishments/290072/ |archive-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> Internationally, he took actions to limit the number of ] in the country and had contact with China and Russia to improve diplomatic relations.<ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 8, 2016 |title=A look at the 1st 100 days of Duterte's phenomenal rule |language=en |newspaper=] |agency=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/823155/a-look-at-the-1st-100-days-of-dutertes-phenomenal-rule |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210230705/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/823155/a-look-at-the-1st-100-days-of-dutertes-phenomenal-rule |archive-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref>
===Speeches===

*], (30 June 2016)
Duterte launched a ] resulting in the arrest of 22,000 suspects, surrender of 731,000 people, and deaths of 3,300, half killed by unknown assailants. He criticized the ] and the international critics, including US President ], the US government, the ], and the ], who condemned his tactics.<ref name="ManilaTimes-First100Days" /><ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days" />
*], (25 July 2016)

*], (24 July 2017)
After the ] killed 14 people, Duterte issued ], officially declaring a "] on account of lawless violence in Mindanao".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray, P.L. |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Palace issues proclamation of state of national emergency |work=] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/06/1621023/palace-issues-proclamation-state-national-emergency |access-date=September 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907165504/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/06/1621023/palace-issues-proclamation-state-national-emergency |archive-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref>
*], (23 July 2018)

*], (22 July 2019)
==Domestic affairs==

===Insurgency and terrorism===
{{Further|Insurgency in the Philippines|Terrorism in the Philippines}}

====Islamic insurgency in Mindanao====
{{further|Bangsamoro peace process|Moro conflict|Bangsamoro Organic Law}}
] chairman, founder and former ] Governor ], November 3, 2016]]

Duterte, from ], gained Muslim support in the 2016 election.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 6, 2016 |title=MNLF Founder Nur Misuari Weighs in on the Philippine Presidential Election |work=] |url=https://news.vice.com/video/mnlf-founder-nur-misuari-weighs-in-on-philippine-presidential-election |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508210811/https://news.vice.com/video/mnlf-founder-nur-misuari-weighs-in-on-philippine-presidential-election |archive-date=May 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tayao-Juego |first=Annelle |date=May 8, 2016 |title=Muslim groups back Duterte, ask Aquino for clean polls |newspaper=] |location=Manila, Philippines |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/783952/muslim-groups-back-duterte-ask-aquino-for-clean-polls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719113604/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/784298/nur-misuari-bats-for-duterte-marcos-report |archive-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> He argued that the ] (MNLF) and ] (MILF) were not terrorists but ] coalitions fighting for dignity.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mellejor |first=Lilian C. |date=July 8, 2014 |title=MILF, MNLF not terrorist groups, simply fighting for Moro dignity - Duterte |work=] |publisher=] |agency=] |location=Davao City |url=http://interaksyon.com/article/90739/milf-mnlf-not-terrorist-groups-simply-fighting-for-moro-dignity---duterte |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053022/http://interaksyon.com/article/90739/milf-mnlf-not-terrorist-groups-simply-fighting-for-moro-dignity---duterte |archive-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref> He blamed ] and the United States for the ] in Mindanao.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bartolome |first=Jessica |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Duterte: America, not Middle East, responsible for 'importing terrorism' |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572953/news/nation/duterte-america-not-middle-east-responsible-for-importing-terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118054010/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572953/news/nation/duterte-america-not-middle-east-responsible-for-importing-terrorism |archive-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Estremera |first=Stella A. |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Duterte reminds US of Bud Dajo massacre |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/96464/Business/Duterte-reminds-US-of-Bud-Dajo-massacre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119043547/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/96464/Business/Duterte-reminds-US-of-Bud-Dajo-massacre |archive-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, Duterte signed an executive order expanding the ] from 15 members to 21, with 11 chosen by the MILF and 10 nominated by the government. This commission is responsible for drafting the ], which is seen as a key part of the ] plan for resolving the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bartolome |first=Jessica |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Plan B: Duterte promises BBL for both MNLF, MILF if Filipinos vote against federalism |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572959/news/nation/plan-b-duterte-promises-bbl-for-both-mnlf-milf-if-filipinos-vote-against-federalism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920055556/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572959/news/nation/plan-b-duterte-promises-bbl-for-both-mnlf-milf-if-filipinos-vote-against-federalism |archive-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=de Jesus |first=Julliane Love |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Duterte promises to fix insurgency, war in Mindanao before his term ends |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/795114/duterte-promises-to-fix-insurgency-war-in-mindanao-before-his-term-ends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921082930/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/795114/duterte-promises-to-fix-insurgency-war-in-mindanao-before-his-term-ends |archive-date=September 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aben |first=Elena |date=November 7, 2016 |title=Duterte signs EO on Bangsamoro transition commission |work=] |url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2016/11/07/duterte-signs-eo-on-bangsamoro-transition-commission/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107233218/http://news.mb.com.ph/2016/11/07/duterte-signs-eo-on-bangsamoro-transition-commission/ |archive-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref>

] to the ] at ] on August 6, 2018]]

Following the ] signed between the ] and the MILF in 2014,<ref name="PNAGovPH-TimelineBangsamoro">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cudis |first=Christine |date=January 27, 2019 |title=TIMELINE: The Bangsamoro peace process |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1059598 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127042609/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1059598 |archive-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref> on July 26, 2018, Duterte signed the ], which abolished the ] (ARMM) and provided the basic structure of government for the ] (BARMM).<ref name="MB-DuterteSignsBOL">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro Law |work=] |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/26/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727032048/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/26/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> Duterte signed an executive order in April 2019 facilitating the ] of MILF forces and weapons;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Duterte signs EO implementing annex of normalization under Bangsamoro |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1112084/duterte-signs-eo-implementing-annex-of-normalization-under-bangsamoro |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501141657/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1112084/duterte-signs-eo-implementing-annex-of-normalization-under-bangsamoro |archive-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref> from June 2019<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=June 19, 2019 |title=MILF decommissioning starts |newspaper=] |location=Manila |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1131720/milf-decommissioning-starts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618233513/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1131720/milf-decommissioning-starts |archive-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref> to May 2022, around 19,200 former MILF combatants and 2,100 weapons were decommissioned.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Comprehensive peace process flourished under Duterte admin |work=] |location=Manila |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605135037/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175552 |archive-date=June 5, 2022}}</ref><ref name="CrisisOrg-AsiaReport-Feb2022">{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2022 |title=Southern Philippines: Fostering an Inclusive Bangsamoro |url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/322-southern-philippines-inclusive-bangsamoro.pdf |journal=Asia Report |location=Brussels, Belgium |publisher=] |issue=322 |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218161425/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/322-southern-philippines-inclusive-bangsamoro.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> At the urging of the ], Duterte signed a law postponing the ] from 2022 to 2025.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Engelbrecht |first=Georgi |date=October 29, 2021 |title=The Philippines: Three More Years for the Bangsamoro Transition |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/philippines-three-more-years-bangsamoro-transition |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029161524/https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/philippines-three-more-years-bangsamoro-transition |archive-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Alipala |first1=Bong S. |last2=Sarmiento |first2=Julie S. |date=October 30, 2021 |title=Bangsamoro polls reset to 2025 |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1508235/bangsamoro-polls-reset-to-2025 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029220604/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1508235/bangsamoro-polls-reset-to-2025 |archive-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref>

====Campaign against terrorism====
{{See also|Siege of Marawi|2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings|2020 Jolo bombings|Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020}}
{{listen
| type = speech
| title = Declaration of liberation of Marawi
| filename = Rodrigo Duterte declares Marawi City liberated from terrorist influence-WmOZt28eSsc.oga
| description = Rodrigo Duterte declares ] liberated from terrorist influence on October 17, 2017.
}}

On May 23, 2017, ] between ] and the ]-affiliated ] and ] (ASG) ] groups occurred in ], prompting Duterte to ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mendoza |first=Greanne |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/23/17/duterte-declares-martial-law-in-mindanao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523170550/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/23/17/duterte-declares-martial-law-in-mindanao |archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Velasco |first1=Trini |last2=Andrade |first2=Cris Angelo |last3=Mendoza |first3=Trisha |date=May 23, 2017 |title=TIMELINE: Maute attack in Marawi City |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/05/23/17/timeline-maute-attack-in-marawi-city |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523174112/http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/05/23/17/timeline-maute-attack-in-marawi-city |archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Morallo |first=Audrey |date=May 23, 2017 |title=AFP: Marawi clashes part of security operation, not terrorist attack |work=] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/23/1702885/afp-marawi-clashes-part-security-operation-not-terrorist-attack |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523131033/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/23/1702885/afp-marawi-clashes-part-security-operation-not-terrorist-attack |archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> The city was extensively damaged by militant fire<ref name="CNN-DuterteMarawiLiberated">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=McKirdy |first1=Euan |last2=Berlinger |first2=Joshua |date=October 17, 2017 |title=Philippines' Duterte declares liberation of Marawi from ISIS-affiliated militants |work=] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/17/asia/duterte-marawi-liberation/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017075815/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/17/asia/duterte-marawi-liberation/index.html |archive-date=October 17, 2017}}</ref> and military airstrikes,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=McKirdy |first=Euan |date=July 5, 2017 |title=Satellite imagery shows devastation of ISIS-held Marawi |work=] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/05/asia/marawi-philippines-isis-satellite-imagery/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705210617/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/05/asia/marawi-philippines-isis-satellite-imagery/index.html |archive-date=July 5, 2017}}</ref> necessitating ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=July 3, 2017 |title=Duterte orders creation of 'Task Force Bangon Marawi' |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/17/duterte-orders-creation-of-task-force-bangon-marawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703094705/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/17/duterte-orders-creation-of-task-force-bangon-marawi |archive-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref> and Marawi was declared liberated from terrorist influence on October 17.<ref name="CNN-DuterteMarawiLiberated" /> Congress granted Duterte's requests to extend martial law in Mindanao thrice between 2017 and 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Luu |first=Chieu |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Philippines extends martial law in Mindanao |work=] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/22/asia/philippines-mindanao-violence-duterte-extends-martial-law/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724204814/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/22/asia/philippines-mindanao-violence-duterte-extends-martial-law/index.html |archive-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=December 14, 2017 |title=Congress grants Duterte request to extend Mindanao martial law until end of 2018 |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/12/13/Congress-approves-martial-law-extension-Mindanao-2018.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214143920/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/12/13/Congress-approves-martial-law-extension-Mindanao-2018.html |archive-date=December 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=December 12, 2018 |title=Congress grants martial law extension until end of 2019 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056438 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216005617/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056438 |archive-date=December 16, 2018}}</ref> Martial law lapsed on January 1, 2020, after Duterte decided not to extend it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cigaral |first=Nicolas |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Martial law in Mindanao ends after 953 days |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/01/1981218/martial-law-mindanao-ends-after-953-days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105225137/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/01/1981218/martial-law-mindanao-ends-after-953-days |archive-date=January 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=December 31, 2019 |title='Strong security' in Mindanao as martial law ends on New Year's eve |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1207904/strong-security-in-mindanao-as-martial-law-ends-on-new-years-eve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231161051/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1207904/strong-security-in-mindanao-as-martial-law-ends-on-new-years-eve |archive-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref>

In July 2020, Duterte signed the ];<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Duterte signs anti-terror bill into law |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704165244/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107921 |archive-date=July 4, 2020}}</ref> critics argued the law relaxes safeguards on human rights and is prone to abuse, while authors and sponsors of the bill compared it to laws of other countries and maintained it would not be used against law-abiding citizens.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Elmor |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Duterte signs into law the controversial anti-terrorism bill |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/3/duterte-signs-anti-terrorism-law.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213314/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/3/duterte-signs-anti-terrorism-law.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> From 2016-2021, 1,544 ASG members, 971 ] members, and 1,427 ] members were captured, killed, or surrendered.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=May 30, 2022 |title=NTF-ELCAC, Anti-Terrorism Act crucial to PH fight vs. insurgency |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530061830/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175394 |archive-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref>

====Campaign against communist insurgency====
{{further|Communist rebellion in the Philippines|New People's Army rebellion}}
] and CPP-NPA chairman ] (foreground, center) on September 26, 2016.]]

Duterte sought peace with communist rebels,<ref name="CNNPH-DuterteFires">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Duterte fires left-leaning Labor official |work=] |url=http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/03/Duterte-fires-left-leaning-Labor-official.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411104426/http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/03/Duterte-fires-left-leaning-Labor-official.html |archive-date=April 11, 2019}}</ref> directing his advisor ] to lead talks with the ] (CPP), the ] (NPA), and the ] (NDF) in ]. The administration hoped for a peace treaty within a year and temporarily released communist prisoners, including CPP-NPA chairman ] and CPP-NPA secretary-general ], for the talks.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Macas |first=Trisha |date=August 22, 2016 |title=PHL hopes for peace deal with CPP-NPA-NDF within a year |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/578539/news/nation/phl-hopes-for-peace-deal-with-cpp-npa-ndf-within-a-year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923190622/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/578539/news/nation/phl-hopes-for-peace-deal-with-cpp-npa-ndf-within-a-year |archive-date=September 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gavilan |first=Jodesz |date=August 22, 2016 |title=WHO'S WHO: Political prisoners released for Oslo peace talks |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143498-political-prisoners-ndf-consultants-peace-talks/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220825100823/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143498-political-prisoners-ndf-consultants-peace-talks/ |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ] rejected several officials appointed by Duterte with leftist affiliations, and relations between Duterte and the communist rebels deteriorated.<ref name="CNNPH-DuterteFires" /><ref name="Inquirer-LastLeft">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Duterte fires last leftist in government |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1038554/duterte-fires-last-leftist-in-government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224212549/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1038554/duterte-fires-last-leftist-in-government |archive-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref> Duterte rejected communist rebel proposals for a "coalition government".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Musico |first1=Jelly |title=Duterte says no ceasefire with Reds 'ever again' |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124095 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=] |date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208034436/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124095 |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keck |first1=Madeleine |title=Duterte explains why he terminated foreign-brokered peace talks with country's rebels |url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/duterte-terminates-communist-peace-talks/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=Southeast Asia Globe |date=November 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615180545/https://southeastasiaglobe.com/duterte-terminates-communist-peace-talks/ |archive-date=June 15, 2023}}</ref> After the NPA kidnapped and attacked soldiers during a ceasefire, Duterte canceled negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF and designated them as a ]<ref name="CNNPH-CPP-NPA">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tordecilla |first=Karmela |date=February 6, 2017 |title=Duterte: CPP-NPA-NDF a terrorist group |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/06/duterte-says-npa-ndf-cpp-terrorist-group.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206053157/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/06/duterte-says-npa-ndf-cpp-terrorist-group.html |archive-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> and ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jerusalem |first=Jigger |date=February 6, 2017 |title=Duterte orders arrest of NDFP negotiators |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/868473/duterte-orders-arrest-of-ndfp-negotiators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205174147/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/868473/duterte-orders-arrest-of-ndfp-negotiators |archive-date=February 5, 2017}}</ref> Clashes between the military and the rebels resumed after the ceasefire was lifted.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 6, 2017 |title=Rebel killed in clash after Duterte lifts truce: military |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/06/17/rebel-killed-in-clash-after-duterte-lifts-truce-military |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206023035/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/06/17/rebel-killed-in-clash-after-duterte-lifts-truce-military |archive-date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>

] at the ] on April 15, 2019]]


Duterte formed a task force to centralize government efforts for the reintegration of former rebels<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Duterte creates task force for the reintegration of former rebels |work=] |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/04/04/duterte-creates-task-force-for-the-reintegration-of-former-rebels/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129014345/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/04/04/duterte-creates-task-force-for-the-reintegration-of-former-rebels/ |archive-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 31, 2018 |title=DND issues IRR for task force aiding reintegration of rebel returnees |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1037016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620150548/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1037016 |archive-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> and issued an executive order in December 2018 creating the ] (NTF-ELCAC) to implement a "]" in addressing the "root causes" of communism.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 12, 2018 |title=Duterte: Gov't shifts to 'civilian-led approach' in fight vs. communists |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/11/duterte-executive-order-70-whole-of-nation.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220153000/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/11/duterte-executive-order-70-whole-of-nation.html |archive-date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, he permanently terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, facilitating localized peace talks.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Roque |first=EJ |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Duterte permanently ends peace talks with Reds |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323122414/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065301 |archive-date=March 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Duterte declares permanent termination of talks with Reds |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/21/1903483/duterte-declares-permanent-termination-talks-reds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327220251/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/21/1903483/duterte-declares-permanent-termination-talks-reds |archive-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref>
===Laws/Amendments/Postponements===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
In July 2017, Duterte threatened to bomb ] schools, alleging they shelter rebels and teach against the government.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/619324/duterte-warns-lumads-i-ll-bomb-your-schools/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302190028/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/619324/duterte-warns-lumads-i-ll-bomb-your-schools/story/ |archive-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref> He supported the military's claim that the left-wing party-lists of the ] are ]s for the CPP, drawing criticism for ], which he denied.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 30, 2020 |title=Duterte to Makabayan bloc: 'We are not red-tagging you, we are identifying you as communists' |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/30/Duterte-denies-red-tagging-Makabayan-bloc--supports-military-s-assertion-they-are--communists-.html |access-date=June 14, 2022 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130154838/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/30/Duterte-denies-red-tagging-Makabayan-bloc--supports-military-s-assertion-they-are--communists-.html |archive-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=November 30, 2020 |title=Duterte tells leftwing groups: 'We are not red-tagging you, we are identifying you as communist fronts' |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1366569/duterte-tells-makabayan-bloc-legal-communist-fronts-we-are-not-red-tagging-you |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130133115/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1366569/duterte-tells-makabayan-bloc-legal-communist-fronts-we-are-not-red-tagging-you |archive-date=November 30, 2020}}</ref>
|-

! scope="col" | {{Abbr|R.&nbsp;A. No.|Republic Act}}
By the end of Duterte's term in office, the number of NPA ] was reduced from 89 to 23; of more than 25,000 "members, supporters, and sympathizers of the underground movement", only 2,000 remained according to the ] (AFP).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707084355/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Title / Description

! scope="col" | Principal author
===Defense===
! scope="col" | Date signed
{{Further|AFP Modernization Act}}
] Black Hawk helicopter in ], Pampanga on February 12, 2021.]]

The Duterte administration committed to continue the ] of the AFP initiated by the ] and revived by the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Laude |first=Jaime |date=July 3, 2016 |title=Duterte to continue AFP modernization program |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/03/1599050/duterte-continue-afp-modernization-program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703113117/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/03/1599050/duterte-continue-afp-modernization-program |archive-date=July 3, 2016}}</ref> In October 2016, the Duterte administration signed a contract with ] for two missile ] worth ]15.74 billion. The two frigates were delivered in 2020 and 2021,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 24, 2020 |title=Palace welcomes historic arrival of PH's 1st missile-capable ship |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1103794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611055538/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1103794 |archive-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=February 9, 2021 |title=2nd missile frigate BRP Antonio Luna now in PH waters |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209101638/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130113 |archive-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> and were officially ] as ] and ], respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 25, 2016 |title=PH buys 2 new frigates from South Korean firm |work=] |agency=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/25/16/ph-buys-2-new-frigates-from-south-korean-firm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232910/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/25/16/ph-buys-2-new-frigates-from-south-korean-firm |archive-date=October 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Duterte lauds 'new era' of Navy with commissioning of missile-capable frigate |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/10/duterte-brp-jose-rizal.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710235126/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/10/duterte-brp-jose-rizal.html |archive-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bajo |first=Anna Felicia |date=March 19, 2021 |title=Navy commissions second missile-capable frigate BRP Antonio Luna |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/780342/navy-commissions-second-missile-capable-frigate-brp-antonio-luna/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523113101/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/780342/navy-commissions-second-missile-capable-frigate-brp-antonio-luna/story/ |archive-date=May 23, 2022}}</ref>

On June 20, 2018, Duterte approved the ₱300 billion budget for ''Horizon 2'', the second phase of the Revised AFP Modernization Program, which ran from 2018 to 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bondoc |first=Marlly Rome |date=June 20, 2018 |title=Duterte approves P300-B phase 2 of AFP modernization program |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/657620/duterte-approves-p300-b-phase-2-of-afp-modernization-program/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523110459/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/657620/duterte-approves-p300-b-phase-2-of-afp-modernization-program/story/ |archive-date=May 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mangosing |first=Frances |date=June 20, 2018 |title=Duterte OKs AFP modernization shopping list for Horizon 2 |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1002560/duterte-oks-afp-modernization-shopping-list-for-horizon-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623075052/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1002560/duterte-oks-afp-modernization-shopping-list-for-horizon-2 |archive-date=June 23, 2018}}</ref> In February 2022, the Duterte administration signed a ₱32 billion deal to purchase 32 additional ] "Black Hawk" combat utility helicopters from ] of Poland.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=February 22, 2022 |title=DND to sign deal for purchase of 32 more 'Black Hawk' helicopters |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168267 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222040115/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168267 |archive-date=February 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Philippines signs $624 million deal for 32 Black Hawks |language=en |work=] |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-philippines-manila-rodrigo-duterte-3f5a752657044d23a2df07b4156f690b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222175047/https://apnews.com/article/business-philippines-manila-rodrigo-duterte-3f5a752657044d23a2df07b4156f690b |archive-date=February 22, 2022}}</ref>

In April 2022, Duterte signed a law restricting the ] and other senior AFP officers to a fixed, three-year term unless terminated earlier by the President. The law allows for extensions "in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 16, 2022 |title=PRRD signs law fixing term of AFP chief, other senior officers |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174571 |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516102840/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174571 |archive-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref>

By June 2022, Duterte's last month in office, 54 projects under the AFP Modernization Act and the Revised AFP Modernization Act had been completed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=June 1, 2022 |title=More responsive AFP, result of PRRD's strong support for military |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175619 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601050305/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175619 |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref>

===Crime===
Duterte ran a law-and-order campaign.<ref name="CNNPH-SONA2016-DutertePriorities">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 26, 2016 |title=SONA 2016: What are Duterte's priorities? |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/25/sona-2016-duterte-priorities.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726133006/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/25/sona-2016-duterte-priorities.html |archive-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> He created a task force to ensure a safe environment for media workers<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||last=Ordenes |first=Lala |date=July 21, 2017 |title=SONA 2016 PROMISE TRACKER: Media |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808120304/https://verafiles.org/articles/media |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |website=] |quote=The Duterte administration fulfilled this promise on October 11, 2016 when the president signed Administrative Order No. 1 creating the Presidential Task Force against Media Killings. It was later renamed Presidential Task Force on Media Security (PTFoMS), with former Manila Times journalist Joel Sy Egco as its executive director.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=October 13, 2016 |title=Duterte forms presidential task force vs media killings |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/824939/duterte-signs-ao-forming-presidential-task-force-vs-media-killings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013155003/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/824939/duterte-signs-ao-forming-presidential-task-force-vs-media-killings |archive-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref> and signed a law creating the Office of the Judiciary Marshals, which was tasked with ensuring the security and protection of ] personnel and property.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law creating judiciary marshal service |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/27/2177220/duterte-signs-law-creating-judiciary-marshal-service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504214311/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/27/2177220/duterte-signs-law-creating-judiciary-marshal-service |archive-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> He appointed at least 1,700 new prosecutors to the ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pulta |first=Benjamin |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Duterte admin appointed 'most number' of prosecutors: Guevarra |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176878 |access-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619113527/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176878 |archive-date=June 19, 2022}}</ref> and signed legislation prohibiting ] in university organizations,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 11, 2018 |title=Duterte signs law banning all forms of hazing |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1041181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817071640/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1041181 |archive-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref> increasing penalties for gender-based harassment in public places,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 17, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law imposing heftier fines for sexual harassment |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717101828/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075014 |archive-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=July 15, 2019 |title=No more catcalling: Duterte signs 'Bawal Bastos' law |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1142021/no-more-catcalling-duterte-signs-bawal-bastos-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717005814/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1142021/no-more-catcalling-duterte-signs-bawal-bastos-law |archive-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> and increasing protection of consumers against fraud.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Duterte OKs law protecting financial consumers |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174641 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517074712/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174641 |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Duterte inks Timbangan ng Bayan law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174582 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517105120/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174582 |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> He strengthened the ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Duterte inks expanded anti-trafficking in persons law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628100317/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177728 |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> eased ] for those in danger,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law extending gun registration validity |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/18/2181840/duterte-signs-law-extending-gun-registration-validity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517183557/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/18/2181840/duterte-signs-law-extending-gun-registration-validity |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pedrajas |first=Joseph |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Duterte OKs easing of procedures for gun permits |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/17/duterte-oks-easing-of-procedures-for-gun-permits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517081149/https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/17/duterte-oks-easing-of-procedures-for-gun-permits/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> and ordered ] of ]-like investment firms.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nawal |first=Allan |date=June 8, 2019 |title=PRRD orders shut down of Kapa, others |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1071831 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609160040/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1071831 |archive-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref> To strengthen border control, he implemented an ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Duterte orders advance passenger information system to beef up border control |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1372348/duterte-orders-advance-passenger-information-system-to-beef-up-border-control |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216051124/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1372348/duterte-orders-advance-passenger-information-system-to-beef-up-border-control |archive-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref> After he ordered a crackdown on ]s in June 2018, the ] (PNP) launched ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Layug |first=Margaret Claire |date=June 16, 2018 |title=302 'tambay kalye' rounded up in QCPD's intensified anti-crime ops |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/657108/302-tambay-kalye-rounded-up-in-qcpd-s-intensified-anti-crime-ops/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305085656/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/657108/302-tambay-kalye-rounded-up-in-qcpd-s-intensified-anti-crime-ops/story/ |archive-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=June 22, 2018 |title=Duterte: I did not order 'tambay' arrests |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1003377/anti-tambay-campaign-rodrigo-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185131/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1003377/anti-tambay-campaign-rodrigo-duterte |archive-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref>

Duterte failed in his bid to restore the ] (also known as ]) in April 2017 when a bill to resume it for certain offenses stalled in the Senate and did not receive enough votes to pass.<ref name="Inquirer-DeathPenalty">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lacorte |first=Germelina |date=December 28, 2015 |title=Duterte wants death penalty back |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/750698/duterte-wants-death-penalty-back |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231051644/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/750698/duterte-wants-death-penalty-back |archive-date=December 31, 2015}}</ref><ref name="PhilStar-DeathPenalty">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Romero |first1=Paolo |last2=Romero |first2=Alexis |date=April 27, 2017 |title=Death penalty dead in Senate—Drilon |work=] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/27/1694350/death-penalty-dead-senate-drilon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125230845/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/27/1694350/death-penalty-dead-senate-drilon |archive-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 9, 2018 |title=Senate shouldn't be rebuked for not passing death penalty |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1020997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607134645/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1020997 |archive-date=June 7, 2022}}</ref>

The crime rate significantly dropped under Duterte's presidency, excluding killings related to the war on drugs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Talabong |first=Rambo |date=August 12, 2017 |title=Except for killings, all crimes drop in Duterte's 1st year |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/178494-crimes-killings-pnp-statistics-duterte-first-year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814170102/https://www.rappler.com/nation/178494-crimes-killings-pnp-statistics-duterte-first-year/ |archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Marquez |first=Consuelo |date=January 8, 2020 |title=Drop in crime rate proves gov't 'winning' drug war – PNP's Eleazar |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1210567/pnps-eleazar-decline-in-crime-rate-helped-in-winning-drug-war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108164349/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1210567/pnps-eleazar-decline-in-crime-rate-helped-in-winning-drug-war |archive-date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> In October 2021, the PNP reported a 49.6% drop in crimes since July 2016. Police data showed that between 2016 and September 2021, 1.36 million crimes were reported, compared to the 2.67 million crimes reported between 2010 and 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=October 29, 2021 |title=PH crimes drop by almost 50% in last 5 years |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1158157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029031425/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1158157 |archive-date=October 29, 2021}}</ref>

==== War on Drugs====
{{main|Philippine drug war}}
{{see also|Illegal drug trade in the Philippines|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines}}
] of drug syndicates, on July 7, 2016.]]

Duterte, during his presidential campaign, warned the Philippines was at risk of becoming a ] and promised to fight the illegal drug trade.<ref name="Inquirer-DigongDefends">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Alconaba |first=Nico |date=June 28, 2016 |title=Digong defends war on drugs, crime, graft |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205143116/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft |archive-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> After his inauguration, the ] (PNP) launched ''Oplan Tokhang'', inviting identified drug suspects to surrender.<ref name="FilipinoTimes-PHNeedsMoreRahab">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 9, 2016 |title=PH needs more rehab centers as drug users surrender in droves |work=The Filipino Times |url=https://filipinotimes.net/news/2016/07/09/ph-needs-more-rehab-centers-as-drug-users-surrender-in-droves/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622095928/https://filipinotimes.net/news/2016/07/09/ph-needs-more-rehab-centers-as-drug-users-surrender-in-droves/ |archive-date=June 22, 2022}}</ref> Duterte identified three Chinese nationals who were alleged ]s in the Philippines,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Andolong |first=Ina |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Duterte names country's topmost drug lords |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/Duterte-names-topmost-drug-lords.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708135831/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/Duterte-names-topmost-drug-lords.html |archive-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref> and ] allegedly involved in the illegal drug trade.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=August 7, 2016 |title=FULL TEXT: Duterte's speech linking government officials to illegal drugs |language=en, fil |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1611020/full-text-dutertes-speech-linking-government-officials-illegal-drugs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808145212/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1611020/full-text-dutertes-speech-linking-government-officials-illegal-drugs |archive-date=August 8, 2016}}</ref>

] gather in front of the Philippine Consulate General in ] on October 11, 2016.]]

At the height of his anti-drugs campaign, Duterte urged the public and communists to kill drug dealers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 2, 2016 |title='Go ahead and kill drug addicts': Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte issues fresh call for vigilante violence |language=en |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1984193/go-ahead-and-kill-drug-addicts-philippine-president-rodrigo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102748/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1984193/go-ahead-and-kill-drug-addicts-philippine-president-rodrigo |archive-date=July 4, 2016}}</ref> Pardons were promised to police who shot drug dealers during anti-drug raids,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Mogato |first1=Manuel |last2=Marshall |first2=Andrew R.C. |date=August 24, 2016 |title=In a Powerpoint, Philippine police detail body count in drug war |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKCN10Z1FL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825135658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKCN10Z1FL |archive-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Mendez |first1=Christina |last2=Romero |first2=Paolo |last3=Macairan |first3=Evelyn |last4=Punay |first4=Edu |last5=Diaz |first5=Jess |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Duterte to pardon cops in drug killings |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/19/1604381/duterte-pardon-cops-drug-killings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719145942/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/19/1604381/duterte-pardon-cops-drug-killings |archive-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> prompting thousands to surrender. Rehab centers were built to accommodate them.<ref name="FilipinoTimes-PHNeedsMoreRahab" /><ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days" /> Concerns arose locally<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torregoza |first=Hannah |date=July 7, 2016 |title=De Lima urges Duterte admin to stop tolerating extra-judicial killings |work=] |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/de-lima-urges-duterte-admin-to-stop-tolerating-extra-judicial-killings/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713164254/http://www.mb.com.ph/de-lima-urges-duterte-admin-to-stop-tolerating-extra-judicial-killings/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Legaspi |first=Amita |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Militant group Bayan asks Duterte to probe killing of drug suspects |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572919/news/nation/militant-group-bayan-asks-duterte-to-probe-killing-of-drug-suspects |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920054111/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572919/news/nation/militant-group-bayan-asks-duterte-to-probe-killing-of-drug-suspects |archive-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref> and internationally due to the high number of suspects who died during police operations.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corben |first=Ron |date=August 23, 2016 |title=Philippine War on Drugs Triggers Widespread Criticism, Senate Investigation |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/philippine-war-on-drugs-triggers-criticism-senate-investigation/3476057.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824144915/https://www.voanews.com/a/philippine-war-on-drugs-triggers-criticism-senate-investigation/3476057.html |archive-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 14, 2016 |title=Philippine president says kill threat 'perfect' |language=en |work=] |agency=AFP |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/517403/Philippine-president-says-kill-threat-perfect |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014131747/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/517403/Philippine-president-says-kill-threat-perfect |archive-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, opposition Senator ] launched a Senate probe into the extrajudicial killings, using hitman ] of the alleged vigilante group ] as a witness.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cupin |first=Bea |date=September 15, 2016 |title=De Lima witness: Duterte 'ordered' killings in Davao |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/146282-de-lima-presents-alleged-davao-death-squad-member/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916123501/https://www.rappler.com/nation/146282-de-lima-presents-alleged-davao-death-squad-member/ |archive-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> Matobato testified Duterte, then mayor of Davao City, was involved in extrajudicial killings in the city; Duterte called the allegation a "lie".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Regalado |first=Edith |date=September 20, 2016 |title=All lies, Duterte says of Matobato testimony |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/20/1625543/all-lies-duterte-says-matobato-testimony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919215919/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/20/1625543/all-lies-duterte-says-matobato-testimony |archive-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref> The probe was terminated on October 13, 2016, for lack of evidence.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Suarez |first=KD |date=October 13, 2016 |title=Senate ends probe: Neither Duterte nor state sponsored killings |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149086-senate-ends-extrajudicial-killings-investigation-gordon-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014172649/https://www.rappler.com/nation/149086-senate-ends-extrajudicial-killings-investigation-gordon-duterte/ |archive-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> De Lima was arrested for her alleged involvement in the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bernal |first=Buena |date=February 23, 2017 |title=Philippines: Duterte critic De Lima arrested on drug-related charges |work=] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/philippines-duterte-critic-de-lima-arrested/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817170149/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/philippines-duterte-critic-de-lima-arrested/index.html |archive-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>

In March 2017, Duterte created the ], led by the ], to tackle drug crime.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 11, 2017 |title=Duterte creates inter-agency body vs. drugs |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/11/Duterte-executive-order-war-on-drugs.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311074612/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/11/Duterte-executive-order-war-on-drugs.html |archive-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> Later that year, a lawyer filed a complaint with the ] against Duterte and 11 officials for ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Paolo |date=April 25, 2017 |title=Matobato lawyer files case vs Rody before ICC |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/25/1688540/matobato-lawyer-files-case-vs-rody-icc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917222547/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/25/1688540/matobato-lawyer-files-case-vs-rody-icc |archive-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref>

In October 2017, due to public outrage over alleged police abuse in the continuing crackdown, Duterte prohibited the PNP from joining anti-drug raids and designated the PDEA as the "sole agency" in charge of the war on drugs.<ref name="PhilStar-PDEASoleAgancy">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Duterte: PDEA now 'sole agency' in charge of drug war |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/11/1747741/duterte-pdea-now-sole-agency-charge-drug-war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821234544/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/11/1747741/duterte-pdea-now-sole-agency-charge-drug-war |archive-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> The PNP launched a ] for drug dependents in the same month.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Andrade |first=Jeannette I. |date=September 29, 2017 |title=New PNP tack on drug war: Rehabilitation |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934168/new-pnp-tack-on-drug-war-rehabilitation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929005853/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934168/new-pnp-tack-on-drug-war-rehabilitation |archive-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Felipe |first=Cecille Suerte |date=October 2, 2017 |title=Honeylet launches 'Life after Tokhang' |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/02/1745041/honeylet-launches-life-after-tokhang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180754/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/02/1745041/honeylet-launches-life-after-tokhang |archive-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref> The PNP was allowed to rejoin the campaign in December 2017 with the PDEA still as the lead agency.<ref name="PhilStar-PNPBack">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=December 5, 2017 |title=PNP back in drug war; PDEA still lead agency |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/05/1765784/pnp-back-drug-war-pdea-still-lead-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119173152/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/05/1765784/pnp-back-drug-war-pdea-still-lead-agency |archive-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref> In October 2018, Duterte signed an executive order institutionalizing the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, allowing all government departments, ] to implement their own strategies against the illegal drug trade.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=October 31, 2018 |title=PRRD institutionalizes PH's anti-illegal drugs strategy |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1052710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109164554/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1052710 |archive-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref>

Duterte has acknowledged that the war on drugs has been difficult to control due to the country's long coastline and corruption.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tan |first=Lara |date=August 17, 2017 |title=Duterte: I was wrong to put 6-month deadline on drug war |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/17/Duterte-war-on-drugs-deadline-Philippines.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818062813/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/17/Duterte-war-on-drugs-deadline-Philippines.html |archive-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> He asked president-elect ] to continue the war on drugs in his own way;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=May 26, 2022 |title=PRRD asks Marcos to continue anti-drug campaign his 'own way' |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175251 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171249/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175251 |archive-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref> Duterte declined an appointment offer as Marcos' ], expressing a desire to retire.<ref name="MB-DeclinesDrugCzar">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pedrajas |first=Joseph |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Duterte declines Marcos' drug czar offer; 'looking forward to retirement' |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/30/duterte-declines-marcos-drug-czar-offer-looking-forward-to-retirement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530075845/https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/30/duterte-declines-marcos-drug-czar-offer-looking-forward-to-retirement/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref> Despite international criticism, the war on drugs retained majority support among Filipinos.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=October 7, 2016 |title=Filipinos satisfied with Duterte's drug war, but want suspects alive - SWS |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/07/SWS-Duterte-war-on-drugs-survey.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008163705/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/07/SWS-Duterte-war-on-drugs-survey.html |archive-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-SWSPoll">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Petty |first=Martin |date=September 23, 2019 |title=Filipinos give thumbs up to Duterte's 'excellent' drugs war: poll |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs/filipinos-give-thumbs-up-to-dutertes-excellent-drugs-war-poll-idUSKBN1W803M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924050308/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs/filipinos-give-thumbs-up-to-dutertes-excellent-drugs-war-poll-idUSKBN1W803M |archive-date=September 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 29, 2022 |title=High expectations for BBM during first 100 days: PUBLiCUS |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190647/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177870 |archive-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> By February 2022, 58% of barangays had been declared drug-cleared as part of the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Maralit |first=Kristina |date=September 26, 2020 |title=Narcos get virus lull |work=] |url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/26/narcos-get-virus-lull/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004120058/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/26/narcos-get-virus-lull/ |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |quote=Villanueva last 6 August, or 702 days before the deadline set by President Rodrigo Duterte to eradicate the country’s problem with illegal drugs, led the launching of the agency’s Barangay Drug Clearing Program (BDCP) which aims to clear the remaining15,388 drug-affected barangays by June 2022.}}</ref><ref name="PNAGovPH-24KVillages" />

====Withdrawal from the ICC====
{{Further|International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines}}

In November 2016, Duterte signaled his intention to withdraw the Philippines from the ] (ICC) after an ICC prosecutor said the organization may have authority to prosecute the perpetrators of drug war deaths.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 17, 2016 |title=Duterte may withdraw from the ICC following in Russia's footsteps |language=en-AU |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-17/philippine-president-duterte-may-withdrawal-from-icc/8035342 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119135831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-17/philippine-president-duterte-may-withdrawal-from-icc/8035342 |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref> Duterte maintained that the ], which was ratified by the Senate in 2011, was never binding in the Philippines because it was never published in the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=July 29, 2021 |title=Duterte still has no copy of Rome Statute; ICC pullout an 'empty gesture' due to treaty's non-publication |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/29/duterte-still-has-no-copy-of-rome-statute-icc-pullout-an-empty-gesture-due-to-non-publication/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728192423/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/29/duterte-still-has-no-copy-of-rome-statute-icc-pullout-an-empty-gesture-due-to-non-publication/ |archive-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref> The withdrawal process began in March 2018 after the tribunal's chief prosecutor, ], launched a preliminary examination into crimes against humanity allegedly committed by Duterte and other officials in the war on drugs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cruz |first=Enrico dela |date=March 16, 2018 |title=Philippines' Duterte pulls out of International Criminal Court after it announced it would look into his drug war |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/philippines-duterte-pulls-out-of-international-criminal-court-2018-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316112736/https://www.businessinsider.com/philippines-duterte-pulls-out-of-international-criminal-court-2018-3 |archive-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> The withdrawal took effect a year later on March 17, 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Cabico |first1=Gaea Katreena |last2=Patag |first2=Kristine Joy |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Philippines becomes second country to quit ICC |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/17/1901757/philippines-becomes-second-country-quit-icc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417101905/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/17/1901757/philippines-becomes-second-country-quit-icc |archive-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref> A Supreme Court (SC) ruling in March 2021 dismissed three petitions filed by the Philippine Coalition for the ICC, the ], and opposition senators challenging Duterte's withdrawal from the ICC on the grounds that the petitioners were unable to establish legal standing to challenge the action. The SC also ruled that the President has no "unbridled authority" to withdraw from treaties.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Navallo |first=Mike |date=July 21, 2021 |title=SC: President has no 'unbridled authority' to withdraw from ICC treaty but junks petitions questioning it |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/21/21/sc-president-has-no-unbridled-authority-to-withdraw-from-icc-treaty-but-junks-petitions-questioning-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721110517/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/21/21/sc-president-has-no-unbridled-authority-to-withdraw-from-icc-treaty-but-junks-petitions-questioning-it |archive-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref>

On September 16, 2021, the ICC authorized a formal investigation into the war on drugs<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Peralta |first=Janine |date=September 15, 2021 |title=ICC pre-trial chamber authorizes PH drug war probe |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/9/15/ICC-drug-war-probe-.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915153607/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/9/15/ICC-drug-war-probe-.html |archive-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> in the Philippines, focusing on crimes committed between 2016 and March 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 15, 2021 |title=ICC finds basis for crimes against humanity in Duterte drug war |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/15/Duterte-drug-war-ICC-prosecutor-investigation-Philippines.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041541/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/15/Duterte-drug-war-ICC-prosecutor-investigation-Philippines.html |archive-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> The Philippine government requested a deferral of the probe in November 2021, which was suspended by the ICC to assess the request.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galang |first=Bamba |date=November 19, 2021 |title=ICC temporarily halts PH drug war probe |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/19/ICC-temporarily-suspends-probe-on-Duterte-drug-war.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119164934/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/19/ICC-temporarily-suspends-probe-on-Duterte-drug-war.html |archive-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref> However, on June 26, 2022, ICC prosecutor ] concluded that the request was "not warranted" and requested the pre-trial chamber of the ICC to immediately resume the investigation.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Peralta-Malonzo |first=Third Anne |date=June 26, 2022 |title=ICC wants resumption of probe on PH's drug war killings |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1933114/manila/local-news/icc-wants-resumption-of-probe-on-phs-drug-war-killings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626060746/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1933114/manila/local-news/icc-wants-resumption-of-probe-on-phs-drug-war-killings |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>

==== Anti-corruption ====
{{See also|Corruption in the Philippines}}

Duterte signed the ]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=July 24, 2016 |title=Duterte signs historic EO on Freedom of Information |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/24/1606146/duterte-signs-historic-eo-freedom-information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725165636/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/24/1606146/duterte-signs-historic-eo-freedom-information |archive-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> and created the ] to combat corruption in the ].<ref name="PNAGovPH-FOISuccessRate">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=February 12, 2020 |title=PCOO eyes 80% success rate in eFOI requests by 2022 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720004035/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093649 |archive-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="PNAGovPH-UtmostPriority">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Reganit |first=Jose Cielito |date=October 5, 2017 |title=Duterte creates Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1011910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018082358/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1011910 |archive-date=October 18, 2020}}</ref> He launched the ], allowing the public to report corruption and poor government services.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=October 26, 2016 |title=Duterte signs EO for 8888 citizen complaint center |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/150383-duterte-executive-order-8888-hotline-citizen-complaint-center/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027150407/https://www.rappler.com/nation/150383-duterte-executive-order-8888-hotline-citizen-complaint-center/ |archive-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 25, 2020 |title=Citizens can now text complaints to 8888 hotline |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/25/Complaints-text-8888.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125151655/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/11/25/Complaints-text-8888.html |archive-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>

]

To reduce bureaucracy and processing time, in 2018, Duterte signed into law the ].<ref name="PNAGovPH-SignsEaseOfDoingBusiness">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=May 28, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Ease of Doing Business law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1036736 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528180252/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1036736 |archive-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="PIAGovPH-RA11032">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=PIA SarGen |title=The ease of doing business under RA 11032 |language=en |work=] |url=https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1013993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028180451/https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1013993 |archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rodriguez |first=Bruce |date=January 28, 2021 |title=PH aims to improve ease of doing business with launch of central business portal |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/01/28/21/ph-aims-to-improve-ease-of-doing-business-with-launch-of-central-business-portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128120043/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/01/28/21/ph-aims-to-improve-ease-of-doing-business-with-launch-of-central-business-portal |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> A law he signed in December 2020 allows the President to expedite permits, licenses, and certifications during national emergencies.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Law allowing President to rush permits in nat'l emergency OK'd |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1141697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105100949/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126444 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref>

] in ] on March 14, 2018.]]

Duterte had a policy of destroying smuggled luxury vehicles to discourage smugglers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=July 30, 2018 |title=Duterte leads destruction of smuggled cars in Cagayan |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/30/18/duterte-leads-destruction-of-smuggled-cars-in-cagayan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730142055/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/30/18/duterte-leads-destruction-of-smuggled-cars-in-cagayan |archive-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Visaya |first=Villamor Jr. |date=March 14, 2018 |title=Duterte leads destruction of P27-M smuggled vehicles in Cagayan |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1028733 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224221834/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1028733 |archive-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref> He made threats against big businesses over unpaid debts to the government, leading ] and ] to pay their debts.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 3, 2017 |title=PAL settles P6 billion dues to gov't |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/03/17/pal-settles-p6-billion-dues-to-govt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103154453/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/03/17/pal-settles-p6-billion-dues-to-govt |archive-date=November 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bencito |first=John Paolo |date=March 14, 2017 |title=Duterte asks Mighty Corp. to increase tax liabilities |work=] |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/231675/duterte-asks-mighty-corp-to-increase-tax-liabilities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314160959/https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/231675/duterte-asks-mighty-corp-to-increase-tax-liabilities.html |archive-date=March 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Philippines tobacco giant pays S$800m to settle tax case |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippines-tobacco-giant-pays-s800m-to-settle-tax-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155937/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippines-tobacco-giant-pays-s800m-to-settle-tax-case |archive-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> In March 2019, he abolished the Road Board, stating that agency was "nothing but a depository of money and for corruption".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=March 19, 2019 |title=BREAKING: Duterte officially abolishes Road Board |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1097478/breaking-duterte-officially-abolishes-road-board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320140458/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1097478/breaking-duterte-officially-abolishes-road-board |archive-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=December 21, 2018 |title=Duterte says 'it's time to abolish' Road Board |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1065244/duterte-says-its-time-to-abolish-road-board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221145115/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1065244/duterte-says-its-time-to-abolish-road-board |archive-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref>

Duterte on June 4, 2019, ordered the ] to auction the {{Philippine peso}}700&nbsp;million worth of ],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parrocha |first1=Azer |title=PRRD 'officially' approves sale of Marcos jewelry |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1071501 |access-date=March 29, 2023 |work=] |date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609160054/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1071501 |archive-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref> although as of June 1, 2022, an auction date had yet to be announced.<ref>{{cite news |title=VERA FILES FACT CHECK: FB video FALSELY claims Marcos jewels not ill-gotten |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-fb-video-falsely-claims-marcos-jewels-not-ill-gotten |access-date=March 29, 2023 |work=] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601133039/https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-fb-video-falsely-claims-marcos-jewels-not-ill-gotten |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> In August 2020, Duterte ordered the ] (DOJ) to investigate corruption allegations within the ] (PhilHealth).<ref name="PNAGovPH-PhilHealthProbe">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=August 7, 2020 |title=PRRD orders creation of task force to probe PhilHealth corruption |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1111483 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928210213/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1111483 |archive-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> On October 27, he ordered the DOJ's investigation and a newly created taskforce to investigate corruption within the government.<ref name="PNAGovPH-CorruptionProbe">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Duterte wants government-wide corruption probe |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1119806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028171817/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1119806 |archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref>

====Presidential pardons and amnesty====
Early in his term, Duterte ]ed several communist rebels and political prisoners while pursuing peace talks.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 2, 2016 |title=Duterte pardons 4 convicted communist rebels |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/02/16/duterte-pardons-4-convicted-communist-rebels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202182927/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/02/16/duterte-pardons-4-convicted-communist-rebels |archive-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Manlupig |first1=Karlos |last2=Corrales |first2=Nestor |date=July 7, 2017 |title=Duterte pardons NDF consultant, 9 other political prisoners |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/911859/duterte-pardons-ndf-consultant-9-other-political-prisoners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710040322/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/911859/duterte-pardons-ndf-consultant-9-other-political-prisoners |archive-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> He also granted pardons to elderly and sickly prisoners,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Duterte pardons 27 elderly, sickly prisoners |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/163343-duterte-pardons-27-elderly-sickly-prisoners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306120535/https://www.rappler.com/nation/163343-duterte-pardons-27-elderly-sickly-prisoners/ |archive-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> as well as upperclassmen and graduating cadets from the ] and ] with outstanding punishments and demerits.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=May 22, 2020 |title=Duterte to PMA, PNPA graduates: Adapt to changes; stay faithful |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1103725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530032201/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1103725 |archive-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=April 21, 2022 |title=Duterte pardons punishments, demerits of cadets from 2022-2025 PNPA Corps |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586279/duterte-pardons-punishments-demerits-of-cadets-from-2022-2025-pnpa-corps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421132139/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586279/duterte-pardons-punishments-demerits-of-cadets-from-2022-2025-pnpa-corps |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> In November 2016, he granted an absolute pardon to actor ], who was convicted in 1994 for illegal possession of firearms.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Robin Padilla gets absolute pardon from Duterte |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/844594/robin-padilla-gets-presidential-pardon-from-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118221120/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/844594/robin-padilla-gets-presidential-pardon-from-duterte |archive-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref>

In August 2018, Duterte revoked the amnesty of his staunch critic Senator ], saying the amnesty that was granted in 2010 by President ] was void '']'' because Trillanes did not apply for it, and refused to admit guilt for his roles in the ] and the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pulta |first=Benjamin |date=October 22, 2018 |title=Proclamation 572 voiding Trillanes amnesty 'legal': Makati court |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051792 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025101614/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051792 |archive-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=September 4, 2018 |title=Duterte has sole power to void Trillanes' amnesty – Panelo |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1028265/duterte-has-sole-power-to-void-trillanes-amnesty-panelo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905114529/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1028265/duterte-has-sole-power-to-void-trillanes-amnesty-panelo |archive-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref>

On September 7, 2020, Duterte granted an absolute pardon and early release to US Lance Corporal Joseph Scott Pemberton, who was serving time for murdering ] in ]. Pemberton was released due to ] after serving less than six years in prison.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 7, 2020 |title=Duterte grants Pemberton 'absolute pardon' |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/9/7/duterte-pemberton-absolute-pardon.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907100046/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/9/7/duterte-pemberton-absolute-pardon.html |archive-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref>

In February 2021, Duterte signed an executive order creating the National Amnesty Commission, which was tasked with processing applications for amnesty for former rebels.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=February 8, 2021 |title=Duterte creates National Amnesty Commission |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130029 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208115756/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130029 |archive-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref> He signed four proclamations granting amnesty to members of the ], the ], the communist movement, the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas, the ], and the ].<ref name="PNAGovPH-GrantsAmnesty">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Duterte grants amnesty to communist, Moro rebels |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216114511/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130859 |archive-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> However, upon leaving office, Duterte failed to constitute the Commission, leaving his successor, ], yet to appoint its officials beyond ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Arguillas |first=Carolyn O. |date=October 9, 2022 |title=100 days of Marcos Jr.: still no National Amnesty Commission |work=] |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2022/10/100-days-of-marcos-jr-still-no-national-amnesty-commission/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010000440/https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2022/10/100-days-of-marcos-jr-still-no-national-amnesty-commission/ |archive-date=October 10, 2022}}</ref>

===Federalism and constitutional reform===
{{main|Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte}}
{{further|Federalism in the Philippines|Constitutional reform in the Philippines}}
] the proposed federal constitution of the Consultative Committee on July 9, 2018.]]

Duterte advocated ] as a better system of governance for the Philippines, arguing that the ] disproportionately benefits Metro Manila and that he would end his term early if federalism was instated.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 25, 2016 |title=Duterte willing to end term early if federalism is passed |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/575000/duterte-willing-to-end-term-early-if-federalism-is-passed/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010134215/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/575000/duterte-willing-to-end-term-early-if-federalism-is-passed/story/ |archive-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref>

On December 7, 2016, Duterte signed ] creating a 25-member consultative committee to review the ] within six months.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 9, 2016 |title=Duterte signs EO creating committee to review 1987 Constitution |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/591878/duterte-signs-eo-creating-committee-to-review-1987-constitution/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084913/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/591878/duterte-signs-eo-creating-committee-to-review-1987-constitution/story/ |archive-date=September 30, 2017}}</ref> On January 23, 2018, he appointed former Chief Justice ] as chairman along with other experts and officials. The committee approved a federal charter banning ], ], and ], and granted more power to the ] and ].<ref name="PNAGovPH-HouseArroyoCharter">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=October 8, 2018 |title=House panel endorses Arroyo's draft charter to plenary |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1050279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510112828/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1050279 |archive-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref> On October 8, however, the ] passed a new draft of the federal constitution filed by ] ], which removed several provisions and eliminated term limits for Congress members, and removed the ] from the ].<ref name="Interaksyon-Federalism">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Madarang |first=Catalina Ricci S. |date=July 30, 2019 |title=Duterte's federalism agenda: Another of campaign vows off the table |work=] |publisher=] |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-issues/2019/07/30/152630/duterte-federalism-shelved-campaign/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922051345/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-issues/2019/07/30/152630/duterte-federalism-shelved-campaign/ |archive-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> The House of Representatives passed the draft, but the Senate rejected it.<ref name="ABSCBNNews-GroupRevGov">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Mostoles |first1=Trisha |last2=Nishimori |first2=Aleta Nieva |date=August 22, 2020 |title=Group of Duterte supporters calls for revolutionary government, launches people's initiative |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/22/20/group-of-duterte-supporters-calls-for-revolutionary-government-launches-peoples-initiative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822071947/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/22/20/group-of-duterte-supporters-calls-for-revolutionary-government-launches-peoples-initiative |archive-date=August 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Elemia |first=Camille |date=October 9, 2018 |title='Dead on arrival': Senate leaders reject Arroyo's draft charter |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/213862-senate-leaders-reject-arroyo-draft-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009102634/https://www.rappler.com/nation/213862-senate-leaders-reject-arroyo-draft-constitution/ |archive-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>

Early in his term, Duterte raised the idea of a ]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tubeza |first=Philip C. |date=August 29, 2017 |title=Duterte floats idea of 'revolutionary government' for PH |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/926553/duterte-floats-idea-of-revolutionary-government-for-ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829150435/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/926553/duterte-floats-idea-of-revolutionary-government-for-ph |archive-date=August 29, 2017}}</ref> but later rejected it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=November 21, 2017 |title=Duterte nixes idea of a revolutionary government |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/21/1761347/duterte-nixes-idea-revolutionary-government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916080622/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/21/1761347/duterte-nixes-idea-revolutionary-government |archive-date=September 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=August 24, 2020 |title=Duterte still pushing for federalism but not 'RevGov' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1113216 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182840/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1113216 |archive-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> He criticized the ]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=January 7, 2021 |title=Duterte wants party-list system changed or 'removed' to 'solve' problem with NPA – Sotto |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1380779/duterte-wants-party-list-system-changed-or-removed-to-solve-problem-with-npa-sotto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107082822/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1380779/duterte-wants-party-list-system-changed-or-removed-to-solve-problem-with-npa-sotto |archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=April 4, 2022 |title=PRRD renews call to scrap party-list system |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404125411/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171404 |archive-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Maru |first=Davinci |date=June 12, 2019 |title='That's one evil': Duterte says party-list system exploited by the rich |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/13/19/thats-one-evil-duterte-says-party-list-system-exploited-by-the-rich |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612204505/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/13/19/thats-one-evil-duterte-says-party-list-system-exploited-by-the-rich |archive-date=June 12, 2019}}</ref> and called for its abolition, saying it was no longer representative of the marginalized.<ref name="ABSCBN-CriticizePartyList">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Duterte criticizes misuse of party-lists by the rich, blames Constitution |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/30/22/duterte-criticizes-misuse-of-party-lists-by-the-rich |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513103403/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/30/22/duterte-criticizes-misuse-of-party-lists-by-the-rich |archive-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Duterte says party lists do not represent 'lowly' Filipinos anymore |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/4/4/duterte-party-list-system.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405061833/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/4/4/duterte-party-list-system.html |archive-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>

In June 2019, Duterte said federalism might not be established during his presidency.<ref name="Interaksyon-Federalism" /> He later said at a democracy summit hosted by US President ] that he had failed in his bid to establish a federal system in the country due to lack of congressional support.<ref name="ManilaTimesFederalism">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Valente |first=Catherine S. |date=December 12, 2021 |title=Duterte gives up on federalism push |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/12/11/news/duterte-admits-defeat-in-federalism-push/1825573 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210114956/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/12/11/news/duterte-admits-defeat-in-federalism-push/1825573 |archive-date=February 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name="GMANews-FederalismCongress">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Duterte blames Congress for failed federalism bid, vows peaceful transition |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/814146/duterte-blames-congress-for-failed-federalism-bid-vows-peaceful-transition/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210135655/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/814146/duterte-blames-congress-for-failed-federalism-bid-vows-peaceful-transition/story/ |archive-date=December 10, 2021}}</ref>

On June 1, 2021, Duterte issued an executive order for the ] of some executive functions to local governments.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Duterte orders transfer of some national gov't functions to LGUs |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1440659/duterte-orders-transfer-of-some-national-govt-functions-to-lgus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602104318/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1440659/duterte-orders-transfer-of-some-national-govt-functions-to-lgus |archive-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The ] was in decline under the ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Dy |first=Rolando T. |date=March 19, 2018 |title=Agriculture: Arroyo and Aquino years and Duterte's trajectory |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/03/19/143008/agriculture-arroyo-and-aquino-years-and-dutertes-trajectory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809112034/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/03/19/143008/agriculture-arroyo-and-aquino-years-and-dutertes-trajectory/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> but saw 6.3% growth in Duterte's first year.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bersales |first=Lisa Grace S. |date=August 17, 2017 |title=Philippine Economy Grows by 6.5 Percent in the Second Quarter; 6.4 Percent in the First Half of 2017 |work=] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-economy-grows-65-percent-second-quarter-64-percent-first-half-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817063256/https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-economy-grows-65-percent-second-quarter-64-percent-first-half-2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> However, despite growth in other sectors, Duterte's administration struggled to revive the farm sector,<ref name="PhilStar-FarmOutputShrinks">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Royandoyan |first=Ramon |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Farm output shrinks in Duterte admin's final quarter |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/08/08/2201179/farm-output-shrinks-duterte-admins-final-quarter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808093757/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/08/08/2201179/farm-output-shrinks-duterte-admins-final-quarter |archive-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref> which has continued to decline.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Agricultural Policies in the Philippines |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/9789264269088-5-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/9789264269088-5-en |journal=OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews |publisher=] |at=1.3. Agricultural situation |doi=10.1787/9789264269088-en |isbn=9789264269095 |issn=2411-4278 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308171835/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/9789264269088-5-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/9789264269088-5-en |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |quote=The non-agricultural economy has grown substantially faster than the agricultural sector, pushing down agriculture’s share in GDP from 22% in 1990 to 11% in 2014. Agriculture’s share in total employment declined from 45% to 30% over the same period}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ferrolino |first=Mark Louis F. |date=October 25, 2019 |title=Optimizing agri sector's potential through tech |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/features/2019/10/25/261017/optimizing-agri-sectors-potential-through-tech/ |access-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221026011017/https://www.bworldonline.com/features/2019/10/25/261017/optimizing-agri-sectors-potential-through-tech/ |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

]

Inflation in 2018 led to the ] (RTL) being enacted in 2019, which ended the ] monopoly on rice imports.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Development plans seek to boost Philippine agriculture and fishery exports |language=en |work=Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/room-grow-infrastructure-development-and-new-legislation-are-set-help-sector-realise-its-full |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527051215/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/room-grow-infrastructure-development-and-new-legislation-are-set-help-sector-realise-its-full |archive-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Reganit |first=Jose Cielito |date=December 19, 2018 |title=Rice tariffication assures availability of cheap rice |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224051352/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057109 |archive-date=December 24, 2018}}</ref> The RTL replaced import limits with a 35% tariff,<ref name="AsiaFoundationOrg-RTL">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Ocampo |first1=King Francis |last2=Pobre |first2=Kimberly Karen |date=April 15, 2021 |title=Fighting the Good Fight: The Case of the Philippine Rice Sector |work=] |url=https://asiafoundation.org/2021/04/14/fighting-the-good-fight-the-case-of-the-philippine-rice-sector/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415012408/https://asiafoundation.org/2021/04/14/fighting-the-good-fight-the-case-of-the-philippine-rice-sector/ |archive-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="BusinessWorld-DuterteSignsRTL">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Tadalan |first1=Charmaine A. |last2=Ignacio |first2=Reicelene Joy N. |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Duterte signs rice tariffication bill |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-rice-tariffication-bill/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314055203/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-rice-tariffication-bill/ |archive-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref> with revenue going to a Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund to support farmers.<ref name="BusinessWorld-DuterteSignsRTL" /> Despite criticism,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Adriano |first=Fermin |date=March 24, 2022 |title=Rice Tariffication Law: Three years after |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/24/business/agribusiness/rice-tariffication-law-three-years-after/1837336 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326010600/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/24/business/agribusiness/rice-tariffication-law-three-years-after/1837336 |archive-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balié |first1=Jean |last2=Minot |first2=Nicholas |last3=Valera |first3=Harold Glenn A. |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Distributional impacts of the rice tariffication policy in the Philippines |journal=Economic Analysis and Policy |volume=69 |pages=290 |doi=10.1016/j.eap.2020.12.005 |s2cid=230582873 |quote=The Law has been criticized by some policymakers, notably members of congress, prominent farmers’ groups, and a few members of academia.|doi-access=free }}</ref> the law gained support from business groups,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galang |first=Vincent Mariel P. |date=September 26, 2019 |title=Major business groups support rice tariffication law |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2019/09/27/255666/major-business-groups-support-rice-tariffication-law/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516114825/https://www.bworldonline.com/corporate/2019/09/27/255666/major-business-groups-support-rice-tariffication-law/ |archive-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref> and retail rice prices stabilized.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briones |first=Roehlano M. |date=February 2021 |title=Does rice tariffication in the Philippines worsen income poverty and inequality? |url=https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/13212/pidspn2102.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=PIDS Policy Notes |publisher=] |page=1 |issn=2508-0865 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516112141/https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/13212/pidspn2102.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="AsiaFoundationOrg-RTL" /> In 2019, Duterte authorized the ] to use tariff funds for cash assistance to small farmers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 6, 2022 |title=New law giving 'small' farmers cash assistance until 2024 inked |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164702 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110034039/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164702 |archive-date=January 10, 2022}}</ref>

Duterte signed a law easing ] era restrictions on agricultural patents, allowing land titles to be immediately available for trade.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cudis |first=Christine |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law allowing simpler patents for farmers |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1064557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317045855/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1064557 |archive-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref> The Sagip Saka Act was signed in 2019, promoting enterprise development for farmers and fishermen to boost their incomes<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Merez |first=Arianne |date=May 27, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law on enterprise development for farmers, fishermen |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/27/19/duterte-signs-law-on-enterprise-development-for-farmers-fishermen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527052836/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/27/19/duterte-signs-law-on-enterprise-development-for-farmers-fishermen |archive-date=May 27, 2019}}</ref> and strengthen the direct purchase of agricultural goods.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Balinbin |first=Arjay L. |date=May 27, 2019 |title=Duterte signs Sagip-Saka Law boosting direct procurement of agricultural goods |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-sagip-saka-law-boosting-direct-procurement-of-agricultural-goods/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722234018/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-sagip-saka-law-boosting-direct-procurement-of-agricultural-goods/ |archive-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> Certification of ] was made more accessible and affordable.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Bill amending Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 signed into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105122110/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126462 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Medenilla |first=Samuel |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Organic farmer-exporters get more perks in new law |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/01/06/organic-farmer-exporters-get-more-perks-in-new-law/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105222719/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/01/06/organic-farmer-exporters-get-more-perks-in-new-law/ |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> In 2020, Duterte provided new agricultural graduates with up to {{convert|3|ha|abbr=out|spell=in}} of land<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ocampo |first=Karl R. |date=December 3, 2020 |title=Gov't offering land to agri grads |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1367475/govt-offering-land-to-agri-grads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202233201/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1367475/govt-offering-land-to-agri-grads |archive-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> to encourage young people to enter agriculture and avoid a farmer shortage.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=August 18, 2021 |title=DAR to distribute 232k hectares |work=] |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/national/362713/dar-to-distribute-232k-hectares.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828201128/https://manilastandard.net/news/national/362713/dar-to-distribute-232k-hectares.html |archive-date=August 28, 2021}}</ref> In an effort to help farmers and lower the prices of agricultural products, the Duterte administration relaunched the ] program of President ], allowing farmers to directly sell their produce to consumers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Esconde |first1=Ernie B. |title=First Kadiwa launched in Bataan |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/01/30/news/regions/first-kadiwa-launched-in-bataan/678282 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |work=] |date=January 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230331165004/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/01/30/news/regions/first-kadiwa-launched-in-bataan/678282 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, Duterte signed a law providing free irrigation for farmers owning up to {{convert|8|ha|abbr=out|spell=in}} of land,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=February 9, 2018 |title=Duterte approves free irrigation law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1024671 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211213828/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1024671 |archive-date=February 11, 2018}}</ref> benefiting about 1.033 million farmers by December 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Arcalas |first=Jasper Y. |date=June 2, 2022 |title=NIA: Projects expanded PHL's irrigated areas |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/02/nia-projects-expanded-phls-irrigated-areas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601172355/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/02/nia-projects-expanded-phls-irrigated-areas/ |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> In February 2021, a law creating a trust fund for coconut farmers was signed,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aguilar |first=Krissy |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Duterte signs law creating coco levy trust fund |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1400546/duterte-signs-law-creating-coco-levy-trust-fund |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226133754/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1400546/duterte-signs-law-creating-coco-levy-trust-fund |archive-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> and in June 2022, an executive order implementing the Coconut Farmers and Industry Development Plan was issued, facilitating the release of ₱75 billion of ] declared state property by the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=June 8, 2022 |title=Duterte issues EO on coconut industry dev't, allowing release of P75-B coco levy trust fund |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/834304/duterte-issues-eo-on-coconut-industry-dev-t-allowing-release-of-coco-levy-trust-fund/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608103442/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/834304/duterte-issues-eo-on-coconut-industry-dev-t-allowing-release-of-coco-levy-trust-fund/story/ |archive-date=June 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jocson |first=Luisa Maria Jacinta C. |date=June 8, 2022 |title=Duterte signs EO implementing coconut industry dev't plan |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2022/06/08/453712/duterte-signs-eo-implementing-coconut-industry-devt-plan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608150813/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2022/06/08/453712/duterte-signs-eo-implementing-coconut-industry-devt-plan/ |archive-date=June 8, 2022}}</ref>

In 2019, ] prompted the Philippine government to tighten animal quarantine and ban pork imports.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=dela Cruz |first1=Enrico |last2=Maguire |first2=Gavin |last3=Schmollinger |first3=Christian |last4=Hogue |first4=Tom |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Philippines declares first African swine fever outbreak near Manila |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-swinefever-idUSKCN1VU07V |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909182857/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-swinefever-idUSKCN1VU07V |archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> Over three million hogs were culled from 2020-2021, causing a supply deficit and higher pork prices.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 15, 2021 |title=Philippines faces pork shortage due to African swine fever |work=] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-04/15/c_139882822.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430030036/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-04/15/c_139882822.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2021}}</ref> In response, Duterte lowered import tariffs on pork for one year and initiated a repopulation program.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 7, 2021 |title=Duterte signs EO on lowering tariffs on imported pork meat |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/4/7/Duterte-signs-EO-on-lowering-tariffs-on-imported-pork-meat.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407143103/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/4/7/Duterte-signs-EO-on-lowering-tariffs-on-imported-pork-meat.html |archive-date=April 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Enrico |last2=Petty |first2=Martin |date=January 18, 2022 |title=Swine fever-hit Philippines sees 'substantial' growth in hog population |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/swine-fever-hit-philippines-sees-substantial-growth-hog-population-2022-01-18/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118094105/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/swine-fever-hit-philippines-sees-substantial-growth-hog-population-2022-01-18/ |archive-date=January 18, 2022}}</ref> On May 10, 2021, Duterte declared a ] due to the continued spread of the disease.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=May 11, 2021 |title=PH placed under state of calamity due to ASF outbreak |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511150026/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139854 |archive-date=May 11, 2021}}</ref>

By July 2021, the Duterte administration had completed {{convert|2025|km|miles|abbr=out}} of ]s and {{convert|94.99|km|miles|abbr=out}} of farm-to-mill roads under the ] program.<ref name="PNAGovPH-BuildBuildBuild">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Patinio |first=Ferdinand |date=July 23, 2021 |title='Build, Build, Build': Paving the way to progress |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723163812/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147990 |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref>

===Disaster resilience===
] during an aerial inspection of areas affected by ] in ] on April 16, 2022]]

Since 2017,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Patajo-Kapunan |first=Atty. Lorna |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Department of Disaster Resilience |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/04/29/department-of-disaster-resilience/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528160753/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/04/29/department-of-disaster-resilience/ |archive-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Morales |first=Yvette |date=July 25, 2017 |title=Duterte wants separate agency on disaster management |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/07/25/Duterte-wants-a-separate-authority-on-disaster-resiliency.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725021259/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/07/25/Duterte-wants-a-separate-authority-on-disaster-resiliency.html |archive-date=July 25, 2017}}</ref> Duterte called for the creation of the Department of Disaster Resilience to administer disaster response and rehabilitation, but the bill was opposed by some senators over concerns about bureaucracy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ramos |first=Christia Marie |date=November 15, 2020 |title=Creation of a disaster resilience department facing resistance in Congress — Duterte |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1360983/creation-of-a-disaster-resilience-department-facing-resistance-in-congress-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115110730/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1360983/creation-of-a-disaster-resilience-department-facing-resistance-in-congress-duterte |archive-date=November 15, 2020}}</ref> In 2019, Duterte approved GeoRisk PH, a multi-agency initiative to serve as the central resource for natural hazard and risk-assessment information.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Funa |first=Dennis B. |date=September 1, 2020 |title=The GeoRisk Philippines initiative |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/09/01/the-georisk-philippines-initiative/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508111658/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/09/01/the-georisk-philippines-initiative/ |archive-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rita |first=Joviland |date=July 22, 2020 |title=DOST chief says facilities for disaster monitoring have improved |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/747992/dost-chief-says-facilities-for-disaster-monitoring-have-improved/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508112311/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/747992/dost-chief-says-facilities-for-disaster-monitoring-have-improved/story/ |archive-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref>

Following the ], Duterte called for the construction of more evacuation centers in disaster-prone areas;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aguilar |first=Krissy |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Duterte wants more evacuation centers built before term ends |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1213125/duterte-wants-more-evacuation-centers-built-before-term-ends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114161831/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1213125/duterte-wants-more-evacuation-centers-built-before-term-ends |archive-date=January 14, 2020}}</ref> by July 2021, 223 new evacuation centers had been constructed under the Build! Build! Build! program.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 28, 2021 |title='Build, Build, Build': 5-year infra dev't highlights Duterte's last SONA |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/28/build-build-build-5-year-infra-devt-highlights-dutertes-last-sona/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728050857/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/28/build-build-build-5-year-infra-devt-highlights-dutertes-last-sona/ |archive-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref> After typhoons ] and ] hit the country, Duterte issued an executive order creating the Build Back Better Task Force, a permanent inter-agency body responsible for post-disaster rehabilitation and recovery in affected areas.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Quinones |first=Melinda T. |date=November 21, 2020 |title=PRRD signs EO creating the "Build Back Better Task Force" - Philippines |language=en |work=] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/prrd-signs-eo-creating-build-back-better-task-force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129153101/https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/prrd-signs-eo-creating-build-back-better-task-force |archive-date=November 29, 2020}}</ref> In September 2021, Duterte signed the BFP Modernization Act, mandating a 10-year program to modernize the ] and expanding its mandate to include disaster-risk response and emergency management.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=September 10, 2021 |title=Duterte signs BFP Modernization Act |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910144257/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153215 |archive-date=September 10, 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, the government inaugurated three evacuation centers in ] province outside the {{convert|14|km|adj=mid|abbr=out|sp=us}} ] danger zone.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=April 4, 2022 |title=3 evacuation centers rise in disaster-prone Batangas towns |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171387 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404110756/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171387 |archive-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref>

===Economy===
{{Further|DuterteNomics}}
] in ], ], May 11, 2017]]

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ] {{nowrap|(year-on-year)}} under the Duterte administration<ref name="DailyTribune-GDPGrowthRate">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=August 21, 2021 |title=PHL economic performance in Q2 2021 |work=] |url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/08/21/phl-economic-performance-in-q2-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828124047/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/08/21/phl-economic-performance-in-q2-2021/ |archive-date=August 28, 2021}}</ref><ref name="PSAGovPH-GDPGrowthRate">{{#invoke:Cite web||last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |date=August 9, 2022 |title=GDP Expands by 7.4 Percent in the Second Quarter of 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/gdp-expands-74-percent-second-quarter-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809101041/https://psa.gov.ph/content/gdp-expands-74-percent-second-quarter-2022 |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
! scope="col | Year
! scope="col | Quarter
! scope="col | Growth<br />rate
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2016<ref name="DailyTribune-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10870
| 3rd
| Philippine Credit Card Industry Regulation Law
| | 7.3%
| rowspan="9" | July 17, 2016
|- |-
| 10871 | 4th
| 6.9%
| Basic Life Support Training in Schools Act
|
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2017<ref name="DailyTribune-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10878
| 1st
| Amending Section 74 of Republic Act No. 3844, as amended by Republic Act No. 10374 known as the "Agricultural Land Reform Code"
| 6.4%
|
|- |-
| 10879 | 2nd
| 7.2%
| MIMAROPA Act
|
|- |-
| 10881 | 3rd
| 7.5%
| Amending investment restrictions in specific laws governing adjustment companies
|
|- |-
| 10882 | 4th
| 6.6%
| AFP Derivative Retirement Pension for Children/Survivors Act of 2016
|
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2018<ref name="DailyTribune-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10883
| 1st
| New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016
| 6.5%
|
|- |-
| 10884 | 2nd
| 6.4%
| Balanced Housing Development Program Amendments
|
|- |-
| 10905 | 3rd
| 6.1%
| An Act requiring all franchise holders or operators of television stations and producers of television programs to broadcast or present their programs with closed captions option, and for other purposes
|
|- |-
| 10906 | 4th
| 6.4%
| Anti-Mail Order Spouse Act
|
| rowspan="11" | July 21, 2016
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2019<ref name="PSAGovPH-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10908
| 1st
| Integrated History Act of 2016
| 5.9%
|
|- |-
| 10909 | 2nd
| 5.6%
| No Shortchanging Act of 2016
|
|- |-
| 10910 | 3rd
| 6.3%
| Section 11 of Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
|
|- |-
| 10911 | 4th
| 6.6%
| Anti-Age Discrimination in Employment Act
|
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2020<ref name="PSAGovPH-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10912
| 1st
| Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016
| -0.7%
|
|- |-
| 10913 | 2nd
| -16.9%
| Anti-Distracted Driving Act
|
|- |-
| 10915 | 3rd
| -11.6%
| Philippine Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Act of 2016
|
|- |-
| 10916 | 4th
| -8.2%
|Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016
|
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2021<ref name="PSAGovPH-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10917
| 1st
| An Act Amending Certain Provisions of Republic Act No. 9547, known as an Act Strengthening and Expanding the Coverage of the Special Program for Employment of Students, Amending for the Purpose Provisions of Republic Act No. 7323, known as the Special Program for Employment of Students
| | -3.8%
|- |-
| 10918 | 2nd
| 12.1%
| Philippine Pharmacy Act
|
|- |-
| 10922 | 3rd
| 7.0%
| Economic and Financial Literacy Act
|
| July 22, 2016
|- |-
| 10923 | 4th
| 7.8%
| An Act postponing the October 2016 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 9164, as amended by Republic Act No. 9340 and Republic Act No. 10656, Prescribing Additional Rules Governing the Conduct of Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections and for Other Purposes
|
| October 15, 2016
|- |-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2022<ref name="PSAGovPH-GDPGrowthRate" />
| 10927
| 1st
| An Act Designating Casinos as Covered Persons under Republic Act No. 9160, known as the "Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001"
| | 8.2%
| July 14, 2017
|- |-
| 10928 | 2nd
| 7.4%
| Amending Section 10 of Republic Act No. 8239, known as the "Philippine Passport Act of 1996"
|
| rowspan="3" | August 2, 2017
|-
| 10929
| Free Internet Access in Public Places Act
| ]
|-
| 10930
| An Act Rationalizing and Strengthening the Policy Regarding Driver's License by Extending the Validity Period of Drivers’ Licenses, and Penalizing Acts in Violation of its Issuance and Application, Amending for Those Purposes Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, Otherwise Known as The Land Transportation and Traffic Code
|
|-
| 10931
| ]
| ]
| August 3, 2017
|-
| 10932
| An Act Strengthening the Anti-Hospital Deposit Law by Increasing the Penalties for the Refusal of Hospitals and Medical Clinics to Administster Appropriate Initial Medical Treatment and Support in Emergency or Serious Cases, Amending for the Purpose Batas Pambansa Bilang 702, Otherwlse Known as “An Act Prohibiting the Demand of Deposits or Advance Payments for the Confinement or Treatment of Patients in Hospitals and Medical Clinics in Certain Cases”, As Amended by Republic Act No. 8344, and for Other Purposes
| ]
| August 5, 2017
|-
| 10951
| An Act Adjusting the Amount or the Value of Property and Damage on Which a Penalty is Based and the Fines Imposed Under the Revised Penal Code, Amending for the Purpose Act No. 3815, Otherwise Known as “The Revised Penal Code”, as Amended
|
| August 29, 2017
|-
| 10952
| An Act Postponing the October 2017 Barangay and Sangguniang Katabaan Elections, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 9164, as Amended by Republic Act No. 9340, Republic Act No. 10632, Republic Act No. 10656, and Republic Act No. 10923, and for Other Purposes
|
| October 2, 2017
|-
| 10962
| Gift Check Act of 2017
|
| rowspan="2" | December 19, 2017
|-
| 10963
| ]
| ], ]
|-
| 10968
| Philippine Qualifications Framework Act
|
| January 16, 2018
|-
| 10969
| Free Irrigation Service Act
|
| February 2, 2018
|-
| 11032
| Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery Act
| ]
| May 28, 2018
|-
| 11035
| Balik Scientist Act<br />{{small|({{literal translation|Returning Scientist Act}})}}
| ]
| June 15, 2018
|-
| 11036
| Mental Health Act
| ]
| rowspan="2" | June 20, 2018
|-
| 11037
| Masustansyang Pagkain para sa Batang Pilipino Act<br />{{small|({{literal translation|Nutritious Food for the Filipino Youth Act}})}}
| ]
|-
| 11038
| Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act
| ], ]
| June 22, 2018
|-
| 11039
| Electric Cooperatives Emergency and Resiliency Act
|
| rowspan="3" | June 29, 2018
|-
| 11052
| Philippine Food Technology Act
|
|-
| 11053
| Anti-Hazing Act of 2018
|
|-
| 11054
| ]
| ]
| July 26, 2018
|-
| 11055
| ]
| ]
| August 6, 2018
|-
| 11057
| Personal Property Security Act
| ]
| August 17, 2018
|-
| 11058
| Occupational Safety and Health Standards Law
| ]
| August 20, 2018
|-
| 11106
| Filipino Sign Language Act
| ]
| November 12, 2018
|-
| 11131
| The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018
|
| November 15, 2018
|-
| 11148
| Kalusugan at Nutrisyon ng Mag-Nanay Act <br />{{small|({{literal translation|Health and Nutrition for Mother and Child Act}})}}
| ]
| November 29, 2018
|-
| 11663
| National Bible Day Act
| ]
| rowspan="3" | December 20, 2018
|-
| 11665
| Telecommuting Act
| ]
|-
| 11666
| Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act of 2018
| ], ]
|-
| 11180
| Athletic Programs Report Act
|
| January 3, 2019
|-
| 11188
| Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflict Act
| ]
| January 10, 2019
|-
| 11194
| Gabaldon Schools Buildings Conservation Act
|
| February 7, 2019
|-
| 11199
| Social Security Act of 2019
|
| rowspan="3" | February 8, 2019
|-
| 11200
| An act providing for the rank classification in the Philippine National Police, Amending for the purpose Section 28 of Republic Act No. 6975, As amended, Otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990”
| ]
|-
| 11202
| Mobile Number Portability Act
|
|-
| 11201
| Creation of Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development
|
| rowspan="8" | February 14, 2019
|-
| 11203
| Rice Tarriffication Act
|
|-
| 11206
| Secondary School Career Guidance and Counseling Act
|
|-
| 11207
| An act Providing for reasonable rates for political advertisements, Amending for the purpose section 11 of Republic Act No. 9006, otherwise known as the “Fair Election Act”
|
|-
| 11211
| An act amending Republic Act No. 7653, otherwise known as “The New Central Bank Act”, and for other purposes
|
|-
| 11213
| Tax Amnesty Act
|
|-
| 11214
| Philippine Sports Training Center Act
|
|-
| 11215
| National Integrated Cancer Control Act
|
|-
| 11210
| 105-Day Expanded Maternity Act
| ]
| rowspan="3" | February 20, 2019
|-
| 11223
| Universal Health Care Act
| ]
|-
| 11232
| Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines
|
|-
| 11222
| Simulated Birth Rectification Act
|
| February 21, 2019
|-
| 11227
| Handbook for OFWs Act of 2018
|
| rowspan="4" | February 22, 2019
|-
| 11229
| Child Safety in Motor Vehicles Act
|
|-
| 11230
| Tulong Trabaho Act<br />{{small|({{literal translation|Job Help Act}})}}
| ]
|-
| 11231
| Agricultural Free Patent Reform Act
|
|-
| 11234
| Energy Virtual One-Stop Shop Act
|
| rowspan="3" | March 8, 2019
|-
| 11235
| Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act
|
|-
| 11239
| An Act abolishing the Road Board and providing for the disposition of the motor vehicle user's charges, collections, Amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 8794, entitled “An act imposing a motor vehicle user’s charge on owners of all types motor vehicles and for other purposes”
|
|-
| 11241
| Philippine Occupational Therapy Law
|
| March 11, 2019
|-
| 11249
| Speech Language Pathology Act
|
| March 22, 2019
|-
| 11261
| First Time Job Seekers Assistance Act
| ], ]
| April 10, 2019
|-
| 11285
| Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act
|
| rowspan="3" | April 12, 2019
|-
| 11291
| Magna Carta for the Poor
|
|-
| 11292
| The Seal of Good Local Governance Act of 2019
|
|-
| 11293
| Philippine Innovation Act
|
| rowspan="8" | April 17, 2019
|-
| 11310
| Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program Act
| ]
|-
| 11311
| An Act to Improve Land Transportation Terminals, Stations, Stops, Rest Areas, and Roll-on/Roll-off Terminals
| ]
|-
| 11312
| Magna Carta for Scientists
|
|-
| 11313
| Safe Spaces Act
| ]
|-
| 11314
| Student Fare Discount Act
|
|-
| 11315
| Community-Based Monitoring System Act
|
|-
| 11321
| Sagip Saka Act
|
|-
| 11332
| Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Health Concern Act
|
| rowspan="3" | April 26, 2019
|-
| 11333
| National Museum of the Philippines Act
|
|-
| 11337
| Innovative Startup Act
|
|-
| 11346
| An Act increasing the Excise Tax on tobacco products, Imposing Excise Tax on heated tobacco products and apor products, increasing the penalties for violations of provisions on Articles subject to Excise Tax, and earmarking a portion of the total excise tax collections from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Alcohol, Tobacco, Heated Tobacco and Vapor Products for Universal Health Care, Amending for this purpose Sections 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 164, 260, 262, 263, 265, 288, and 289, Repealing section 288(B) and 288(C), and creating new Sections 263-A, 265-B, and 288-A of the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, As amended by Republic Act No. 10963, and for other purposes.
|
| rowspan="2" | July 25, 2019
|-
| 11350
| National Commission of Senior Citizens Act
|
|-
| 11358
| National Vision Screening Act
|
| July 31, 2019
|-
| 11361
| Anti-Obstruction of Power Lines Act
|
| rowspan="7"|August 8, 2019
|-
| 11362
| Community Service Act
|
|-
| 11363
| Philippine Space Act
|
|-
| 11364
| Cooperative Development Authority Charter of 2019
|
|-
| 11369
| National Student's Day of 2019
|
|-
| 11371
| Murang Kuryente Act
|
|-
| 11372
| Philippine Coast Guard General Hospital Act
|
|-
| 11392
| National Performing Arts Companies Act
|
| rowspan="5"|August 22, 2019
|-
| 11393
| Advanced Energy and Green Building Technologies Curriculum Act
|
|-
| 11394
| Mandatory Provision of Neutral Desks in Educational Institutions Act
|
|-
| 11396
| SUC's Land Use Development and Infrastructure Plan Act
|
|-
| 11398
| Philippine Fisheries Profession Act
|
|-
| 11448
| Transnational Higher Education Act
|
| August 28, 2019
|-
| 11459
| Judges-at-Large Act of 2019
|
| August 30, 2019
|-
| 11463
| Malasakit Centers Act
| rowspan="2"|]
| December 3, 2019
|-
| 11466
| Salary Standardization Law of 2019
| January 8, 2020
|-
| 11467
| An Act amending Sections 109, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 152, 263, 263-A, 265, and 288, and adding a new section 290-A to Republic Act 8424 as amended, otherwise known as the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, and for other purposes.
| ]
| January 22, 2020
|-
| 11468
| National Day of Remembrance for Road Crash Victims, Survivors, and Their Families Act
|
| January 23, 2020
|-
| 11469
| ]
|
| March 24, 2020
|-
| 11470
| National Academy of Sports Act
| ]
| June 9, 2020
|} |}


Duterte inherited from the Aquino III administration a strong economy but limited public-infrastructure investment.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Sicat |first=Gerardo P. |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Macroeconomic directions: Duterte vs Aquino |work=Foundation for Economic Freedom |publisher=] |url=https://www.fef.org.ph/gerardo-sicat/macroeconomic-directions-duterte-vs-aquino/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722140744/https://www.fef.org.ph/gerardo-sicat/macroeconomic-directions-duterte-vs-aquino/ |archive-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Magtulis |first=Prinz P. |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Awash With Cash: The Duterte Government's Inheritance From Aquino |work=] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/awash-with-cash-the-duterte-governments-inheritance-from-aquino/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528162302/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/awash-with-cash-the-duterte-governments-inheritance-from-aquino/ |archive-date=May 28, 2016}}</ref> He promised to continue Aquino's ] while increasing infrastructure spending through his economic team's 10-point socio-economic agenda.<ref name="GMA-10PtSocioeconomic">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Macas |first=Trisha |date=June 20, 2016 |title=Duterte's economic team reveals 10-point socioeconomic agenda |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/570703/duterte-s-economic-team-reveals-10-point-socioeconomic-agenda/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812200907/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/570703/duterte-s-economic-team-reveals-10-point-socioeconomic-agenda/story/ |archive-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Chen |first=Qingzhen |date=June 27, 2016 |title=Duterte's new economic agenda: What is old and what is new? |work=Global Risk Insights |url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2016/06/duterte-economic-agenda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910235407/https://globalriskinsights.com/2016/06/duterte-economic-agenda/ |archive-date=September 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Aquino |first1=Norman P. |last2=Sayson |first2=Ian C. |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Philippines' Duterte Vows to Continue Aquino's Economic Policies |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-12/philippines-duterte-vows-to-continue-aquino-s-economic-policies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512113431/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-12/philippines-duterte-vows-to-continue-aquino-s-economic-policies |archive-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> To attract more investors by easing restrictions on international retailers,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Calonzo |first1=Andreo |last2=Lopez |first2=Ditas B. |date=July 25, 2021 |title=Duterte Pushes to Open Philippines to More Foreign Investors |work=] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-25/duterte-set-to-push-congress-on-virus-recovery-successor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726011148/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-25/duterte-set-to-push-congress-on-virus-recovery-successor |archive-date=July 26, 2021}}</ref> Duterte signed into law amendments to both the Foreign Investment Act of 1991<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=March 4, 2022 |title=PRRD signs law amending Foreign Investments Act |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169060 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305005159/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169060 |archive-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref> and the 85-year old ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law amending Public Service Act |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170293 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122911/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170293 |archive-date=March 21, 2022}}</ref> His administration took initiatives to support ], ] (MSMEs)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cahiles-Magkilat |first=Bernie |date=July 26, 2021 |title=DTI boosts entrepreneurship under Duterte – Lopez |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/26/dti-boosts-entrepreneurship-under-duterte-lopez/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725221855/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/26/dti-boosts-entrepreneurship-under-duterte-lopez/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021}}</ref> by launching a ] program as an alternative to predatory private loans<ref name="PNAGovPH-P3">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=July 26, 2021 |title=Over 219K micro biz benefitted from P3 lending program |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1148336 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219065014/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1148336 |archive-date=December 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Canivel |first=Roy Stephen C. |date=March 26, 2020 |title=Loan facility set up for small, microenterprises |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/293434/loan-facility-set-up-for-small-microenterprises |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326160827/https://business.inquirer.net/293434/loan-facility-set-up-for-small-microenterprises |archive-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> and significantly increasing the creation of Negosyo Centers that provide efficient services for MSMEs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Desiderio |first=Louella |date=December 2, 2018 |title=Negosyo Centers reach 1,000 mark |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/12/02/1873345/negosyo-centers-reach-1000-mark |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213083445/https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/12/02/1873345/negosyo-centers-reach-1000-mark |archive-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> To address rising ] following the devastation caused by ] in September 2018, Duterte signed an administrative order removing non-tariff barriers on agricultural imports.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 19, 2018 |title=Inflation at 6.2 percent for third quarter of 2018: BSP |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/19/18/inflation-at-62-percent-for-third-quarter-of-2018-bsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019043746/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/19/18/inflation-at-62-percent-for-third-quarter-of-2018-bsp |archive-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esmaquel II |first=Paterno |date=September 25, 2018 |title=Duterte cuts red tape in importing agricultural products |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/212779-duterte-cuts-red-tape-importing-agricultural-products |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925073230/https://www.rappler.com/business/212779-duterte-cuts-red-tape-importing-agricultural-products |archive-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref> In February 2019, he signed a law updating the 38-year-old Corporation Code of the Philippines to allow a single person to form a corporation.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=February 21, 2019 |title=Duterte signs revised Corporation Code |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/02/21/19/duterte-signs-revised-corporation-code |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221160505/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/02/21/19/duterte-signs-revised-corporation-code |archive-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> After several more reforms such as the Ease of Doing Business law,<ref name="PNAGovPH-SignsEaseOfDoingBusiness" /> the Philippines' ] improved from 124th to 95th, according to the World Bank's 2020 Doing Business Report.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Laforga |first1=Beatrice M. |last2=Ibañez |first2=Jenina P. |date=October 24, 2019 |title=PHL moves up 'Doing Business' rank |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/phl-moves-up-doing-business-rank/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025121228/https://www.bworldonline.com/phl-moves-up-doing-business-rank/ |archive-date=October 25, 2019}}</ref>
===National budget===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|R. A. No.|Republic Act}}
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Principal Sponsor
! scope="col" | Date signed
|-
| 10924
| General Appropriations Act of 2017
| ]
| December 22, 2016
|-
| 10964
| General Appropriations Act of 2018
| ]
| December 19, 2017
|-
| 11260
| General Appropriations Act of 2019
| ]
| April 15, 2019
|-
| 11464
| Extension of General Appropriations Act of 2019
| ]
| December 20, 2019
|-
| 11465
| General Appropriations Act of 2020
| ]
| January 6, 2020
|}


In 2020, the ] caused the Philippine economy to enter a ] following ] and restrictions. ] (GDP) shrunk by 9.5% in 2020,<ref name="CNNPH-PHEconomyPlunges">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Manuel |first=Pilar |date=January 28, 2021 |title=PH economy plunges by record -9.5% in 2020 as Q4 GDP maintains slump |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2021/1/28/2020-Q4-full-year-GDP.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128020943/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2021/1/28/2020-Q4-full-year-GDP.html |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> prompting the administration to loosen restrictions to revive the economy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Calonzo |first=Andreo |date=May 13, 2021 |title=Philippines Eases Virus Curbs as Economy Stays in Recession |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-13/philippines-eases-virus-curbs-as-economy-remains-in-recession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514020755/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-13/philippines-eases-virus-curbs-as-economy-remains-in-recession |archive-date=May 14, 2021}}</ref> GDP recovered to 5.6% in 2021 after the administration initiated a ] and eased pandemic-related restrictions;<ref name="GulfNews-PHEconomyJumps">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Hilotin |first=Jay |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Philippine economy jumps 5.6% in 2021 on higher household consumption, easing of COVID curbs |language=en |work=] |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/philippine-economy-jumps-56-in-2021-on-higher-household-consumption-easing-of-covid-curbs-1.1643305479352 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127181020/https://gulfnews.com/business/philippine-economy-jumps-56-in-2021-on-higher-household-consumption-easing-of-covid-curbs-1.1643305479352 |archive-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Philippine economy grows 5.6 percent in 2021, exceeds target |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/01/27/22/ph-economy-grows-56-percent-in-2021-beats-forecasts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130065535/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/01/27/22/ph-economy-grows-56-percent-in-2021-beats-forecasts |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> simultaneously, the country's ] rose from 39.6% in pre-pandemic 2020 to 60.4% as of June 2021 due to loans incurred by the government to address the pandemic.<ref name="MB-COVIDLoans">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Leyco |first=Chino S. |date=January 2, 2022 |title=PH COVID-19 loans hit P1.4 T |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/01/02/ph-covid-19-loans-hit-p1-4-t/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102143137/https://mb.com.ph/2022/01/02/ph-covid-19-loans-hit-p1-4-t/ |archive-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref>
==First year==
===July===
]


On March 21, 2022, Duterte signed an executive order adopting a 10-point policy agenda to hasten economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Duterte signs 10-point economic recovery plan |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/24/2169442/duterte-signs-10-point-economic-recovery-plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323193216/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/24/2169442/duterte-signs-10-point-economic-recovery-plan |archive-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> To reduce the ], which rose to ₱12.68 trillion as of March 2022, in May that year, the Duterte administration's economic team proposed to the incoming ] a fiscal consolidation plan containing corrective tax measures including the expansion of ] to raise government revenues.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Duterte admin presents plan to cut PH debt to Marcos admin, says Palace |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1605796/duterte-admin-presents-plan-to-cut-ph-debt-to-marcos-admin-says-palace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602113812/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1605796/duterte-admin-presents-plan-to-cut-ph-debt-to-marcos-admin-says-palace |archive-date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> By the second quarter of 2022, the Philippine economy had grown by 7.4%, making the country the second-fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rada |first=July |date=August 9, 2022 |title=GDP grew 7.4% in second quarter |work=] |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/314250323/gdp-grew-7-4-in-second-quarter.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809102141/https://manilastandard.net/business/314250323/gdp-grew-7-4-in-second-quarter.html |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>
Shortly after his inauguration, Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out his plans for the Cabinet, which included the establishment of a 24-hour complaint office covering the entire country and advancing the country's ] management, lamenting its current status after recalling his personal encounter with the ]'s failure to address the lack of ] of the victims of ] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gita|first1=Ruth Abbey|title=Duterte holds first Cabinet meeting|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/06/30/duterte-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-482533|accessdate=July 1, 2016|work=]|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> He laid out his plan to decongest the ] in Manila, the country's main gateway, by transferring the operations of domestic flights to ] in ] and constructing a ] between Angeles and Manila while his government reviews the possibility of constructing a new airport at the ] in ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Musico|first1=Jelly F.|title=Duterte eyes Clark airport as hub for domestic flights|url=http://interaksyon.com/article/129774/duterte-eyes-clark-airport-as-hub-for-domestic-flights|accessdate=July 1, 2016|agency=]|via=]|date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701150127/http://interaksyon.com/article/129774/duterte-eyes-clark-airport-as-hub-for-domestic-flights|archive-date=2016-07-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also advised the ] not to provide him and his Cabinet officials with special priority treatment different from ordinary citizens.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ranada|first1=Pia|title=Duterte's order to Cabinet: Line up like everyone else|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/138171-duterte-cabinet-meeting-line-up|accessdate=July 1, 2016|work=]|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> Duterte pointed out the ], saying that the country could learn from the ] and ordered his ], ], to travel to Cuba.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Capistrano|first1=Zea Io Ming C.|title=Duterte to send DOH sec to Cuba to learn better health system|url=http://davaotoday.com/main/economy/health/duterte-to-send-doh-sec-to-cuba-to-learn-better-health-system/|accessdate=July 1, 2016|work=Davao Today|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> Occurring twelve days prior to the announcement of the outcome of the ] over the ], Duterte said that he and his ], ], will study the implications of the ruling in order to better plan any further steps taken by the government to address the issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte to seek 'soft landing' with China after dispute ruling|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/06/30/16/duterte-to-seek-soft-landing-with-china-after-dispute-ruling|accessdate=July 1, 2016|work=]|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ho|first1=Alex|title=After drugs: Duterte now goes after online gambling, fixers|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/01/Duterte-against-fixers-online-gambling.html|accessdate=July 1, 2016|work=]|date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The 1st Duterte Cabinet meeting|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/138194-1st-duterte-cabinet-meeting|accessdate=July 1, 2016|work=]|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> Duterte also expressed his willingness to stop the ] industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/06/30/16/duterte-says-online-gambling-must-stop|title=Duterte says online gambling must stop|publisher=]|date=June 30, 2016|accessdate=June 30, 2016}}</ref> After the Cabinet meeting, President Duterte met with representatives from militant groups to discuss the "People’s Agenda for Change" plan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://davaotoday.com/main/politics/duterte-welcomes-militants-in-malacanang/|title=Duterte welcomes militants in Malacañang|publisher=Davao Today|last=Condeza|first=Earl|date=June 30, 2016|accessdate=July 5, 2016}}</ref>


====Infrastructure development====
On July 1, 2016, a day after the inauguration, President Duterte attended the change-of-command ceremonies for the new ] chief ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/01/1598491/bato-dela-rosa-takes-command-pnp-i-am-your-father|title=Bato dela Rosa takes command of PNP: I am your father|publisher=]|last=Viray|first=Patricia Lourdes|date=July 1, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> and the new ] (AFP) chief-of-staff ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/793677/ricardo-visaya-formally-takes-over-afp-as-chief-of-staff|title=Ricardo Visaya formally takes over AFP|publisher=]|last=Mangosing|first=Frances|date=July 1, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> During the AFP's change-of-command rites, Duterte personally and briefly met his Vice President ] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/07/01/16/cordial-at-first-sight-duterte-robredo-meet|title=Cordial at first sight: Duterte, Robredo meet|publisher=]|last=Alberto-Masakayan|first=Thea|date=July 1, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref>
{{Main|Build! Build! Build!}}


To reduce poverty, encourage economic growth, and reduce congestion in ], the Duterte administration launched Build! Build! Build! (BBB); a comprehensive infrastructure program,<ref name="PCOO-Dutertenomics">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 19, 2017 |title=DuterteNomics unveiled |publisher=] |url=http://pcoo.gov.ph/dutertenomics-unveiled/ |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420212221/http://pcoo.gov.ph/dutertenomics-unveiled/ |archive-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref> on April 18, 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Government's Build Build Build program embodied in PDP 2017-2022 – AmBisyon Natin 2040 |work=] |url=https://2040.neda.gov.ph/2017/04/24/governments-build-build-build-program-embodied-in-pdp-2017-2022/ |access-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020906/https://2040.neda.gov.ph/2017/04/24/governments-build-build-build-program-embodied-in-pdp-2017-2022/ |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |quote=Build Build Build, the administration’s comprehensive infrastructure development program, was launched during the Dutertenomics Forum held last April 18 at The Conrad Hotel, Pasay City.}}</ref> The program was part of ],<ref name="PCOO-Dutertenomics" /> which aimed to start a "Golden Age of Infrastructure" by increasing spending on public infrastructure from 5.4% of the country's GDP in 2017 to 7.4% in 2022.<ref name="BusinessMirror-BBB">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Marasigan |first=Lorenz S. |date=May 7, 2017 |title=BBB program gains headway |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/05/07/bbb-program-gains-headway/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112044637/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/05/07/bbb-program-gains-headway/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=de Vera |first1=Ben O. |last2=Yee |first2=Jovic |last3=Camus |first3=Miguel R. |date=April 19, 2017 |title=Dutertenomics: 'Golden age of infrastructure' |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/890225/dutertenomics-golden-age-of-infrastructure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420184710/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/890225/dutertenomics-golden-age-of-infrastructure |archive-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, the administration shifted its infrastructure funding policy from ]s (PPPs) of previous administrations to government revenues and ] (ODA), particularly from Japan and China.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Heydarian |first=Richard Javad |date=February 28, 2018 |title=Duterte's Ambitious 'Build, Build, Build' Project To Transform The Philippines Could Become His Legacy |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2018/02/28/dutertes-ambitious-build-build-build-project-to-transform-the-philippines-could-become-his-legacy/ |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310132636/https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2018/02/28/dutertes-ambitious-build-build-build-project-to-transform-the-philippines-could-become-his-legacy/ |archive-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> From October 2019, the government worked with the private sector to provide additional funding.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Dumlao-Abadilla |first=Doris |date=April 18, 2020 |title=Fitch: PH faces wary private sector in infra policy shift |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/295058/fitch-ph-faces-wary-private-sector-in-infra-policy-shift |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421135948/https://business.inquirer.net/295058/fitch-ph-faces-wary-private-sector-in-infra-policy-shift |archive-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=September 18, 2021 |title=Government mulls shift in infrastructure funding tack |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/09/18/2127861/government-mulls-shift-infrastructure-funding-tack |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919063850/https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/09/18/2127861/government-mulls-shift-infrastructure-funding-tack |archive-date=September 19, 2021}}</ref>
Robredo later paid a courtesy call on Duterte in the ] on July 4, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572332/news/nation/robredo-pays-courtesy-call-on-duterte-in-malacanang|title=Robredo pays courtesy call on Duterte in Malacañang|publisher=]|date=July 4, 2016|accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref> Three days later, Duterte appointed Robredo to a Cabinet position (as the head of the ]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794898/duterte-appoints-robredo-as-hudcc-chief|title=Duterte appoints Robredo as HUDCC chief|publisher=]|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref> Despite opposition, Duterte announced on May 23, 2016 that he would allow the burial of ]' remains in the ].<ref name="Reuters-AllowBurial">{{cite news |last1=Mogato |first1=Manuel |title=Philippines' Duterte to allow burial of Marcos at heroes' cemetery |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-politics-marcos-idUSKCN0YE1YY |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=Reuters |date=23 May 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206080221/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-politics-marcos-idUSKCN0YE1YY |archivedate=6 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


] of the ] sports complex, completed on October 12, 2019, 50 days before the opening of the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=De La Cruz |first=Gabrielle |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Athletic Stadium 100% complete 50 days before the SEA Games |work=BluPrint |publisher=One Mega Group |url=https://bluprint.onemega.com/athletic-stadium-100-before-sea-games/ |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109132357/https://bluprint.onemega.com/athletic-stadium-100-before-sea-games/ |archive-date=November 9, 2019}}</ref>]]
President Duterte issued his first ] on July 4, entitled "Reengineering the Office of the President Towards Greater Responsiveness to the Attainment of Development Goals". In the executive order, 12 agencies under the ] who focused on anti-poverty programs will be placed under the supervision of Cabinet Secretary ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/138583-duterte-first-executive-order-poverty|title=Duterte's 1st EO: Simpler, faster anti-poverty services|publisher=]|last=Ranada|first=Pia|date=July 4, 2016|accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref> Duterte said he will end insurgency and war conflicts in the Mindanao, before his term ends, through peace negotiations between the government and the ] (MILF), the ] (MNLF) and other Moro groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/795114/duterte-promises-to-fix-insurgency-war-in-mindanao-before-his-term-ends|title=Duterte promises to fix insurgency, war in Mindanao before his term ends|publisher=]|last=de Jesus|first=Julliane Love|date=July 8, 2016|accessdate=July 9, 2016}}</ref> Duterte noted that the intervention of foreign countries, including the ], caused the worsened war situation in the ] countries including ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/795085/duterte-foreign-intervention-worsened-middle-east-situation|title=Duterte: Foreign intervention worsened Middle East situation|publisher=]|last=Nawal|first=Allan|date=July 8, 2016|accessdate=July 9, 2016}}</ref>


In November 2019, the administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects (IFPs) under the BBB program from 75 to 100,<ref name="ABS-CBN-List100">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=de Guzman |first=Warren |date=November 14, 2019 |title=LIST: 100 projects under revised 'Build, Build, Build' |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/14/19/list-100-projects-under-revised-build-build-build |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114074307/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/14/19/list-100-projects-under-revised-build-build-build |archive-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN-List100PDF">{{#invoke:Cite web||title=Recommended List of Projects for Inclusion in the Infrastructure Flagship Program |url=https://sa.kapamilya.com/absnews/abscbnnews/media/2019/business/11/15/ifp-list-final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203082837/https://sa.kapamilya.com/absnews/abscbnnews/media/2019/business/11/15/ifp-list-final.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=]}}</ref> then to 104, and to 112 in 2020,<ref name="PhilStar-Inherit88Infra">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Royandoyan |first=Ramon |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Next president to inherit 88 infra projects on 'advanced stage' |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/04/27/2177178/next-president-inherit-88-infra-projects-advanced-stage |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427100412/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/04/27/2177178/next-president-inherit-88-infra-projects-advanced-stage |archive-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> expanding its scope to health, information-and-communications technology, and water infrastructure projects to support the country's economic growth and recovery from the ]. Some major projects included<ref name="ABS-CBN-List100PDF" /> the Subic-Clark Railway,<ref name="Inquirer-UnderstandingBBB">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mawis |first=Sara Mae D. |date=July 28, 2018 |title=Understanding the 'Build, Build, Build' program |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/254682/understanding-build-build-build-program#ixzz5Tqyaj8U1 |access-date=October 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727214200/https://business.inquirer.net/254682/understanding-build-build-build-program |archive-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> the ] from ] to ],<ref name="Inquirer-UnderstandingBBB" /> the ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Camus |first=Miguel R. |date=September 16, 2021 |title=DOTr: Metro Manila Subway now 26% complete |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1488502/dotr-subway-construction-stuck-at-1-operational-by-2027-yet |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915222142/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1488502/dotr-subway-construction-stuck-at-1-operational-by-2027-yet |archive-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> the expansion of ]<ref name="Inquirer-UnderstandingBBB" /> the ] (Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment),<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bagaforo |first=Nelson C. |date=June 26, 2017 |title=Mindanao railway project gets support |work=] |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/06/26/mindanao-railway-project-gets-support-549693 |access-date=September 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628234446/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/06/26/mindanao-railway-project-gets-support-549693 |archive-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lamentillo |first=Anna Mae Yu |date=March 23, 2018 |title=What is 'Build, Build, Build'? |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/03/23/what-is-build-build-build/ |access-date=May 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825075856/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/03/23/what-is-build-build-build/ |archive-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 26, 2018 |title=WATCH: Luzon Spine Expressway Network is Duterte's P107-billion traffic decongestion plan |work=The Summit Express |url=https://www.thesummitexpress.com/2018/01/luzon-spine-expressway-duterte-traffic-decongestion-plan.html |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201031808/https://www.thesummitexpress.com/2018/01/luzon-spine-expressway-duterte-traffic-decongestion-plan.html |archive-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> By April 2022, 12 IFPs had been completed while 88, which were at an advanced stage, were passed to the succeeding administration for completion.<ref name="PhilStar-Inherit88Infra" />
On 12 July 2016 the ] (PCA) tribunal agreed unanimously with the Philippines in the international case, ], which former president ] initiated in January 2013. In its award, it concluded that there is no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources, hence there was "no legal basis for China to claim historic rights" over the area within the nine-dash line.<ref name="PCA2016">{{cite web |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf |title=Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (''The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China'') |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=PCA |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712201412/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21702069-region-and-america-will-now-anxiously-await-chinas-response-un-appointed-tribunal |title=A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China's claims in the South China Sea|date=12 July 2016 |work=The Economist}}</ref> The tribunal also judged that the PRC had caused "severe harm to the coral reef environment",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html?_r=0 |title=Beijing's South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal |first=Jane|last= Perez |date=12 July 2016 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> and that it had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights in its Exclusive Economic Zone by interfering with Philippine fishing and petroleum exploration by, for example, restricting the traditional fishing rights of Filipino fishermen at Scarborough Shoal.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |title= Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |author1=Tom Phillips |author2=Oliver Holmes |author3=Owen Bowcott |date= 12 July 2016 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> The PRC rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded", but they would still be committed to resolving disputes with its neighbours.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-36771749 |title=South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines |date=12 July 2016 |work=BBC }}</ref> On the same day, President Duterte has named Finance Undersecretary Gil Beltran as the "Anti-Red Tape Czar".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/07/12/16/czar-named-in-duterte-fight-vs-red-tape|title='Czar' named in Duterte fight vs Red Tape|publisher=]|date=July 12, 2016|accessdate=July 14, 2016}}</ref>


From June 2016 to July 2021, {{convert|29264|km|abbr=on}} of roads, 5,950 bridges, 11,340 flood-control projects, 222 evacuation centers, 150,149 school classrooms, and 653 COVID-19 facilities were completed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Patinio |first=Ferdinand |date=July 23, 2021 |title='Build, Build, Build': Paving the way to progress |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147990 |access-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723163812/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147990 |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref><ref name="MB-Nov2019">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lamentillo |first=Anna Mae Yu |date=July 21, 2021 |title=What has 'Build, Build, Build' achieved so far? |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/21/what-has-build-build-build-achieved-so-far/ |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721070041/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/21/what-has-build-build-build-achieved-so-far/ |archive-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref>
The following day, Duterte met with House Speaker ], and her daughter, ] Vice Mayor Joy Belmonte, the top officials of the ] and Cebu Archbishop Emeritus ] for a series of courtesy calls and meetings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pcoo.gov.ph/president-duterte-meets-with-rep-belmonte-cardinal-vidal-adb-officials-in-malacanan/|title=President Duterte meets with Rep.Belmonte, Cardinal Vidal, ADB officials in Malacanan|publisher=Presidential Communications Office|accessdate=July 14, 2016}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On July 14, President Duterte attended the thanksgiving dinner organized by his fellow alumni from the ] at the ], ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/1141468560535/san-beda-alumni-reception-fetes-president-duterte|title=San Beda alumni reception fetes President Duterte|publisher=]|date=July 15, 2016|accessdate=July 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809044129/http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/1141468560535/san-beda-alumni-reception-fetes-president-duterte|archive-date=August 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> President Duterte has offered former President ] to become the Philippines' special envoy to ] on the planned bilateral talks between two countries, in connection with the ongoing ] (West Philippine Sea) dispute.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/139759-rodrigo-duterte-fidel-ramos-philippines-china-talks|title=Duterte wants to send Ramos to China for talks|publisher=]|work=]|date=July 15, 2016|accessdate=July 15, 2016}}</ref>


====Taxation====
On July 18, 2016, President Duterte, together with ] (PSC) chairman ] and ] (POC) president ], led the send-off ceremonies for the ] in the ] in ] at the Rizal Hall of Malacañang.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.ph/olympics/news/president-rodrigo-duterte-filipino-olympians-rio-de-janeiro-olympics|title=Duterte to Rio-bound athletes: 'Not everybody is given the honor to serve this country'|publisher=]|date=July 18, 2016|accessdate=July 18, 2016}}</ref> After the send-off, Duterte met with ] ] for a courtesy call to discuss the possibility of the Philippines hosting next year's Miss Universe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politics.com.ph/beauty-punisher-pia-wurtzbach-meets-duterte-malacanang/|title=The Beauty and the Punisher: Pia Wurtzbach meets Duterte in Malacañang|publisher=Politiko|date=July 18, 2016|accessdate=July 18, 2016}}</ref> Two days before his first State of the Nation Address, on July 23, President Duterte signed the ] that covered all offices under the executive branch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/574866/news/nation/president-duterte-signs-eo-on-foi|title=President Duterte signs EO on FOI|publisher=]|date=July 24, 2016|accessdate=July 24, 2016}}</ref>
{{further|Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law}}
] and 2018 General Appropriations Act at the Malacañang Palace on December 19, 2017.]]


The Duterte administration initiated a comprehensive tax reform program.<ref name="TaxBits-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Felipe |first=Marvee Anne C. |date=2022 |title=Tax Laws Enacted During the Duterte Administration and the Role of STSRO in the Law-making Process |url=https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/STSRO/62_Tax%20Bits_Final.pdf |journal=Taxbits |publisher=] (STSRO) |volume=XI |issue=62nd Issue (January - February 2022) |pages=1–2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320085147/https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/STSRO/62_Tax%20Bits_Final.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> The program's first package the ] (TRAIN Law) adjusted tax rates by excluding those earning an annual taxable income of ₱250,000 from paying ]; the law also raised ]es on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, and tobacco and other non-essential goods to generate funds for the administration's massive infrastructure program.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cigaral |first=Ian Nicolas |date=December 19, 2017 |title=Duterte signs 2018 national budget, tax reform bill |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/19/1769882/duterte-signs-2018-national-budget-tax-reform-bill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220091106/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/19/1769882/duterte-signs-2018-national-budget-tax-reform-bill |archive-date=December 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN-TRAINLaw">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gulla |first=Vivienne |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Duterte: TRAIN law keeps gov't running |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/19/duterte-train-law-keeps-govt-running |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313054447/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/19/duterte-train-law-keeps-govt-running |archive-date=March 13, 2019}}</ref> The second package, the ] (CREATE Act), lowered ] from 30% to 25% to attract investment and maintain fiscal stability.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Duterte signs CREATE bill into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1135049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622043637/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1135049 |archive-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref> ]es on tobacco, vapor products, alcohol, and ]s were raised to fund the ], and reduce incidents of smoking-related and alcohol-related diseases.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Duterte signs bill on higher tobacco sin taxes |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/7/25/higher-tobacco-sin-taxes-rodrigo-duterte.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411183424/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/7/25/higher-tobacco-sin-taxes-rodrigo-duterte.html |archive-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Duterte signs law imposing higher taxes on alcohol, e-cigarettes |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091709 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124211257/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091709 |archive-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> A ] Duterte signed into law in February 2019 granted errant taxpayers a one-time opportunity to affordably settle their tax liabilities while raising government revenue for infrastructure and social projects.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aning |first=Jerome |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Duterte signs law extending estate tax amnesty |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1453809/duterte-signs-law-extending-estate-tax-amnesty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630220715/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1453809/duterte-signs-law-extending-estate-tax-amnesty |archive-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref>
], July 25, 2016|alt=]]
On July 25, 2016, President Duterte delivered his first ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabiling|first1=Genalyn|last2=Quismorio|first2=Elison|title=Duterte's first SONA eagerly awaited|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/dutertes-first-sona-eagerly-awaited/|accessdate=July 22, 2016|work=]|date=July 19, 2016}}</ref>


Duterte signed a law imposing a 5% tax on gross gaming revenues of ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Atienza |first=Kyle Aristophere T. |date=September 23, 2021 |title=Duterte signs bill taxing offshore gaming operators |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-bill-taxing-offshore-gaming-operators/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923183848/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-bill-taxing-offshore-gaming-operators/ |archive-date=September 23, 2021}}</ref> In March 2019, he signed a law excluding ] from paying income and excise taxes on gold they sell to the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lopez |first=Virgil |date=May 21, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law exempting small-scale miners from tax when they sell gold to BSP |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/695214/duterte-signs-law-exempting-small-scale-miners-from-tax-when-they-sell-gold-to-bsp/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327093918/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/695214/duterte-signs-law-exempting-small-scale-miners-from-tax-when-they-sell-gold-to-bsp/story/ |archive-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref>
On July 27, 2016, President Duterte met with ] ], the first ] Duterte met with as president and the highest ranking diplomat he met with since his inauguration, to discuss cooperation ] under the Duterte administration following the ]'s ] in favor of the Philippines against China's claim over the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parameswaran|first1=Prashanth|title=John Kerry to Visit the Philippines to Meet Duterte|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/john-kerry-to-visit-the-philippines-to-meet-duterte/|accessdate=July 21, 2016|work=]|date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lim|first1=Arlene|title=John Kerry to visit Duterte in Manila|url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/211151/john-kerry-to-visit-duterte-in-manila.html|accessdate=July 21, 2016|work=]|date=July 20, 2016}}</ref> Later that day, the first ] meeting under the Duterte presidency was held. It was attended by former presidents and NSC members Fidel Ramos, ], ], and Benigno Aquino III, together with Vice President Leni Robredo, Senate President ], House Speaker ], and other cabinet secretaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/800079/duterte-meets-with-aquino-arroyo-ramos-at-national-security-meeting|title=Duterte meets with ex-presidents at national security meeting|publisher=]|date=July 27, 2016|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref>


===August=== ====Trade====
On September 2, 2021, Duterte ratified the ] (RCEP) Agreement, an ]-led ] involving 10 ASEAN members and Australia, China, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand; the agreement was sent to the Senate but the Senate's ] break delayed ratification.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Tan |first1=Alyssa Nicole O. |last2=Ochave |first2=Revin Mikhael D. |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Senators delay decision on RCEP |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/senators-delay-decision-on-rcep/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165435/https://www.bworldonline.com/senators-delay-decision-on-rcep/ |archive-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> In June 2022, the Senate deferred the agreement's ratification to the incoming ] after some senators raised concerns over the lack of safeguards for the country's agricultural sector, and to provide an opportunity for president-elect ] to review the agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tan |first=Alyssa Nicole O. |date=June 1, 2022 |title=PHL Senate fails to ratify RCEP |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/02/452400/phl-senate-fails-to-ratify-rcep/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602175647/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/02/452400/phl-senate-fails-to-ratify-rcep/ |archive-date=June 2, 2022}}</ref>
On August 7, 2016, President Duterte, who was at the wake of four soldiers killed in an encounter with communist rebels in Camp Panacan, ], delivered ] wherein he named local government officials, court judges and police officers who are all involved in illegal drug trade.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/06/16/duterte-names-politicians-cops-judges-in-drug-trade|title=Duterte names politicians, cops, judges in drug trade|publisher=]|date=August 7, 2016|accessdate=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/576633/news/nation/duterte-reads-out-list-of-alleged-narco-politicians-narco-cops|title=Duterte reads out list of alleged narco-politicians, narco-cops|publisher=]|date=August 7, 2016|accessdate=August 7, 2016}}</ref>


=== September === ===Education===
] on June 9, 2020.]]
] prior to the bilateral meetings at the ] in ] on October 20, 2016|alt=]]On September 2, ] in Davao City in Mindanao. The bombing was linked to the ], although ] reportedly claimed responsibility for the bombing but later denied it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/145045-abu-sayyaf-responsibility-davao-explosion|title=Abu Sayyaf claims responsibility for Davao blast – report|author=P. Esmaquel|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Rappler|accessdate=3 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/145033-explosion-roxas-night-market-davao-city|title=Explosion hits Davao night market|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="asgdisowns">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/812451/abu-sayyaf-disowns-davao-explosion-says-ally-was-behind-attack|title=Abu Sayyaf disowns Davao explosion, says ally was behind attack|author1=Allan Nawal|author2=Julie Alipala|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|accessdate=3 September 2016|author3=Karlos Manlupig}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://k2.abs-cbnnews.com/news/10/07/16/maute-group-men-arrested-over-davao-city-blast|title='Maute Group' men arrested over Davao City blast|author=Kimberly Tan|publisher=ABS-CBN News|accessdate=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604053339/http://k2.abs-cbnnews.com/news/10/07/16/maute-group-men-arrested-over-davao-city-blast|archive-date=4 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The incident prompted Duterte to declare a "state of lawlessness" in the country, which would remain in effect for over a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/145043-duterte-declares-state-of-lawlessness-ph|title=Duterte declares state of lawlessness in PH|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In early September, Duterte made his first foreign trip as head of state, attending the ] in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/145304-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-arrival-asean-summit-laos|title=Duterte arrives in Laos for ASEAN Summit|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> Before leaving for his first international summit, Duterte quickly made international headlines after slamming then-US president ] for his criticism on human rights issues brought about by the Philippines’ controversial drug war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/145296-duterte-obama-human-rights-asean-summit|title=Duterte: Who is Obama to ask me about human rights?|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> He has apologized for these remarks.


Duterte continued the 9-year ] implementation process initiated on May 20, 2008, during ] and continued under Arroyo's successor and Duterte's predecessor ]. The process ended on June 5, 2017, during which K–12 was implemented on Grade 6; this entirely phased out the K–10 system used since May 28, 1945.
Duterte critic ] faced a series of investigations on the ], with De Lima refusing to attend, calling it a “sham inquiry” and a mere ploy to discredit her. In the Senate's probe on extrajudicial killings related to the drug war, De Lima presented Edgar Matobato, a self-confessed hitman and member of the so-called Davao Death Squad. Matobato testifies that Duterte ordered the group to execute people back when he was Davao City mayor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/146282-de-lima-presents-alleged-davao-death-squad-member|title=De Lima witness: Duterte 'ordered' killings in Davao|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> However, this was later refuted and disproven.<ref name="You are being redirected">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/101967|title=You are being redirected...|website=www.sunstar.com.ph|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref><ref name="You are being redirected" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2016/0926_cayetanoa1.asp|title=Press Release - Cayetano refutes Trillanes on Matobato testimony: "It's full of half-truths and hearsay"|website=www.senate.gov.ph|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref> and it was labeled as 'hearsay' and 'lies' by Duterte.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/20/1625543/all-lies-duterte-says-matobato-testimony|title=All lies, Duterte says of Matobato testimony {{!}} Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/815703/matobato-is-telling-100-per-cent-lies-says-cayetano|title=Matobato 'is telling 100 per cent lies,' says Cayetano|last=Torres|first=Estrella|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>


Stressing that the long-term benefits of education would outweigh any budgetary problems, in August 2017, Duterte signed ] granting free tuition at all ] (SUCs).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804035732/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |archive-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN-FreeTuition">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Who can avail of free college tuition under new law? |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/04/17/who-can-avail-of-free-college-tuition-under-new-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804184413/http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/04/17/who-can-avail-of-free-college-tuition-under-new-law |archive-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> He enacted laws which institutionalized the ] (ALS);<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Alternative learning system law 'a win for marginalized learners' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105113033/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126452 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Duterte OKs Alternative Learning System Act |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/05/21/duterte-oks-alternative-learning-system-act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122191137/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/05/21/duterte-oks-alternative-learning-system-act |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> mandated free access to ];<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Roque |first=EJ |date=March 14, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law on free access to tech-voc education |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1064530 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317185154/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1064530 |archive-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref> granted inclusive education for disabled learners;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 15, 2022 |title=PRRD OKs inclusive education for learners with disabilities |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169807 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315122508/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169807 |archive-date=March 15, 2022}}</ref> accorded medical scholarships for deserving students in higher education;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Duterte signs Doktor Para sa Bayan Act |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126403 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105083230/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126403 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref> established a scholarship program for students on teacher-degree programs;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Duterte signs Excellence in Teacher Education Act |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/29/duterte-signs-excellence-in-teacher-education-act/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429071005/https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/29/duterte-signs-excellence-in-teacher-education-act/ |archive-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Flores |first=Helen |date=May 1, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law on improving quality of teacher education |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/01/2177914/duterte-signs-law-improving-quality-teacher-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503214629/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/01/2177914/duterte-signs-law-improving-quality-teacher-education |archive-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref> instituted a career-guidance and counselling program for all secondary schools;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law on career guidance, counseling for high school |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1087647/duterte-signs-law-on-career-guidance-counseling-for-high-school |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219152649/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1087647/duterte-signs-law-on-career-guidance-counseling-for-high-school |archive-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref> and created the country's ] in ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rola |first=Alyssa |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Duterte signs law establishing National Academy of Sports |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/sports/2020/6/10/Duterte-signs-National-Academy-of-Sports-Act.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109224229/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/sports/2020/6/10/Duterte-signs-National-Academy-of-Sports-Act.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> In education curriculum, significant laws he signed included restoring Good Manners and Right Conduct (GMRC) and ] in the ] basic education;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Duterte signs law restoring GMRC, values education subjects |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107080 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626165312/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107080 |archive-date=June 26, 2020}}</ref> establishing ] that allows foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Duterte signs Transnational Higher Education Act into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228120410/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081474 |archive-date=February 28, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Balinbin |first=Arjay L. |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in Philippines |work=] |publisher=BusinessWorld Publishing |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-allowing-foreign-universities-to-offer-degree-programs-in-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926231840/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-allowing-foreign-universities-to-offer-degree-programs-in-philippines/ |archive-date=September 26, 2019}}</ref> integrating labor education in the higher-education curriculum;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 31, 2021 |title=Duterte signs law integrating labor education in higher education curriculum |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/31/Duterte-signs-law-labor-education-higher-education-curriculum-.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531124119/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/31/Duterte-signs-law-labor-education-higher-education-curriculum-.html |archive-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref> requiring the creation of curricula concerning energy-efficient, sustainable technologies;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=August 28, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law on advanced energy, green building tech curriculum |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1078951 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405095828/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1078951 |archive-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref> and declaring ] as the national sign language and including it as a subject in the curriculum for deaf students.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=November 12, 2018 |title=PRRD inks Filipino Sign Language Act into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1053689 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112151119/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1053689 |archive-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
By the end of September, Duterte lamented that he was being portrayed as a “cousin” of Nazi leader ], but later drew parallels between his drug war and the annihilation of 3 million Jews during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/147797-duterte-portrayed-hitler-cousin|title=Duterte: I'm being portrayed as a 'cousin of Hitler'|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> He later apologized for his remarks, saying "There was never an intention on my part to derogate the memory of 6 million Jews murdered by the Germans".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/147982-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-apology-hitler-holocaust|title=Duterte apologizes for Hitler remarks|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>


At the peak of the ] in mid-2020, Duterte rejected the resumption of face-to-face classes in COVID-19 low-risk areas until vaccines became available in the country,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 26, 2020 |title=Duterte opposes opening of classes without vaccine vs. COVID-19 |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/26/Duterte-not-in-favor-of-school-opening-amid-COVID-19-pandemic.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603201851/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/26/Duterte-not-in-favor-of-school-opening-amid-COVID-19-pandemic.html |archive-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> saying he would not risk endangering students and teachers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 27, 2020 |title=Duterte changes mind on face-to face classes, only to happen when vaccine becomes available |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/27/SONA-2020-face-to-face-classes-.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728190748/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/27/SONA-2020-face-to-face-classes-.html |archive-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref> On October 5, 2020, the ] (DepEd) reopened classes, implementing ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Magsambol |first=Bonz |date=October 4, 2020 |title=Over 24 million Filipino students back to school during pandemic |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/filipino-students-back-to-school-during-coronavirus-pandemic-october-5-2020/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010222949/https://www.rappler.com/nation/filipino-students-back-to-school-during-coronavirus-pandemic-october-5-2020/ |archive-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=See |first1=Aie Balagtas |last2=Rinoza |first2=Jojo |date=October 8, 2020 |title=Philippines: Classes Resume Virtually for Millions of Children |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/school-open-10052020151149.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008191704/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/school-open-10052020151149.html |archive-date=October 8, 2020}}</ref> Prompted by the detrimental effects of distance learning on students' mental health, in September 2021, Duterte approved a two-month pilot test of limited, face-to-face classes in COVID-19 low-risk areas;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Yap |first1=DJ |last2=Bautista |first2=Jane |last3=Salaverria |first3=Leila B. |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Duterte OKs limited in-person classes for 2-month testing in more than 100 schools |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1490525/duterte-okays-restart-of-limited-in-person-classes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921023702/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1490525/duterte-okays-restart-of-limited-in-person-classes |archive-date=September 21, 2021}}</ref> in January 2022, he approved the DepEd's suggestion to expand face-to-face classes.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=January 18, 2022 |title=Duterte approves DepEd's proposal on expanded face-to-face classes |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/01/18/2154780/duterte-approves-depeds-proposal-expanded-face-face-classes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118121743/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/01/18/2154780/duterte-approves-depeds-proposal-expanded-face-face-classes |archive-date=January 18, 2022}}</ref>
=== October to December ===
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In October 13, the President signed an administrative order creating a presidential task force to probe media killings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149085-philippines-duterte-administrative-order-presidential-task-force-media-killings|title=Duterte creates presidential task force to probe media killings|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> which comes several months after he was criticized for remarks he made as president-elect, when he justified the killing of corrupt members of the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/134921-duterte-endorses-killing-corrupt-journalists|title=Duterte on killings: Corrupt journalists asked for it|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788543/duterte-endorses-killing-corrupt-journalists|title=Duterte endorses killing corrupt journalists|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|website=newsinfo.inquirer.net|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> In October 18, Duterte visited ] to strengthen diplomatic ties between the two countries amid tensions in disputed ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149503-duterte-schedule-delegation-china-visit|title=At a glance: Duterte's state visit to China|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> During a trade and investment forum in ], Duterte announced the Philippines’ separation from the United States and his decision to move closer to China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149806-duterte-announces-military-economic-split-from-us|title=Duterte announces military, economic split from US|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> which was later clarified<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149907-cabinet-secretaries-explain-separation-duterte|title=By 'separation' from US, Duterte meant 'rebalance' to Asia – Pernia|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> by Duterte and his cabinet that he was not cutting ties with the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149968-philippines-duterte-will-not-sever-us-ties|title=Duterte says he will not sever U.S. ties|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In October 28, ] mayor Samsudin Dimaukom was killed in an alleged shootout with state operatives in ].<ref name="rappler.com1">{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/206262-list-mayors-vice-mayors-killed-since-july-2016-duterte-goverment|title=Mayors, vice mayors killed under Duterte gov't|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


By the end of Duterte's term, 1.97 million students in 220 higher education institutions were granted free tuition from the academic years (AYs) 2018-2019 up until AY 2021–2022, while 364,168 grantees used tertiary-education subsidies and benefits from the administration's ''Tulong Dunong Program'' in the same period.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yang |first=Angelica Y. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=CHED: Over 2M students benefitted from free tertiary education law |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/31/2185073/ched-over-2m-students-benefitted-free-tertiary-education-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531104430/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/31/2185073/ched-over-2m-students-benefitted-free-tertiary-education-law |archive-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref>
In November 5, ] mayor Rolando Espinosa Sr, who was linked to the drug trade, was killed inside his jail cell in a reported shootout with personnel from the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/151353-albuera-mayor-rolando-espinosa-killed-jail|title=Albuera Mayor Espinosa killed in jail operation|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In November 8, the Supreme Court issued its verdict which paved the way for the burial of the late dictator ] at the Libingan ng mga Bayani (Heroes’ Cemetery). In November 18, Ferdinand Marcos was buried with full military honors at the Heroes’ Cemetery,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/152813-ferdinand-marcos-heroes-burial|title=Marcos buried at Libingan ng mga Bayani|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> sparking national outrage, especially among those who suffered human rights abuses under the Marcos regime.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/152889-protesters-sustain-rallies-heroes-day|title=Post-Marcos burial rage: Rallies to go on until Nov 30|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


===Energy===
In December 4, five months after the President offered Vice President ] a Cabinet post through a phone call, the Vice President resigned from the Cabinet. Robredo announced her resignation from her post as housing chair after she received a text message from Cabinet Secretary Jun Evasco Jr, “to desist from attending all Cabinet meetings starting December 5.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/154503-vice-president-leni-robredo-resign-duterte-cabinet-hudcc|title=Robredo to resign from Duterte Cabinet|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In December 6, the National Bureau of Investigation said that the death of Albuera Mayor Espinosa was a "rubout" and recommended criminal charges against the 24 CIDG operatives involved, which included police superintendent Marvin Marcos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/154717-nbi-mayor-espinosa-death-rubout|title=NBI: Mayor Espinosa's death a 'rubout'|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In December 7, a bill for the reimposition of the ] hurdled the House committee level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/154779-house-committee-approves-death-penalty|title=Death penalty bill hurdles House committee|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In response, the ] warned that the Philippines will violate international law if it reintroduces capital punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/155014-un-death-penalty-philippines-violate-international-law|title=UN on death penalty: PH will break int'l law|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>
] on September 22, 2016.]]


Early in Duterte's presidency, his administration adopted a "technology neutral" policy in energy<ref name="CNBC-EnergyBoom">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lim |first=Yvonne |date=July 12, 2017 |title=The Philippines is aiming for an energy boom with Duterte's latest reform |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/12/the-philippines-is-aiming-for-an-energy-boom-with-dutertes-latest-reform.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712073720/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/12/the-philippines-is-aiming-for-an-energy-boom-with-dutertes-latest-reform.html |archive-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> and refused to end the use of ]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Enrico |last2=Elona |first2=Julian |date=July 4, 2016 |title=New Philippine Energy Minister Says Can't Afford to Ditch Coal |work=] |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/new-philippine-energy-minister-says-cant-afford-ditch-coal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020202354/https://jakartaglobe.id/business/new-philippine-energy-minister-says-cant-afford-ditch-coal/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> because the Philippines' ] was not significant compared to those of more-developed Western nations.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 9, 2016 |title=Duterte: Green energy is good but we need coal |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/114723/duterte-green-energy-is-good-but-we-need-coal- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304091550/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/114723/duterte-green-energy-is-good-but-we-need-coal- |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> After Duterte in July 2019 issued a directive to cut coal dependence and fast-track a transition to ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=dela Cruz |first1=Enrico |last2=Warrier |first2=Gopakumar |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Philippines readies new renewable energy policies to curb coal dependence |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-renewables-coal-idUSKCN1UK1CN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725131802/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-renewables-coal-idUSKCN1UK1CN |archive-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Philippine EnviroNews |date=July 29, 2019 |title=Duterte signals need for Philippines to cut coal dependence and fast-track renewables |language=en |work=Eco-Business |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/duterte-signals-need-for-philippines-to-cut-coal-dependence-and-fast-track-renewables/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731045259/https://www.eco-business.com/news/duterte-signals-need-for-philippines-to-cut-coal-dependence-and-fast-track-renewables/ |archive-date=July 31, 2019}}</ref><ref name="PNAGovPH-ShiftToRenewable">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=July 21, 2021 |title=DOE pushes shift to renewables during Duterte's term |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147896 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722091244/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147896 |archive-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref> in October 2020, the administration ended its energy neutrality policy and issued a moratorium on the construction of new coal-fired power plants.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Magtulis |first=Prinz |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Government ends energy neutrality, favors renewables ahead of boom |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/10/27/2052681/government-ends-energy-neutrality-favors-renewables-ahead-boom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031055018/https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/10/27/2052681/government-ends-energy-neutrality-favors-renewables-ahead-boom |archive-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref>
In December 17, Duterte endorsed senator ] as his possible successor when his term ends in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/17/16/watch-in-gensan-duterte-endorses-pacquiao-berates-critics|title=WATCH: In GenSan, Duterte endorses Pacquiao, berates critics|work=ABS-CBN News|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In December 18, Duterte admitted that he was taking the addictive ] drug ], a powerful painkiller often prescribed for cancer pain and other chronic ailments, beyond the recommended dose because of a spinal injury he had from a previous motorcycle accident.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/14/asia/duterte-philippines-davao-killings/index.html|title=Philippines President Duterte admits killing suspects|author1=Ben Westcott |author2=Kathy Quiano|website=CNN}}</ref> Additionally, Duterte suffers from ] and ], but has denied insider reports that he has ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/155905-lawmakers-president-duterte-reveal-medical-status|title=Lawmakers to Duterte: Reveal your medical status|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> On Christmas Eve, an explosion outside a church in ] injured at least 13 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/156543-cotabato-midsayap-christmas-eve-blast|title=13 hurt in Christmas Eve blast in Midsayap, Cotabato|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> Duterte linked the bombing, as well as the September blast in Davao City, to the international terror group ] (ISIS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/156969-duterte-midsayap-davao-bombings-isis|title=Duterte links Midsayap, Davao bombings to ISIS|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


To improve the electrification and power-generating capacity of the country, Duterte signed a law promoting the use of ] systems<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Atienza |first=K.A.T. |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law to accelerate Philippines' total electrification |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-to-accelerate-philippines-total-electrification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124182031/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-to-accelerate-philippines-total-electrification/ |archive-date=January 24, 2022}}</ref> in unserved and under-served areas, and established the inter-agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council, which was tasked with simplifying the approval process of major projects.<ref name="CNBC-EnergyBoom" /> The administration pursued the liberalization of the energy sector;<ref name="PNAGovPH-ShiftToRenewable" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Petty |first=Martin |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Philippines president vows to free economy 'from clutches' of oligarchs |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN13I241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123184136/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN13I241 |archive-date=November 23, 2016 |quote=The outspoken, populist leader said it was high time to change regulations and liberalize sectors like energy, power and telecoms to make the country more competitive, and give Filipinos better services and a share of the wealth.}}</ref> in October 2020, the Philippines started allowing 100% foreign ownership in large-scale ] projects.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=November 1, 2020 |title=Philippines allows 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects —Cusi |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/761648/philippines-allows-100-foreign-ownership-in-large-scale-geothermal-projects-cusi/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101103201/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/761648/philippines-allows-100-foreign-ownership-in-large-scale-geothermal-projects-cusi/story/ |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Right to develop Philippines' geothermal resources to be given thru open, competitive process—DOE |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/762186/right-to-develop-philippines-geothermal-resources-to-be-given-thru-open-competitive-process-doe/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130238/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/762186/right-to-develop-philippines-geothermal-resources-to-be-given-thru-open-competitive-process-doe/story/ |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref>
==Domestic policy==
===Burial of Ferdinand Marcos===
{{further|Burial of Ferdinand Marcos}}


The administration sought new energy sources<ref name="PNAGovPH-ShiftToRenewable" /> and partnered with foreign companies to study the use of ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yang |first=Angelica Y. |date=January 29, 2021 |title=DoE taps Australian firm to explore Philippines' hydrogen potential |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/doe-taps-australian-firm-to-explore-philippines-hydrogen-potential/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129102450/https://www.bworldonline.com/doe-taps-australian-firm-to-explore-philippines-hydrogen-potential/ |archive-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=April 8, 2021 |title=DOE, Japanese firm to study hydrogen as future energy source |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1136197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408130103/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1136197 |archive-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref> In October 2020, with the impending depletion of the ], Duterte approved the ]'s (DOE) recommendation to lift the moratorium on oil-and-gas exploration in the ] imposed by President Benigno Aquino III in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor |date=October 15, 2020 |title=Duterte lifts suspension of oil exploration in West PH Sea |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/10/15/duterte-lifts-moratorium-petroleum-exploration.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018143540/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/10/15/duterte-lifts-moratorium-petroleum-exploration.html |archive-date=October 18, 2020}}</ref> In February 2022, Duterte signed an executive order approving the inclusion of ] in the country's energy mix.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Duterte approves inclusion of nuclear power in PH energy mix |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105921/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168931 |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Duterte signs EO outlining national policy on nuclear energy |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2022/3/3/Duterte-EO-164-nuclear-energy-program.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304110337/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2022/3/3/Duterte-EO-164-nuclear-energy-program.html |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref>
In November 8, the Supreme Court issued a verdict which paved the way for the burial of the late dictator ] at the Libingan ng mga Bayani (Heroes' Cemetery), which sparked protests. In November 18, Ferdinand Marcos was buried with full military honors at the Heroes' Cemetery.<ref name="ReferenceC" /> It sparked national outrage, especially among those who suffered human rights abuses under the Marcos regime. The protests was continuously held from November 18 to November 30.<ref name=":1" />


In September 2021, the DOE reported the country's energy capacity increased from 21,424 ]s in 2016 to 26,287 megawatts in 2020, and household-electrification level rose from 90.7% in 2016 to 94.5% in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 6, 2021 |title='Compliance by industry players will result in lower power bills, no brownouts' |work=] |url=https://dailyguardian.com.ph/compliance-by-industry-players-will-result-in-lower-power-bills-no-brownouts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105303/https://dailyguardian.com.ph/compliance-by-industry-players-will-result-in-lower-power-bills-no-brownouts/ |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref>
===Communist insurgency===
{{further|CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion}}


===Environment===
In July 2016, Duterte directed his peace process advisor for the CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion, ], to lead a government panel in resuming peace talks with the ] (CPP), the ] (NPA), and the ] (NDF) in ], Norway, expressing hope that a ] between the rebellions would be reached within a year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Macas|first1=Trisha|title=PHL hopes for peace deal with CPP-NPA-NDF within a year|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/578539/news/nation/phl-hopes-for-peace-deal-with-cpp-npa-ndf-within-a-year|accessdate=August 24, 2016|work=]|date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> The first talks began on August 22–26, 2016, in which the parties agreed upon "the affirmation of previously signed agreements, the reconstitution of the Joint Agreement on Safety and Immunity Guarantees which 'protects the rights of negotiators, consultants, staffers, security and other personnel involved in peace negotiations',<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Agreement on Safety and Immunity Guarantees (JASIG)|url=http://www.ndfp.org/joint-agreement-on-safety-and-immunity-guarantees-jasig/|publisher=]|accessdate=August 24, 2016|date=February 23, 1995}}</ref> and the accelerated progress for negotiations."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sabillo|first1=Kristine Angeli|title=PH-NDF panels fast-track peace talks|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/809282/ph-ndf-panels-fast-track-peace-talks|accessdate=August 24, 2016|work=]|date=August 24, 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, due to recent attacks and kidnapping of soldiers by members of the NPA despite the imposed ceasefire by the government and the rebel groups, President Duterte cancelled all negotiations with the CPP–NPA–NDF and labeled them a ].<ref name="CNNPH-CPP-NPA">{{cite news|last1=Tordecilla|first1=Karmela|title=Duterte: CPP-NPA-NDF a terrorist group|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/06/duterte-says-npa-ndf-cpp-terrorist-group.html|accessdate=February 14, 2017|publisher=]|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> He also ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jerusalem|first1=Jigger|title=Duterte orders arrest of NDFP negotiators|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/868473/duterte-orders-arrest-of-ndfp-negotiators|accessdate=February 14, 2017|work=]|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> Military offensive against the group resumed after Duterte's cancellation of ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rebel killed in clash after Duterte lifts truce: military|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/06/17/rebel-killed-in-clash-after-duterte-lifts-truce-military|accessdate=February 14, 2017|publisher=]|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref>
Duterte signed the ] in March 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Duterte finally signs Paris Agreement on climate change |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153030/duterte-finallly-signs-paris-agrement-climate-change |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301184506/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153030/duterte-finallly-signs-paris-agrement-climate-change |archive-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Quismundo |first=Tarra |date=March 15, 2017 |title=Senate votes to ratify Paris climate pact |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880813/senate-votes-to-ratify-paris-climate-pact |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322173237/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880813/senate-votes-to-ratify-paris-climate-pact |archive-date=March 22, 2017}}</ref> He declared parts of the ] as a ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Duterte declares Philippine Rise as marine protected area |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/990921/philippine-rise-marine-protected-area-duterte-presidential-proclamation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515182250/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/990921/philippine-rise-marine-protected-area-duterte-presidential-proclamation |archive-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref> and significantly increased the number of ] by signing the E-NIPAS Act of 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=July 7, 2018 |title=Expanded Nipas law creates 94 more nat'l parks across PH |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1007859/expanded-nipas-law-creates-94-more-natl-parks-across-ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021052354/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1007859/expanded-nipas-law-creates-94-more-natl-parks-across-ph |archive-date=October 21, 2018}}</ref> Duterte in April to May 2019 escalated ], which led Canada to repatriate tons of refuse it sent to the Philippines in 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Bautista |first1=Ronn |last2=Morales |first2=Neil Jerome |last3=Petty |first3=Martin |last4=Schuettler |first4=Darren |date=May 31, 2019 |title=Philippines sends trash back to Canada after Duterte escalates row |language=en |work=] |location=Subic, Philippines |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-canada-waste-idUSKCN1T10BQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531063948/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-canada-waste-idUSKCN1T10BQ |archive-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 31, 2019 |title=Philippines sends tonnes of rubbish back to Canada |work=] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48455440 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531164952/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48455440 |archive-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> Under Duterte's presidency, the ] (DENR) completed the closure of all 335 ]s in the country<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Quismorio |first=Ellson |date=May 23, 2021 |title=Cimatu savors victory vs. open dumpsites |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/05/23/cimatu-savors-victory-vs-open-dumpsites/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523082151/https://mb.com.ph/2021/05/23/cimatu-savors-victory-vs-open-dumpsites/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> and subsequently required local authorities to convert the dumpsites into ]s.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Añago |first=Bianca Angelica D. |date=October 31, 2021 |title=DENR says rehabilitation of closed dumpsites now in the hands of local governments |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2021/10/31/407441/denr-says-rehabilitation-of-closed-dumpsites-now-in-the-hands-of-local-governments/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705224212/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2021/10/31/407441/denr-says-rehabilitation-of-closed-dumpsites-now-in-the-hands-of-local-governments/ |archive-date=July 5, 2022}}</ref>


Duterte in May 2017 appointed former military chief ] as the DENR secretary to replace his first appointee, environmental activist ],<ref name="Inquirer-CimatuAppointed">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Dizon |first1=Nikko |last2=Canivel |first2=Roy Stephen C. |last3=Gamil |first3=Jaymee T. |last4=Aurelio |first4=Julie M. |last5=Avendaño |first5=Christine O. |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Cimatu appointed DENR secretary |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/895312/cimatu-appointed-denr-secretary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511222118/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/895312/cimatu-appointed-denr-secretary |archive-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> after the ] rejected Lopez's reappointment;<ref name="CNNPH-GinaLopez">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=May 3, 2017 |title=CA rejects Gina Lopez appointment as DENR chief |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/03/CA-rejects-gina-lopez-denr-secretary.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505045840/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/03/CA-rejects-gina-lopez-denr-secretary.html |archive-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-GinaLopez">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ager |first=Maila |date=May 3, 2017 |title=CA panel rejects Gina Lopez' appointment |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/893919/ca-panel-rejects-gina-lopez-appointment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503084837/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/893919/ca-panel-rejects-gina-lopez-appointment |archive-date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> Lopez was criticized following her decision to close 23 mining operations in functional ] and suspend six others in February 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ramos |first=Marlon |date=November 28, 2016 |title=Duterte reappoints Gina Lopez as environment secretary |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/848745/duterte-reappoints-gina-lopez-as-environment-secretary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130124531/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/848745/duterte-reappoints-gina-lopez-as-environment-secretary |archive-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geronimo |first=Jee Y. |date=February 2, 2017 |title=DENR announces closure of 23 mining operations |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/160270-denr-closes-mining-operations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080849/https://www.rappler.com/nation/160270-denr-closes-mining-operations |archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name="CNNPH-GinaLopez" /> To boost the ]-afflicted economy, in April 2021, Duterte lifted the nine-year moratorium on new mining agreements imposed by the Aquino administration in 2012;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Ocampo |first1=Karl R. |last2=Salaverria |first2=Leila B. |last3=Corrales |first3=Nestor |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Duterte lifts 9-year ban on new mining deals |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1419780/duterte-lifts-9-year-ban-on-new-mining-deals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415220645/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1419780/duterte-lifts-9-year-ban-on-new-mining-deals |archive-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref> Cimatu in December 2021 repealed the ban on open-pit mining on copper, gold, silver, and complex ores imposed by Lopez in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Reyes |first1=Dempsey |last2=Lagare |first2=Jordeene B. |date=December 29, 2021 |title=DENR lifts 4-year ban on open-pit mining |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1533260/denr-lifts-4-year-ban-on-open-pit-mining |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228215349/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1533260/denr-lifts-4-year-ban-on-open-pit-mining |archive-date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> Following Duterte's directive to investigate reports of illegal logging and mining,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=November 15, 2020 |title=PRRD orders Cimatu to probe illegal logging, mining in Region 2 |work=] |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1121893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115092609/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1121893 |archive-date=November 15, 2020}}</ref> in January 2021, ] (DILG) secretary ] ordered the ] to begin a campaign against illegal logging.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cabrera |first=Romina |date=January 22, 2021 |title=PNP ordered to run after illegal loggers |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/01/22/2072189/pnp-ordered-run-after-illegal-loggers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128035339/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/01/22/2072189/pnp-ordered-run-after-illegal-loggers |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> A few days before Duterte left office, his administration withdrew the Philippines from the ] (EITI) on grounds that EITI's quality assurance assessment process was "subjective, biased and unfair".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 22, 2022 |title=PH withdraws from global initiative on extractives transparency |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622132932/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177343 |archive-date=June 22, 2022}}</ref>
===Death penalty===
{{further|Capital punishment in the Philippines}}
] Police Director General ] in the ] on August 16, 2016]]


====Boracay and Manila Bay cleanup====
During the ], Duterte campaigned to restore the death penalty in the Philippines.<ref name="Inquirer-DeathPenalty">{{cite news|last1=Lacorte|first1=Germelina|title=Duterte wants death penalty back|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/750698/duterte-wants-death-penalty-back|accessdate=May 16, 2016|work=]|date=December 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nawal|first1=Allan|last2=Manlupig|first2=Karlos|title=Duterte says he would revive death penalty|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/696527/duterte-says-he-would-revive-death-penalty|accessdate=May 16, 2016|work=]|date=June 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nawal|first1=Allan|title=Duterte wants to restore death penalty for plunder|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/713451/duterte-wants-to-restore-death-penalty-for-plunder|accessdate=May 16, 2016|work=]|date=August 16, 2015}}</ref> Duterte, who won the election in May 2016, supports restoration of the death penalty by hanging.<ref name=cnn20160518 /> It has been reported that he wants capital punishment for criminals involved in ]s, gun-for-hire syndicates and those who commit "heinous crimes" such as ], ] or car theft where the victim is murdered.<ref name=cnn20160518>{{cite news|last1=Andolong|first1=Ina|title=Duterte wants to restore dh penalty by hanging|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/16/Duterte-death-penalty-by-hanging.html|accessdate=May 16, 2016|work=]|date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> Duterte has theatrically vowed "to litter Manila Bay with the bodies of criminals".<ref name="2016HouseBill">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/851505/house-justice-committee-approves-death-penalty-bill|title=House Justice committee approves death penalty bill|first=DJ|last=Yap|publisher=}}</ref> In December 2016, the bill to resume capital punishment for certain "heinous offenses" swiftly passed out of Committee in the ]; it passed the full House of Representatives in February 2017.<ref name="dpnythouse">{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/world/asia/philippines-death-penalty.html?_r=0|title=Philippines Moves Closer to Reinstating Death Penalty|journal=The New York Times|date=March 2017|last1=Villamor|first1=Felipe}}</ref> In March 7, despite fierce criticism, especially from the Catholic Church, the House of Representatives approved on 3rd and final reading the controversial bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/163495-drug-convicts-philippines-death-penalty-bill-final-reading|title=Death for drug convicts: House passes bill on final reading|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> However, the law reinstating the death penalty stalled in the Senate in April 2017, where it did not appear to have enough votes to pass.<ref name="PhilStar-DeathPenalty">{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/27/1694350/death-penalty-dead-senate-drilon|title=Death penalty dead in Senate — Drilon|access-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125230845/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/27/1694350/death-penalty-dead-senate-drilon|archive-date=2018-01-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/collapse-death-penalty-bill-senate-hailed/324323/|title=Collapse of death penalty bill in the Senate hailed - The Manila Times Online|website=www.manilatimes.net}}</ref>
{{main|2018 Boracay closure}}
{{Further|Manila Bay Beach|Land reclamation in Metro Manila}}
] in ] on April 25, 2018, a day prior to ]]]


After incidences of pollution in ] island, the country's most popular tourism destination, peaked in January 2018,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esperas |first=Raoul |date=January 12, 2018 |title=100 Boracay establishments warned over pollution, coliform bacteria |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/12/18/100-boracay-establishments-warned-over-pollution-coliform-bacteria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112055439/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/12/18/100-boracay-establishments-warned-over-pollution-coliform-bacteria |archive-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ilao |first=Micaella |date=February 14, 2018 |title=DENR orders closure of 51 Boracay establishments as cleanup begins |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/14/18/denr-orders-closure-of-51-boracay-establishments-as-cleanup-begins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214153906/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/14/18/denr-orders-closure-of-51-boracay-establishments-as-cleanup-begins |archive-date=February 14, 2018}}</ref> Duterte in April that year ] of the island to address the dumping of raw sewage in its waters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Meixler |first=Eli |date=April 4, 2018 |title=Popular Philippines Island Shuts Down for Sewage Cleanup |url=https://time.com/5228802/philippines-duterte-close-boracay-6-months/ |magazine=] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405070110/https://time.com/5228802/philippines-duterte-close-boracay-6-months/ |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref> The closure began on April 26.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Katrina Domingo |last2=Fernando G. Sepe Jr. |date=April 26, 2018 |title='Closing Time' in Boracay as 6-month shutdown begins |work=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/04/26/18/closing-time-in-boracay-as-6-month-shutdown-begins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426052846/http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/04/26/18/closing-time-in-boracay-as-6-month-shutdown-begins |archive-date=April 26, 2018}}</ref> Duterte created the Boracay Inter-Agency Task Force (BIATF) to administer the cleanup<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=May 10, 2018 |title=Duterte creates Boracay inter-agency task force |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1034910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220121506/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1034910 |archive-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref> and later issued an executive order extending the BIATF's term until the end of his presidency to ensure the completion of the cleanup plan.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Boracay task force's term extended until June 2022 |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153540 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914231613/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153540 |archive-date=September 14, 2021}}</ref> The Duterte administration set a limit of 6,000 visitors per day, based on the island's capacity, following Boracay's reopening to the public on October 26, 2018.<ref name="CNNPH-BoracayReopens">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 26, 2018 |title=Boracay reopens after six-month extensive clean-up |language=en |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/26/boracay-reopens-after-cleanup-denr-aklan.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029114806/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/26/boracay-reopens-after-cleanup-denr-aklan.html |archive-date=October 29, 2018}}</ref>
===Drugs===
{{main|Philippine Drug War}}
{{see also|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines}}


] during its temporary opening on September 19, 2020]]
]
] at the Batasang Pambansa with ] ] and ] ] on July 25, 2016]]


Following the Boracay cleanup, in early 2019, Duterte directed DENR and DILG secretaries Cimatu and Año to initiate the cleanup of ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Teves |first=Catherine |date=July 22, 2019 |title=Environmental protection remains Duterte admin's top priority |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075501 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724232400/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075501 |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref><ref name="PhilStar-ManilaBayTaskForce">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cabico |first=Gaea Katreena |date=February 21, 2019 |title=Duterte creates task force to hasten Manila Bay clean-up |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/21/1895572/duterte-creates-task-force-hasten-manila-bay-clean-up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221120102/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/21/1895572/duterte-creates-task-force-hasten-manila-bay-clean-up |archive-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> threatening to shut down hotels along the bay if they did not install water treatment systems.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Duterte orders Manila Bay cleanup, crackdown on errant hotels |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1070711/govt-to-start-manila-bay-cleanup-warns-closure-of-hotels-violating-environment-laws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108153119/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1070711/govt-to-start-manila-bay-cleanup-warns-closure-of-hotels-violating-environment-laws |archive-date=January 8, 2019}}</ref> Shortly after the cleanup started on January 27,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Teves |first=Catherine |date=January 30, 2019 |title=Baywalk shore faces temporary closure for rehab |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1060448 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208094209/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1060448 |archive-date=February 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Orellana |first=Faye |date=January 27, 2019 |title=MMDA hauls 45 tons of garbage in Manila Bay cleanup |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1078162/mmda-hauls-45-tons-of-garbage-in-manila-bay-cleanup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127153634/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1078162/mmda-hauls-45-tons-of-garbage-in-manila-bay-cleanup |archive-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref> Duterte created the Manila Bay Task Force to hasten the cleanup task.<ref name="PhilStar-ManilaBayTaskForce" /> As part of the bay's rehabilitation, in September 2020, the DENR began overlaying crushed ] on ] to create an artificial beach;<ref name="ABSCBN-ManilaBayBeach">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bagaoisan |first=Anjo |date=September 21, 2020 |title='What do you want us to do?': Duterte defends Manila Bay crushed dolomite project |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/21/20/what-do-you-want-us-to-do-duterte-defends-manila-bay-crushed-dolomite-project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054021/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/21/20/what-do-you-want-us-to-do-duterte-defends-manila-bay-crushed-dolomite-project |archive-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> the move drew criticism from environmental advocates<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Morales |first1=Neil Jerome |last2=Russell |first2=Ros |date=September 19, 2020 |title=Polluted stretch of Manila Bay gets fake white sand makeover |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-environment-manila-bay-idUSKCN26A0L2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004050339/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-environment-manila-bay-idUSKCN26A0L2 |archive-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref> and the opposition<ref name="ABSCBN-ManilaBayBeach" /> but support from the general public.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Marcelo |first=Elizabeth |date=October 18, 2021 |title=DENR 'overwhelmed' by public reception of Dolomite Beach |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2021/10/18/2134876/denr-overwhelmed-public-reception-dolomite-beach |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017173253/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2021/10/18/2134876/denr-overwhelmed-public-reception-dolomite-beach |archive-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> ] in several parts of the bay significantly declined since the cleanup.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jocson |first=Luisa Maria Jacinta C. |date=January 5, 2022 |title=Manila Bay water quality improves — DENR |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/01/05/421881/manila-bay-water-quality-improves-denr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420115500/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/01/05/421881/manila-bay-water-quality-improves-denr/ |archive-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref>
Duterte claimed that the Philippines was at risk of becoming a ].<ref name="Inquirer-DigongDefends">{{cite news |last1=Alconaba |first1=Nico |title=Digong defends war on drugs, crime, graft |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=28 June 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205143116/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft |archivedate=5 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Following his inauguration, Duterte started a nationwide anti-drug campaign, urging the Filipinos, including the ] to join the fight against illegal drugs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Legaspi|first1=Amita|title=Communists answer Duterte's call to join fight vs. drugs|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572319/news/nation/communists-answer-duterte-s-call-to-join-fight-vs-drugs|accessdate=July 9, 2016|publisher=]|date=July 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Go ahead and kill drug addicts': Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte issues fresh call for vigilante violence|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1984193/go-ahead-and-kill-drug-addicts-philippine-president-rodrigo|accessdate=July 9, 2016|agency=]|via=]|date=July 2, 2016}}</ref> On July 7, Duterte presented a chart identifying three Chinese nationals who serve as ]s in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Nestor|title=Duterte accuses Garbo of coddling 3 big-time drug lords|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794904/duterte-accuses-garbo-of-coddling-drug-lords-traffickers|accessdate=July 10, 2016|work=]|date=July 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte names country's topmost drug lords|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/Duterte-names-topmost-drug-lords.html|accessdate=July 10, 2016|publisher=]|date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>


Amid imminent ] projects in Manila Bay in February 2019, Duterte signed an executive order transferring the power to approve reclamation projects from the ] to the Philippine Reclamation Authority, which he placed under the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=February 4, 2019 |title=Duterte places reclamation body under Office of the President |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/04/1890772/duterte-places-reclamation-body-under-office-president |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190600/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/04/1890772/duterte-places-reclamation-body-under-office-president |archive-date=November 11, 2020}}</ref> Favoring government-related reclamation projects in the bay, he rejected private-sector proposals, citing the damage they would cause to the city.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 16, 2020 |title=Duterte rejects reclamation in Manila Bay |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/02/17/278883/duterte-rejects-reclamation-in-manila-bay/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517120217/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/02/17/278883/duterte-rejects-reclamation-in-manila-bay/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> Toward the end of his presidency, he ordered the DENR to stop the processing of applications for all reclamation projects in the country, saying massive land-reclamation proposals are "nothing but a breeding ground for corruption".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=April 1, 2022 |title=PRRD orders DENR to shun applications for reclamation activities |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401012751/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171165 |archive-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref>
] in front of the Philippine Consulate General in ].]]


===Health===
In Duterte's first 100 days in office, a rough estimate of 3,600 killings were attributed to his intensified campaign against illegal drugs, which included more than 1,300 suspects killed in gunbattles with police,<ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days">{{cite news |title=A look at the 1st 100 days of Duterte's phenomenal rule |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/823155/a-look-at-the-1st-100-days-of-dutertes-phenomenal-rule |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |agency=Associated Press |date=8 October 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210230705/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/823155/a-look-at-the-1st-100-days-of-dutertes-phenomenal-rule |archivedate=10 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and about half of them killed by unknown assailants.<ref name="ManilaTimes-1st100Days">{{cite news |last1=Valente |first1=Catherine S. |title=First 100 days yield significant accomplishments |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/08/news/top-stories/first-100-days-yield-significant-accomplishments/290072/ |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=The Manila Times |date=8 October 2016 }}</ref> There were more than 23,500 raids and 22,500 arrests conducted by the police on suspected drug dealers and addicts, and more than 1.6 million houses of drug suspects visited by police to invite them to surrender and disengage from the drug trade. Approximately 732,000 addicts and dealers have surrendered to authorities, overwhelming the administration and prompting them to build more ]s.<ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days" /> The growing number of ] since the campaign started garnered worldwide attention and prompted the ], the ], the ], ] watchdogs, and opposition groups to probe into the killings which were believed to be state-sanctioned.<ref name="Inquirer-1st100Days" /><ref name="ManilaTimes-1st100Days" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Torregoza|first1=Hannah|title=De Lima urges Duterte admin to stop tolerating extra-judicial killings|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/de-lima-urges-duterte-admin-to-stop-tolerating-extra-judicial-killings/|accessdate=July 9, 2016|work=]|date=July 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Legaspi|first1=Amita|title=Militant group Bayan asks Duterte to probe killing of drug suspects |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572919/news/nation/militant-group-bayan-asks-duterte-to-probe-killing-of-drug-suspects |accessdate=July 9, 2016|publisher=]|date=July 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=THE KILL LIST|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794598/kill-list-drugs-duterte|accessdate=July 9, 2016|work=]|date=July 7, 2016}}</ref> The Duterte administration demanded critics to provide evidence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Salaverria|first1=Leila|title=Palace: Probe of killings welcome|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/795214/palace-probe-of-killings-welcome|accessdate=November 6, 2016|work=]|date=July 10, 2016}}</ref>
]
On October 10, 2017, amid public outrage over alleged police abuse in the continuing crackdown, Duterte barred the ] (PNP) from joining anti-drug raids and designated the ] (PDEA) as the "sole agency" in charge of the war on drugs.<ref name="PhilStar-PDEASoleAgancy">{{cite news |title=Duterte: PDEA now 'sole agency' in charge of drug war |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/11/1747741/duterte-pdea-now-sole-agency-charge-drug-war |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=The Philippine Star |date=11 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821234544/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/11/1747741/duterte-pdea-now-sole-agency-charge-drug-war |archivedate=21 August 2019}}</ref> The PNP was allowed back to join the campaign on December 5, 2017, with the PDEA still being the lead agency.<ref name="PhilStar-PNPBack">{{cite news |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |title=PNP back in drug war; PDEA still lead agency |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/05/1765784/pnp-back-drug-war-pdea-still-lead-agency |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=The Philippine Star |date=5 December 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119173152/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/05/1765784/pnp-back-drug-war-pdea-still-lead-agency |archivedate=19 November 2019}}</ref>


After promising to improve the ] system, Duterte signed laws such as the ] in February 2019, which facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos under the government's ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 20, 2019 |title=PRRD signs Universal Healthcare Care law |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062520 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222141957/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062520 |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref><ref name="PNAGovPH-HealthCareSystem">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Duterte admin health care system 'people-centered': Duque |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175586 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601051157/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175586 |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> The ] established a national policy to improve ] and protect the rights of persons using psychiatric, neurologic, and psycho-social health services.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Mental Health Law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621124826/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039023 |archive-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> ] and ] health services were made more accessible through a law enacted in December 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=January 9, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law strengthening HIV, AIDS health services |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/220612-duterte-signs-hiv-aids-policy-act-2018/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109120936/https://www.rappler.com/nation/220612-duterte-signs-hiv-aids-policy-act-2018/ |archive-date=January 9, 2019}}</ref> A law signed in December 2019 institutionalized the ], a "one-stop shop" for health concerns, in all hospitals run by the DOH;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=December 3, 2019 |title=PRRD signs Malasakit Center law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1087835 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204125400/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1087835 |archive-date=December 4, 2019}}</ref> a total of 151 centers have been established by May 2022.<ref name="PNAGovPH-HealthCareSystem" /> ], and the use of firecrackers and pyrotechnics was regulated through executive orders issued by Duterte.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=May 19, 2017 |title=Duterte signs EO banning smoking nationwide |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/897714/duterte-signs-eo-banning-smoking-nationwide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518210756/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/897714/duterte-signs-eo-banning-smoking-nationwide |archive-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=June 21, 2017 |title=Duterte signs order regulating firecracker use |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/06/21/1712226/duterte-signs-order-regulating-firecracker-use |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621084954/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/06/21/1712226/duterte-signs-order-regulating-firecracker-use |archive-date=June 21, 2017}}</ref>
The war on drugs remains overwhelmingly popular among majority of Filipinos, with a poll by the ] in September 2019 returning a rating of "excellent" for Duterte's three-year campaign, with 82% satisfied due to a perception of less drugs and crime in the country.<ref name="Reuters-SWSPoll">{{cite news |last1=Petty |first1=Martin |title=Filipinos give thumbs up to Duterte's 'excellent' drugs war: poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs/filipinos-give-thumbs-up-to-dutertes-excellent-drugs-war-poll-idUSKBN1W803M |accessdate=5 December 2019 |work=Reuters |date=23 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924050308/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs/filipinos-give-thumbs-up-to-dutertes-excellent-drugs-war-poll-idUSKBN1W803M |archivedate=24 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


] inaugurate the Malasakit Center at the ] in ] on February 12, 2018]]
===Environment===
====Mining====
On February 2, 2017, the mining sector was shaken up after environment secretary and staunch environmentalist ] announced the closure of 23 mining operations and the suspension of five others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/160270-denr-closes-mining-operations|title=DENR announces closure of 23 mining operations|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNNPH-GinaLopez" /> Duterte, who has expressed support for Lopez, said that there was nothing he could do about the closures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/161262-duterte-nothing-i-can-do-mining-closures-denr-gina-lopez|title=Duterte: 'Nothing I can do' about mining closures|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In May 3, Lopez's appointment as Environment Secretary was rejected by the ] (CA) in a vote of 8–16 on May 3, 2017, amid issues over her order to close and suspend mining operations.<ref name="CNNPH-GinaLopez">{{cite web | url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/03/CA-rejects-gina-lopez-denr-secretary.html | title=CA rejects Gina Lopez appointment as DENR chief}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-GinaLopez">{{cite news |last1=Ager |first1=Maila |title=CA panel rejects Gina Lopez' appointment |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/893919/ca-panel-rejects-gina-lopez-appointment |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=3 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503084837/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/893919/ca-panel-rejects-gina-lopez-appointment |archivedate=3 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> On July 2018, Duterte floated a "conspiracy" behind Congress' decision in May 2017 to reject Lopez's appointment as environment secretary. He also reiterated that he will ban ].<ref name="GMANews-Conspiracy">{{cite news |title=Duterte sees 'conspiracy' in rejection of Gina Lopez as DENR chief |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/659235/duterte-sees-lsquo-conspiracy-rsquo-in-rejection-of-gina-lopez-as-denr-chief/story/ |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=GMA News Online |date=4 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704132717/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/659235/duterte-sees-lsquo-conspiracy-rsquo-in-rejection-of-gina-lopez-as-denr-chief/story/ |archivedate=4 July 2018 |language=English, Filipino}}</ref>


Duterte signed a law establishing a national feeding program for undernourished children in all public schools.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 3, 2018 |title=Duterte signs law on national feeding program |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1040302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708061006/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1040302 |archive-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref> He expanded health and nutrition services for pregnant women and all infants during their first 1,000 days.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Raymundo |first=Perfecto Jr. |date=December 20, 2018 |title=First 1,000 Days Law to benefit kids' health, nutrition |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222234514/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057133 |archive-date=December 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 8, 2018 |title=Child rights advocates elated as 'First 1,000 Days' bill gets signed into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/child-rights-advocates-elated-first-1000-days-bill-gets-signed-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516100358/https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/child-rights-advocates-elated-first-1000-days-bill-gets-signed-law |archive-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref> An executive order signed by Duterte created an inter-agency task force to formulate a National Food Policy that included a plan to eliminate hunger.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 16, 2020 |title=Duterte creates task force on 'zero hunger' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118081115/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091024 |archive-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref>
====Boracay clean-up====
{{main|2018 Boracay closure}}
] last April 25, 2018, a day prior to the ].]]


In 2017, Duterte launched a ₱1 billion medical program to provide free medicines, ], assistive devices, radiology, and chemotherapy assistance to indigent citizens.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 17, 2018 |title=DSWD's P1-B medical program guidelines tweaked to cover wider needs |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205111016/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051319 |archive-date=December 5, 2018}}</ref> It was funded under the ]'s socio-civic projects fund.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 31, 2017 |title=Over 3T patients benefit DSWD's LinGap sa Masa |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/10/31/1754536/over-3t-patients-benefit-dswds-lingap-sa-masa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001121925/https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2017/10/31/1754536/over-3t-patients-benefit-dswds-lingap-sa-masa |archive-date=October 1, 2018}}</ref> To make medicines more affordable, Duterte ordered a price cap for select medicines;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Duterte signs EO on medicine price cap |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094070 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218165004/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094070 |archive-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> another executive order issued in December 2021 enforced stricter price regulation of drugs and medicines for the leading causes of death in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=December 8, 2021 |title=Duterte inks EO regulating drugs, medicines prices |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208042609/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162141 |archive-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref>
In April 4, Duterte announced that the government shall 'close down' all operations within the island of ], the country's number one tourism destination, due to 'environmental concerns'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/199580-duterte-orders-closure-boracay-6-months|title=Duterte orders 6-month closure of Boracay|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In April 10, Duterte admitted that the government has 'no master plan' in how to clean-up ], which he called a 'cesspool'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/199956-duterte-boracay-closure-no-master-plan|title=TRANSCRIPT: Duterte admits he has no master plan for Boracay|website=Rappler.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In April 24, more than 600 military personnel were deployed by Duterte in Boracay, confusing the natives on the government's initial environmental wordings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/24/18/nearly-600-govt-troops-to-patrol-boracay-during-6-month-shut-down|title=Nearly 600 gov't troops to patrol Boracay during 6-month shut down|first=Katrina |last=Domingo |work=ABS-CBN News|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/why-is-the-military-deployed-in-boracay-ahead-of-closure/|title=Why is the military deployed in Boracay ahead of closure?|agency=News5|access-date=2018-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706024816/http://www.interaksyon.com/why-is-the-military-deployed-in-boracay-ahead-of-closure/|archive-date=2018-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 26, Boracay's 6-month closure began, and entire island was officially closed to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/04/26/18/closing-time-in-boracay-as-6-month-shutdown-begins|title='Closing Time' in Boracay as 6-month shutdown begins|author1=Katrina Domingo |author2=Fernando G. Sepe Jr. |work=ABS-CBN News|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


====COVID-19 pandemic====
Boracay was officially reopened to the public on October 26, 2019 following a six-month extensive clean-up.<ref name="ABS-CBN-RejuvenatedBoracay">{{cite news |last1=Domingo |first1=Katrina |title=Rejuvenated Boracay reopens with clear waters, quiet beaches |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/26/18/rejuvenated-boracay-reopens-with-clear-waters-quiet-beaches |accessdate=3 December 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=26 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026055258/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/26/18/rejuvenated-boracay-reopens-with-clear-waters-quiet-beaches |archivedate=26 October 2018}}</ref> A limit for visitors to the island had been set by the government, where only 6,000 would be allowed on any given day, as studies have shown Boracay's capacity to be only at 6,000.<ref name="CNNPH-BoracayReopens">{{cite news |title=Boracay reopens after six-month extensive clean-up |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/26/boracay-reopens-after-cleanup-denr-aklan.html |accessdate=3 December 2019 |work=CNN Philippines |date=26 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029114806/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/26/boracay-reopens-after-cleanup-denr-aklan.html |archivedate=29 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{Further|COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines|COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines}}
] members at the Matina Enclaves in ] on June 4, 2020.]]


Following the first confirmed case of "novel coronavirus 2019" in the Philippines, on January 31, 2020, Duterte ordered a temporary ban on the entry of Chinese nationals from China's ] province,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Duterte orders travel ban from Hubei |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1222176/duterte-imposes-travel-ban-on-travelers-from-hubei-other-ncov-hit-areas-in-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131123932/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1222176/duterte-imposes-travel-ban-on-travelers-from-hubei-other-ncov-hit-areas-in-china |archive-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> and in February, he expanded the ban to the whole of China.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Jalea |first1=Glee |last2=Gregorio |first2=Xave |date=February 2, 2020 |title=Duterte widens travel ban on mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/2/Duterte-travel-ban-mainland-China-Hong-Kong-Macau.html?fbclid | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171347/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/2/Duterte-travel-ban-mainland-China-Hong-Kong-Macau.html?fbclid |archive-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> On March 8, he declared a State of Public Health Emergency throughout the country due to COVID-19;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 9, 2020 |title=State of public health emergency declared in PH |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1095955 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309191044/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1095955 |archive-date=March 9, 2020}}</ref> four days later, he ordered a lockdown in Metro Manila.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 12, 2020 |title=Metro Manila to be placed on 'lockdown' due to COVID-19 |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/12/COVID-19-Metro-Manila-restrictions-Philippines.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320185104/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/12/COVID-19-Metro-Manila-restrictions-Philippines.html |archive-date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> On March 16, he declared a State of National Calamity for the next six months;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 17, 2020 |title=PH placed under state of calamity due to Covid-19 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096951 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504170723/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096951 |archive-date=May 4, 2020}}</ref> a day later, he ], resulting in the temporary closure of borders and the suspension of work and public transport.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 16, 2020 |title=Duterte places entire Luzon under 'enhanced community quarantine' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096801 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232233/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096801 |archive-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> On March 24, Congress passed the ] (Bayanihan 1),<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Samonte |first=Eunice |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Congress passes 'Bayanihan to Heal as One Act' |work=] |url=https://ptvnews.ph/congress-passes-bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410110352/https://ptvnews.ph/congress-passes-bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act/ |archive-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref> which Duterte signed the following day; under the law, the President was granted the authority to realign the 2020 national budget to address the COVID-19 crisis and to temporarily direct the operations of private establishments such as private hospitals, hotels, and public transport.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aguilar |first=Krissy |date=March 25, 2020 |title=LOOK: Bayanihan to Heal as One Act signed by Duterte |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1248107/look-bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act-signed-by-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326161136/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1248107/look-bayanihan-to-heal-as-one-act-signed-by-duterte |archive-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref>
===Federalism===
{{further|Federalism in the Philippines}}


The administration purchased and distributed medical equipment and supplies.<ref name="Inquirer-GovtSpent14B">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=June 3, 2020 |title=Gov't spent P14 billion on protective gear, testing kits |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1285296/govt-spent-p-14b-on-protective-gear-testing-kits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610234850/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1285296/govt-spent-p-14b-on-protective-gear-testing-kits |archive-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> On March 30, 2020, the DOH purchased one million items of ] (PPE) worth {{Philippine peso}}1.8 billion for COVID-19 health workers, prompting the Senate to call for a probe on overpricing.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Senators call for probe on alleged overpriced PPE for COVID-19 health workers |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/1/Senators-question-probe-PPE-DOH-frontliners-COVID-19.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403174204/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/1/Senators-question-probe-PPE-DOH-frontliners-COVID-19.html |archive-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> On May 20, Duterte took full responsibility for the procurement of PPE, saying he ordered health secretary ] to expedite the procurement of PPE regardless of cost to prevent compromising of the health workers' safety.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 26, 2020 |title=Duterte takes responsibility for PPE procurement |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1857782/manila/local-news/duterte-takes-responsibility-for-ppe-procurement |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220810130829/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1857782/manila/local-news/duterte-takes-responsibility-for-ppe-procurement |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-GovtSpent14B" /> The DTI also boosted local production of medical equipment through its Shared Service Facility Fabrication Laboratories project.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 27, 2020 |title=TI FabLabs produce PPEs for healthcare workers, frontliners |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1854243/pampanga/business/ti-fablabs-produce-ppes-for-healthcare-workers-frontliners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409191209/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1854243/pampanga/business/ti-fablabs-produce-ppes-for-healthcare-workers-frontliners |archive-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=July 23, 2020 |title=PH raises output of PPE, ventilators |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1109916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007042805/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1109916 |archive-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref>
Duterte advocates ] ]. He argues that regions outside Metro Manila receive unfairly small budgets from the ]. For example, of the {{Philippine peso|5 billion}} Davao sends monthly to Metro Manila, only 2 or 3&nbsp;billion ever returns. He also highlights that money remitted to national government is misused by corrupt politicians in the Philippine Congress.<ref name="centerpiece">{{cite news|last1=Ranada|first1=Pia|title=Duterte's pitch for federalism: Centralized system holds back PH|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/124423-duterte-federalism-central-system-holding-regions-back|accessdate=March 4, 2016|publisher=Rappler|date=March 2, 2016}}</ref> However, Duterte said to Muslim leaders in July 2016 that if the majority of Filipinos are against the proposal of federalism, he will push for the ], in which only ] would become autonomous. He would also revise the law in such a way that the ] would receive the same deal as the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ranada|first1=Pia|title=Duterte: If Filipinos don't want federalism, I will support BBL|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/139086-duterte-filipinos-federalism-support-bbl|accessdate=March 20, 2017|work=]|date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>


Amid a Senate investigation that was headed by Senator ] of a ] from Pharmally Pharmaceutical Corp., Duterte barred Cabinet members from attending the hearings, which he called an overlong impediment to the government's pandemic response efforts.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Cabinet execs need clearance before attending Senate probes |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914205021/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153454 |archive-date=September 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Duterte issues memo forbidding Cabinet execs from attending Pharmally probe |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1496983/duterte-bars-cabinet-execs-from-attending-senates-pharmally-probe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004163428/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1496983/duterte-bars-cabinet-execs-from-attending-senates-pharmally-probe |archive-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> In February 2022, the Senate draft report on the investigation recommended filing charges against Pharmally and government officials involved in the transactions, including Duterte, on grounds he "betrayed public trust" when he appointed ], who was linked to the scandal, as presidential advisor.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ramos |first=Christia Marie |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Duterte 'betrayed the public trust'—Senate panel draft report |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1548418/duterte-betrayed-public-trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201132133/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1548418/duterte-betrayed-public-trust |archive-date=February 1, 2022}}</ref> Duterte ignored the report, saying he would not waste Filipinos' time in reacting to the Senate panel's recommendation.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Duterte ignores Senate probe report on Pharmally |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/02/09/2159524/duterte-ignores-senate-probe-report-pharmally |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208164151/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/02/09/2159524/duterte-ignores-senate-probe-report-pharmally |archive-date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> The seven-month-long investigation ended with the adjournment of the ] in June 2022; the report failed to reach the Senate ] for deliberation after it was signed by nine senators out of the 11 required signatures. Senators ] and ] refused to sign the report after it implicated Duterte in the scandal.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yang |first=Angelica Y. |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Zubiri says he'll sign Pharmally probe report if allegations vs Duterte are removed |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/06/01/2185311/zubiri-says-hell-sign-pharmally-probe-report-if-allegations-vs-duterte-are-removed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601093440/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/06/01/2185311/zubiri-says-hell-sign-pharmally-probe-report-if-allegations-vs-duterte-are-removed |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Magsambol |first=Bonz |date=June 6, 2022 |title=Senators refuse to sign Pharmally probe report due to inclusion of Duterte |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/senators-refuse-sign-pharmally-probe-report-due-inclusion-of-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606112208/https://www.rappler.com/nation/senators-refuse-sign-pharmally-probe-report-due-inclusion-of-duterte/ |archive-date=June 6, 2022}}</ref>
===Infrastructure===
{{Main|Dutertenomics#Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan}}


]-developed COVID-19 vaccine vial following a ceremonial turnover in ] City on March 4, 2021.]]
Part of Duterte's ] is the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan which according to the administration will usher in the "Golden Age of Infrastructure". The goals of the program are to reduce poverty, encourage economic growth and reduce congestion in ].<ref name="pcoo">{{cite news|title=DuterteNomics unveiled|url=http://pcoo.gov.ph/dutertenomics-unveiled/|accessdate=28 June 2017|publisher=Presidential Communications Operations Office|date=19 April 2017}}</ref>


The administration started its ] on March 1, 2021, a day after the arrival of the country's first vaccine doses, which the Chinese government donated.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 1, 2021 |title=PH kick-starts Covid-19 vaccination drive with CoronaVac |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301040050/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132127 |archive-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> Under the program, priority was given to medical workers, senior citizens, and persons with co-morbidities.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 5, 2021 |title=LIST: Priority sectors, subgroups in COVID-19 vaccination program |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/2/5/COVID-19-vaccination-priority-Philippines.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205053518/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/2/5/COVID-19-vaccination-priority-Philippines.html |archive-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> The administration initially had a target of vaccinating 90 million Filipinos before Duterte's term ended but lowered it to between 77 million and 80 million in April 2022 due to persisting ].<ref name="Inquirer-BoosterSideEffects">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Villa |first=Kathleen de |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Amid push for boosters, many in PH still fear 'side effects' |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1582779/amid-push-for-boosters-many-in-ph-still-fearing-side-effects |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413232052/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1582779/amid-push-for-boosters-many-in-ph-still-fearing-side-effects |archive-date=April 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=de Villa |first1=Kathleen |last2=Corrales |first2=Nestor |date=April 22, 2022 |title=Vaccine czar lowers target as jab rate slows down |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586356/vaccine-czar-lowers-target-as-jab-rate-slows-down |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421222141/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586356/vaccine-czar-lowers-target-as-jab-rate-slows-down |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> By early June 2022, over 245 million vaccine doses had been secured by the administration, of which 151.2 million had been administered. By the end of Duterte's term in office, 70.5 million people had been fully vaccinated;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Vergeire to push redefining fully vaccinated under Marcos admin |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/30/Vergeire-redefine-fully-vaccinated-Marcos-admin.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629170147/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/30/Vergeire-redefine-fully-vaccinated-Marcos-admin.html |archive-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref> over 3.7 million COVID-19 cases in the country had been recorded during his presidency since the onset of the pandemic in 2020, with over 3.69 million recoveries and 8,706 (0.23%) active cases.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 1, 2022 |title=DOH: 88% of provinces, cities in PH seeing increase in COVID-19 cases |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/1/OCTA-higher-positivity-rate-Metro-Manila-9-others.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701074100/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/1/OCTA-higher-positivity-rate-Metro-Manila-9-others.html |archive-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>
] of the ] sports complex]]


===Housing and urban development===
Some major projects include:<ref name="ABS-CBN-List100PDF" />
] on June 24, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palicte |first1=Che |title=NHA turns over 640 housing units to Davao gov't workers |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177425 |work=] |date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625030955/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177425 |archive-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref>]]
* Subic-Clark Railway<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://business.inquirer.net/254682/understanding-build-build-build-program#ixzz5Tqyaj8U1|title=Understanding the 'Build, Build, Build' program|last=Mawis|first=Sara Mae D.|access-date=2018-10-13|language=en}}</ref>
*] from ] to ]<ref name=":0" />
*]
* Expansion of ]<ref name=":0" />
*Mindanao Railway (Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/06/26/mindanao-railway-project-gets-support-549693|title=Mindanao railway project gets support|last=Bagaforo|first=Nelson C.|date=2017-06-26|work=SunStar|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en}}</ref>
*]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/03/23/what-is-build-build-build/|title=What is 'Build, Build, Build'?|work=Manila Bulletin News|access-date=2018-05-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesummitexpress.com/2018/01/luzon-spine-expressway-duterte-traffic-decongestion-plan.html|title=WATCH: Luzon Spine Expressway Network is Duterte's P107-billion traffic decongestion plan|last=|work=The Summit Express|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref>


In February 2019, Duterte merged the ] and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board to create the ] (DHSUD), which was tasked with centralizing processing of housing documents at ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Roque |first=EJ |date=February 19, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law creating Human Settlements and Urban Department |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327151454/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062333 |archive-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref> The DHSUD reported in October 2021 the Duterte administration financed and built 1,076,277 housing units from 2016 to 2021, the highest yearly output average of housing units per year since 1975.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Go |first=Alec |date=October 5, 2021 |title=DHSUD: 84% of 1.2-M housing target complete |work=] |url=https://ptvnews.ph/dhsud-84-of-1-2-m-housing-target-complete/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305171821/https://ptvnews.ph/dhsud-84-of-1-2-m-housing-target-complete/ |archive-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=February 14, 2022 |title=Housing sector under PRRD achieves four-decade high |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1167737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214122832/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1167737 |archive-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref>
As of November 2019, since Duterte assumed position in June 2016, a total of {{convert|9845|km}} of roads, 2,709 bridges, 4,536 flood control projects, 82 evacuation centers, and 71,803 classrooms under the “Build, Build, Build” program were completed.<ref name="MB-Nov2019">{{cite news |last1=Lamentillo |first1=Anna Mae Yu |title=What has 'Build, Build, Build' achieved so far? 9845 km of roads, 2,709 bridges, 64 airport projects, 243 seaport projects |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/11/17/what-has-build-build-build-achieved-so-far-9845-km-of-roads-2709-bridges-64-airport-projects-243-seaport-projects/ |accessdate=3 December 2019 |work=Manila Bulletin News |date=17 November 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203083222/https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/11/17/what-has-build-build-build-achieved-so-far-9845-km-of-roads-2709-bridges-64-airport-projects-243-seaport-projects/ |archivedate=3 December 2019}}</ref> In the same month (November 2019), the government revised its list of flagship infrastructure projects under Duterte's "Build, Build, Build" program, expanding it to 100.<ref name="ABS-CBN-List100">{{cite news |last1=de Guzman |first1=Warren |title=LIST: 100 projects under revised 'Build, Build, Build' |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/14/19/list-100-projects-under-revised-build-build-build |accessdate=3 December 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=14 November 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114074307/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/14/19/list-100-projects-under-revised-build-build-build |archivedate=14 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN-List100PDF">{{cite web |title=Recommended List of Projects for Inclusion in the Infrastructure Flagship Program |url=https://sa.kapamilya.com/absnews/abscbnnews/media/2019/business/11/15/ifp-list-final.pdf |website=ABS-CBN News |accessdate=3 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203082837/https://sa.kapamilya.com/absnews/abscbnnews/media/2019/business/11/15/ifp-list-final.pdf |archivedate=3 December 2019}}</ref>


On March 8, 2017, an estimated 12,000 people led by members of militant urban-poor group {{lang|fil|Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap}} (Kadamay) ] about 5,000 housing units in government housing projects in ]. These projects were intended for ] (NHA) beneficiaries, ] displaced from danger zones in Metro Manila, and ].<ref name="Inquirer-Kadamay">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Reyes-Estrope |first=Carmela |date=December 31, 2019 |title=How are Kadamay folk after 2017 takeover of Bulacan housing? |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1207592/how-are-kadamay-folk-after-2017-takeover-of-bulacan-housing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231023412/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1207592/how-are-kadamay-folk-after-2017-takeover-of-bulacan-housing |archive-date=December 31, 2019}}</ref> Duterte initially said he would not tolerate the illegal occupation, which he described as anarchy, and that the issue should be resolved through communication.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=March 13, 2017 |title=Duterte won't tolerate 'Occupy Pandi' |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/13/17/duterte-wont-tolerate-occupy-pandi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313144021/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/13/17/duterte-wont-tolerate-occupy-pandi |archive-date=March 13, 2017}}</ref> The NHA issued eviction notices<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torres |first=Nestor |date=March 21, 2017 |title=NHA issues eviction notices to Kadamay illegal settlers |language=en-us |work=] |url=https://www.untvweb.com/news/nha-issues-eviction-notices-to-kadamay-illegal-settlers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422125645/https://www.untvweb.com/news/nha-issues-eviction-notices-to-kadamay-illegal-settlers/ |archive-date=April 22, 2022}}</ref> but failed to evict the occupants from the housing units, prompting Duterte to permit the illegal dwellers to continue occupying the units if they did not unhouse military and police officers in the process.<ref name="PNAGovPH-Kadamay">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=June 18, 2018 |title=PRRD directs PNP to stop Kadamay takeover of NHA houses: Palace |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1038264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618181530/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1038264 |archive-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Vibar |first=Ivy Jean |date=April 4, 2017 |title=Duterte lets Kadamay have Bulacan homes |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/04/17/duterte-lets-kadamay-have-bulacan-homes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404112113/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/04/17/duterte-lets-kadamay-have-bulacan-homes |archive-date=April 4, 2017}}</ref> In June 2018, after Kadamay members attempted to occupy another housing project in ], Duterte ordered the Philippine National Police to prevent the takeover.<ref name="PNAGovPH-Kadamay" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nicolas |first=Jino |date=June 14, 2018 |title=Gov't warns Kadamay against occupying idle housing projects |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2018/06/14/165408/govt-warns-kadamay-against-occupying-idle-housing-projects/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422124757/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2018/06/14/165408/govt-warns-kadamay-against-occupying-idle-housing-projects/ |archive-date=April 22, 2022}}</ref>
===Islamic insurgency in Mindanao===
{{further|Bangsamoro peace process|Moro conflict|Bangsamoro Organic Law}}
] captivity.]]


In March 2022, the government started its first housing project for ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Simeon |first=Louise Maureen |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Government rolls out housing for Ips |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/03/03/2164470/government-rolls-out-housing-ips |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305172426/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/03/03/2164470/government-rolls-out-housing-ips |archive-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref>
Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are struggling for, and that they are not terrorists. He acknowledged that the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing, historical and in territory.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mellejor |first=Lilian C. |title=MILF, MNLF not terrorist groups, simply fighting for Moro dignity - Duterte |url=http://interaksyon.com/article/90739/milf-mnlf-not-terrorist-groups-simply-fighting-for-moro-dignity---duterte |newspaper=Philippines News Agency |location=DAVAO CITY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053022/http://interaksyon.com/article/90739/milf-mnlf-not-terrorist-groups-simply-fighting-for-moro-dignity---duterte |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>


===Labor===
Duterte was endorsed in the election by ] (MNLF) leader Nur Misuari<ref>{{cite news |author=Coconuts Manila|title=Nur Misuari's bet? Duterte and Marcos, he tells Vice News |url=http://manila.coconuts.co/2016/05/08/nur-misuaris-bet-duterte-and-marcos-he-tells-vice-news |newspaper=Coconuts Manila|location= |access-date=December 25, 2016 |date=May 8, 2016}}</ref> due to his background in Mindanao.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=May 6, 2016 |title= MNLF Founder Nur Misuari Weighs in on the Philippine Presidential Election|url=https://news.vice.com/video/mnlf-founder-nur-misuari-weighs-in-on-philippine-presidential-election |newspaper=Vice News |location= |access-date= }}</ref> ] was his second choice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sabillo |first= Kristine Angeli|title=Nur Misuari bats for Duterte, Marcos — report |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/784298/nur-misuari-bats-for-duterte-marcos-report |newspaper=Inquirer News |location=MANILA, Philippines |access-date=December 25, 2016|date=May 9, 2016}}</ref> Other Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas, the Aquino-supported pick.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tayao-Juego |first=Annelle|title=Muslim groups back Duterte, ask Aquino for clean polls |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/783952/muslim-groups-back-duterte-ask-aquino-for-clean-polls |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |location= MANILA, Philippines|access-date=December 25, 2016 |date=May 8, 2016}}</ref>
==== Effort vs. contractualization ====
{{see also|Endo contractualization}}
]


Duterte campaigned to phase out ] (locally known as "endo", derived from "end of contract") and improve labor policies in the Philippines.<ref name="Rappler-DuterteEndo" /> In 2017, he and ] secretary ] proposed a new policy to end labor-only contractualization but Bello declined to sign it, seeking input from labor groups.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pasion |first=Patty |date=February 4, 2017 |title=DOLE order ending contractualization expected in February |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/dole-order-end-contractualization-february |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132146/https://www.rappler.com/nation/dole-order-end-contractualization-february |archive-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pasion |first=Patty |date=February 14, 2017 |title=Duterte to meet with labor groups on February 27 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-labor-groups-meeting-february |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927194900/https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-labor-groups-meeting-february |archive-date=September 27, 2020}}</ref> On March 16, Bello signed Department Order 174, which sets stricter guidelines on endo without outlawing it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pasion |first=Patty |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Labor groups: Draft order vs contractualization betrays dialogue with Duterte |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/labor-groups-reaction-final-draft-endo-order |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125703/https://www.rappler.com/nation/labor-groups-reaction-final-draft-endo-order |archive-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref> Duterte continued his stand against the practice, promising to sign an executive order against it;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Duterte to sign EO vs 'endo' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/labor-day-philippines-duterte-endo-executive-order |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028151340/https://www.rappler.com/nation/labor-day-philippines-duterte-endo-executive-order |archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref> however, ] delayed the signing.<ref name="Rappler-DuterteEndo" /> Labor groups organized a rally on March 15, 2018, in protest against the president's postponement.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rey |first=Aika |date=March 15, 2018 |title=Labor groups hit Duterte: Where's signed EO vs contractualization? |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/labor-groups-duterte-contractualization-endo-executive-order-march-deadline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170453/https://www.rappler.com/nation/labor-groups-duterte-contractualization-endo-executive-order-march-deadline |archive-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref> On May 1, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 51, prohibiting illegal contracting and subcontracting;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bunachita |first=Jose Santino S. |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Duterte signs executive order on 'endo' |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/986964/duterte-signs-executive-order-on-endo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227050138/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/986964/duterte-signs-executive-order-on-endo |archive-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> labor groups expressed dissatisfaction because the terms of the agreement had changed since negotiation.<ref name="Rappler-DuterteEndo">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tomacruz |first=Sofia |date=May 1, 2018 |title=TIMELINE: Duterte's promise to abolish endo |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/201468-duterte-endo-contractualization-promise-2016-to-2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502021634/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/201468-duterte-endo-contractualization-promise-2016-to-2018 |archive-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref> ] said it was powerless to enforce the ban and that lawmakers would have to amend the ] for endo to be abolished.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ballaran |first=Jhoanna |date=April 2, 2018 |title=Palace powerless to ban 'endo' in PH – official |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/979600/palace-powerless-to-ban-endo-in-ph-official |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030131/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/979600/palace-powerless-to-ban-endo-in-ph-official |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>
During the Mindanao Hariraya ] 2016 convention in Davao City on July 8, 2016, Duterte vowed to address the Moro conflict and bring peace in Mindanao, assuring the ] community that "something will change" before the end of his term. He said that the ] (MILF) and the ] (MNLF) both support his proposal for ], which he says is the only solution to the Bangsamoro peace process. Duterte said that if the proposal for the country's shift to federalism fails or is not desired by the Filipino people, he will vow to pass the ], which would establish the ]. He also added that the Basic Law should benefit both MILF and MNLF, saying he is willing to negotiate with both secessionists to initiate a "reconfiguration" of territory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bartolome|first1=Jessica|title=Plan B: Duterte promises BBL for both MNLF, MILF if Filipinos vote against federalism|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572959/news/nation/plan-b-duterte-promises-bbl-for-both-mnlf-milf-if-filipinos-vote-against-federalism|accessdate=July 9, 2016|publisher=]|date=July 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=de Jesus|first1=Julliane Love|title=Duterte promises to fix insurgency, war in Mindanao before his term ends|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/795114/duterte-promises-to-fix-insurgency-war-in-mindanao-before-his-term-ends|accessdate=July 9, 2016|work=]|date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>


On September 21, 2018, Duterte certified a Senate bill prohibiting labor-only contracting that was stated to benefit over 40 million workers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Aurelio |first1=Julie M. |last2=Salaverria |first2=Leila B. |last3=Aning |first3=Jerome |last4=Jovic |date=September 26, 2018 |title=Duterte pushes anti-contractualization bill |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1036356/duterte-pushes-anti-contractualization-bill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926114604/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1036356/duterte-pushes-anti-contractualization-bill |archive-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> Several business groups urged Duterte to veto the bill, which they said was redundant and would force businesses to adopt automation and artificial intelligence, and that the bill violated the constitutional rights of businesses.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Valencia |first=Czeriza |date=July 18, 2019 |title=Business groups urge veto of Security of Tenure bill |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/07/18/1935535/business-groups-urge-veto-security-tenure-bill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718035949/https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/07/18/1935535/business-groups-urge-veto-security-tenure-bill |archive-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, Duterte vetoed the Security of Tenure Bill, which he said broadened the scope and definition of illegal "labor-only contracting", and prohibited legitimate forms of contractualization favorable to employees; he added "our goal, however, has always been to target the abuse, while leaving businesses free to engage in those practices beneficial to both management and the workforce". Employers welcomed the decision but some labor groups criticized it as a failure to deliver a campaign promise.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Employers welcome Duterte's veto of 'anti-endo' bill |language=en |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/business/07/27/19/employers-welcome-dutertes-veto-of-anti-endo-bill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727012038/https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/business/07/27/19/employers-welcome-dutertes-veto-of-anti-endo-bill |archive-date=July 27, 2019}}</ref> The ] blamed business groups for using "scare tactics" of impending ] if the bill was to pass.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cudis |first=Christine |date=July 26, 2019 |title='Scare tactics' by bizmen behind Security of Tenure Bill veto |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531161805/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076157 |archive-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref>
A crowd of Muslims were attending the speech by Duterte where he accused America of bringing terrorism to themselves, saying that terrorism is not the result of the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ilas |first=Joyce |date= |title= Duterte slams U.S. anew, says it 'imported terrorism' (Updated 15:27 PM PHT Sat, July 9, 2016)|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/09/Duterte-United-States-imported-terrorism.html |newspaper= CNN Philippines |location= |access-date= }}</ref> He railed against the actions undertaken in the Middle East by the USA.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nawal |first=Allan |time=02:57 AM |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Duterte says Abus not criminals, blames US for Mideast violence |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/140790/duterte-says-abus-not-criminals-blames-us-for-mideast-violence |newspaper= Inquirer Mindanao |location=DAVAO CITY, Philippines|access-date= }}</ref> Duterte blamed the war on Mindanao on colonialist Christianity being brought to the Philippines in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, saying there was peace before that and that they were made to fight their "Malay brothers" by Christians.<ref>{{cite news |last=BARTOLOME |first=JESSICA |date= July 8, 2016 |time=20:14:03 |title= Duterte: America, not Middle East, responsible for 'importing terrorism' |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572953/news/nation/duterte-america-not-middle-east-responsible-for-importing-terrorism |newspaper=GMA News |location= |access-date= }}</ref>


In November 2019, the labor department reported employers had regularized over 564,000 contractual workers as part of the administration's effort to end contractualization.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Acse |first=Rochelle |date=November 26, 2019 |title=DoLE: Almost 600K workers regularized |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2019/11/26/dole-almost-600k-workers-regularized/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128072148/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2019/11/26/dole-almost-600k-workers-regularized/ |archive-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref>
] chairman, founder and former ARMM Governor ], November 3, 2016]]


==== Support for migrant workers ====
The ] inflicted upon the Moros was mentioned by President Duterte to criticize the United States and its President ].<ref>{{cite news |author=Phil Star |date=September 5, 2016 |title=President Duterte reminds us of 1906 Bud Dajo massacre by the US troops |url=http://philippinesnewsonline.com/index.php/show/news/43/Politics/september-05-2016/President-Duterte-reminds-us-of-1906-Bud-Dajo-massacre-by-the-US-troops |newspaper=The Daily News |access-date=October 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224826/http://philippinesnewsonline.com/index.php/show/news/43/Politics/september-05-2016/President-Duterte-reminds-us-of-1906-Bud-Dajo-massacre-by-the-US-troops |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The massacre was cited a second time by Duterte in criticizing America while calling for the exit of American troops.<ref>{{cite news |last= Placido |first= Dharel |date=September 12, 2016 |title= Duterte: US forces in Mindanao must go |url= http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/12/16/duterte-us-forces-in-mindanao-must-go |newspaper= ABS-CBN News |access-date= }}</ref>
]
] at the Malacañang Palace on December 30, 2021.]]


Duterte promised to prioritize the labor concerns of ] (OFWs).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |title=How Duterte gov't cared for OFWs in first 100 days |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/president-duterte-100-days-ofws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808122328/https://www.rappler.com/nation/president-duterte-100-days-ofws |archive-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> He created the ] to improve coordination among government agencies concerned with OFW affairs,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=December 30, 2021 |title=Duterte signs law creating Department of Migrant Workers |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230063711/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164079 |archive-date=December 30, 2021}}</ref> the ], and the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Overseas Filipino Bank launched |language=en |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/18/18/overseas-filipino-bank-launched |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118170427/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/18/18/overseas-filipino-bank-launched |archive-date=January 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Azer |first=Parrocha |date=December 7, 2021 |title=PRRD signs EO hastening completion of OFW hospital |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224202640/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162116 |archive-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref> In August 2017, he signed a law extending the validity of Philippine passports from five years to ten years.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=August 5, 2017 |title=Duterte signs law extending passport validity to 10 years |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/02/duterte-signs-law-extending-passport-validity-to-10-years.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805074544/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/02/duterte-signs-law-extending-passport-validity-to-10-years.html |archive-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref>
On November 6, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order to expand the ] to 21 members from 15, in which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by the government. The commission was formed in December 2013 and is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with the ]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Aben|first1=Elena|title=Duterte signs EO on Bangsamoro transition commission|url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2016/11/07/duterte-signs-eo-on-bangsamoro-transition-commission/|accessdate=November 7, 2016|work=]|date=November 7, 2016}}</ref>


Bilateral agreements increasing protections and opportunities for OFWs were reached with 26 countries,<ref name="PIAGovPH-OFWLivesBetter">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=De Leon |first=Susan |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Pres Duterte made OFW lives better -Bello |work=] |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/06/02/pres-duterte-made-ofw-lives-better-bello |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602122541/https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/06/02/pres-duterte-made-ofw-lives-better-bello |archive-date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> including Cambodia,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 21, 2016 |title=ASEAN Regulatory Brief: Cambodia Tax Regulations, Laos Foreign Currency Loans, and Philippines-Cambodia Bilateral Relations |language=en |work=ASEAN Business News |url=https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/asean-regulatory-brief-cambodia-tax-regulations-laos-foreign-currency-loans-philippines-cambodia-bilateral-relations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925102719/https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/asean-regulatory-brief-cambodia-tax-regulations-laos-foreign-currency-loans-philippines-cambodia-bilateral-relations/ |archive-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Medenilla |first=Samuel P. |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Canada's Yukon labor market opened for Filipino workers |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/03/21/canadas-yukon-labor-marketopened-for-filipino-workers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320212411/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/03/21/canadas-yukon-labor-marketopened-for-filipino-workers/ |archive-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> China,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 10, 2018 |title=PH, China sign six bilateral agreements |work=] |url=https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ph-china-sign-six-bilateral-agreements/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627202455/https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ph-china-sign-six-bilateral-agreements/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nicolas |first=Jino |date=September 3, 2018 |title=Philippines, Israel forge agreements on labor, science, and trade |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/09/04/184896/philippines-israel-forge-agreements-on-labor-science-and-trade/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703215605/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/09/04/184896/philippines-israel-forge-agreements-on-labor-science-and-trade/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=December 12, 2018 |title=PH, Israel sign labor accord on hiring Filipino hotel workers |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056402 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214201551/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056402 |archive-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref> Japan,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=March 19, 2019 |title=Signing of Memorandum of Cooperation between Japan and the Philippines on the Basic Partnership Framework for the Proper Operation of the System pertaining to Foreign Human Resources with the Status of Residence of "Specified Skilled Worker" |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_002381.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901235412/https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_002381.html |archive-date=September 1, 2019 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cortez |first=Gillian M. |date=March 29, 2019 |title=Filipinos preferred under Japan's new special worker program |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/03/29/222702/filipinos-preferred-under-japans-new-special-worker-program/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703223156/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/03/29/222702/filipinos-preferred-under-japans-new-special-worker-program/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> Jordan,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 6, 2018 |title=Jordan, Philippines 'start new era' of cooperation |language=en |work=] |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-philippines-%E2%80%98start-new-era%E2%80%99-cooperation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907011011/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-philippines-%E2%80%98start-new-era%E2%80%99-cooperation |archive-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> Kuwait,<ref name="CNNPH-PH-Kuwait-Sign-Agreement" /> Romania,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cayabyab |first=Charlene A. |date=June 19, 2021 |title=DOLE, Romanian labor ministry ink agreement to hire more OFWs |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1898272/pampanga/local-news/dole-romanian-labor-ministry-ink-agreement-to-hire-more-ofws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621190035/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1898272/pampanga/local-news/dole-romanian-labor-ministry-ink-agreement-to-hire-more-ofws |archive-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref> Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 24, 2017 |title=President Duterte Strengthens Ties with Saudi Arabia During Visit to the Kingdom |work=The Official Website of the Philippine Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |url=https://riyadhpe.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/press-releases/3402-pr-058-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703230301/https://riyadhpe.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/press-releases/3402-pr-058-2017 |archive-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref> and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 19, 2017 |title=Philippines and UAE Sign MOU on Labor Cooperation |work=] |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/13978-philippines-and-uae-sign-mou-on-labor-cooperation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703221132/https://dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/13978-philippines-and-uae-sign-mou-on-labor-cooperation |archive-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 26, 2019 |title=The Philippines and the United Arab Emirates Sign Agreement to Fight Human Trafficking |work=Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.int/philippines/activities/philippines-and-united-arab-emirates-sign-agreement-fight-human-trafficking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022020/https://www.un.int/philippines/activities/philippines-and-united-arab-emirates-sign-agreement-fight-human-trafficking |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref>
Duterte signed the ] on July 26, 2018,<ref name="PhilStar-DuterteSignsBOL">{{cite news |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro Organic Law |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/26/1837066/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-organic-law |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=The Philippine Star |date=26 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727112454/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/26/1837066/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-organic-law |archivedate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="MB-DuterteSignsBOL">{{cite news |last1=Geducos |first1=Argyll Cyrus |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro Law |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/26/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law/ |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=Manila Bulletin News |date=27 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727032048/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/26/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law/ |archivedate=27 July 2018}}</ref> which abolished the ] and provided for the basic structure of government for the ], following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014.<ref name="gmafaqs">{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/378530/news/nation/faqs-about-the-bangsamoro-basic-law |title=FAQs about the Bangsamoro Basic Law |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 10, 2014 |website=GMA News Online |publisher=GMA Network |access-date=February 16, 2015}}</ref>


The Duterte administration launched OFW centers, which provide centralized government front-line services for employment documents.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jaymalin |first=Mayen |date=August 16, 2016 |title=POEA opens one-stop shop for overseas workers |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/16/1613966/poea-opens-one-stop-shop-overseas-workers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816142355/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/16/1613966/poea-opens-one-stop-shop-overseas-workers |archive-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="PIAGovPH-OFWLivesBetter" /> Starting September 2016, the ] exempted OFWs returning to their jobs or same employers abroad from paying travel tax, securing overseas employment certificates, and paying the agency's processing fee.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jaymalin |first=Mayen |date=September 15, 2016 |title=OFWs exempted from paying travel tax, POEA fees |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/15/1623993/ofws-exempted-paying-travel-tax-poea-fees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915183201/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/15/1623993/ofws-exempted-paying-travel-tax-poea-fees |archive-date=September 15, 2016}}</ref> In November 2018, the ] (OWWA) launched the OFW E-Card, a new identification card allowing OFWs faster access to OWWA resources, including welfare services, scholarships, training programs, and social benefits.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Soriano |first=JP |date=November 6, 2018 |title=OWWA launches OFW e-Card |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/673755/owwa-launches-ofw-e-card/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112181749/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/673755/owwa-launches-ofw-e-card/story/ |archive-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>
===Labor===
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2019}}
{{see also|Endo contractualization}}


Duterte called for the abolition of the exploitative ] affecting millions of OFWs employed in ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aben |first=Ellie |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Philippines' Duterte renews call to abolish kafala system |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1933911/world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923084029/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1933911/world |archive-date=September 23, 2021}}</ref> Following the death of Filipina maid Joanna Demafelis, whose body was found inside a freezer in Kuwait, ] occurred. Duterte issued a deployment ban to Kuwait in February 2018 and thousands of OFWs in Kuwait were repatriated. On May 11, 2018, the two countries signed the Agreement on the Employment of Domestic Workers between the Philippines and Kuwait, which recognized certain rights of OFWs employed as servants and maids in Kuwait.<ref name="CNNPH-PH-Kuwait-Sign-Agreement">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 12, 2018 |title=PH, Kuwait sign agreement for the protection of OFWs, agree on return of 3 Filipino diplomats |language=en |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/05/11/philippines-kuwait-sign-agreement-ofws.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513015648/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/05/11/philippines-kuwait-sign-agreement-ofws.html |archive-date=May 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 11, 2018 |title=Philippines and Kuwait sign agreement on workers' rights |language=en-GB |work=] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44088011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511225242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44088011 |archive-date=May 11, 2018}}</ref>
During his campaign for the 2016 presidential election, one of Rodrigo Duterte's promises was the phasing out of contractualization and improvement to labor in the Philippines. Upon his election, he appointed ] as Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment, who considers making all companies put at least 80% of all employees under contract as per the president's orders. By the end of 2016, around 36000 workers have been regularized. Going into 2017, Duterte and Bello aimed for a new permanent policy that would end labor-only contractualization by the end of February, but Bello wound up not signing it. Instead he decided first for dialogue between the president and labor groups in order to get feedback. Eventually President Duterte met with the labor groups as Bello drafts a new Department Order that would stop labor contractualization. However, by March 16 Bello signs Department Order 174 which sets stricter guidelines on contractualization but doesn't immediately illegalize it. Duterte however continued his stand against contractualization, promising to sign an Executive Order against it. However, the Marawi crisis ends up postponing the signing. As of 2018, no Executive Order has been signed by President Duterte regarding the complete abolishment of contractualization. A rally was organized by labor groups on March 15, 2018 in protest against the president's delay of the EO. Eventually on May 1, Duterte signed an EO that would put an end to contractualization, although labor groups criticized the president for his actions since the one signed was not the draft agreed upon with them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomacruz |first1=Sofia |title=TIMELINE: Duterte's promise to abolish endo |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/201468-duterte-endo-contractualization-promise-2016-to-2018 |website=Rappler |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>


On January 15, 2020, following the alleged killing of Jeanelyn Villavende in Kuwait by her employer, the Philippines approved a ban on the deployment of workers to Kuwait.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Philippines OKs total deployment ban of workers to Kuwait |language=en |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/15/Philippines-total-deployment-ban-Kuwait.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115171728/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/15/Philippines-total-deployment-ban-Kuwait.html |archive-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> The Philippines and Kuwait signed an agreement on the proposed standard employment contract for OFWs in Kuwait on February 5, 2020. The standard contract contained regulations endorsed by Duterte; these regulations allowed OFWs to keep their passports and cellphones, mandated one ], and designated working and sleeping hours for the OFWs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 5, 2020 |title=PH, Kuwait seal 'harmonized' template contract for OFWs |language=en |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/5/Philippines-Kuwait-standard-employment-contract-OFW-deployment-ban.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409003430/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/5/Philippines-Kuwait-standard-employment-contract-OFW-deployment-ban.html |archive-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref>
===Land reform===
{{Empty section|date=December 2019}}


Amid the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022, the Duterte administration repatriated more than one million OFWs<ref name="PIAGovPH-OFWLivesBetter" /> and provided them free COVID-19 testing, food, and accommodation in Metro Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Jong Woo |last2=Latoja |first2=Ma. Concepcion G. |date=February 4, 2022 |title=COVID-19 and Overseas Filipino Workers: Return Migration and Reintegration into the Home Country—the Philippine Case |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/767846/sewp-021-covid-19-ofws-return-migration-reintegration.pdf |journal=ADB Southeast Asia Working Paper Series |publisher=] |issue=12 |pages=10–12 |doi=10.22617/WPS220002-2 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |s2cid=246574479 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208104636/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/767846/sewp-021-covid-19-ofws-return-migration-reintegration.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2022}}</ref>
===Law and order===
On June 13, 2018, the ] launched "Oplan RODY" or "Rid the Streets of Drunkards and Youths". The campaign was meant to enforce city and municipal ], such as those against drinking and gambling in the streets and walking around shirtless,<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1003377/anti-tambay-campaign-rodrigo-duterte|title=Duterte: I did not order 'tambay' arrests|first=Julie M.|last=Aurelio|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> and those below 18 years old who are violating the ].<ref name="MB-MinorsCurfew">{{cite news |last1=Sadongdong |first1=Martin |title=PNP to intensify apprehension of minors violating curfew |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/06/26/pnp-to-intensify-apprehension-of-minors-violating-curfew/ |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=Manila Bulletin News |date=26 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626094332/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/06/26/pnp-to-intensify-apprehension-of-minors-violating-curfew/ |archivedate=26 June 2018}}</ref> In June 21, records showed that 7,291 youth in Metro Manila were arrested by the police just 9 days after the "Oplan RODY" campaign was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/21/1826575/anti-tambay-crackdown-nets-7291-metro-manila|title=Anti-tambay crackdown nets 7,291 in Metro Manila - Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In June 22, Duterte denied that he ordered the arrests of ''tambay''s. Philippine National Police Director General ] stressed that those arrested had violated ]s, which included smoking in public, being half-naked, and karaoke singing past 10 p.m.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="BusinessMirror-Guidelines" />


====Salary increases and employee benefits====
The anti-loitering campaign met public backlash from various militant groups, the religious sector and human rights activists. On June 27, militant and religious groups protested against the campaign, also called "Oplan Tambay".<ref>{{cite web |title=Bandila: Protesta isinagawa laban sa operasyon ng pulis kontra tambay |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGZnHCniYSw|publisher=]|language=Tagalog|via=]}}</ref> On June 15, 25-year-old Genesis Argoncillo was arrested by three policemen allegedly for 'not wearing a shirt', although a blotter report that day at the police station showed that Argoncillo and five others had been arrested for alarm and scandal.<ref name="PhilStar-RapsFiled" /> Argoncillo was killed a few days later while in prison.<ref name="BusinessMirror-Guidelines">{{cite web|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/guidelines-being-crafted-for-police-in-crackdown-on-tambay/|title='Guidelines' being crafted for police in crackdown on 'tambay'|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> On June 22, the police filed murder charges against two jail inmates who allegedly beat Argoncillo to death.<ref name="PhilStar-RapsFiled">{{cite news |last1=Cabrera |first1=Romina |title=Raps filed vs 2 inmates for death of tambay |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/23/1827159/raps-filed-vs-2-inmates-death-tambay |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=The Philippine Star |date=23 June 2018}}</ref>
], ] on August 24, 2016.]]


During his presidency, Duterte approved the raising of salaries of government employees,<ref name="PhilStar-DuterteRA11466">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mendez |first=Christina |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Duterte signs salary law for 1.4 million government workers |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/10/1983649/duterte-signs-salary-law-14-million-government-workers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031170416/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/10/1983649/duterte-signs-salary-law-14-million-government-workers |archive-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> including military, police, and other uniformed personnel.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Duterte approves pay hike for soldiers, policemen |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/09/joint-resolution.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112095115/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/09/joint-resolution.html |archive-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Balana |first1=Cynthia D. |last2=Cabacungan |first2=Gil C. |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Duterte gives soldiers, cops huge pay hike |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/821504/duterte-gives-soldiers-cops-huge-pay-hike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207132516/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/821504/duterte-gives-soldiers-cops-huge-pay-hike |archive-date=December 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=February 22, 2022 |title='I will leave my office with a strong military': Duterte |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168262 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222033352/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168262 |archive-date=February 22, 2022}}</ref> Through the Salary Standardization Law of 2019, salaries of government workers, including teachers and nurses, were increased in four tranches from 2020 to 2023.<ref name="PhilStar-DuterteRA11466" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Porcalla |first=Delon |date=January 14, 2022 |title=1.7 million state workers to receive pay hike |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/01/14/2153798/17-million-state-workers-receive-pay-hike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113164549/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/01/14/2153798/17-million-state-workers-receive-pay-hike |archive-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref> A law signed in April 2022 granted a ] differential pay to all government employees at a rate not exceeding 20% of the hourly basic rate of the employee.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law granting night shift differential pay to gov't employees |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/16/duterte-signs-law-granting-night-shift-differential-pay-to-govt-employees/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517125107/https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/16/duterte-signs-law-granting-night-shift-differential-pay-to-govt-employees/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
===Lumads===
Duterte threatened the bombing of ] community schools because of suspicions that they shelter communist rebels and teach students rebellion and subversion.<ref name="Duterte and Lumad schools">{{cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/24/17/duterte-threatens-to-bomb-lumad-schools|title=Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools|agency=ABS-CBN News}}</ref><ref name="GMANews-MiltaryLumad" /> Save Our Schools (SOS) Network in Mindanao spokesperson Rius Valle said that on May 20, 2017, the ] burned down an entire community of Lumad people, which included a school and 35 houses in the ] region of ].<ref name="GMANews-MiltaryLumad">{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/619825/military-attacking-lumad-schools-prior-to-duterte-s-bombing-remark/story/|title=NGO SPOKESMAN: Military attacking lumad schools prior to Duterte's bombing remark|publisher=GMA News|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> On December 8, human rights group Karapatan asked the ] to probe the Lumad killings, after the group reported eight ] and ] farmers allegedly killed by members of the 27th and 33rd Infantry Battalions of the Philippine Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/08/1766493/karapatan-asks-un-probe-lumad-killings-mindanao|title=Karapatan asks UN to probe Lumad killings in Mindanao|website=Philstar.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-UNProbe">{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/950789/militant-group-seeks-un-probe-on-lumad-killings-karapatan-ngo-un-palabay-duterte-evacuation-indigenous-people-killings|title=Militant group seeks UN probe on Lumad killings|first=Julius N.|last=Leonen|website=Inquirer.net|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref>


In February 2019, Duterte signed a law extending ] for female workers from 60 days to 105 days.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 21, 2019 |title=PRRD signs Expanded Maternity Leave bill into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062567 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221220243/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062567 |archive-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref>
On July 16, 2018, military presence in Barangay Diagaton, ] prompted an expansive Lumad evacuation, which according to human rights group Karapatan-Caraga, was due to human rights abuses being committed against the Lumads.<ref name="PhilStar-LumadEvac">{{cite news| url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/07/16/1834054/troop-presence-prompts-lumad-evacuation-surigao-del-sur-town-group-says | title=Troop presence prompts Lumad evacuation in Surigao del Sur town, group says|newspaper=The Philippine Star}}</ref> On July 23, Barug Katungod, a group that monitors the human rights situation in Mindanao, announced that Duterte's Mindanao martial law has shifted focus from terrorism to tribes fighting for ancestral domain, which caused Lumads evacuating due to fear of getting caught in the crossfire or being labeled as sympathizers of the ]<ref name="Inquirer-Inquirer-LumadPalace">{{cite news| url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1012885/lumad-from-palace-guests-to-targets | title='Lumad': From Palace guests to targets|website=Inquirer.net}}</ref>


===National identification system===
The military claimed that the Andap Valley Complex, where Lumad communities are situated, is "influenced" by the New People's Army and requires soldiers to secure the inhabitants. Environmental organization Caraga Watch, however, claimed that the purpose of militarization was "to remove any opposition against the entry of coal mining companies in to the ancestral lands of the Lumad."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/07/25/1836673/lumad-evacuees-face-harassment-lack-water-and-food | title=Lumad evacuees face harassment, lack of water and food|newspaper=The Philippine Star}}</ref>
] after signing it at ] on August 6, 2018.]]


According to Duterte, transactions would be simpler and faster through the use of a national identity system.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 19, 2021 |title=Give PhilSys a chance, Duterte urges Pinoys |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1134201 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319084016/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1134201 |archive-date=March 19, 2021}}</ref> On August 6, 2018, he signed into law the ] (PhilSys Law), seeking to integrate government IDs into a single identification card for all citizens and foreign residents in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=August 6, 2018 |title=PRRD signs national ID law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1043908 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806114444/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1043908 |archive-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> On February 14, 2022, he issued an executive order institutionalizing ] as sufficient proof of identity and age in all forms of transactions, eliminating the need to present additional identity documents.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aning |first=Jerome |date=February 17, 2022 |title=Accept new national ID, Duterte orders gov't, private offices |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1555763/accept-new-national-id-duterte-orders-govt-private-offices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216223514/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1555763/accept-new-national-id-duterte-orders-govt-private-offices |archive-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref>
On August 9, Lumad evacuees formally returned to their homes after days to months in evacuation camps, although military presence in some areas have continued.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/08/09/1841068/lumad-evacuees-go-back-home | title=Lumad evacuees go back home|newspaper=The Philippine Star}}</ref>


The PhilSys project gained public support,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Quiros |first=Judy |date=May 16, 2021 |title=PhilSys applicants growing with Step 1 online registration |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1140438 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516112017/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1140438 |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref> but its implementation was delayed by pandemic restrictions and management issues within the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=July 10, 2022 |title=Management issues hound P3.48-billion PhilSys cards |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1624993/management-issues-hound-p3-48-billion-philsys-cards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709224944/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1624993/management-issues-hound-p3-48-billion-philsys-cards |archive-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref> By June 2022, 66.48 million Filipinos have completed the Step 2 registration process involving validation of supporting documents and ] captures, while the ] delivered 11.53 million ID cards to registrants through the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=June 8, 2022 |title=PhilSys registers over 66.4M Filipinos for Step 2 |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608133304/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176178 |archive-date=June 8, 2022}}</ref>
===Poverty===
{{Expand section|date=April 2020}}


===Social issues===
On April 17, 2019, Duterte signed into law '']'', also known as the ''Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program'' (4Ps) Act. This law seeks to reduce national poverty by providing "] to poor households for a maximum period of seven years, to improve the health, nutrition and education aspect of their lives".<ref name="PNAGovPH-4Ps">{{cite news |last1=Reganit |first1=Jose Cielito |title=New 4Ps law boosts Duterte admin's anti-poverty efforts |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1071094 |accessdate=28 April 2020 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=30 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ManilaStandard-4Ps">{{cite news |last1=Cruz |first1=Maricel |last2=Ramos-Araneta |first2=Macon |title=Duterte lauded for signing institutionalized 4Ps bill into law |url=https://www.manilastandard.net/news/national/295482/duterte-lauded-for-signing-institutionalized-4ps-bill-into-law.html |accessdate=28 April 2020 |work=Manila Standard |date=23 May 2019}}</ref>
====Land reform====
] beneficiaries in ] on October 31, 2018.]]


During his presidential campaign, Duterte called the land reform program of the Aquino administration a "total failure", and promised to provide support services alongside land distribution to farmers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Duterte to push for land reform, free irrigation for farmers |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/duterte-platform-farmers-irrigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204074614/https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/121260-duterte-platform-farmers-irrigation/ |archive-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> On July 5, 2016, a few days after Duterte's presidential inauguration, the ] (DAR) opened the gates of its main office in ] after twenty years of being barricaded shut to prevent protesters from storming it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tacadena |first=Kiersnerr Gerwin |date=July 5, 2016 |title=DAR opens its main gates after 2 decades |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572418/news/nation/dar-opens-its-main-gates-after-2-decades/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423122057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/572418/dar-opens-its-main-gates-after-2-decades/story/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref>
===Tax reform===
On December 19, 2017, Duterte signed into law the ] (TRAIN Law), which lowered ] and increased ] particularly ]es on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, tobacco and non-essential goods. Duterte said that revenues collected from the TRAIN law will help fund the administration's massive infrastructure program.<ref name="ABSCBN-TaxReform">{{cite news |title=Duterte signs tax reform, 2018 budget into law |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/17/duterte-signs-tax-reform-2018-budget-into-law |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=19 December 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221011713/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/17/duterte-signs-tax-reform-2018-budget-into-law |archivedate=21 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/19/1769882/duterte-signs-2018-national-budget-tax-reform-bill|title=Duterte signs 2018 national budget, tax reform bill - Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name="ABS-CBN-TRAINLaw">{{cite news |last1=Gulla |first1=Vivienne |title=Duterte: TRAIN law keeps gov't running |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/19/duterte-train-law-keeps-govt-running |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=5 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313054447/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/19/duterte-train-law-keeps-govt-running |archivedate=13 March 2019}}</ref>


Following the ], Duterte distributed 623 certificates of land-ownership award covering {{convert|274|ha}} of land in Boracay and Aklan to the area's ] inhabitants and other beneficiaries.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Domingo |first1=Katrina |last2=Placido |first2=Dharel |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Duterte distributes land to Ati tribe in Boracay |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/08/18/duterte-distributes-land-to-ati-tribe-in-boracay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121085517/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/08/18/duterte-distributes-land-to-ati-tribe-in-boracay |archive-date=November 21, 2018}}</ref> In February 2019, Duterte ordered all government agencies to identify government-owned land that could be distributed to agrarian-reform beneficiaries.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Duterte orders government lands to be converted to agricultural lands |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/22/1895864/duterte-orders-government-lands-be-converted-agricultural-lands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222115306/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/22/1895864/duterte-orders-government-lands-be-converted-agricultural-lands |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref>
The implementation of the TRAIN Law triggered protests from various left-wing groups. On January 15, protesters gathered at various public market sites, calling for the revocation of TRAIN.<ref> (in Tagalog). ] — via ].</ref> On May 21, several groups gathered at numerous gas station sites in the country to protest the continuous increase of oil prices, citing the TRAIN Law as the main cause.<ref>{{cite news|title=TV Patrol: Pag-akyat ng presyo ng langis, iprinotesta, idinaing|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOYm7BpnWjQ|publisher=]|language=Tagalog|via=]}}</ref> On November 2018, Duterte formally approved the suspension of the next round of excise tax increase on oil products under the TRAIN Law amid efforts to tame the country's high inflation at that time.<ref name="MB-SuspendsExcise">{{cite news |last1=Kabiling |first1=Genalyn |title=Duterte suspends excise tax on oil |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/14/duterte-suspends-excise-tax-on-oil/ion. |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=Manila Bulletin News |date=15 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115035253/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/14/duterte-suspends-excise-tax-on-oil/ |archivedate=15 November 2018}}</ref>


By August 2021, under the Duterte administration, the DAR had distributed {{convert|516000|ha}} of land among 405,800 farmers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Moaje |first=Marita |date=August 17, 2021 |title=405K farmers benefited from land reform under Duterte admin |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1150790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818074125/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1150790 |archive-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref>
===Terrorism===
The ], an ISIS-inspired terrorist group, had reportedly been able to establish a stronghold in Lanao del Sur since early 2016. The group had been blamed for the ] and two attacks in ], a town located south of Marawi, in 2016.<ref name="mautegrp">{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/170772-fast-facts-maute-group |title=FAST FACTS: What you should know about the Maute Group |publisher=] |author=Francisco, K. |date=May 24, 2017 |accessdate=May 26, 2017}}</ref> Before the Duterte administration, the Philippine government had downplayed the threat of ISIS in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111463/aquino-downplays-isis-threat-in-ph |title=Aquino downplays ISIS threat in PH |work=] |author=Esguerra, C.V. |date=September 21, 2014 |accessdate=May 27, 2017}}</ref> Even after the ] with the Maute group, then-President ] discounted the possibility of the Islamic State's presence in the country. He said that those behind the attack were just mercenaries wanting to be recognized by the Middle East-based terror group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/no-isis-in-mindanao-aquino/249460/ |title=No ISIS in Mindanao – Aquino |publisher=] |date=March 9, 2016 |accessdate=March 27, 2017}}</ref>


====Poverty alleviation====
In November 2016, President Duterte confirmed the Maute group's affiliation with the Islamic State.<ref name="mautegrp"/> Amidst ] on November 30, 2016, Duterte, in a command briefing in Lanao del Sur, warned the Maute group: "''Ayaw ko makipag-away sa inyo. Ayaw ko makipag-patayan,'' (I do not want to fight with you. I don't want us killing each other) but please, do not force my hand. I cannot be forever traveling here every month ''para lang makipag-usap'' (just to talk), ''at pagtalikod ko patayan na naman'' (and when I turn around, there's killing again). I do not want to mention anything, but please do not force my hand into it."<ref name="tvpatroldonotforcemyhand">{{cite news|title=TV Patrol: Duterte, may banta sa Maute group|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtijJX9oV0o|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=November 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name="gmanewsdonotforcemyhand">{{cite news|last1=Macas|first1=Trisha|title=Duterte to Maute group: Do not force my hand into war|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/590723/duterte-to-maute-group-do-not-force-my-hand-into-war/story/|publisher=GMA News|date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> On December 2, 2016, as the military regained control of Butig, the retreating Maute fighters reportedly left a note threatening to behead Duterte.<ref name="gma01">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/590941/in-parting-message-maute-fighters-threaten-to-behead-military-duterte/story/ |title=In parting message, Maute fighters threaten to behead military, Duterte |publisher=] |author=Dioquino, R.J. |date=December 2, 2016 |accessdate=May 26, 2017}}</ref>
The Duterte administration has sought to lift six million Filipinos out of poverty.<ref name="PNAGovPH-Lift6M">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 23, 2019 |title=Duterte to Congress: Help me lift 6M Pinoys out of poverty |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075741 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224190613/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075741 |archive-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref> Duterte issued his first executive order directing the ] to supervise 12 government agencies under the ] to evaluate and reform existing poverty reduction programs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=July 4, 2016 |title=Duterte's first EO: Restructure Office of the President |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/04/1599459/dutertes-first-eo-restructure-office-president |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802004435/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/04/1599459/dutertes-first-eo-restructure-office-president |archive-date=August 2, 2016 |quote=The 12 agencies are tasked to evaluate existing poverty reduction programs and formulate projects that seek to reduce poverty and improve the lives of the most venerable sectors of the society.}}</ref> On October 5, 2016, he signed his fifth executive order, adopting ] as the 25-year economic development plan for the Philippines with the aim of making the Philippines "a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor" by 2040.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Vera |first=Ben O. de |date=October 13, 2016 |title=Duterte backs plan to triple incomes, wipe out poverty by 2040 |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/824961/duterte-calls-for-plan-to-triple-incomes-wipe-out-poverty-by-2040 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160138/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/824961/duterte-calls-for-plan-to-triple-incomes-wipe-out-poverty-by-2040 |archive-date=June 11, 2021}}</ref>


In April 2019, Duterte enacted three anti-poverty laws; the ], which aimed to increase the quality of life of poor Filipinos;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 27, 2019 |title=Duterte signs Magna Carta of the Poor |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070734 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527121028/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070734 |archive-date=May 27, 2019}}</ref> the ] (4Ps) Act, which institutionalized a program providing ] to poor households for up to seven years;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 22, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law institutionalizing 4Ps |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523225258/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070521 |archive-date=May 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="ManilaStandard-4Ps">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Cruz |first1=Maricel |last2=Ramos-Araneta |first2=Macon |date=May 23, 2019 |title=Duterte lauded for signing institutionalized 4Ps bill into law |work=] |url=https://www.manilastandard.net/news/national/295482/duterte-lauded-for-signing-institutionalized-4ps-bill-into-law.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104042444/https://www.manilastandard.net/news/national/295482/duterte-lauded-for-signing-institutionalized-4ps-bill-into-law.html |archive-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> and the Community-based Monitoring System Act, which adopted a ] system in every city and municipality to improve poverty analysis.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Balinbin |first=Arjay L. |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Duterte signs innovation, poverty-monitoring legislation |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-innovation-poverty-monitoring-legislation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821030516/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-innovation-poverty-monitoring-legislation/ |archive-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref>
] during the ].]]


In December 2019, the ] reported nearly six million Filipinos were no longer in poverty as the government raised its spending on social welfare; a poverty incidence of 23.3% in 2015 had dropped to 16.6% in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Yap |first1=Cecilia |last2=Lopez |first2=Ditas |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Six Million Filipinos Lifted Out of Poverty, Philippines Says |work=] |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/six-million-filipinos-lifted-out-of-poverty-philippines-says-1.1358430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611160134/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/six-million-filipinos-lifted-out-of-poverty-philippines-says-1.1358430 |archive-date=June 11, 2021}}</ref> Administration efforts to further lower the poverty rate by the end of 2022<ref name="MB-HighPoverty">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Leyco |first=Chino S. |date=February 27, 2022 |title=High poverty rate awaits next leader—DOF |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/27/high-poverty-rate-awaits-next-leader-dof/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227131251/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/27/high-poverty-rate-awaits-next-leader-dof/ |archive-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> were hampered by the ], prompting ] and leading to an increase in unemployment.<ref name="NikkeiAsia-Venzon">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Philippines to ease lockdown as hunger and unemployment surge |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Philippines-to-ease-lockdown-as-hunger-and-unemployment-surge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529010943/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Philippines-to-ease-lockdown-as-hunger-and-unemployment-surge |archive-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Vera |first=Ben O. de |date=September 9, 2021 |title=COVID-19 makes Duterte's 2022 poverty-reduction goal unachievable |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/330388/covid-19-makes-dutertes-2022-poverty-reduction-goal-unachievable |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909111014/https://business.inquirer.net/330388/covid-19-makes-dutertes-2022-poverty-reduction-goal-unachievable |archive-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref> During this time, the number of impoverished Filipinos rose from 22.26 million in 2019 to 26.14 million in early 2021.<ref name="MB-HighPoverty" /> In June 2020, the administration began to ease lockdown to encourage economic activity, and address hunger and unemployment,<ref name="NikkeiAsia-Venzon" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lopez |first=Virgil |date=June 22, 2020 |title=63% of employed Filipinos returned to work following eased restrictions - Duterte |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/743724/63-of-employed-filipinos-returned-to-work-following-eased-restrictions-duterte/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623040132/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/743724/63-of-employed-filipinos-returned-to-work-following-eased-restrictions-duterte/story/ |archive-date=June 23, 2020}}</ref> distributing cash aid to millions of poor and low-income families during the lockdowns.<ref name="NikkeiAsia-Venzon" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Duterte OKs P3.4 B more for ECQ ayuda |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/12/duterte-oks-p3-4-b-more-for-ecq-ayuda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812063037/https://mb.com.ph/2021/08/12/duterte-oks-p3-4-b-more-for-ecq-ayuda/ |archive-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref>
On May 23, 2017, clashes between ] ] and militants affiliated with the ] (ISIL), including the ] and ] ] groups erupted in the city of Marawi.<ref name="crisis1">{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/25/1703153/marawi-crisis-what-we-know-so-far |title=Marawi crisis: What we know so far |work=] |date=May 25, 2017 |accessdate=May 25, 2017}}</ref>


On May 21, 2021, Duterte signed a law extending the electricity ] for the poor for 50 years.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 31, 2021 |title=PRRD signs law extending electricity lifeline rate till 2051 |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1142121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601015008/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1142121 |archive-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref>
] set ablaze after Duterte ordered the ] to conduct ]s against the terrorists in the city during the ]]]


====Family planning and child welfare====
On the same day, Duterte signed ] declaring a 60-day ] in Mindanao following ] between the AFP and the ] in ], ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mendoza|first1=Greanne|title=Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/23/17/duterte-declares-martial-law-in-mindanao|accessdate=May 24, 2017|publisher=]|date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> He said that the implementation is similar to ] and expressed the possibility of extending the scope of the martial law nationwide if deemed necessary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Martial law in Mindanao could last a year—Duterte|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/899057/martial-law-in-mindanao-could-last-a-year-duterte|accessdate=May 24, 2017|agency=]|via=]|date=May 24, 2017}}</ref>
As part of its 10-point socioeconomic agenda, the Duterte administration strengthened the ] which had not yet been implemented due to a temporary restraining order issued by the Supreme Court. On January 9, 2017, Duterte signed an executive order providing funds and support for modern ], and ordered the full implementation of the law.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=January 17, 2017 |title=Duterte signs EO to implement RH Law |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/01/11/1661456/duterte-signs-eo-implement-rh-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913192359/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/01/11/1661456/duterte-signs-eo-implement-rh-law |archive-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cabato |first=Regine |date=January 11, 2017 |title=Duterte orders full implementation of modern family planning by 2018 |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/01/11/Duterte-EO-supporting-family-planning.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112174420/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/01/11/Duterte-EO-supporting-family-planning.html |archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>


Duterte enacted several laws protecting minors from abuse and exploitation.<ref name="Malaya-LawAdoptedChildren">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Montemayor |first=Jocelyn |date=January 14, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law protecting rights of adopted children |work=] |url=https://malaya.com.ph/news_news/duterte-signs-law-protecting-rights-of-adopted-children/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307124210/https://malaya.com.ph/news_news/duterte-signs-law-protecting-rights-of-adopted-children/ |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref><ref name="PNAGovPH-LawChildMarriage">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 6, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law criminalizing child marriage |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106083017/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1164695 |archive-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> He signed laws that criminalized ],<ref name="PNAGovPH-LawChildMarriage" /> raised the ] from 12 to 16,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 7, 2022 |title=Duterte signs bill raising age of sexual consent to 16 |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307114928/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169147 |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref> and required the government to provide special protection to ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law protecting children in armed conflict |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222135938/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062378 |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> In September 2019, he issued an executive order creating the National Council Against Child Labor.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=September 27, 2019 |title=Duterte forms nat'l council vs. child labor |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324084746/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081673 |archive-date=March 24, 2022}}</ref> He signed a law in May 2022 promoting the rights of ] with unknown parents and recognizing them as natural-born Filipino citizens.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Gita-Carlos |first1=Ruth Abbey |last2=Bacelonia |first2=Wilnard |date=May 17, 2022 |title=PRRD signs law promoting foundlings' rights |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174631 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517073529/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174631 |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
The ] became the longest ] in the modern history of the Philippines.<ref name="longest urban war">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/939202/marawi-war-maute-terrorism-duterte-isnilon-hapilon-is-islamic-state|title=Marawi: City destroyed in Philippines' longest urban war|publisher=Inquirer News|date=October 19, 2017|accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref>


Duterte rejected ] and suggested birth-control pills to prevent pregnancy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 11, 2017 |title=Duterte reiterates support for family planning but not abortion |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/11/17/duterte-reiterates-support-for-family-planning-but-not-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311152918/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/11/17/duterte-reiterates-support-for-family-planning-but-not-abortion |archive-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> In January 2022, he signed a law simplifying the country's ] and establishing the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Law simplifying adoption process for Filipino children inked |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1165335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093626/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1165335 |archive-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Malaya-LawAdoptedChildren" />
According to the Philippine government, the clashes began during an offensive in Marawi to capture ], the leader of the ISIL-affiliated ] group.<ref name="abs1">{{cite web |url= http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/05/23/17/timeline-maute-attack-in-marawi-city |title=TIMELINE: Maute attack in Marawi City |publisher= ] |date=May 23, 2017 |accessdate= May 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="notattack">{{cite news |last= Morallo |first= Audrey |title= AFP: Marawi clashes part of security operation, not terrorist attack |url= http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/23/1702885/afp-marawi-clashes-part-security-operation-not-terrorist-attack|accessdate=May 23, 2017 |work= The Philippine Star |date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> A deadly firefight erupted when Hapilon's forces opened fire on the combined Army and police teams and called for reinforcements from the Maute group.<ref name="inq2">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/898990/key-facts-about-a-tumultuous-tuesday-in-marawi-city |title=Key facts about a tumultuous Tuesday in Marawi City |work=] |author=Nery, J. |date=May 24, 2017 |accessdate=May 24, 2017}}</ref>


====Gambling policy====
Maute group militants attacked Camp Ranao and occupied several buildings in the city, including Marawi City Hall, ], a hospital, and the city jail.<ref name="inq2"/> They also occupied the main street and set fire to ], Ninoy Aquino School, and Dansalan College, which is run by the ] (UCCP).<ref name="abs1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=UCCP Statement on the Burning of Dansalan College|url=http://www.globalministries.org/uccp_statement_on_the_burning_of_dansalan_college|accessdate=May 25, 2017}}</ref> The militants also took a priest and several churchgoers hostage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/mindanao-churchgoers-hostage-marawi-siege-170524085829461.html |title=Mindanao: Churchgoers 'taken hostage' amid Marawi siege |publisher=] |date=May 24, 2017 |accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref>
{{See also|Chinese gambling workers in the Philippines}}
]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gita-Carlos |first1=Ruth Abbey |title=Duterte signs law taxing POGOs |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154416 |work=] |date=September 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923145513/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154416 |archive-date=September 23, 2021}}</ref>]]


Duterte has expressed disdain for gambling.<ref name="PNAGovPH-OnlineGambling" /> Early in his term, he announced his intention to stop all online gambling operations in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 22, 2016 |title=Philippine president Duterte says he will stop all online gambling |language=en |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/22/philippine-president-duterte-says-he-will-stop-all-online-gambling.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222201953/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/22/philippine-president-duterte-says-he-will-stop-all-online-gambling.html |archive-date=December 22, 2016}}</ref> In January 2018, he ordered the ] (PAGCOR) to stop accepting new casino applications. In August that year, he dismissed the entire board of the ] (NPF) for approving an onerous casino deal, ordering the Department of Justice to review the contract between the NPF and Chinese casino operator Landing Resorts Philippines Development Corp.; Duterte said the contract was disadvantageous to the government due to its low rental payments and lengthy lease.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Aurelio |first1=Julie M. |last2=Pazzibugan |first2=Dona Z. |date=August 10, 2018 |title=Duterte 'hates gambling,' rules out new casinos |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1019728/duterte-hates-gambling-rules-out-new-casinos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111325/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1019728/duterte-hates-gambling-rules-out-new-casinos |archive-date=August 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Duterte won't allow construction of new casinos |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808224643/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044226 |archive-date=August 8, 2018}}</ref>
The ] stated that some of the terrorists were foreigners who had been in the country for a long time, offering support to the Maute group in Marawi. Their main objective was to raise an ISIS flag at the Lanao del Sur Provincial Capitol and declare a '']'' or provincial ISIS territory in Lanao del Sur.<ref name="padilla">{{cite web|url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/national/237668/afp-foreign-terrorists-are-fighting-alongside-maute-group-in-marawi.html |title=AFP: Foreign terrorists are fighting alongside Maute group in Marawi |work=] |author=Lim, A. |date=May 26, 2017 |accessdate=May 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/612374/maute-plans-to-raise-isis-flags-at-lanao-capitol-marawi-city-hall-to-declare-wilayat/story/ |title=Maute plans to raise ISIS flags at Lanao capitol, Marawi city hall to declare 'wilayat' |publisher=] |date=May 27, 2017 |accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref>


Duterte declined China's request to ban ] (POGOs), which flourished during his presidency, because of the industry's contribution to the economy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=September 4, 2019 |title=Defying China, Duterte decides to keep online gambling in Philippines |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/Defying-China-Duterte-decides-to-keep-online-gambling-in-Philippines2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904204127/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/Defying-China-Duterte-decides-to-keep-online-gambling-in-Philippines2 |archive-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 5, 2019 |title=Duterte unwilling to ban online gambling despite China's request |language=en |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3025770/rodrigo-duterte-unwilling-ban-online-gambling-despite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905012928/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3025770/rodrigo-duterte-unwilling-ban-online-gambling-despite |archive-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> During the ], he allowed gambling operations in the country to raise COVID-19 response funds,<ref name="PNAGovPH-OnlineGambling">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 7, 2021 |title=Online gambling allowed to boost Covid response funds: PRRD |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1146320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708032951/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1146320 |archive-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NikkeiAsia-DropsBoracayCasinoBan">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Duterte drops Boracay casino ban, opening door for Macao's Galaxy |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/Duterte-drops-Boracay-casino-ban-opening-door-for-Macao-s-Galaxy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827081952/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Media-Entertainment/Duterte-drops-Boracay-casino-ban-opening-door-for-Macao-s-Galaxy |archive-date=August 27, 2021}}</ref> lifting the ban on casinos he imposed in 2018 on ] following ]<ref name="NikkeiAsia-DropsBoracayCasinoBan" /> and initially<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Atienza |first=Kyle Aristophere T. |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Duterte stops e-sabong operations |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/05/04/446280/duterte-stops-e-sabong-operations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505105500/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/05/04/446280/duterte-stops-e-sabong-operations/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> rejecting calls to terminate ''e-sabong'' (online cockfighting) operations amid ].<ref name="PNAGovPH-NixesESabong">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Duterte nixes calls to suspend e-sabong ops |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169882 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316043923/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169882 |archive-date=March 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yang |first=Angelica Y. |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Duterte: E-sabong revenues needed since COVID-19 depleted other funds |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/08/2173217/duterte-e-sabong-revenues-needed-covid-19-depleted-other-funds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408102620/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/08/2173217/duterte-e-sabong-revenues-needed-covid-19-depleted-other-funds |archive-date=April 8, 2022}}</ref>
The fighting lasted for five months until October 17, 2017, the day after the deaths of militant leaders ] and ]. President Duterte declared Marawi as "liberated from terrorist influence".<ref name="Aljazeera-MarawiLiberated">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/duterte-marawi-liberated-isil-linked-fighters-171017071213300.html|title=Duterte: Marawi 'liberated' from ISIL-linked fighters|website=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> This was followed by another October 23, 2017 pronouncement of Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana that the five-month battle against the terrorists in Marawi had finally ended.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suson|first1=Divina|last2=Nawal|first2=Allan|last3=Mangosing|first3=Frances|title=BREAKING: Lorenzana says Marawi City siege is over|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/939974/breaking-dnd-delfin-lorenzana-marawi-city-siege-finish-isis-maute|accessdate=November 19, 2017|work=]|date=October 23, 2017}}</ref>


From 2016 through 2021, the PAGCOR earned {{Philippine peso}}373.33 billion in revenues, of which {{Philippine peso}}238.74 was remitted to the government; {{Philippine peso}}150.16 billion was remitted to the National Treasury and was used to fund the Universal Health Care Act, while {{Philippine peso}}360 million was remitted to the ].<ref name="ManilaTimes-PAGCOREarns">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=June 16, 2022 |title=PAGCOR earns over P373 billion in the past six years; contributes P238.74 billion to nation-building |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/16/supplements/pagcor-earns-over-p373-billion-in-the-past-six-years-contributes-p23874-billion-to-nation-building/1847617 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617130511/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/16/supplements/pagcor-earns-over-p373-billion-in-the-past-six-years-contributes-p23874-billion-to-nation-building/1847617 |archive-date=June 17, 2022}}</ref>
===Tourism===
{{Empty section|date=December 2019}}


====Revised water concession agreements====
==Economic policy==
{{Further|Water crisis in Metro Manila}}
{{see also|DuterteNomics}}
] in ], ], May 11, 2017]]


In March 2019, a ] severely affected Metro Manila, causing long queues to collect water rations.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Sabillo |first=Kristine |date=March 12, 2019 |title=EXPLAINER: Why is there a water shortage in Metro Manila? |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/12/19/explainer-why-is-there-a-water-shortage-in-metro-manila |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312132657/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/12/19/explainer-why-is-there-a-water-shortage-in-metro-manila |archive-date=March 12, 2019}}</ref> Duterte ordered the review of the 1997 water-concession agreements signed under the ] with private water companies ] and ], saying the agreements were onerous to both the government and the public.<ref name="Inquirer-WaterExecs">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Duterte threatens water execs, orders new deals |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1197794/duterte-threatens-water-execs-orders-new-deals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203234502/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1197794/duterte-threatens-water-execs-orders-new-deals |archive-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> That November, a Singapore-based arbitration court in November 2019 ruled the government had to pay billions of pesos to both companies as compensation for losses from rejected water-rate hikes. Duterte refused to pay and threatened to sue the two firms for economic plunder.<ref name="CNNPH-WaterDeals">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor |date=December 10, 2019 |title=Duterte warns of gov't takeover, warrantless arrests over water deals |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/12/10/Duterte-Maynilad-Manila-Water-onerous-agreements.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210153704/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/12/10/Duterte-Maynilad-Manila-Water-onerous-agreements.html |archive-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref> Following the ]'s discovery of 12 "onerous provisions" that favored the companies, Duterte ordered ] ] and ] secretary ] to write a new water-concession contract favorable to the public and the government, and ordered the two firms to accept or face expropriation.<ref name="Inquirer-WaterExecs" /><ref name="CNNPH-WaterDeals" /> The two firms agreed to waive the {{Philippine peso|10.8 billion}} refund from the government,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Joel |first1=San Juan |last2=Fernandez |first2=Butch |date=December 11, 2019 |title=Maynilad, Manila Water waive P10.8-billion awards |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/12/11/maynilad-manila-water-waive-p10-8-billion-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220061932/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/12/11/maynilad-manila-water-waive-p10-8-billion-awards/ |archive-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor |date=December 11, 2019 |title=Manila Water admits Duterte's anger led to waiving of ₱7.4-B award |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/12/11/duterte-manila-water-maynilad-contracts.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211155937/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/12/11/duterte-manila-water-maynilad-contracts.html |archive-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref> and, in 2021, signed the revised agreement, which removed government non-interference clauses and the firms' authority to charge ] to consumers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 5, 2021 |title=Gov't inks new concession agreement with Manila Water |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/05/govt-inks-new-concession-agreement-with-manila-water/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405050840/https://mb.com.ph/2021/04/05/govt-inks-new-concession-agreement-with-manila-water/ |archive-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Añago |first=Bianca Angelica D. |date=May 19, 2021 |title=Maynilad, MWSS ink revised water concession agreement |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2021/05/19/369443/maynilad-mwss-ink-revised-water-concession-agreement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421220029/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2021/05/19/369443/maynilad-mwss-ink-revised-water-concession-agreement/ |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>
Early in his term, Duterte's expletive-laden outbursts triggered the biggest exodus from stocks in a year and made the peso Asia's worst performer in September 2016. The Philippine currency was at a seven-year low and rounding out its worst month since May 2010. In the same month, the Philippine peso completed its biggest monthly decline since October 2000 amid the biggest outflow from the nation's stocks in a year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-30/philippine-peso-completes-worst-month-in-16-years-amid-outflows |title=Philippine Peso Completes Worst Month in 16 Years Amid Outflows |author=Lopez, Ditas B. |work=] |date=September 30, 2016 |accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> According to the Philippines' Finance Secretary ], the peso's slump this year is "mainly due to a deteriorating trade outlook because of rising imports of capital goods, which is normal for a country that is growing very fast".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-16/philippines-in-a-sweet-spot-despite-peso-slump-dominguez-says | title=RP in sweet spot despite peso slump |date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> Currency strategists have, however, "predicted a rebound once investors see beyond Duterte's words".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-29/duterte-s-noisy-peso-rout-out-of-harmony-with-philippine-economy |title=Duterte's Peso Rout Runs Counter to the Booming Philippine Economy |last1=Liau |first1=Y-Sing |last2=Lopez |first2=Ditas B |publisher=] |date=September 29, 2016 |accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref>


In January 2022, Duterte signed new franchises for Maynilad and Manila Water, allowing the firms to continue operating for another 25 years. Under the new franchise laws, the President is allowed to temporarily take over and operate the firms during a period of war, rebellion, calamity, emergency, and disaster.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=January 7, 2022 |title=Duterte signs into law new franchises for Maynilad, Manila Water |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/01/07/duterte-signs-into-law-new-franchises-for-maynilad-manila-water/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107104024/https://mb.com.ph/2022/01/07/duterte-signs-into-law-new-franchises-for-maynilad-manila-water/ |archive-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref>
After 100 days in office, former president ], a political ally-mentor of Duterte said that "Duterte has been a huge disappointment and letdown" and "the government was losing badly by prioritizing a war on drugs at the expense of issues like poverty, living costs, foreign investment, and jobs".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ex-philippine-president-ramos-says-duterte-government-letdown-060006337.html |title=Ex-Philippine president Ramos says Duterte government a 'letdown' |author=Petty, Martin |website=] |date=October 10, 2016 |accessdate=October 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/10/10/1632214/ramos-dutertes-first-100-days-letdown |title=Ramos: Duterte's first 100 days a letdown |author=Viray, Patricia Lourdes |website=Philstar.com |date=October 10, 2016 |accessdate=October 11, 2016}}</ref> Based on subsequent surveys conducted by the ], optimism in the economic prospects under the Duterte administration remains "excellent" with more Filipinos believing that the quality of their lives will improve in the next 12 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bworldonline.com/optimism-excellent-in-q2-sws/ |title=SWS survey shows RP optimism remains excellent | date = August 15, 2017}}</ref> This is supported by polls conducted by ] one year after Duterte took office, wherein approval (82%) and trust (81%) ratings for Duterte still remain very high.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pulseasia.ph/june-2017-nationwide-survey-on-the-performance-and-trust-ratings-of-the-top-philippine-government-officials-and-key-government-institutions/ |title=Approval and Trust survey for RP Officials |date = June 17, 2017}}</ref>


====Compensation and incentives====
In November 2, 2018, the Philippines slipped 11 places from the World Bank's ''Ease of Doing Business'' rankings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/215784-philippines-ranking-ease-of-doing-business-world-bank-2019|title=PH slips 11 notches in World Bank's ease of doing business ranking|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-11-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/11/02/1865082/philippines-ranking-falls-ease-doing-business|title=Philippines ranking falls in Ease of Doing Business {{!}} Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref> The ] is demanding a correction from the World Bank, citing the smaller data set used to assess the country's credit base.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/01/18/philippines-demanding-a-correction-from-world-bank-trade-sec-lopez|title=Philippines 'demanding a correction' from World Bank: Trade Sec Lopez|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=2018-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/phl-protests-ease-of-doing-business-survey-results-demands-world-bank-review-of-credit-coverage-data/|title=PHL protests Ease of Doing Business survey results, demands World Bank review of credit coverage data|work=BusinessMirror|access-date=2018-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref>
Duterte approved, in January 2017, a {{Philippine peso}}1,000 increase in the ] pension.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Flores |first=Mikhail |date=January 10, 2017 |title=Duterte approves costly pension hike |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Duterte-approves-costly-pension-hike2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216003538/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Duterte-approves-costly-pension-hike2 |archive-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> He signed legislation raising the old-age pension for living Filipino veterans of World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 10, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law hiking war veterans' monthly pension |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1058582 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110192602/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1058582 |archive-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> providing incentives for Filipino scientists abroad to return and share their expertise;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=June 22, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Balik Scientist Act to bolster research, dev't |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039137 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625122530/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039137 |archive-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> granting tax-free compensation to ] victims<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law compensating Marawi Siege victims |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1588669/duterte-signs-law-compensating-marawi-siege-victims |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427103703/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1588669/duterte-signs-law-compensating-marawi-siege-victims |archive-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> and mandatory, continued benefits to all ]s during public-health emergencies;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law giving frontliners allowances, benefits during public health emergency |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/29/duterte-signs-law-giving-frontliners-allowances-benefits-during-public-health-emergency/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429064859/https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/29/duterte-signs-law-giving-frontliners-allowances-benefits-during-public-health-emergency/ |archive-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> granting benefits to the surviving spouse and children of deceased, retired prosecutors of the ];<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Duterte OKs survivorship benefits to kin of deceased retired prosecutors |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1539918/duterte-oks-survivorship-benefits-to-kin-of-deceased-retired-prosecutors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113033303/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1539918/duterte-oks-survivorship-benefits-to-kin-of-deceased-retired-prosecutors |archive-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref> and, strengthening the '']'' and granting monthly ] to barangay youth-council officials.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Duterte okays bill giving Sangguniang Kabataan officials monthly pay |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1598840/duterte-okays-bill-giving-sangguniang-kabataan-officials-monthly-pay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071253/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1598840/duterte-okays-bill-giving-sangguniang-kabataan-officials-monthly-pay |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> He also signed executive orders granting monetary assistance to each ] member in recognition for their contributions in the government's fight against insurgency and terrorism.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=December 10, 2018 |title=PRRD grants P7K monthly aid to CAFGU members |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214173749/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056258 |archive-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mendez |first=Christina |date=November 15, 2019 |title=Duterte signs EO for financial grant to CAFGUs |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/11/15/1969008/duterte-signs-eo-financial-grant-cafgus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114222207/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/11/15/1969008/duterte-signs-eo-financial-grant-cafgus |archive-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>


To decongest ] and promote development in other regions, Duterte issued an executive order institutionalizing the ] Program, which provides incentives such as transportation, cash aid, skills training, and low-cost housing to qualifying people wishing to return to their provinces.<ref name="CNNPH-BP2">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 6, 2020 |title=Duterte approves 'Balik Probinsya' to help decongest Metro Manila amid crisis |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/6/Duterte-approves-Balik-Probinsya-program.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506211301/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/6/Duterte-approves-Balik-Probinsya-program.html |archive-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Kabagani |first=Lade Jean |date=March 15, 2022 |title=654 BP2 beneficiaries return to provinces since pandemic |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169848 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315104352/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169848 |archive-date=March 15, 2022}}</ref> In his last month in office, he doubled the cash incentives for Filipino medalists in the ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Navarro |first=June |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Duterte doubles cash incentives for Filipino SEA Games medalists |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/465027/duterte-doubles-cash-incentives-for-filipino-sea-games-medalists |access-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601123906/https://sports.inquirer.net/465027/duterte-doubles-cash-incentives-for-filipino-sea-games-medalists |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> and allowed a bill granting additional benefits and coverage to solo parents to lapse into law.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Bill granting more benefits to solo parents lapses into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177675 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628085753/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177675 |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref>
In September 2018, the ] of the country skyrocketed to 6.7%, its highest in a decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/business/213554-inflation-rate-philippines-september-2018|title=Inflation in September 2018 strains Filipinos' budget at 6.7%|first=Ralf|last=Rivas|website=Rappler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/10/05/1857504/inflation-soars-new-9-year-high-67-september|title=Inflation soars to new 9-year high of 6.7% in September|website=philstar.com}}</ref> On September 21, 2018, Duterte signed ''Administrative Order No. 13'', removing non-tariff barriers in the importation of agricultural products, to address soaring inflation rates.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/19/18/inflation-at-62-percent-for-third-quarter-of-2018-bsp|title=Inflation at 6.2 percent for third quarter of 2018: BSP|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/212779-duterte-cuts-red-tape-importing-agricultural-products|title=Duterte cuts red tape in importing agricultural products|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref> Inflation decreased in November 2018, at 5.8 to 6.6 percent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/29/18/inflation-likely-at-58-to-66-percent-in-november-bsp|title=Inflation likely at 5.8 to 6.6 percent in November: BSP|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=2018-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> ] decreased its inflation forecast for 2019, after the passage of the rice tariffication bill.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/business/11/15/18/bangko-sentral-drastically-lowers-2019-inflation-outlook|title=Bangko Sentral drastically lowers 2019 inflation outlook|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=2018-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Inflation further decreased from 6.7 percent in October 2018 to 0.8 percent in October 2019, the lowest inflation rate recorded since May 2016.<ref name="Inquirer-SlowestInflation">{{cite news |last1=Esguerra |first1=Darryl John |title=Palace: With 'sound, working' Duterte economic policies, PH has slowest inflation in 3 years |url=https://business.inquirer.net/282600/palace-with-sound-working-duterte-economic-policies-ph-has-slowest-inflation-in-3-years |accessdate=3 December 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=5 November 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105171943/https://business.inquirer.net/282600/palace-with-sound-working-duterte-economic-policies-ph-has-slowest-inflation-in-3-years |archivedate=5 November 2019}}</ref>


==Foreign policy== ===Space===
{{See also|Philippine space program}}
].]]

Recognizing the "urgent need to create a coherent and unified strategy for space development and utilization to keep up with other nations", Duterte signed a law creating the ], to serve as the central government agency addressing national issues and activities related to space, science, and technology applications.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=August 13, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1077724 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813163739/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1077724 |archive-date=August 13, 2019}}</ref>

The ], led by Secretary ], in collaboration with Japanese institutions, launched three satellites into space under the ] program: the ] nanosatellite, on June 29, 2018; the ] microsatellite, on October 29, 2018; and the ] nanosatellite, on February 21, 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Luci-Atienza |first=Charissa |date=February 25, 2021 |title=How the Philippines' space program evolved: From late-comer to fast-learner |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/25/how-the-philippines-space-program-evolved-from-late-comer-to-fast-learner/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225123855/https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/25/how-the-philippines-space-program-evolved-from-late-comer-to-fast-learner/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref>

===Telecommunications===
{{See also|2018 Philippine third telecommunications provider bidding}}

In his fifth State of the Nation address in July 2020, Duterte warned the major telecommunications companies ] and ] to improve their services by December or risk facing closure.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 27, 2020 |title=Improve your services by December, PRRD to telcos |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1110261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926220950/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1110261 |archive-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cigaral |first=Ian Nicolas |date=July 27, 2020 |title=Duterte threatens telcos: Improve services by December or face expropriation |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/07/27/2030984/duterte-threatens-telcos-improve-services-december-or-face-expropriation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140116/https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/07/27/2030984/duterte-threatens-telcos-improve-services-december-or-face-expropriation |archive-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Duterte urged telecommunications firms to report local officials delaying the approval of permits for cell-site construction,<ref name="CNNPH-StreamlinedApplication">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Streamlined application rules as Duterte orders to fast-track cell site construction |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/31/globe-smart-pldt-application-permit-dilg-duterte.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801130712/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/31/globe-smart-pldt-application-permit-dilg-duterte.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> after the firms said red tape and non-standardized requirements made it difficult for them to build towers.<ref name="PhilStar-LGUsComplying">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=October 6, 2020 |title=LGUs complying with Duterte's order to act on telco tower applications—Año |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/10/06/2047649/lgus-complying-dutertes-order-act-telco-tower-applications-ao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107090744/https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/10/06/2047649/lgus-complying-dutertes-order-act-telco-tower-applications-ao |archive-date=November 7, 2020}}</ref> In compliance with Duterte's order, the ] simplified the application process for the construction of shared cellular sites,<ref name="CNNPH-StreamlinedApplication" /> shortening it to 16 days;<ref name="PNAGovPH-LGUsApprove">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=December 1, 2020 |title=LGUs approve 2.2K telco tower permits: DILG |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1123445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201054800/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1123445 |archive-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> local government units also complied with Duterte's order.<ref name="PhilStar-LGUsComplying" /><ref name="PNAGovPH-LGUsApprove" /> Globe Telecom and Smart Communications have since improved their services.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Telcos able to improve services after Duterte warning: NTC |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209013821/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124155 |archive-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> In February 2022, average fixed ] download speeds rose from 7.91&nbsp;Mbit/s to 82.61&nbsp;Mbit/s, a 944% increase; average ] speeds increased 467% at 42.22&nbsp;Mbit/s from 7.44&nbsp;Mbit/s since the start of the Duterte administration.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 11, 2022 |title=Duterte policies move PH 113 spots up in the Speedtest Global Index |work=] |url=https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/314206140/duterte-policies-move-ph-113-spots-up-in-the-speedtest-global-index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210182415/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/314206140/duterte-policies-move-ph-113-spots-up-in-the-speedtest-global-index.html |archive-date=February 10, 2022}}</ref>

] to the ] represented by businessman ] (right) on July 8, 2019.]]

Duterte campaigned to break up the telecom duopoly of Globe and Smart due to the companies' poor mobile network services and internet speeds.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=September 9, 2019 |title=The entrance of a third major telecoms provider set to break the duopoly in the Philippines |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/make-way-government-steps-break-duopoly-and-secure-another-major-telecoms-provider-country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611134628/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/make-way-government-steps-break-duopoly-and-secure-another-major-telecoms-provider-country |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |website=Oxford Business Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nicolas |first=Jino |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Duterte: Telecom duopoly to end |work=] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-telecom-duopoly-end/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124021143/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-telecom-duopoly-end/ |archive-date=November 24, 2017}}</ref> ] was held in November 2018 to determine a third major telecommunications provider in the country; ], which was then known as Mislatel Consortium, provisionally won the bid on November 7.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pateña |first=Aerol John |date=November 7, 2018 |title=Mislatel Consortium selected as provisional 3rd telco player |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1053240 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111090210/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1053240 |archive-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref> Duterte formally awarded the company its ] in July 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 8, 2019 |title=PRRD hands Mislatel Consortium permit to operate as 3rd telco |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1074398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708152418/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1074398 |archive-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> On March 9, 2021, Dito Telecommunity began commercial operations, becoming the Philippines' third telecommunications company,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Camu |first=Miguel R. |date=March 9, 2021 |title=Dito makes its debut as 3rd telco, launches in Cebu, Davao |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/319148/dito-makes-its-debut-as-3rd-telco-launches-in-cebu-davao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064144/https://business.inquirer.net/319148/dito-makes-its-debut-as-3rd-telco-launches-in-cebu-davao |archive-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref> and soon received a 25-year franchise.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aguilar |first=Krissy |date=May 18, 2021 |title=Duterte grants 3rd telco Dito Telecommunity a 25-year franchise |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1433307/duterte-grants-3rd-telco-dito-telecommunity-a-25-year-franchise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518080644/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1433307/duterte-grants-3rd-telco-dito-telecommunity-a-25-year-franchise |archive-date=May 18, 2021}}</ref>

In March 2017, Duterte approved the National Broadband Program (NBP) that was developed by the ] (DICT).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Cabinet secretary: Duterte approves national broadband program |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/06/duterte-approves-national-broadband-program.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306184201/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/06/duterte-approves-national-broadband-program.html |archive-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> Despite a small budget,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=March 4, 2022 |title=More onsite work OK but internet services must be improved |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305144800/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169018 |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |quote=The Philippines’ National Broadband Plan was developed by the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) and approved by President Duterte in 2017, aimed at addressing the clamor for universal, faster, and affordable Internet access among the public. However, challenges in budget allocation hampered its full implementation. For its budget in 2021, the DICT had asked the government PHP13.4 billion for the implementation of the program but it only received P1.9 billion.}}</ref> the DICT and the ] completed the Luzon Bypass Infrastructure, an ultra-high-speed system for ] that avoided the earthquake-prone ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=December 12, 2017 |title=Luzon Bypass Infrastructure; Executive Summary |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Luzon%20Bypass%20Infrastructure%2C%20Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516133200/https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Luzon%20Bypass%20Infrastructure%2C%20Philippines.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2018 |website=] |publisher=Department of Information and Communications Technology |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ayeng |first=Raffy |date=April 12, 2022 |title=BCDA: Taiwanese must consider Poro Point |work=] |url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2022/04/12/bcda-taiwanese-must-consider-poro-point/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411235658/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2022/04/12/bcda-taiwanese-must-consider-poro-point/ |archive-date=April 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name="BusinessMirror-SadainHighlights" />

Duterte and his administration were ] of ], the largest media network in the country. Duterte expressed displeasure at the media network following its failure to air his political advertisements for which ] had paid; during the same period, the network aired Senator ]' advertisements, showing clips of Duterte speaking about issues of rape and murder.<ref name="Inquirer-ChurchCondemnsNonRenewal">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gomez |first=Carla |date=July 18, 2020 |title=Church leaders in Bacolod condemn non-renewal of ABS-CBN's franchise |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1308678/church-leaders-in-bacolod-condemn-non-renewal-of-abs-cbns-franchise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718123826/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1308678/church-leaders-in-bacolod-condemn-non-renewal-of-abs-cbns-franchise |archive-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> Duterte said he would not allow the ] (NTC) to grant ABS-CBN a permit unless the firm paid its alleged tax debt.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 6, 2021 |title=Duterte says ABS-CBN franchise renewal bid 'piece of garbage' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132769 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306071006/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1132769 |archive-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> In February 2020, a few months before its legislative franchise expired, ABS-CBN president and CEO ] issued an apology to Duterte for failing to air his political advertisements, offering to return the remaining {{Philippine peso}}2.6 million in advertisement funds. Duterte accepted the apology and declined the refund, and distanced himself from the franchise-renewal issue, saying he had no control over the ] or Solicitor General ], who earlier filed a '']'' petition before the Supreme Court, seeking to invalidate ABS-CBN's franchise due to an alleged violation of the 1987 Constitution regarding foreign ownership.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=February 26, 2020 |title=Duterte accepts ABS-CBN apology, distances from franchise issue |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717160209/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094943 |archive-date=July 17, 2020}}</ref> Following the expiry of its legislative franchise on May 4, ABS-CBN ceased its broadcast operations; the following day, the NTC issued a ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=May 5, 2020 |title=NTC orders ABS-CBN to stop broadcast operations |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1270074/ntc-issues-cease-and-desist-order-vs-abs-cbn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506221228/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1270074/ntc-issues-cease-and-desist-order-vs-abs-cbn |archive-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> On July 10, the ], in a 70-to-11 vote, declined the media network's application for a new 25-year franchise, citing issues with the ] of its chairman emeritus ], a possible violation of constitutional limits on foreign ownership, reported tax and labor violations, and allegations of biased reporting and political meddling.<ref name="PNAGovPH-SeveralIssues">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Several issues led to denial of ABS-CBN franchise bid: House body |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1108624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710110942/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1108624 |archive-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> Opposition politicians, media groups,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jazul |first=Noreen |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Media groups condemn rejection of ABS-CBN franchise renewal |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/13/media-groups-condemn-rejection-of-abs-cbn-franchise-renewal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714124556/https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/13/media-groups-condemn-rejection-of-abs-cbn-franchise-renewal/ |archive-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> academic institutions,<ref name="GMA-UniversitiesCondemnShutdown">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Bajo |first1=Anna Felicia |last2=Casilao |first2=Joahna Lei |date=May 6, 2020 |title=Universities, academic departments condemn shutdown order vs. ABS-CBN |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/737088/ust-shutdown-order-vs-abs-cbn-a-clear-disservice-to-filipinos/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714122437/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/737088/ust-shutdown-order-vs-abs-cbn-a-clear-disservice-to-filipinos/story/ |archive-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> and religious leaders condemned the broadcast shutdown and the franchise-renewal denial.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Alba |first=Katrina Elaine |date=July 10, 2020 |title='MANININGIL ANG KASAYSAYAN'; Opposition lawmakers condemn ABS-CBN franchise non-renewal |language=en, fil |work=] |url=https://news.tv5.com.ph/breaking/read/maniningil-ang-kasaysayan-opposition-lawmakers-condemn-abs-cbn-franchise-non-renewal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808154948/https://news.tv5.com.ph/breaking/read/maniningil-ang-kasaysayan-opposition-lawmakers-condemn-abs-cbn-franchise-non-renewal |archive-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-ChurchCondemnsNonRenewal" /> Calida called the cease-and-desist order "a triumph of the rule of law".<ref name="GMA-UniversitiesCondemnShutdown" />

Duterte signed laws requiring the government to provide free internet access in public places<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Duterte signs law giving free internet access in public places |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/919860/duterte-signs-law-giving-free-internet-access-in-public-places |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802172315/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/919860/duterte-signs-law-giving-free-internet-access-in-public-places |archive-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> and allowing mobile users to permanently keep their numbers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 19, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law making mobile numbers 'portable' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222154226/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062349 |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> In March 2021, to improve internet access, he issued an executive order granting telecommunication companies access to satellite services.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Duterte signs EO allowing inclusive access to satellite services |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1133356 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314193543/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1133356 |archive-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref> By March 2022, 7,977 ] operational sites in public areas nationwide were established under the Free WiFi for All program while the completion rate of the first phase of the NBP was at 73.5%.<ref name="BusinessMirror-SadainHighlights">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Marasigan |first=Lorenz S. |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Sadain highlights Duterte administration's achievements under BBB program |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/05/30/sadain-highlights-duterte-administrations-achievements-under-bbb-program/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530153715/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/05/30/sadain-highlights-duterte-administrations-achievements-under-bbb-program/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref> Shortly before Duterte's term ended, his administration swiftly approved ]'s application to provide ] in the country to address connectivity issues in unserved or underserved areas.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Hilotin |first=Jay |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Approved in 30 minutes: Elon Musk's Starlink gets Duterte government's OK |language=en |work=] |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/approved-in-30-minutes-elon-musks-starlink-gets-duterte-governments-ok-1.1653640871007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527123209/https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/approved-in-30-minutes-elon-musks-starlink-gets-duterte-governments-ok-1.1653640871007 |archive-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref>

===Tourism development===
{{main|Tourism in the Philippines#Government initiatives since 2018}}

===Transportation===
].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Abella |first=Lizbeth Ann |date=July 6, 2019 |title=Duterte inaugurates upgraded Ormoc Airport |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1074261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819133839/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1074261 |archive-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref>]]

In June 2017, the Duterte administration launched ] to modernize the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||title=PUV Modernization |url=https://ltfrb.gov.ph/?page_id=3191 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325103449/https://ltfrb.gov.ph/?page_id=3191 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> The program phased out 15-year-old and older ]s and other public utility vehicles (PUVs), required PUVs to have at least a ]-compliant engine or ] to lessen pollution,<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Taking the high road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |journal=LEAGUE Magazine |language=en |publisher=The League Publishing Company, Inc. |issue=August–September 2018 Issue: The Local Government Unit Magazine |page=20}}</ref> and encouraged PUV operators with existing franchises to consolidate into a single legal group of at least 15 units.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Dela Cruz |first=Raymond Carl |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Consolidated franchises under PUV modernization now 95K |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1140020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101632/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1140020 |archive-date=May 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 2, 2021 |title=PUV modernization rules eased |work=] |url=https://malaya.com.ph/news_business/puv-modernization-rules-eased/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024220358/https://malaya.com.ph/news_business/puv-modernization-rules-eased/?amp |archive-date=October 24, 2022}}</ref> Another program launched in June 2019 provided scholarships and training to public-transport drivers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pateña |first=Aerol John |date=June 28, 2019 |title=DOTr, TESDA launch 'Tsuper Iskolar' in Metro Manila |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1073603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405102455/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1073603 |archive-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Marasigan |first=Lorenz S. |date=September 29, 2021 |title=3,077 graduates under DOTr's Tsuper Iskolar program find jobs |work=] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/09/29/3077-graduates-under-dotrs-tsuper-iskolar-program-find-jobs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929013230/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/09/29/3077-graduates-under-dotrs-tsuper-iskolar-program-find-jobs/ |archive-date=September 29, 2021}}</ref>

Duterte campaigned to solve the long-standing ], particularly in ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Duterte: I've delivered on all my promises |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/25/1896529/duterte-ive-delivered-all-my-promises |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505093126/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/25/1896529/duterte-ive-delivered-all-my-promises |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> but later abandoned it after a bill granting him emergency powers allowing him to bypass bidding procedures and hasten the resolution of right-of-way issues did not progress in the Senate.<ref name="CNNPH-WontBeg">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Duterte: I won't beg for emergency powers to fix traffic in Metro Manila |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/9/11/Duterte-say-no-pleading-emergency-powers-to-solve-traffic.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911213423/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/9/11/Duterte-say-no-pleading-emergency-powers-to-solve-traffic.html |archive-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-PoesLegacy">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Metro Manila traffic is Poe's 'legacy,' says Duterte |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1163218/metro-manila-traffic-is-poes-legacy-says-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910233433/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1163218/metro-manila-traffic-is-poes-legacy-says-duterte |archive-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Regalado |first=Edith |date=September 13, 2018 |title=Duterte gives up on EDSA traffic, blames Congress |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/09/13/1850977/duterte-gives-edsa-traffic-blames-congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919102235/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/09/13/1850977/duterte-gives-edsa-traffic-blames-congress |archive-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref>

In his fourth State of the Nation Address in July 2019, Duterte ordered the clearing of obstructions on public roads, instructing ] secretary ] to suspend mayors and governors who failed to comply.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=July 22, 2019 |title=Duterte orders Año: Suspend mayors, governors refusing to clear public roads |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1144974/duterte-orders-ano-suspend-mayors-governors-refusing-to-clear-public-roads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722131053/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1144974/duterte-orders-ano-suspend-mayors-governors-refusing-to-clear-public-roads |archive-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> Año gave mayors 60 days to clear illegal obstructions and illegally parked vehicles from all public roads and sidewalks.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Subingsubing |first=Krixia |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Mayors told: Clear roads in 60 days |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1146523/mayors-told-clear-roads-in-60-days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725230905/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1146523/mayors-told-clear-roads-in-60-days |archive-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, Año said: "based on the report from 1,246 LGUs, 6,899 roads around the country were cleared through the cooperation of the provincial, city and municipal governments"; 97 local government units failed to comply with Duterte's order and were given five days to explain their non-compliance.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Dava |first=Bianca |date=October 11, 2019 |title=97 LGUs fail to meet Duterte's road clearing deadline |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/11/19/97-lgus-fail-to-meet-dutertes-road-clearing-deadline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011101436/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/11/19/97-lgus-fail-to-meet-dutertes-road-clearing-deadline |archive-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref>

The DOTr created protected ]s in major metropolises; by the end of Duterte's term in office, {{convert|563|km|abbr=on}} of bike lane networks had been completed in Metro Manila, ], and ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Manahan |first=Job |date=May 30, 2022 |title='We delivered': Tugade touts airport, railway rehab under Duterte administration |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/05/30/22/tugade-ph-transportation-improved-under-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530115213/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/05/30/22/tugade-ph-transportation-improved-under-duterte |archive-date=May 30, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rey |first=Aika |date=June 30, 2021 |title=DOTr's 500-km bike lane network completed |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/business/dotr-bike-lane-network-completed-june-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630112337/https://www.rappler.com/business/dotr-bike-lane-network-completed-june-2021/ |archive-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> Duterte extended the validity of driver's licenses from three years to five<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Marcelo |first=Ver |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Duterte signs law extending driver's license validity to 5 years |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/02/duterte-drivers-license-law-five-years.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802140837/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/02/duterte-drivers-license-law-five-years.html |archive-date=August 2, 2017}}</ref> and granted students riding PUVs a 20% fare discount.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=July 15, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law granting 20% fare discount to students |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402111658/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075007 |archive-date=April 2, 2022}}</ref> In April 2022, he allowed a bill regulating and developing the Philippines' ] industry to lapse into law.<ref name="PNAGovPH-VintageElectric">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Bills regulating vintage, electric vehicles lapse into law |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1173013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104222/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1173013 |archive-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> By 2022, under Duterte's ] program,<ref name="OxfordBusinessGrp-Infrastructure">{{#invoke:Cite web||date=June 27, 2018 |title=The Philippine government launches infrastructure programme to improve the country's transport network |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/moving-ahead-infrastructure-programme-has-been-initiated-expand-roads-railways-and-ports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521180802/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/moving-ahead-infrastructure-programme-has-been-initiated-expand-roads-railways-and-ports |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |website=Oxford Business Group |language=en}}</ref> {{convert|40080|km|abbr=on}} of roads and 6,854 bridges had been constructed, maintained, or upgraded; 579 commercial and social tourism ports had been developed; and 248 airport projects were completed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ortega |first=Angelika |date=June 15, 2022 |title=Highlights of the Duterte administration |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/350472/highlights-of-the-duterte-administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614210448/https://business.inquirer.net/350472/highlights-of-the-duterte-administration |archive-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Abadilla |first=Emmie V. |date=May 2, 2022 |title=DOTr completes 246 airport projects |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/02/dotr-completes-246-airport-projects/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502080733/https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/02/dotr-completes-246-airport-projects/ |archive-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref>

===Other initiatives===
====Burial of Ferdinand Marcos====
{{Main|Burial of Ferdinand Marcos}}
] of late dictator ] at the ]]]

In 2016, Duterte said dictator ]'s remains would be moved and interred at ] (Heroes' Cemetery), calling him a president, soldier, and hero.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Mogato |first1=Manuel |last2=Roche |first2=Andrew |date=May 23, 2016 |title=Philippines' Duterte to allow burial of Marcos at heroes' cemetery |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-politics-marcos-idUSKCN0YE1YY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524144522/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-politics-marcos-idUSKCN0YE1YY |archive-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nicolas |first=Fiona |date=August 17, 2016 |title=Duterte defends hero's burial for Marcos: A matter of enforcing the law |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/08/18/duterte-defends-marcos-heros-burial-libingan-ng-mga-bayani-enforcing-law.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818172638/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/08/18/duterte-defends-marcos-heros-burial-libingan-ng-mga-bayani-enforcing-law.html |archive-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref> On November 18, 2016, Marcos was buried with full military honors at Heroes' Cemetery after the Supreme Court issued a verdict permitting it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 18, 2016 |title=Marcos buried at Libingan ng mga Bayani |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/152813-ferdinand-marcos-heroes-burial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118101237/https://www.rappler.com/nation/152813-ferdinand-marcos-heroes-burial |archive-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> The burial provoked national outrage, especially among those who had suffered ]; protests were continuously held from November 18 to 30.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Pasion |first1=Patty |last2=Espina |first2=Marchel |last3=Fabro |first3=Keith Anthony S. |date=November 18, 2016 |title=Post-Marcos burial rage: Rallies to go on until Nov 30 |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/152889-protesters-sustain-rallies-heroes-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119020146/https://www.rappler.com/nation/152889-protesters-sustain-rallies-heroes-day |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref> Vice President ] criticized the burial while Duterte expressed hope people could "find space in their hearts to forgive and set free those who have hurt or injured them".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=McKirdy |first1=Euan |last2=Quiano |first2=Kathy |last3=Bernal |first3=Buena |date=November 18, 2016 |title=Former Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos buried in Heroes' cemetery |work=] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/17/asia/philippines-marcos-burial-heroes-cemetery/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119023253/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/17/asia/philippines-marcos-burial-heroes-cemetery/index.html |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref>

====Administrative division changes====
In 2017, citing the need to prioritize funds for government programs and projects, Duterte revoked the 2015 executive order issued by President Aquino III creating ], effectively reverting ] and the city of ] to ], and ] to ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Reganit |first=Jose Cielito |date=August 9, 2017 |title=Duterte abolishes Negros Island Region |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1005417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812002824/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1005417 |archive-date=August 12, 2017}}</ref> In April 2019, he signed a law dividing ] into three new provinces; Palawan del Norte, Palawan del Sur, and Palawan Oriental;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cigaral |first=Ian Nicolas |date=April 13, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law dividing Palawan into 3 provinces |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/04/13/1909731/duterte-signs-law-dividing-palawan-3-provinces |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413124709/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/04/13/1909731/duterte-signs-law-dividing-palawan-3-provinces |archive-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref> the law failed to gain a majority of votes in ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Peralta |first=Janine |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Palawan residents vote 'No' to division of province into three |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/3/16/Palawan-plebiscite-results.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316104238/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/regional/2021/3/16/Palawan-plebiscite-results.html |archive-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> A law he signed dividing ] into ] and ] provinces<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Duterte signs law dividing Maguindanao into 2 provinces |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1141675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528001127/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1141675 |archive-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref> was ratified in ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Fernandez |first=Edwin |date=June 24, 2022 |title=Referendum set to split Maguindanao province |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177453 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624103802/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177453 |archive-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref> In April 2019, Duterte signed a law renaming Compostela Valley to ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 23, 2019 |title=PRRD signs law renaming Compostela Valley to Davao de Oro |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523225240/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1070590 |archive-date=May 23, 2019}}</ref> a change that was overwhelmingly supported in ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tomacruz |first=Sofia |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Compostela Valley votes to rename itself Davao de Oro |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/246838-compostela-valley-votes-rename-itself-davao-de-oro/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209184913/https://www.rappler.com/nation/246838-compostela-valley-votes-rename-itself-davao-de-oro/ |archive-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref>

Duterte signed a law amending the ], easing conversion of ] to ] on the conditions the municipality earns {{Philippine peso|100}} million for two consecutive years and has either a land area of at least {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}} or a population of at least 150,000.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bacelonia |first=Wilnard |date=May 1, 2022 |title=New law eases conversion of towns into cities |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1173406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501091223/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1173406 |archive-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref>

==Foreign affairs==
{{see also|List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte}} {{see also|List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte}}
] made by Duterte during his presidency]] ] made by Duterte as president]]
] in Manila, November 2017]]
The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue an "independent foreign policy" that would reject any meddling by foreign governments, reiterating ], Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national ], ], ], and the right to ]." In September 2016, Duterte said: "We will observe and must insist on the time-honored principle of sovereignty, sovereign equality, non-interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the interests of our country."{{Citation needed|reason=ref was given as (ref name=&quot;independent foreign policy&quot; /), no full ref provided|date=December 2018}}


The Duterte administration's foreign policy rhetorically espoused diplomacy and independence from foreign interference.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aben |first=Ellie |date=September 2, 2018 |title='A friend to all,' says Duterte ahead of landmark Mideast visit |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1365591/middle-east |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903064457/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1365591/middle-east |archive-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=August 4, 2020 |title=Duterte stance remains 'friend to all, enemy to none' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1111152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902102717/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1111152 |archive-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nawal |first=Allan |date=September 10, 2016 |title=Duterte: Gov't to pursue 'independent foreign policy' |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/144563/duterte-govt-to-pursue-independent-foreign-policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911174518/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/144563/duterte-govt-to-pursue-independent-foreign-policy |archive-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> During his first year in office, Duterte made 21 international trips,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Credo |first=Jeremie P. |date=September 2017 |title=Understanding the Strategic Importance of Duterte's Foreign Trips |url=https://fsi.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Vol-IV-No-22-Understanding-the-Strategic-Importance-of-Duterte%E2%80%99s-Foreign-Trips-Credo.pdf |journal=CIRSS Commentaries |publisher=Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies |volume=IV |page=1 |issn=2423-2920 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101064123/http://www.fsi.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Vol-IV-No-22-Understanding-the-Strategic-Importance-of-Duterte%E2%80%99s-Foreign-Trips-Credo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which included seven ]s and four ]s.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=January 8, 2023 |title=Davos will be Marcos' 8th foreign trip in under 7 months |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/209556/davos-will-be-marcos-8th-foreign-trip-in-under-7-months |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107221154/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/209556/davos-will-be-marcos-8th-foreign-trip-in-under-7-months |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |quote=Marcos’ predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, so far remains the most traveled president in his first year in office, with 21 foreign trips, including seven state visits and attendance at four summits.}}</ref>
Duterte made his first international trips as president to ], ] and ], ] on September 5–9, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nicolas|first1=Fiona|title=Duterte heads to Laos for ASEAN summit|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/09/05/Duterte-heads-to-Laos-Asean-summit.html|accessdate=September 10, 2016|publisher=]|date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>


===ASEAN=== ===ASEAN===
] heads of states, holding hands as a symbol of unity in ], ], September 7, 2016.]] ] and its nearby countries hold hands as a symbol of unity in ], Laos, September 7, 2016.]]
Duterte has placed great importance on the Philippines' diplomatic relations with its ASEAN neighbors. Following tradition, his first trips outside the country were to Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, and Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 16, 2017|title= Duterte to complete Asean swing with visit to Myanmar, Thailand|url= http://globalnation.inquirer.net/153370/duterte-complete-asean-swing-trips-myanmar-thailand}}</ref>


Duterte placed great importance on the Philippines' diplomatic relations with its ] (ASEAN) neighbors. Following tradition, his first trips outside the country were to Laos on September 7, 2016, for the 49th ASEAN Leaders Summit,<ref name="PhilStar-DuterteOffToLaos">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Regalado |first=Edith |date=September 5, 2016 |title=Duterte off to Laos for Asean Summit |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/05/1620632/duterte-laos-asean-summit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911161230/http://www.philstar.com:80/headlines/2016/09/05/1620632/duterte-laos-asean-summit |archive-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> Indonesia on September 9,<ref name="Inquirer-DuterteWidodoAgree">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cabacungan |first=Gil |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Duterte, Widodo agree on case of Indonesians with PH passports |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/144515/duterte-widodo-agree-on-case-of-indonesians-with-ph-passports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042704/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/144515/duterte-widodo-agree-on-case-of-indonesians-with-ph-passports |archive-date=August 11, 2020}}</ref> Vietnam on September 29,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nawal |first=Allan |date=September 30, 2016 |title=PH, Vietnam reaffirm maritime, security ties in Duterte visit |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/145833/ph-vietnam-reaffirm-maritime-security-cooperation-in-duterte-visit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001145329/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/145833/ph-vietnam-reaffirm-maritime-security-cooperation-in-duterte-visit |archive-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref> Malaysia on November 9,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=November 9, 2016 |title=Duterte arrives in Kuala Lumpur |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/149282/duterte-arrives-in-kuala-lumpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110145808/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/149282/duterte-arrives-in-kuala-lumpur |archive-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> Cambodia on December 13,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Duterte arrives in Cambodia |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150585/duterte-arrives-cambodia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214165441/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150585/duterte-arrives-cambodia |archive-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> Singapore on December 15,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Andrade |first=Jeannette I. |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Duterte goes on state visit to Singapore |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150723/duterte-goes-state-visit-singapore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216134034/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150723/duterte-goes-state-visit-singapore |archive-date=December 16, 2016}}</ref> Thailand on March 17,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=March 20, 2017 |title=Duterte arrives in Bangkok |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153614/duterte-arrives-bangkok |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608171839/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/153614/duterte-arrives-bangkok |archive-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref> and Myanmar on March 19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 19, 2017 |title=Philippine president arrives in Myanmar on state visit |work=] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/19/c_136140637.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524200042/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/19/c_136140637.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Duterte to complete Asean swing with visit to Myanmar, Thailand |newspaper=] |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/153370/duterte-complete-asean-swing-trips-myanmar-thailand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316082139/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/153370/duterte-complete-asean-swing-trips-myanmar-thailand |archive-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref>
In 2017 the Philippines was chair and host to the ], a series of diplomatic conferences centering on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The culminating event was held in Manila on 10–14 November (31st summit). It was attended by ten Asean leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/188021-list-world-leaders-attending-asean-2017-philippines|title=LIST: World leaders attending ASEAN 2017 in the Philippines|author=Paterno Esmaquel II|website=Rappler}}</ref>


In 2017, the Philippines was chair and host to ]; the culminating event was held in Manila on November 10–14 (31st summit).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Paterno Esmaquel II |date=November 10, 2017 |title=LIST: World leaders attending ASEAN 2017 in the Philippines |work=] |url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/188021-list-world-leaders-attending-asean-2017-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110151528/http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/188021-list-world-leaders-attending-asean-2017-philippines |archive-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 21, 2017 |title=Media on 31st ASEAN Summit |language=en |work=] |url=https://cmfr-phil.org/media-ethics-responsibility/journalism-review/media-on-31st-asean-summit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216163420/https://cmfr-phil.org/media-ethics-responsibility/journalism-review/media-on-31st-asean-summit/ |archive-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> Duterte and other ASEAN leaders signed the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers, a landmark document that would ensure social protection of migrant workers in the ASEAN region; however, the consensus was silent on ]s.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Pasion |first=Patty |date=November 14, 2017 |title=ASEAN leaders sign commitment protecting migrant workers |work=] |url=https://www.rappler.com/world/188460-leaders-sign-migrant-workers-protection-asean-philippines-2017/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507114102/https://www.rappler.com/world/188460-leaders-sign-migrant-workers-protection-asean-philippines-2017/ |archive-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref>
===China and Russia===
{{see also|China–Philippines relations|Philippines–Russia relations}}
Following his inauguration as president, Duterte mentioned his willingness to "reorient" his foreign policy towards China and Russia, particularly in the areas of trade and commerce.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Petty|first1=Martin|title=Philippines' Duterte says China, Russia supportive when he complained of U.S|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-usa-idUSKCN1220O4|accessdate=December 2, 2016|agency=]|date=October 2, 2016|quote=Duterte has said repeatedly during recent, frequent speeches that he planned to open new alliances with Russia and China, particularly for trade and commerce, as part of his pursuit of an independent foreign policy.}}</ref> During an interview with ], he expressed his willingness to conduct joint ]s with China and Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte: Philippines open to China, Russia 'war games'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/duterte-philippines-open-china-russia-war-games-161017173207768.html|accessdate=December 2, 2016|publisher=]|date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> In September, Duterte said that he is considering purchasing military equipment, particularly weaponries and armaments, from China and Russia to strengthen the capabilities of the ] in addressing insurgency and counter-terrorism, saying that deals between the Philippines and the two countries are already in discussion and that the Chinese and Russian governments have offered the Philippines ]s that would be payable in 2025.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Valente|first1=Catherine|title=PH to buy weapons from China, Russia|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/ph-to-buy-weapons-from-china-russia/285912/|accessdate=December 2, 2016|work=]|date=September 15, 2016}}</ref>


===China and United States===
] prior to the bilateral meetings at the ] in ], October 20, 2016]]
{{see also|China–Philippines relations|Philippines–United States relations}}
On October 18–21, 2016, Duterte visited ] to meet with Chinese officials, including ] ] and ] ]. While announcing his "separation" from the United States in front of Chinese and Filipino businessmen at the Philippines–China Trade and Investment Forum in Beijing on October 20, Duterte also said that he would realign himself with the Chinese ideological flow and that he might also travel to Russia to meet with ] ] to "tell him that there are three of us against the world – China, Philippines, and Russia".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Martina|first1=Michael|last2=Woo|first2=Ryan|title=Duterte: It's Russia, China, PH 'against the world'|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/20/16/duterte-its-russia-china-ph-against-the-world|accessdate=December 2, 2016|publisher=]|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Katie|last2=Rivers|first2=Matt|last3=Shoichet|first3=Catherine|title=In China, Duterte announces split with US: 'America has lost'|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/20/asia/china-philippines-duterte-visit/|accessdate=December 2, 2016|publisher=CNN|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref>
] prior to the bilateral meetings at the ] in ], October 20, 2016]]


Early in his presidential tenure, Duterte made efforts to distance the Philippines from the United States, and forge closer relationships with China and Russia, particularly in economic and military cooperation.<ref name="Reuters-ChinaRussiaSupportive">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Petty |first=Martin |date=October 2, 2016 |title=Philippines' Duterte says China, Russia supportive when he complained of U.S |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-usa-idUSKCN1220O4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002215631/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-usa-idUSKCN1220O4 |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |quote=Duterte has said repeatedly during recent, frequent speeches that he planned to open new alliances with Russia and China, particularly for trade and commerce, as part of his pursuit of an independent foreign policy.}}</ref> Duterte expressed his intention to scale back military agreements with the United States,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=October 3, 2016 |title=Duterte eyes review of EDCA |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/10/03/1629833/duterte-eyes-review-edca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003165924/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/10/03/1629833/duterte-eyes-review-edca |archive-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tesiorna |first=Ben |date=September 29, 2016 |title=Duterte wants to end military exercises with U.S. |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/09/29/Duterte-last-US-joint-military-exercise.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930170423/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/09/29/Duterte-last-US-joint-military-exercise.html |archive-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> and to conduct joint military exercises with China's ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Javier |first=Kristian |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Duterte: Philippines, China can have military exercises in Sulu Sea |work=] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/02/1695721/duterte-philippines-china-can-have-military-exercises-sulu-sea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501142348/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/02/1695721/duterte-philippines-china-can-have-military-exercises-sulu-sea |archive-date=May 1, 2017}}</ref> Duterte also sought to source weapons from China and Russia after the U.S. State Department refused to sell assault rifles to the Philippine police due to human rights violations concerns relating to the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Zengerle |first=Patricia |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Exclusive: U.S. stopped Philippines rifle sale that senator opposed - sources |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-usa-rifles-idUSKBN12V2AM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101125647/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-usa-rifles-idUSKBN12V2AM |archive-date=November 1, 2016}}</ref>

Seeking to avoid armed conflict, Duterte adopted a conciliatory and friendly stance towards China that was unlike his predecessor's antagonism toward it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torres |first=Estrella |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Duterte goes soft on China: Let's talk |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794500/duterte-goes-soft-on-china-lets-talk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710121147/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/794500/duterte-goes-soft-on-china-lets-talk |archive-date=July 10, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Duterte and Chinese president ] created the biannual Bilateral Consultation Mechanism on the South China Sea, a process allowing the two nations to peacefully manage disputes and strengthen their relations.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jennings |first=Ralph |date=May 28, 2021 |title=Relations Between China, Philippines Seen Smoothing After Upbeat Talks |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_relations-between-china-philippines-seen-smoothing-after-upbeat-talks/6206314.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520102439/https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_relations-between-china-philippines-seen-smoothing-after-upbeat-talks/6206314.html |archive-date=May 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Bilateral consultation on SCS among Duterte admin's legacies |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526115358/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175230 |archive-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 19, 2017 |title=China, Philippines confirm twice-yearly bilateral consultation mechanism on South China Sea |work=] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-05/19/c_136299206.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022309/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-05/19/c_136299206.htm |archive-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref> In May 2017, Duterte said Xi had threatened war if the Philippines tried to enforce the ] ruling and drill for oil in the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mogato |first=Manuel |date=May 19, 2017 |title=Duterte says China's Xi threatened war if Philippines drills for oil |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-philippines-china-idUSKCN18F1DJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519130204/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-philippines-china-idUSKCN18F1DJ |archive-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref>

Duterte also hoped a non-confrontational approach to China would eventually lead to joint exploration of the South china Sea to support Build! Build! Build!.<ref name="RANDOrg-Grossman2021">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Grossman |first=Derek |date=November 2, 2021 |title=Duterte's Dalliance with China Is Over |language=en |work=The RAND Blog |publisher=] |url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2021/11/dutertes-dalliance-with-china-is-over.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103014333/https://www.rand.org/blog/2021/11/dutertes-dalliance-with-china-is-over.html |archive-date=November 3, 2021}}</ref> During Xi's first state visit to the country in November 2018, the Philippines and China signed 29 agreements, including cooperation on the ] and a ] on joint oil-and-gas developments in the South China Sea.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=November 20, 2018 |title=PH, China ink 29 deals during Xi's Manila visit |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1054454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123115043/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1054454 |archive-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Mendez |first1=Christina |last2=Romero |first2=Paolo |date=November 21, 2018 |title=Philippines, China sign MOU on joint gas, oil {{as written|develo|{{sic|pement|nolink=y}}}} |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/11/21/1870458/philippines-china-sign-mou-joint-gas-oil-developement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121022122/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/11/21/1870458/philippines-china-sign-mou-joint-gas-oil-developement |archive-date=November 21, 2018}}</ref> In September 2019, Duterte said Xi had offered the Philippines a controlling stake in a gas deal in the ] if the Philippines set aside the South China Sea Arbitration ruling.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Petty |first=Martin |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Philippines' Duterte says Xi offering gas deal if arbitration case ignored |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-china-southchinasea-idUSKCN1VW07O |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911082108/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-china-southchinasea-idUSKCN1VW07O |archive-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2017, Duterte ordered the Armed Forces of the Philippines to occupy and fortify several uninhabited islands in the South China Sea.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille |last3=Laude |first3=Jaime |last4=Macairan |first4=Evelyn |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Duterte orders AFP to occupy Philippine islands in South China Sea |work=] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/07/1688529/duterte-orders-afp-occupy-philippine-islands-south-china-sea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407013212/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/07/1688529/duterte-orders-afp-occupy-philippine-islands-south-china-sea |archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Following the sighting of Chinese survey vessels, he ordered the ] to build structures on ] to assert the Philippines' sovereignty over the region.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Balana |first1=Cynthia |last2=Uy |first2=Jocelyn |last3=Salaverria |first3=Leila |date=March 15, 2017 |title=Duterte wants 'structures' built on Benham Rise |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880841/duterte-wants-structures-built-on-benham-rise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322184934/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880841/duterte-wants-structures-built-on-benham-rise |archive-date=March 22, 2017}}</ref> A month later, he signed an executive order formally renaming Benham Rise to Philippine Rise.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor |date=May 22, 2017 |title=Benham Rise is now Philippine Rise |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/12/Benham-Rise-Philippine-Rise-protected-food-supply-zone-Pi%C3%B1ol.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515125721/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/12/Benham-Rise-Philippine-Rise-protected-food-supply-zone-Pi%C3%B1ol.html |archive-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref>

Chinese aggression in the South China Sea strained the nations' relationship.<ref name="RANDOrg-Grossman2021" /> In April 2017, Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines ] called Philippine plans to repair ] illegal.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Zambrano |first=Chiara |date=May 1, 2017 |title=PH plans to repair Pag-asa Island 'illegal', says Chinese envoy |work=] |publisher=] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/17/ph-plans-to-repair-pag-asa-island-illegal-says-chinese-envoy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501132003/http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/17/ph-plans-to-repair-pag-asa-island-illegal-says-chinese-envoy |archive-date=May 1, 2017}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2020, China deployed hundreds of military vessels around Thitu Island to impede these repairs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 5, 2020 |title=The Long Patrol: Staredown at Thitu Island Enters its Sixteenth Month |work=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |publisher=] |url=https://amti.csis.org/the-long-patrol-staredown-at-thitu-island-enters-its-sixteenth-month/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308094557/https://amti.csis.org/the-long-patrol-staredown-at-thitu-island-enters-its-sixteenth-month/ |archive-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> In April 2019, following a military report at least 275 Chinese vessels had been monitoring the region since January, Duterte threatened to send Philippine soldiers on a "suicide mission" should China further encroach.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=April 6, 2019 |title=Duterte to China: We're pals but don't touch Pag-asa |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1103810/duterte-to-china-were-pals-but-dont-touch-pag-asa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406113108/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1103810/duterte-to-china-were-pals-but-dont-touch-pag-asa |archive-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref> In January 2021, China passed a law authorizing its coast guard to fire on foreign vessels as needed<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tian |first=Yew Lun |date=January 22, 2021 |title=China authorises coast guard to fire on foreign vessels if needed |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-coastguard-law-idUSKBN29R1ER |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122124811/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-coastguard-law-idUSKBN29R1ER |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> and in March, it ] believed to be manned by the Chinese military at disputed ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Dela Cruz |first=Enrico |date=March 21, 2021 |title=Philippines says 220 Chinese boats have encroached in South China Sea |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/philippines-says-220-chinese-boats-have-encroached-south-china-sea-2021-03-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022131532/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/philippines-says-220-chinese-boats-have-encroached-south-china-sea-2021-03-21/ |archive-date=October 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lendon |first=Brad |date=March 22, 2021 |title=Philippines demands Chinese fishing flotilla leave disputed South China Sea reef |work=] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/22/asia/china-fishing-boats-philippines-reef-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322084853/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/22/asia/china-fishing-boats-philippines-reef-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref> In response, Duterte authorized foreign-affairs secretary ] to submit several diplomatic protests.<ref name="RANDOrg-Grossman2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=November 24, 2021 |title=231 protests filed vs. Chinese activities since 2016: DFA |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1160729 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124043841/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1160729 |archive-date=November 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=April 14, 2021 |title=Philippines files new diplomatic protests over Chinese boats in disputed waters |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/philippines-files-new-diplomatic-protests-over-chinese-boats-disputed-waters-2021-04-14/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416002214/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/philippines-files-new-diplomatic-protests-over-chinese-boats-disputed-waters-2021-04-14/ |archive-date=April 16, 2021}}</ref>

{{listen
| type = speech
| title = 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly
| filename = 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (Speech) 9 22 2020-5esB6C3sgdg-00.14.41.617-00.15.47.198.ogg
| description = Duterte affirms the '']'' arbitral ruling before the ] on September 22, 2020.
}}

By June 2020, Duterte was gradually distancing the Philippines from China.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Tina G. |date=November 11, 2021 |title=After pro-China pivot, Duterte warming ties with US – defense analyst |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/200192/after-pro-china-pivot-duterte-warming-ties-with-us-defense-analyst |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110223451/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/200192/after-pro-china-pivot-duterte-warming-ties-with-us-defense-analyst |archive-date=November 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="RANDOrg-Grossman2021" /> In July that year, he called on the ] to demand China recognize the South China Sea Arbitration ruling.<ref name="RANDOrg-Grossman2021" /> During the 75th ] in September 2020, Duterte stated that "the Award is now part of international law".<ref name="ABCNews-75thUNGA">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gomez |first=Jim |date=September 23, 2020 |title=Duterte gets rare praise for raising sea feud ruling at UN |language=en |work=] |publisher=ABC News Internet Ventures |agency=] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/duterte-rare-praise-raising-sea-feud-ruling-73186260 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925234207/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/duterte-rare-praise-raising-sea-feud-ruling-73186260 |archive-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yumol |first=David Tristan |date=September 23, 2020 |title=Duterte affirms 2016 arbitral win by PH vs. China before UN |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/9/23/Duterte-affirms-2016-arbitral-win-by-PH-vs.-China-before-UN--.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923115329/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/9/23/Duterte-affirms-2016-arbitral-win-by-PH-vs.-China-before-UN--.html |archive-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref>

] during the latter's official visit in Manila, August 7, 2017]]
In January 2020, when the U.S. denied a visa for Senator ] due to his role as police chief during the ], Duterte moved to terminate the ] (VFA).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Duterte threatens to terminate VFA if US does not reverse cancellation of Dela Rosa's visa |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/23/Rodrigo-Duterte-Bato-dela-Rosa-visa-Visiting-Forces-Agreement-VFA.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123184446/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/23/Rodrigo-Duterte-Bato-dela-Rosa-visa-Visiting-Forces-Agreement-VFA.html |archive-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Duterte: China, Russia – unlike US – respect PH sovereignty |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/24/duterte-russia-china-united-states.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124140347/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/24/duterte-russia-china-united-states.html |archive-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> Duterte repeatedly postponed the termination between June 2020 and June 2021, canceling it in July 2021 during U.S. Secretary of Defense ]'s visit to the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Duterte cancels order to terminate VFA with US |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/7/30/Visiting-Forces-Agreement-Philippines-United-States-Duterte-Austin.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730033233/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/7/30/Visiting-Forces-Agreement-Philippines-United-States-Duterte-Austin.html |archive-date=July 30, 2021}}</ref> Following criticism over vaccine-procurement delays during the COVID-19 pandemic, Duterte used the VFA as leverage for securing vaccines from the U.S.;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=December 27, 2020 |title=Duterte threatens to end US military pact if no vaccines |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Duterte-threatens-to-end-US-military-pact-if-no-vaccines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227092859/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Duterte-threatens-to-end-US-military-pact-if-no-vaccines |archive-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> in August 2021, he thanked the U.S. for its donations, which he said played a key role in his decision to keep the VFA.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=August 3, 2021 |title=Duterte thanks Biden, US people for vax donations |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1149158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803005746/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1149158 |archive-date=August 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=August 3, 2021 |title=Duterte admits US vaccine donations persuaded him to cancel VFA termination |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/8/3/Duterte-US-vaccine-donations-cancelation-of-VFA-termination.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802220504/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/8/3/Duterte-US-vaccine-donations-cancelation-of-VFA-termination.html |archive-date=August 2, 2021}}</ref>

] during a bilateral meeting in ] City, November 13, 2017]]

In December 2020, the Philippines received military equipment worth {{Philippine peso}}1.4 billion ($29 million) from the U.S.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Lema |first1=Karen |last2=Williams |first2=Alison |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Philippines receives $29 million of military equipment from U.S. to boost defences |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/philippines-usa-security-idUKKBN28I1MF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324073351/https://www.reuters.com/article/philippines-usa-security-idUKKBN28I1MF |archive-date=March 24, 2022}}</ref> The countries made efforts to reinvigorate relations.<ref name="RANDOrg-Grossman2021" /> This included high-level visits by commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, Adm. ], who affirmed the ] (MDT) with the Philippines,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=August 24, 2021 |title=US Indo-Pacific Command chief affirms MDT commitment with PH |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1151398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824044120/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1151398 |archive-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and Marine Corps Commandant ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Sadongdong |first=Martin |date=September 14, 2021 |title=PH, US Marines eye stronger collaboration |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/14/ph-us-marines-eye-stronger-collaboration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914003610/https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/14/ph-us-marines-eye-stronger-collaboration/ |archive-date=September 14, 2021}}</ref> In September 2021, foreign-affairs secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. and defense secretary ] met with counterparts in the U.S. to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the U.S.-Philippines MDT.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Brunnstrom |first1=David |last2=Lema |first2=Karen |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Philippines defense minister says U.S. treaty needs comprehensive review |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/philippines-defense-minister-says-us-treaty-needs-comprehensive-review-2021-09-08/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908180923/https://www.reuters.com/world/philippines-defense-minister-says-us-treaty-needs-comprehensive-review-2021-09-08/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Villanueva |first=Ralph Edwin |date=September 12, 2021 |title=Top officials affirm Philippine-US alliance |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/09/12/2126527/top-officials-affirm-philippine-us-alliance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911230113/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/09/12/2126527/top-officials-affirm-philippine-us-alliance |archive-date=September 11, 2021}}</ref> In the same month, Locsin welcomed the ] nuclear submarine deal, which he said could help balance the power in the ] region;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Lema |first1=Karen |last2=Petty |first2=Martin |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Philippines supports Australia nuclear sub pact to counter China |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-supports-australia-nuclear-sub-pact-counter-china-2021-09-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921070604/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-supports-australia-nuclear-sub-pact-counter-china-2021-09-21/ |archive-date=September 21, 2021}}</ref> days after, Duterte expressed concern the AUKUS deal could provoke a "nuclear arms race".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Duterte 'concerned' over AUKUS nuclear submarine deal |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928082646/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154907 |archive-date=September 28, 2021}}</ref>

] during the ceremonial turnover of ] vaccines in Villamor Air Base, Pasay City on February 28, 2021.]]

China played an important role in the early months of the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pitlo III |first=Lucio Blanco |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Chinese Vaccine Diplomacy in The Philippines and Its Impacts |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2021_145.pdf |journal=Perspective |location=Singapore |publisher=] |issue=2021 |pages=2, 3 |issn=2335-6677 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115072114/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2021_145.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> In February 2021, China became the first country to send the Philippines COVID-19 vaccines;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=February 28, 2021 |title=PH receives first shipment of COVID-19 vaccines |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/2/28/sinovac-vaccine-arrival.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228082218/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/2/28/sinovac-vaccine-arrival.html |archive-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref> Duterte said he had asked Xi for assistance in securing vaccines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 11, 2021 |title=Duterte: Call with Xi Jinping only on vaccine assistance, nothing on WPS |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/11/Duterte-call-with-Xi-Jinping-on-vaccine-assistance.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510214814/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/11/Duterte-call-with-Xi-Jinping-on-vaccine-assistance.html |archive-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> On January 16, 2022, China donated {{Philippine peso}}1 billion of non-combat military equipment,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mangosing |first=Frances |date=January 21, 2022 |title=China donates P1B in disaster equipment to PH |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/201860/china-donates-p1b-in-disaster-equipment-to-ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121204847/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/201860/china-donates-p1b-in-disaster-equipment-to-ph |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Honrada |first=Gabriel |date=January 16, 2022 |title=Philippines bets Brahmos will keep China at bay |work=] |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/01/philippines-bets-brahmos-will-keep-china-at-bay/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116045143/https://asiatimes.com/2022/01/philippines-bets-brahmos-will-keep-china-at-bay/ |archive-date=January 16, 2022}}</ref> two days after the Philippines made a deal with India to buy the ] to improve its coastal defense.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Vijayan |first=Vipin |date=January 21, 2022 |title=China counters India's BrahMos deal, donates military aid to Philippines worth $20 million |language=en |work=]able |publisher=Asianet News Media & Entertainment Private Limited |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/china-counters-india-s-brahmos-deal-donates-military-aid-to-philippines-worth-20-million-r62e8l |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121150214/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/china-counters-india-s-brahmos-deal-donates-military-aid-to-philippines-worth-20-million-r62e8l |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

In March 2022, Duterte warned trouble might occur if the next Philippine administration chose not to honor the memorandum of understanding with China on joint-exploration activities in the South China Sea, after receiving a "reminder" from a man from China whom he did not identify.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Duterte: PH must honor agreements with China |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1565475/duterte-ph-must-honor-agreements-with-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309003520/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1565475/duterte-ph-must-honor-agreements-with-china |archive-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref> On June 24, six days before his term ended, Duterte ordered the complete termination of the planned joint oil exploration in the South China Sea with China; Locsin stated in the three years since it was signed, the "objective of developing oil and gas resources so critical for the Philippines" had not been achieved.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Tina G. |date=June 24, 2022 |title=PH ends talks for joint oil, gas search with China in WPS |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/204766/ph-ends-talks-for-joint-oil-gas-search-with-china-in-wps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623215217/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/204766/ph-ends-talks-for-joint-oil-gas-search-with-china-in-wps |archive-date=June 23, 2022}}</ref>

Amid the ] in March 2022, Duterte pledged to open the country's facilities to American forces under the 1951 MDT if the conflict spreads to Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ramos |first=Christia Marie |date=March 10, 2022 |title=PH ready to open facilities to US if Russia-Ukraine conflict 'spills over' to Asia – envoy |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/202921/fwd-ph-ready-to-open-facilities-to-us-if-russia-ukraine-conflict-spills-over-to-asia-top-envoy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310090807/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/202921/fwd-ph-ready-to-open-facilities-to-us-if-russia-ukraine-conflict-spills-over-to-asia-top-envoy |archive-date=March 10, 2022}}</ref>

===Russia===
{{see also|Philippines–Russia relations}}
] during the ] in ], ], November 19, 2016.]] ] during the ] in ], ], November 19, 2016.]]
On November 20, 2016, Duterte met with Putin during the sidelines of the ] in ], ]. Duterte has praised Putin's leadership skills and called him his "idol". Putin also invited Duterte to visit ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Duterte talks to Putin about distrust with US, hypocrisy of the West|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/149832/duterte-talks-putin-distrust-us-hypocrisy-west|accessdate=November 20, 2016|work=]|date=November 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte meets with Putin, Xi at APEC Economic Leaders' Summit|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/20/rodrigo-duterte-meets-with-vladimir-putin-xi-jinping-apec-peru.html|accessdate=November 20, 2016|publisher=]|date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> Duterte said that he would visit Moscow on May 25, 2017, where a defense cooperation agreement between the Philippines and Russia is expected to be finalized.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romero|first1=Alexis|title=Defense cooperation eyed between Philippines, Russia|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/22/1692755/defense-cooperation-eyed-between-philippines-russia|accessdate=May 1, 2017|work=]|date=April 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427000558/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/22/1692755/defense-cooperation-eyed-between-philippines-russia|archive-date=2017-04-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Philippine-Russian relations improved during Duterte's presidency.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=May 26, 2021 |title=45 years after, PH-Russia ties make strides |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1141484 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526033536/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1141484 |archive-date=May 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Mogato |first1=Manuel |last2=Macfie |first2=Nick |date=November 10, 2017 |title=We'll buy arms from Russia, Philippines' Duterte tells Putin |work=] |location=Manila |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apec-summit-philippines-russia-idUSKBN1DA1K7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225032834/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apec-summit-philippines-russia-idUSKBN1DA1K7 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |quote=But China and Russia, whose relations with the Philippines have vastly improved in recent months, donated a total of 11,000 assault rifles and trucks.}}</ref> On November 20, 2016, Duterte met with Russian President ] at the ] in ], Peru; Duterte has praised Putin's leadership skills, calling him his "idol".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yap |first=DJ |date=November 20, 2016 |title=Duterte talks to Putin about distrust with US, hypocrisy of the West |newspaper=] |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/149832/duterte-talks-putin-distrust-us-hypocrisy-west |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151550/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/149832/duterte-talks-putin-distrust-us-hypocrisy-west |archive-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=November 20, 2016 |title=Duterte meets with Putin, Xi at APEC Economic Leaders' Summit |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/20/rodrigo-duterte-meets-with-vladimir-putin-xi-jinping-apec-peru.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151312/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/20/rodrigo-duterte-meets-with-vladimir-putin-xi-jinping-apec-peru.html |archive-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> Duterte stated the Philippines could seek stronger diplomatic cooperation with China and Russia "to make the world more peaceful" but that the Philippines was "not ready" for military alliances due to the United States-Philippines ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Duterte: PH not ready for military alliances with Russia, China |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150287/duterte-ph-not-ready-military-alliances-russia-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202131401/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150287/duterte-ph-not-ready-military-alliances-russia-china |archive-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref> The Russian government offered a strategic partnership with the Philippines and offered to assist the purchasing of Russian-made weaponry.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Gotinga |first1=JC |last2=Cabato |first2=Regine |date=November 30, 2016 |title=Russian envoy: Moscow offering 'strategic partnership' to PH, not military alliance |work=] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/30/Russian-envoy-Moscow-offering-strategic-partnership-to-PH.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130150815/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/30/Russian-envoy-Moscow-offering-strategic-partnership-to-PH.html |archive-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref>
During an interview with ] in November, Duterte said that the Philippines is "not ready" for ]s with China and Russia due to the ] signed between the Philippines and the U.S.; however, he clarified that the Philippines could seek stronger diplomatic cooperation with China and Russia, as well as other countries, "to make the world more peaceful".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Nestor|title=Duterte: PH not ready for military alliances with Russia, China|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150287/duterte-ph-not-ready-military-alliances-russia-china|accessdate=December 2, 2016|work=]|date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> Russian Ambassador to the Philippines Igor Khovaev expounded on Duterte's statement by saying that the Russian government is offering a ] with the Philippines, not a military alliance, and added that Russia does not believe in establishing military alliances with Asia. However, Khovaev explained that the Russian government is open to assisting the Philippines in purchasing ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gotinga|first1=JC|last2=Cabato|first2=Regine|title=Russian envoy: Moscow offering 'strategic partnership' to PH, not military alliance|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/30/Russian-envoy-Moscow-offering-strategic-partnership-to-PH.html|accessdate=December 2, 2016|publisher=]|date=November 30, 2016}}</ref>

]

In May 2017, Duterte made his first state visit to Russia and met with Putin<ref name="CNNPH-Duterte-Putin-Marawi">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Tan |first=Lara |date=May 24, 2017 |title=Duterte meets with Putin amid Marawi crisis |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/24/Duterte-Putin-Russia-Marawi-crisis.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524090206/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/24/Duterte-Putin-Russia-Marawi-crisis.html |archive-date=May 24, 2017}}</ref> to finalize a defense-cooperation agreement between the nations<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=April 22, 2017 |title=Defense cooperation eyed between Philippines, Russia |work=] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/22/1692755/defense-cooperation-eyed-between-philippines-russia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427000558/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/22/1692755/defense-cooperation-eyed-between-philippines-russia |archive-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> but the visit was cut short when ].<ref name="CNNPH-Duterte-Putin-Marawi" /> In October the same year, the Philippines and Russia signed an agreement of defense and technical cooperation, which included a sales contract for the purchase of defense articles with Russian state-owned company ]; Russia donated thousands of rifles, helmets, and other military equipment to the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |last2=Laude |first2=Jaime |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Philippines, Russia ink pact on military, technical cooperation |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/25/1752600/philippines-russia-ink-pact-military-technical-cooperation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915232748/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/25/1752600/philippines-russia-ink-pact-military-technical-cooperation |archive-date=September 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mogato |first=Manuel |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Philippines, Russia sign two military deals |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-russia-defence-idUSKBN1CU1K6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220003845/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-russia-defence-idUSKBN1CU1K6 |archive-date=December 20, 2018}}</ref>


On October 2, 2019, Duterte made his second state visit to Russia to discuss increasing security and defense cooperation.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 2, 2019 |title=Duterte kicks off second visit to Russia |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/10/2/Duterte-Russia-visit.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003225216/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/10/2/Duterte-Russia-visit.html |archive-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Jennings |first=Ralph |date=October 4, 2019 |title=Putin-Duterte Meeting Signals Bigger, Trickier Russian Role in South China Sea |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_putin-duterte-meeting-signals-bigger-trickier-russian-role-south-china-sea/6177033.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331104311/https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_putin-duterte-meeting-signals-bigger-trickier-russian-role-south-china-sea/6177033.html |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> During the visit, he received an ] for ] or foreign diplomacy<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 6, 2019 |title=PRRD receives honorary doctorate from top Russian school |work=] |url=https://ptvnews.ph/pangulong-duterte-ginawaran-ng-honorary-doctorate-degree-sa-moscow/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220808130835/https://ptvnews.ph/pangulong-duterte-ginawaran-ng-honorary-doctorate-degree-sa-moscow/ |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |access-date=March 31, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> from the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=October 5, 2019 |title=President of the Philippines Rodrigo Roa Duterte Conferred MGIMO Honorary Doctorate |language=en |work=] |location=Moscow, Russia |url=https://english.mgimo.ru/news/duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611145652/https://english.mgimo.ru/news/duterte |archive-date=June 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mendez |first=Christina |date=October 8, 2019 |title=With Russian honorary doctorate, Duterte preaches about climate change |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/08/1958366/russian-honorary-doctorate-duterte-preaches-about-climate-change |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008130305/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/08/1958366/russian-honorary-doctorate-duterte-preaches-about-climate-change |archive-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref>
On May 1, 2017, following a visit to three ] at the ], Duterte expressed interest in conducting joint military exercises between the Philippine Armed Forces and China's ] in Mindanao, particularly in the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Javier|first1=Kristian|title=Duterte: Philippines, China can have military exercises in Sulu Sea|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/02/1695721/duterte-philippines-china-can-have-military-exercises-sulu-sea|accessdate=May 1, 2017|work=]|date=May 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501142348/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/02/1695721/duterte-philippines-china-can-have-military-exercises-sulu-sea|archive-date=2017-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>


At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021, Duterte and Putin held a ] to discuss production and supply of coronavirus vaccines, defense, and trade opportunities; Duterte informed Putin of his plan to order 20 million doses of ] vaccine from Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=April 13, 2021 |title=PRRD, Putin share Covid notes in 30-minute telesummit |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1136672 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414010905/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1136672 |archive-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref> On May 1 that year, 15,000 Sputnik V vaccines purchased by the government arrived in the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Duterte thanks Putin for Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccines |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1138967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504015712/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1138967 |archive-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>
===Territorial dispute===
{{further|Territorial disputes in the South China Sea}}


A few days after the ] began in February 2022, the Philippines voted in favor of ], expressing "explicit condemnation" of the invasion.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Ramos |first=Christia Marie |date=February 28, 2022 |title=PH backs UN resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/202685/ph-backs-un-resolution-condemning-russias-invasion-of-ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228130606/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/202685/ph-backs-un-resolution-condemning-russias-invasion-of-ukraine |archive-date=February 28, 2022}}</ref> Duterte described Putin, whom he considers a friend,<ref name="ManilaTimes-DeservesCondemnation" /> as "suicidal"<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last1=Manahan |first1=Job |last2=Gutierrez |first2=Pia |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Duterte calls Putin 'suicidal' in Russia's invasion of Ukraine |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/04/22/duterte-calls-putin-suicidal-in-russias-invasion-of-ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304210631/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/04/22/duterte-calls-putin-suicidal-in-russias-invasion-of-ukraine |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> and said the invasion deserved condemnation.<ref name="ManilaTimes-DeservesCondemnation">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Valente |first=Catherine S. |date=April 12, 2022 |title=Duterte: Russia's invasion of Ukraine deserves 'condemnation' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/12/news/duterte-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-deserves-condemnation/1839869 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412222615/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/12/news/duterte-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-deserves-condemnation/1839869 |archive-date=April 12, 2022}}</ref> He said the Philippines would remain neutral on the issue.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Duterte maintains 'neutral' stance on Russia-Ukraine conflict |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317122849/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170053 |archive-date=March 17, 2022}}</ref> Amid ], in May 2022, Duterte contradicted Putin's labeling of the invasion as a "special military operation", saying the invasion was a war waged against "a sovereign nation".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Lalu |first=Gabriel Pabico |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Duterte will ask 'friend' Putin to control troops in Ukraine |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1601673/in-the-name-of-humanity-duterte-says-hell-ask-friend-putin-to-control-soldiers-in-ukraine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523182054/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1601673/in-the-name-of-humanity-duterte-says-hell-ask-friend-putin-to-control-soldiers-in-ukraine |archive-date=May 23, 2022}}</ref> A few days before he left office, Duterte approved his administration's cancellation of its order of 16 ] military helicopters from Russia for fear of ] amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gomez |first=Jim |date=July 27, 2022 |title=AP Exclusive: Philippines scraps Russian chopper deal |language=en |work=] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-only-on-ap-philippines-manila-5c4b69a7ff136b1b4654d9108c82c165 |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727072537/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-only-on-ap-philippines-manila-5c4b69a7ff136b1b4654d9108c82c165 |archive-date=July 27, 2022}}</ref>
On July 12, 2016, the ] tribunal in ] announced its ruling in favor of the Philippines in ] filed under the ] administration in 2013 against China on issues regarding the ] under the provisions of the ], including the latter's ] claim which the tribunal ruled had no legal basis.<ref name=PCA2016 /> Three days after, during a testimonial dinner in ], Duterte asked former President ] to lead the Philippine envoy to ] for bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramos|first1=Marlon|title=Duterte asks FVR to head negotiations with China, says 'war not an option'|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/141178/duterte-war-with-china-not-an-option-fvr-asked-to-head-negotiations|accessdate=August 15, 2016|work=]|date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> Ramos accepted the offer on July 23,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nawal|first1=Allan|title=Ramos accepts Duterte offer to become special envoy to China |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/141772/ramos-accepts-duterte-offer-to-become-special-envoy-to-china|accessdate=August 18, 2016 |work=]|date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> but resigned on October 31.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gonzales|first1=Yuji Vincent|title=Fidel Ramos quits as special envoy to China|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/148429/fidel-ramos-quits-as-special-envoy-to-china|accessdate=December 2, 2016|work=]|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> During his first ] on July 25, Duterte said that his administration "strongly affirms and respects" the ruling and would use it as a guide to negotiate for a resolution on the territorial disputes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines' Duterte insists on using arbitral ruling vs. China|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Philippines-Duterte-insists-on-using-arbitral-ruling-vs.-China|accessdate=August 15, 2016|agency=]|via=]|date=July 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814204332/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Philippines-Duterte-insists-on-using-arbitral-ruling-vs.-China|archive-date=2016-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duterte prefers to discuss the issue quietly and directly with China and has vowed not to raise the issue before the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Manila will not raise sea row with China at ASEAN meeting|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/18/1614811/manila-will-not-raise-sea-row-china-asean-meeting|accessdate=August 19, 2016|agency=]|via=]|date=August 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Globalnationsalaverria>{{cite news|last1=Salaverria|first1=Leila|title=Duterte won't press ASEAN on sea dispute with China|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/142893/duterte-wont-press-asean-on-sea-dispute-with-china|accessdate=August 19, 2016|work=]|date=August 17, 2016}}</ref> Duterte said "he would not want to antagonize China" and would want to "maintain good relations with China" to "create an environment where we sit down and talk directly".<ref name=Globalnationsalaverria/>


===Support for refugees===
On October 12, Duterte declared his intention to terminate joint US–Philippine naval patrols in the South China Sea, which he believes could needlessly antagonize China.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title='About time we change rules': Philippines' Duterte vows to chart independent foreign policy |url=https://www.rt.com/news/362589-duterte-us-philippines-patrols/ |publisher=RT |date=October 13, 2016<!--on-line date, print date October 13, 2016--> |access-date=October 13, 2016 }}</ref> His reticent approach with China contrasts with his otherwise "belligerent rhetoric and swaggering persona"; he has received support for some political ads from an anonymous Chinese donor.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Philippines under Rodrigo Duterte |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21707167-new-president-may-undo-economic-gains-recent-years-sceptred-bile |newspaper=The Economist |date=September 14, 2016<!--on-line date, print date September 17, 2016--> |access-date=September 16, 2016 }}</ref>
Duterte expressed willingness to accept refugees such as ] fleeing ],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 23, 2020 |title=UNHCR welcomes Philippines' commitment to protect Rohingya |work=] |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ph/20879-un-general-assembly-president-duterte.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926004949/https://www.unhcr.org/ph/20879-un-general-assembly-president-duterte.html |archive-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> ] to escape the ], and ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Duterte says PH willing to aid Afghan, Rohingya refugees |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922201357/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154298 |archive-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Calleja |first=Joseph Peter |date=March 10, 2022 |title=Duterte opens Philippine borders to Ukrainian refugees |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/duterte-opens-philippine-borders-to-ukrainian-refugees/96435 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310095024/https://www.ucanews.com/news/duterte-opens-philippine-borders-to-ukrainian-refugees/96435 |archive-date=March 10, 2022}}</ref> On September 9, 2021, Foreign Affairs Secretary ] said the Philippines has welcomed Afghan refugees to the country since the Taliban took control of Afghanistan three weeks prior but provided no further details for the refugees' safety and privacy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=September 9, 2021 |title=PH welcomes Afghan refugees |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909030126/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1153008 |archive-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mabasa |first=Roy |date=September 8, 2021 |title=Locsin confirms arrival of Afghan refugees in PH |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/08/locsin-confirms-arrival-of-afghan-refugees-to-the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213217/https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/08/locsin-confirms-arrival-of-afghan-refugees-to-the-philippines/ |archive-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref>


On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order institutionalizing access to protection services for refugees, ]s, and asylum seekers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Duterte issues EO protecting refugees in the PH |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302175800/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168839 |archive-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref>
On October 20 in Beijing, Duterte and ] ] agreed to resume direct talks on the dispute.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Perlez|first1=Jane|title=Rodrigo Duterte and Xi Jinping Agree to Reopen South China Sea Talks|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/world/asia/rodrigo-duterte-philippines-china-xi-jinping.html|accessdate=December 2, 2016|work=]|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref>


==Impeachment attempt==
When then U.S. Secretary of State-designate ] threatened China's positions on the islands, the Philippines said that Tillerson was speaking for the U.S. only in the U.S.'s interest and prerogatives.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=January 13, 2017 |title=Philippines says any U.S. move against Beijing in S China Sea would be in its own interest |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-philippines-usa-idUSKBN14X0Z9 |newspaper=Reuters |location= |access-date= }}</ref> ], Duterte's Defense Secretary, rejected the possibility of war against China over the islands in the South China Sea.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=February 3, 2017 |title= Philippines downplays war over South China Sea |url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20170203-philippines-downplays-war-over-south-china-sea/ |newspaper=EJ Insight |location= |access-date= }}</ref>
{{Main|Efforts to impeach Rodrigo Duterte}}
{{See also|Alleged ouster plots against Rodrigo Duterte}}


On March 16, 2017, opposition politician Gary Alejano filed an impeachment complaint against Duterte citing thousands of deaths in Duterte's ], alleged leadership of vigilante group ], and allegations of graft and corruption.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Duterte faces impeachment complaint over alleged killings, corruption |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/16/impeachment-complaint-vs-Duterte.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316070253/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/16/impeachment-complaint-vs-Duterte.html |archive-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 19, 2017 |title=Duterte says he's not intimidated by impeachment attempt |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/duterte-says-hes-not-intimidated-by-impeachment-attempt/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319135433/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/duterte-says-hes-not-intimidated-by-impeachment-attempt/ |archive-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> Alejano, on March 30, filed a supplemental complaint over Duterte's alleged inaction and "defeatist stance" in the South China Sea, ], and Benham Rise.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=March 30, 2017 |title=Duterte faces more impeachment charges over 'inaction' in sea row |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/30/supplemental-impeachment-complaint-President-Duterte.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330152810/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/30/supplemental-impeachment-complaint-President-Duterte.html |archive-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cayabyab |first=Marc Jayson |date=March 30, 2017 |title=Solon files impeach rap vs Duterte over West PH Sea, Benham Rise |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/884967/solon-files-impeach-rap-vs-duterte-over-west-ph-sea-benham-rise-policies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401222615/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/884967/solon-files-impeach-rap-vs-duterte-over-west-ph-sea-benham-rise-policies |archive-date=April 1, 2017}}</ref> On May 15, the ] officially dismissed the charge by unanimous vote due to insufficient evidence after Alejano said he had no personal knowledge of the alleged offenses, having based his impeachment complaint on news reports and witness testimonies.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 15, 2017 |title=House committee effectively dismisses impeachment complaint vs. Duterte |work=] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/15/Duterte-impeachment-complaint-dismissed-House-Alejano-Magdalo.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515160600/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/15/Duterte-impeachment-complaint-dismissed-House-Alejano-Magdalo.html |archive-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cayabyab |first=Marc Jayson |date=May 15, 2017 |title=House panel junks Duterte impeach complaint for lack of substance |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/896800/house-justice-panel-junks-duterte-impeach-complaint-for-lack-of-substance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012651/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/896800/house-justice-panel-junks-duterte-impeach-complaint-for-lack-of-substance |archive-date=May 17, 2017}}</ref>
] at the Blue House in Seoul on June 4, 2018.]]
On April 6, 2017, Duterte ordered the ] to occupy and fortify at least nine uninhabited islands in the South China Sea. He announced plans to visit the Philippine-administered ] during ] and raise a ] there.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romero|first1=Alexis|last2=Felipe|first2=Cecille|last3=Laude|first3=Jaime|last4=Macairan|first4=Evelyn|title=Duterte orders AFP to occupy Philippine islands in South China Sea|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/07/1688529/duterte-orders-afp-occupy-philippine-islands-south-china-sea|accessdate=April 27, 2017|work=]|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> Duterte also ordered the ] to build structures on the ] in order to reassure the Philippines' sovereignty over the undersea region, following the sighting of Chinese ]s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Balana|first1=Cynthia|last2=Uy|first2=Jocelyn|last3=Salaverria|first3=Leila|title=Duterte wants 'structures' built on Benham Rise|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880841/duterte-wants-structures-built-on-benham-rise|accessdate=April 27, 2017|work=]|date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> He also announced plans to rename the Benham Rise to the Philippine Rise.<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte wants to change name of Benham Rise to 'Philippine Ridge'|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/06/17/duterte-wants-to-change-name-of-benham-rise-to-philippine-ridge|accessdate=April 27, 2017|publisher=]|date=April 6, 2017}}</ref> On April 12, Duterte canceled his plan to visit the Thitu (Pag-asa) Island, citing goodwill and friendship with China.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romero|first1=Alexis|title=After talking to China, Duterte says he'll skip South China Sea visit|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/13/1690486/after-talking-china-duterte-says-hell-skip-south-china-sea-visit|accessdate=April 27, 2017|work=]|date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> On April 21, Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana announced the allocation of {{Philippine peso|1.6 billion}} to develop the Thitu (Pag-asa) Island, despite rejection from the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zambrano|first1=Chiara|title=PH plans to repair Pag-asa Island 'illegal', says Chinese envoy|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/17/ph-plans-to-repair-pag-asa-island-illegal-says-chinese-envoy|accessdate=May 1, 2017|publisher=]|date=May 1, 2017}}</ref> The development of the island is expected to include the construction of a marine ], beaching facilities, a radio station, an ], and a ], as well as the improvement of the Rancudo airstrip runway.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bartolome|first1=Jessica|title=PHL allocates P1.6-B for Pag-asa Island development|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/607856/phl-allocates-p1-6-b-for-pag-asa-island-development/story|accessdate=May 1, 2017|work=]|date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> On May 16, 2017, Duterte signed an executive order formally renaming the Benham Rise to the Philippine Rise.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Santos|first1=Eimor|title=Benham Rise is now Philippine Rise|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/12/Benham-Rise-Philippine-Rise-protected-food-supply-zone-Pi%C3%B1ol.html|accessdate=May 22, 2017|publisher=]|date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515125721/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/12/Benham-Rise-Philippine-Rise-protected-food-supply-zone-Pi%C3%B1ol.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Elections during the Duterte presidency==
In February 2018, the '']'' published aerial surveillance photos of Chinese military fortifications in the South China Sea which showed runways, hangars, control towers, helipads, radomes and multi-storey buildings on reefs across the region, described by the newspaper as "island fortresses". The photos, which were mostly taken in late 2017, were authenticated by the ], which described them as "the most complete, detailed batch of aerial pics available", and stated that the "photos show China is nearly done with its militarization of South China Sea". Duterte's spokesman told reporters: " long been militarized. And the question is, what can we do?" - which led to accusations of dereliction of his "sacred core duty" of defending Philippine territory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos show Beijing's militarisation of South China Sea in new detail|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/06/photos-beijings-militarisation-south-china-sea-philippines|accessdate=19 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=February 6, 2018}}</ref>


===United States=== ===2019 mid-term election===
{{main|2019 Philippine general election}}
{{see also|Philippines–United States relations}}
] during their proclamation in ] City on May 22, 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=May 22, 2019 |title=LOOK: Senators-elect do Duterte fist bump except Poe, Binay |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1122000/look-senators-elect-do-duterte-fist-bump-except-poe-binay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422084229/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1122000/look-senators-elect-do-duterte-fist-bump-except-poe-binay |archive-date=April 22, 2022}}</ref>]]
], July 26, 2016]]
On September 12, 2016, Duterte said that he is "not a fan of the Americans" and that he wants to "reorient" foreign policy with the United States. He requested that ] in Mindanao should leave the Philippines, specifically those who are part of the ], saying that it would "inflame the situation with the ]".<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|last1=Regencia|first1=Ted|title=Duterte to US forces: Get out of southern Philippines|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/duterte-forces-southern-philippines-160913003704576.html|accessdate=October 1, 2016|work=]|date=September 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=September 12, 2016 |title=Duterte: US forces in Mindanao must go|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/12/16/duterte-us-forces-in-mindanao-must-go |publisher=ABS-CBN News |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> Duterte said on September 13 that he does not plan to cut ties with the United States, but wants to reiterate the administration's pursuit of an "independent foreign policy" in accordance with the Constitution; the administration will continue to honor mutual agreements like the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |title=Philippines not cutting ties with US – Duterte|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/14/1623667/philippines-not-cutting-ties-us-duterte|accessdate=October 1, 2016|work=]|date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> On September 20, Duterte said: "I never said get out of the Philippines, for after all, we need them there in the China Sea. We don't have armaments."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Salaverria|first1=Leila|title=Duterte changes tune: We need US after all|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/145192/duterte-changes-tune-need-us|accessdate=October 1, 2016|work=]|date=September 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mendez|first1=Christina|title=We need US for South China Sea – Duterte|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/21/1625911/we-need-us-south-china-sea-duterte|accessdate=October 1, 2016|work=]|date=September 21, 2016}}</ref>


Opposition alliance ] promoted the 2019 mid-term election as a referendum on Duterte and his administration.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |date=February 18, 2019 |title='Midterm polls a referendum on Duterte' |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/2/18/2019-elections-referendum-President-Rodrigo-Duterte.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520011851/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/2/18/2019-elections-referendum-President-Rodrigo-Duterte.html |archive-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Shrikanth |first=Siddarth |date=May 13, 2019 |title=Duterte's allies expected to win in Philippines midterm Senate race |work=] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1afd6d76-753f-11e9-be7d-6d846537acab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519041905/https://www.ft.com/content/1afd6d76-753f-11e9-be7d-6d846537acab |archive-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Eight of the twelve candidates backed by Duterte's administration won Senate seats;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=May 22, 2019 |title=Duterte's Senate bets dominate 2019 midterm elections |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/5/22/Comelec-proclamation-senators-party-list-groups.htmlgoXPS1Gx7LI | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522134406/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/5/22/Comelec-proclamation-senators-party-list-groups.html |archive-date=May 22, 2019}}</ref> Otso Diretso suffered a historic loss, failing to secure any seats.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cabico |first=Gaea Katreena |date=May 22, 2019 |title=Opposition slate Otso Diretso suffers a resounding loss |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/05/22/1917758/opposition-slate-otso-diretso-suffers-resounding-loss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603043421/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/05/22/1917758/opposition-slate-otso-diretso-suffers-resounding-loss |archive-date=June 3, 2019}}</ref>
On September 27, Duterte vowed not to allow the U.S. government to interfere with the policies of his administration. He criticized the U.S. government for "lecturing" his administration on ] amidst their campaign on illegal drugs and said that he will "] with the U.S." Duterte added that he plans to forge "new alliances" with China and Russia in trade and commerce.<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte vows to open up trade, commerce with China, Russia|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/duterte-vows-to-open-up-trade-commerce-with-china-russia/|accessdate=October 9, 2016|agency=]|via=]|date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> ] deputy spokesperson Mark Toner responded to Duterte's criticisms by saying that the Philippine–U.S. relations could still remain "strong and unabated" despite Duterte's criticisms.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cabacungan|first1=Gil|title=Duterte seeks alliances with China and Russia|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/145595/duterte-seeks-alliances-with-china-and-russia|accessdate=October 9, 2016|work=]|date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> The following day, while addressing the Filipino community in ], Duterte said that the ] ]s and the joint naval patrols in the South China Sea between the Philippines and the U.S. in October would be "its last" in order to avoid provoking conflict with China.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rodrigo Duterte to end joint US and Philippine military drills|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/29/rodrigo-duterte-to-end-joint-us-and-philippine-military-drills|accessdate=October 1, 2016|agency=]|via=]|date=September 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Aurelio|first1=Julie|title=Duterte out to end war games with US|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/145777/duterte-out-to-end-war-games-with-us|accessdate=October 1, 2016|work=]|date=September 30, 2016}}</ref>
], August 7, 2017]]
On October 5, Duterte accused the U.S. of refusing to sell armaments to the Philippines and said that he would rather purchase armaments from China and Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Nandini|title=Duterte snubs US again, says he would rather go to Russia and China for purchasing arms|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/duterte-snubs-us-again-says-he-would-rather-go-russia-china-purchasing-arms-1584867|accessdate=October 9, 2016|work=]|date=October 5, 2016}}</ref> In an attempt to repair relations with the U.S., Duterte's Defense Secretary, ], said Duterte was "misinformed" about the U.S. alliance: "Maybe, the defense ministry and the armed forces were remiss in providing him the correct information."<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippine defense chief says Duterte may be 'misinformed' on U.S. alliance|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-usa-military-idUSKCN1251B5|accessdate=October 6, 2016|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>


===2022 general election===
On October 6, Duterte's then-Foreign Secretary ] denounced the idea of the Philippines being regarded as a "little brown brother" by the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=Prashanth |date=September 16, 2016 |title=Philippines No Longer US 'Little Brown Brother': Yasay |url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/09/philippines-no-longer-us-little-brown-brother-yasay/ |newspaper=The Diplomat |location= |access-date= }}</ref> Yasay said that the Philippines had been "failed" by the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=October 6, 2016 |time=11:00am |title= Yasay: America has failed us |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/10/06/1630921/yasay-america-has-failed-us |newspaper=philstar.com |location=MANILA, Philippines |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Guinto |first=Joel |date=October 6, 2016 |time=10:49 AM |title=America has 'failed' Philippines, Yasay says |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/06/16/america-has-failed-philippines-yasay-says |newspaper=ABS-CBN News |location=MANILA |access-date= }}</ref>
{{Further|Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go 2022 presidential campaigns}}
], who filed his certificate of candidacy for vice president on October 2, 2021.]]


In August 2021, critics raised the possibility of Duterte extending his term after he announced he would run as vice president.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=August 24, 2021 |title=Philippines' Duterte Raises Rivals' Suspicions by Seeking Vice Presidency in 2022 |work=] |agency=] |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-08-24/philippines-duterte-accepts-endorsement-to-run-as-vice-president-in-2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426082930/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-08-24/philippines-duterte-accepts-endorsement-to-run-as-vice-president-in-2022 |archive-date=April 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=August 25, 2021 |title=Duterte confirms he'll run for Philippines VP next year |url=https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-pandemic-philippines-a2baadec81c6a7042c0d829b15630696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825073536/https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-pandemic-philippines-a2baadec81c6a7042c0d829b15630696 |archive-date=August 25, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2021 |website=]}}</ref> Duterte's party, the ] Cusi faction, fielded former ] chief and Senator ] as president,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=October 8, 2021 |title='Bato' dela Rosa is Cusi wing PDP-Laban's standard-bearer for 2022 polls |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499224/bato-is-cusi-wing-pdp-labans-standard-bearer-for-2022-polls |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008093010/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499224/bato-is-cusi-wing-pdp-labans-standard-bearer-for-2022-polls |archive-date=October 8, 2021}}</ref> who was widely suspected of being a ] for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayor ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=October 19, 2021 |title=Bato, suspected to be a placeholder, agrees to amend substitution rule |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1503654/bato-dela-rosa-suspected-to-be-a-placeholder-agrees-to-amend-substitution-rule |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019014553/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1503654/bato-dela-rosa-suspected-to-be-a-placeholder-agrees-to-amend-substitution-rule |archive-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref> On October 2, 2021, Duterte withdrew his candidacy and announced his retirement from politics, and his long-time aide, Senator ], replaced him as the vice-presidential candidate.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=David Tristan |first=Yumol |date=October 2, 2021 |title=Duterte announces retirement from politics |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/10/2/Duterte-retirement-politics.html |access-date=October 2, 2021 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002083502/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/10/2/Duterte-retirement-politics.html |archive-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref>
On October 20, while on a trip to ], Duterte declared a "separation" from the United States which he stated had lost militarily, socially, and economically, and emphasized a realignment of the Philippines to move closer to China.<ref name="US-Separation-Reuters">{{Cite newspaper |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-philippines-idUSKCN12K0AS |title=Duterte aligns Philippines with China, says U.S. has lost |journal=Reuters |date=October 20, 2016 |accessdate=October 20, 2016 |author=Blanchard, Ben}}</ref> During a press conference after arriving from Beijing, Duterte clarified that what he meant by "separation" was a "separation of a foreign policy" and not a severance of diplomatic ties, saying that it would not be feasible to cut diplomatic ties with the U.S. due to the large number of ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Salaveria|first1=Leila|title=Duterte: Separation with US doesn't mean cutting diplomatic ties|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/147450/duterte-separation-with-us-doesnt-mean-cutting-diplomatic-ties|accessdate=October 26, 2016|work=]|date=October 22, 2016}}</ref> U.S. Department of State spokesperson ] responded by saying: "We are going to be seeking an explanation of exactly what the president meant when he talked about separation from the U.S.; it's not clear what that means and all its ramifications."<ref>{{cite news|title=US reaction to Duterte's 'separation' announcement|url=http://english.cctv.com/2016/10/21/VIDETIT9qaP5x2ZuptMegTgS161021.shtml|accessdate=October 26, 2016|work=]|publisher=]|date=October 21, 2016}}</ref> On October 23, ] ] traveled to Manila to seek clarification and explanation for Duterte's comments with Philippine officials, including ] ] and Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. welcomes warmer PH-China ties|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/24/america-welcomes-relaxation-of-phl-china-relations.html|accessdate=October 26, 2016|publisher=]|date=October 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Daniel Russel: U.S. 'welcomes easing PH–China ties'|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/daniel-russel-u-s-welcomes-easing-ph-china-ties/|accessdate=October 26, 2016|work=]|date=October 24, 2016}}</ref>


On November 13, 2021, Sara unexpectedly decided to run as vice president under the ] party, prompting dela Rosa to withdraw hours later and be replaced by Go.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Yumol |first=David Tristan |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Bato Dela Rosa withdraws from 2022 presidential race |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/13/bato-dela-rosa-withdraws-2022-presidential-race.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113084143/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/13/bato-dela-rosa-withdraws-2022-presidential-race.html |archive-date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> Duterte retracted his planned retirement and announced he would run for vice president to express his dismay for Sara's decision to enter the vice-presidential race when polls showed she was the preferred candidate for presidency;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=November 14, 2021 |title=Duterte's possible VP run a show of dismay for Sara Duterte's candidacy |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1514702/dutertes-possible-vp-run-a-show-of-dismay-for-sara-dutertes-candidacy |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114062807/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1514702/dutertes-possible-vp-run-a-show-of-dismay-for-sara-dutertes-candidacy |archive-date=November 14, 2021}}</ref> he later withdrew candidacy after deciding not to run against his daughter, and instead announced his intent to run as senator,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Duterte to run for senator in 2022 – Bong Go |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515218/duterte-to-run-for-senator-in-2022-bong-go |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083416/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515218/duterte-to-run-for-senator-in-2022-bong-go |archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> while endorsing a Go–Sara team.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Duterte endorses Bong Go-Inday Sara tandem in meeting with lawmakers |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1516272/duterte-endorses-bong-go-sara-duterte-tandem-in-meeting-with-lawmakers |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117060724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1516272/duterte-endorses-bong-go-sara-duterte-tandem-in-meeting-with-lawmakers |archive-date=November 17, 2021}}</ref>
] in Manila, November 13, 2017]]
On November 7, Secretary Lorenzana clarified that the joint Balikatan exercises will continue along with the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, but the ] ] exercises between the ] and the ] would be discontinued. He specified that bilateral drills on ], ], ], ], and ] will remain, all of which have been approved by Duterte.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Romero|first1=Alexis|title=Fewer drills with US but EDCA, Balikatan to stay|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/11/07/1641549/fewer-drills-us-edca-balikatan-stay|accessdate=November 7, 2016|work=]|date=November 7, 2016}}</ref>


Sara, however, decided to partner with ], who announced his presidential candidacy in November 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=November 16, 2021 |title=It's official: Bongbong Marcos, Sara Duterte running in tandem in 2022 elections |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515954/breaking-its-official-bongbong-inday-sara-running-as-tandem-for-2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153120/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515954/breaking-its-official-bongbong-inday-sara-running-as-tandem-for-2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> Go later expressed his disinterest in the presidency.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Torregoza |first=Hannah |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Bong Go backs out of May 2022 presidential race |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/30/bong-go-backs-out-of-may-2022-presidential-race/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130045646/https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/30/bong-go-backs-out-of-may-2022-presidential-race/ |archive-date=November 30, 2021}}</ref> On December 14, hours after Go withdrew his candidacy for president, Duterte withdrew his senate bid.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=December 14, 2021 |title=Duterte withdraws from 2022 Senate race |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/12/14/Duterte-withdraws-Senate-2022-bid.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214084232/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/12/14/Duterte-withdraws-Senate-2022-bid.html |archive-date=December 14, 2021}}</ref>
Following the ], Presidential Communications Secretary ] offered "warm congratulations" to ] on his election victory. He said that Duterte "look forward to working with the incoming administration for enhanced Philippines–US relations anchored on mutual respect, mutual benefit and shared commitment to democratic ideals and the rule of law".<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte congratulates Trump, wishes 'enhanced PH-US relations'|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/149274/duterte-congratulates-trump-wishes-enhanced-ph-us-relations|accessdate=November 9, 2016|work=Inquirer|date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> While in ], Duterte personally congratulated Trump by greeting him "'']''" and expressed hope that the ] would honor obligations and treaties signed between the Philippines and the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Nestor|title=Duterte softens stance on US, tells Trump: 'Mabuhay ka'|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/149298/duterte-softens-stance-on-us-after-trump-defeats-clinton|accessdate=December 2, 2016|work=]|date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> On December 2, Duterte called then President-elect Trump to personally congratulate him once more and invited him to visit the Philippines for the ] in 2017, while Trump invited Duterte to visit him in ] and ] after the former's ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump invites Duterte to White House|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/02/16/trump-invites-duterte-to-white-house|accessdate=December 3, 2016|publisher=]|date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> On April 29, 2017, President Trump called Duterte to inform him of his planned visit to the Philippines in November for the East Asia Summit. Trump also extended an invitation to Duterte to visit him at the ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Ishaan|title=Trump's invitation to Duterte is a sign of the times|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/01/trumps-invitation-to-duterte-is-a-sign-of-the-times/|accessdate=May 1, 2017|work=]|date=May 1, 2017}}</ref> During their call, Duterte urged Trump to show restraint in dealing with ] over their ], warning him that the region could suffer "immensely".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Panti|first1=Llanesca|title=Trump invites Duterte to White House|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/trump-invites-duterte-white-house/324877/|accessdate=May 1, 2017|work=]|date=May 1, 2017}}</ref> Trump also praised Duterte's drug war during the call, telling him "I just wanted to congratulate you because I am hearing of the unbelievable job on the drug problem".<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=May 24, 2017|title=Trump told Duterte "great job" on drug war that's killed 8,000|url=https://news.vice.com/story/trump-told-duterte-great-job-on-drug-war-thats-killed-8000|work=]|access-date=May 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524175743/https://news.vice.com/story/trump-told-duterte-great-job-on-drug-war-thats-killed-8000|archive-date=2017-05-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 3, 2017|title= Donald Trump tells Duterte: 'You're doing a great job', Philippines claims|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/03/trump-tells-duterte-youre-doing-a-great-job-philippines-claims |work=] |location= |access-date=May 24, 2017}}</ref>


Duterte remained influential before the national elections because several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement due to his popularity.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Manahan |first=Job |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Palace: Presidential bets still seeking Duterte's endorsement |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/22/palace-presidential-bets-still-seeking-dutertes-endorsement |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221120171244/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/22/palace-presidential-bets-still-seeking-dutertes-endorsement |archive-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Mendoza |first=John Eric |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Isko still hopeful of Duterte's endorsement despite PDP-Laban backing of Marcos Jr. |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572649/isko-moreno-still-hopeful-of-dutertes-endorsement-despite-pdp-laban-backing-of-marcos-jr |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323112348/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572649/isko-moreno-still-hopeful-of-dutertes-endorsement-despite-pdp-laban-backing-of-marcos-jr |archive-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=March 16, 2022 |title=VP spox: Robredo to welcome Duterte endorsement provided 'it's not transactional' |work=] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/3/16/Robredo-Duterte-endorsement-not-transactional.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317102159/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/3/16/Robredo-Duterte-endorsement-not-transactional.html |archive-date=March 17, 2022}}</ref> Allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates after the Cusi faction was left without a leader following Go's withdrawal. The PDP–Laban Cusi faction endorsed presidential candidate Marcos,<ref name="Inquirer-PDPLabanEndorse">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=March 31, 2022 |title=After PDP-Laban endorsement of Marcos Jr., Duterte insists neutrality |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576494/after-pdp-laban-endorsement-of-marcos-jr-duterte-insists-neutrality-in-next-elections |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331134935/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576494/after-pdp-laban-endorsement-of-marcos-jr-duterte-insists-neutrality-in-next-elections |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> with some officials calling for Duterte to do the same.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Adviser urges Duterte: Endorse Marcos, he is the best to protect you |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572438/adviser-urges-duterte-endorse-marcos-he-is-the-best-to-protect-you |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323052339/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572438/adviser-urges-duterte-endorse-marcos-he-is-the-best-to-protect-you |archive-date=March 23, 2022}}</ref> Duterte, however, endorsed only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Duterte endorses Sara's VP candidacy |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/02/duterte-endorses-saras-vp-candidacy/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402015603/https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/02/duterte-endorses-saras-vp-candidacy/ |archive-date=April 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Israel |first=Dale G. |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Duterte endorses 17 senatorial bets |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576947/duterte-endorses-17-senatorial-bets |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402001917/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576947/duterte-endorses-17-senatorial-bets |archive-date=April 2, 2022}}</ref> and said he would remain neutral, deciding not to endorse any presidential candidate<ref name="Inquirer-PDPLabanEndorse" /> and prohibiting his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate<ref name="MB-CabinetBannedCampaigning">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=February 26, 2022 |title=Duterte: Cabinet members, except Cusi, banned from campaigning |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/26/duterte-cabinet-members-except-cusi-banned-from-campaigning/ |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310065154/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/26/duterte-cabinet-members-except-cusi-banned-from-campaigning/ |archive-date=March 10, 2022}}</ref> to avoid suspicion he would use public funds for his preferred successor's campaign;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Valente |first=Catherine S. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Duterte will not endorse presidential bet |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/07/news/national/duterte-will-not-endorse-presidential-bet/1839151 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406161025/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/07/news/national/duterte-will-not-endorse-presidential-bet/1839151 |archive-date=April 6, 2022}}</ref> and to prevent cabinet members from compromising their integrity.<ref name="MB-CabinetBannedCampaigning" /> Duterte said the next president should be decisive, compassionate, a good judge of character, and preferably a lawyer,<ref name="Inquirer-PDPLabanEndorse" /> which a PDP–Laban official interpreted as a "virtual endorsement" for Duterte's rival, Vice President ], who also decided to run for president.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Peralta-Malonzo |first=Third Anne |date=March 14, 2022 |title=PDP-Laban official endorses Robredo for president |language=English |work=] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1923546/manila/local-news/ben-evardone-of-pdp-laban-endorses-leni-robredo-for-president |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314055149/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1923546/manila/local-news/ben-evardone-of-pdp-laban-endorses-leni-robredo-for-president |archive-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency but could not say whether Duterte endorsed Marcos.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Felipe |first=Cecille Suerte |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Duterte, Marcos Talk, But No Endorsement – Go |work=] |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/duterte-marcos-talk-but-no-endorsement-go |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327141847/https://www.onenews.ph/articles/duterte-marcos-talk-but-no-endorsement-go |archive-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Inquirer-PDPLabanEndorse" />
==Trust ratings==
Two weeks into Duterte's presidency, on July 13, 2016, the ] (SWS) conducted the first survey on his presidency since his inauguration on June 30, where Duterte received an "excellent" trust rating of 79% among 1,200 adults nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte rides on 'excellent' trust rating|url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=TopStory&title=duterte-rides-on-excellent-trust-rating&id=130331|accessdate=July 21, 2016|work=]|date=July 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Duterte starts presidency with 'excellent' trust rating – SWS poll|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/573446/news/nation/duterte-starts-presidency-with-excellent-trust-rating-sws-poll|accessdate=July 21, 2016|work=]|date=July 13, 2016}}</ref> A week later, on July 20, ] released a poll conducted on July 2–8 which showed that 91% of Filipinos trust Duterte, making him the most trusted official in the Philippines since 1999, according to Pulse Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hegina|first1=Aries Joseph|title=Duterte becomes PH's most trusted official|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797447/duterte-becomes-phs-most-trusted-official|accessdate=July 21, 2016|work=]|date=July 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bencito|first1=John Paulo|title=Duterte's trust rating hits new high|url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/211218/duterte-s-trust-rating-hits-new-high.html|accessdate=July 21, 2016|work=]|date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> On January 8, 2018, Duterte's trust ratings fell to 82% according to an SWS poll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/638889/duterte-s-trust-ratings-remain-at-all-time-high-in-q4-2017-pulse-asia/story/|title=Duterte's trust ratings remain at all-time high in Q4 2017 —Pulse Asia|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> On April 26, 2018, Duterte's trust ratings further fell to 65%.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/26/18/dutertes-trust-rating-slightly-down-in-new-sws-survey|title=Duterte's trust rating slightly down in new SWS survey|first=Dharel |last=Placido |work=ABS-CBN News|publisher=|accessdate=July 17, 2018}}</ref> A SWS survey released in September 2018 found that Duterte's trust ratings fell again to 57%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/211476-duterte-trust-ratings-sws-june-2018 | title=Public trust in Duterte falls to new low in 2nd quarter – SWS}}</ref> On the third quarter of 2018, Duterte's trust rating increased to 62%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20181027115939|title=Social Weather Stations {{!}} Third Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: Net Trust in Rody Duterte rises to "Very Good" +62|last=|first=|website=www.sws.org.ph|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/27/18/duterte-trust-rating-up-in-3rd-quarter-of-2018-sws|title=Duterte trust rating up in 3rd quarter of 2018: SWS|work=ABS-CBN News|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref>


] speak ahead of ] on June 30, 2022.]]
Duterte's approval rating has been relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive.<ref name="ABCNews-WeedonAlan" /> Duterte finished the first half of his six-year term with a record net satisfaction rating of 68%.<ref name="Nikkei-OnTrack" /> In an SWS survey, conducted in April 2019, puts Duterte's approval ratings at 79%, higher than any of his predecessors at this stage in their presidencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/05/philippine-midterms-could-extend-dutertes-rule/|title=Philippine midterms could extend Duterte's rule|first=Richard Javad|last=Heydarian|date=May 2, 2019|website=Asia Times}}</ref> Duterte earned an approval rating of 87% on the latest survey conducted by Pulse Asia. This is credited to poverty reduction and general success in hosting SEA Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.inquirer.net/285855/economic-team-dutertes-pulse-asia-approval-rating-jumped-to-87-in-december|title=Duterte approval rating of 87 percent in December attributed to poverty reduction, SEA Games 'high'|first=Ben O. de|last=Vera|website=business.inquirer.net}}</ref>

On May 5, 2022, Duterte created a ] led by ] ] to oversee the transition of power to the next administration.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Duterte creates Palace transition team |language=en |newspaper=] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1592547/duterte-creates-palace-transition-team |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504222554/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1592547/duterte-creates-palace-transition-team |archive-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> According to analysts, Duterte's popularity was "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, both of whom won landslides in the election.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Manahan |first=Job |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Duterte's popularity, regionalism crystalized votes for Marcos Jr., Sara Duterte: analysts |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/05/10/22/solid-north-solid-south-solidified-votes-for-marcos-jr-sara-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512182350/https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/05/10/22/solid-north-solid-south-solidified-votes-for-marcos-jr-sara-duterte |archive-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref>

==Approval ratings==
{{main|Opinion polling on the Rodrigo Duterte presidency}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" align="right" style="margin:auto 1em;"
|+ ] Net satisfaction ratings of {{nowrap|Rodrigo Duterte}} {{nowrap|(September 2016–}}{{nowrap|June 2022)}}
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Date<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||date=September 24, 2021 |title=Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 2 of 2) |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/visuals/2021/pr20210924/pr20210924_vis03.JPG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019144223im_/https://www.sws.org.ph/visuals/2021/pr20210924/pr20210924_vis03.JPG |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Rating
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 2016
| +64
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 2016
| +63
|-
! scope="row" | Mar 2017
| +63
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 2017
| +66
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 2017
| +48
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 2017
| +58
|-
! scope="row" | Mar 2018
| +56
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 2018
| +45
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 2018
| +54
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 2018
| +60
|-
! scope="row" | Mar 2019
| +66
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 2019
| +68
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 2019
| +65
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 2019
| +72
|-
! scope="row" | Nov 2020
| +79
|-
! scope="row" | May 2021
| +65
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 2021
| +62
|-
! scope="row" | Sep 2021
| +52
|-
! scope="row" | Dec 2021<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte MB-SWS4thQtr">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=February 8, 2022 |title=75% of Filipinos satisfied with Duterte – SWS survey |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/08/75-of-filipinos-satisfied-with-duterte-sws-survey/ |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211021721/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/08/75-of-filipinos-satisfied-with-duterte-sws-survey/ |archive-date=February 11, 2022}}</ref>
| +60
|-
! scope="row" | Apr 2022<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Former President Duterte's net satisfaction rating rises to +65 in April SWS survey |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/13/former-president-dutertes-satisfaction-rating-rises-to-65-in-april-sws-survey/ |access-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713132219/https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/13/former-president-dutertes-satisfaction-rating-rises-to-65-in-april-sws-survey/ |archive-date=July 13, 2022}}</ref>
| +65
|-
! scope="row" | Jun 2022<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte SWS-2ndQ">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Second Quarter 2022 Social Weather Survey: Pres. Rodrigo Duterte's final net satisfaction rating at +81 |work=] |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20220923%20-%20SWR2022-II%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28media%20release%29.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065815/https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20220923%20-%20SWR2022-II%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28media%20release%29.pdf |archive-date=September 25, 2022}}</ref>
| +81
<!--
|- class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" | Average
| averagerating
-->
|}

Duterte's approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive.<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte ABCNews-WeedonAlan">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Weedon |first=Alan |date=May 10, 2019 |title='Gold, guns and goons': Why the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte remains incredibly popular |language=en-AU |work=] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-10/duterte-rodrigo-philippines-president-popular-despite-criticism/11058752 |access-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015044350/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-10/duterte-rodrigo-philippines-president-popular-despite-criticism/11058752 |archive-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> Two weeks into Duterte's presidency, on July 13, 2016, ] (SWS) conducted the first approval survey since his inauguration; Duterte received an "excellent" trust rating of 79% among 1,200 Filipino adults.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Estopace |first=F. G. |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Duterte rides on 'excellent' trust rating |work=] |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=TopStory&title=duterte-rides-on-excellent-trust-rating&id=130331 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115214/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=TopStory&title=duterte-rides-on-excellent-trust-rating&id=130331 |archive-date=August 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parco |first=Bernadette |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Duterte starts presidency with 'excellent' trust rating – SWS poll |work=] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/573446/news/nation/duterte-starts-presidency-with-excellent-trust-rating-sws-poll |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808140441/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/573446/duterte-starts-presidency-with-excellent-trust-rating-sws-poll/story/ |archive-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref> A week later, ] released a poll conducted on July 2–8 showing 91% of Filipinos trusted Duterte, making him the most-trusted official in the Philippines since 1999.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Hegina |first=Aries Joseph |date=July 20, 2016 |title=Duterte becomes PH's most trusted official |newspaper=] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797447/duterte-becomes-phs-most-trusted-official |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126014809/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797447/duterte-becomes-phs-most-trusted-official |archive-date=November 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Bencito |first=John Paulo |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Duterte's trust rating hits new high |work=] |url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/211218/duterte-s-trust-rating-hits-new-high.html |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721120234/http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/211218/duterte-s-trust-rating-hits-new-high.html |archive-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Duterte's net-satisfaction was at its lowest value 45% in July 2018;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Morallo |first=Audrey |date=July 10, 2018 |title=SWS: Duterte's satisfaction rating plunges across all areas |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/10/1832319/sws-dutertes-satisfaction-rating-plunges-across-all-areas |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713182643/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/10/1832319/sws-dutertes-satisfaction-rating-plunges-across-all-areas |archive-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref> it recovered to 54% in September 2018<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Layug |first=Margaret Claire |date=September 29, 2018 |title=SWS: Duterte net satisfaction rating in Q3 improves, now 'very good' |work=] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/669527/sws-duterte-net-satisfaction-rating-in-q3-improves-now-very-good/story/ |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302073836/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/669527/sws-duterte-net-satisfaction-rating-in-q3-improves-now-very-good/story/ |archive-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref> and 60% in December that year.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Merez |first=Arianne |date=December 28, 2018 |title=Duterte closes 2018 with 'very good' satisfaction rating- SWS |work=] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/28/18/duterte-closes-2018-with-very-good-satisfaction-rating-sws |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228115914/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/28/18/duterte-closes-2018-with-very-good-satisfaction-rating-sws |archive-date=December 28, 2018}}</ref>

By July 2019, halfway through his six-year term in office, Duterte had a record net-satisfaction rating of 68%.<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte Nikkei-OnTrack">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Duterte on track to become Philippines most popular president |work=] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Duterte-on-track-to-become-Philippines-most-popular-president |access-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202154442/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Duterte-on-track-to-become-Philippines-most-popular-president |archive-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> An April 2019 survey put his approval rating at 79%, higher than any of his predecessors at that stage in their presidencies.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||last=Heydarian |first=Richard Javad |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Philippine midterms could extend Duterte's rule |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/05/philippine-midterms-could-extend-dutertes-rule/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910001716/https://asiatimes.com/2019/05/philippine-midterms-could-extend-dutertes-rule/ |archive-date=September 10, 2020 |website=]}}</ref> By December that year, his approval rating was 87% according to Pulse Asia; this was credited to poverty reduction and the successful hosting of the ].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Vera |first=Ben O. de |date=December 20, 2019 |title=Duterte approval rating of 87 percent in December attributed to poverty reduction, SEA Games 'high' |newspaper=] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/285855/economic-team-dutertes-pulse-asia-approval-rating-jumped-to-87-in-december |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220101024/https://business.inquirer.net/285855/economic-team-dutertes-pulse-asia-approval-rating-jumped-to-87-in-december |archive-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref>

Amid the ], a Pulse Asia September 2020 "''Ulat ng Bayan Survey''" ("Report to the Nation Survey"), showed 84% of Filipinos approved of the government's work to control the spread of COVID-19 and its assistance to those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic; 92% of survey respondents said Duterte has "done well" in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the country.<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte PNAGovPH-COVIDSurvey">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=October 8, 2020 |title=8 in 10 Pinoys approve Duterte admin's Covid-19 response |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117910 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101184347/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117910 |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Rodrigo Duterte ASEANPost-DuterteWeTrust">{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Malindog-Uy |first=Anna |date=October 11, 2020 |title=In Duterte We Trust |language=en |work=The ASEAN Post |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/duterte-we-trust |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012045434/https://theaseanpost.com/article/duterte-we-trust |archive-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> Duterte's SWS net-satisfaction rating rose to 60% in December 2021,<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte MB-SWS4thQtr" /> higher than the 52% rating in September 2021,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=October 31, 2021 |title=Despite Duterte rating drop, Palace thanks Pinoys |work=] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/10/31/2137956/despite-duterte-rating-drop-palace-thanks-pinoys |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302132931/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/10/31/2137956/despite-duterte-rating-drop-palace-thanks-pinoys |archive-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref> and slightly lower than the 62% rating in June 2021;<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte SWS-DuterteSpecialReport">{{#invoke:Cite news| |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Special report on Satisfaction Rating of the President: Pres. Duterte's Net Satisfaction at +79 in November 2020, +65 in May 2021, and +62 in June 2021 |work=] |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20210924%20-%20SWR2021-II%20Special%20Report%20on%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28special%20report%29.pdf |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926092412/https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20210924%20-%20SWR2021-II%20Special%20Report%20on%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28special%20report%29.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> the survey also noted higher net satisfaction among those vaccinated and those willing to be vaccinated.<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte MB-SWS4thQtr" />

Duterte remained popular until the end of his term; according to a ] survey conducted between March 30 to April 6, 2022, 67.2% of 1,500 respondents approved of his performance over the past 12 months while only 15.2% disapproved.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Cruz |first=Kaithreen |date=April 12, 2022 |title=Duterte bowing out with high ratings |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/11/news/dutertes-approval-trust-rating-remain-high-publicus/1839667 |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411053427/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/11/news/dutertes-approval-trust-rating-remain-high-publicus/1839667 |archive-date=April 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=April 11, 2022 |title=Duterte's end of term high rating 'rarity' in PH pres'l politics |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172012 |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411234748/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172012 |archive-date=April 11, 2022}}</ref> A 2021 survey by WR Numero Research showed 54.59% of voters wanted soft continuity of Duterte's policies, 29.57% wanted full continuity, and 15.84% preferred change.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=March 22, 2022 |title=More than half of Pinoy voters support 'partial continuity' of Duterte's policies — survey |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/22/more-than-half-of-pinoy-voters-support-partial-continuity-of-dutertes-policies-survey/ |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322105459/https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/22/more-than-half-of-pinoy-voters-support-partial-continuity-of-dutertes-policies-survey/ |archive-date=March 22, 2022}}</ref>

Duterte left office with a net-satisfaction rating of 81%—his highest—according to an SWS survey held between June 26 to 29, 2022.<ref name="Rodrigo Duterte SWS-2ndQ" /> A survey of 1,500 people conducted by PUBLiCUS Asia in June—Duterte's last month in office—showed he was the most-popular post-] president, with a 75% approval of his performance as president, while only 10% expressed disapproval.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=June 27, 2022 |title=PUBLiCUS survey: Duterte is most popular post-EDSA 1 president |work=] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/27/publicus-survey-duterte-is-most-popular-post-edsa-1-president/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627043643/https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/27/publicus-survey-duterte-is-most-popular-post-edsa-1-president/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Manila Times Duterte most popular"></ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
<references />
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Juego |first=Bonn |date=2017 |title=The Philippines 2017: Duterte-led authoritarian populism and its liberal-democratic roots |url=https://www.asiamaior.org/files/Philippines-Juego_AM-2017.pdf |journal=Asia Maior; the Journal of the Italian Think Tank on Asia Founded by Giorgio Borsa in 1989 |publisher=Viella s.r.l. & Associazione Asia Maior |volume=XXVIII |pages=129–163 |issn=2385-2526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172711/https://www.asiamaior.org/files/Philippines-Juego_AM-2017.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=December 1, 2022}}
* {{#invoke:Cite web||date=2021 |title=The President's Final Report to the People 2016-2021; TATAG AT MALASAKIT TUNGO SA PAGBANGON: Sustaining Our Nation's Gains Amidst Unprecedented Challenges |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2021/07jul/20210726-FINAL-REPORT-TO-THE-PEOPLE-2016-2021-PRRD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916161615/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2021/07jul/20210726-FINAL-REPORT-TO-THE-PEOPLE-2016-2021-PRRD.pdf |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |website=] |publisher=] - ] |location=Manila, Philippines}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte}}

* {{YouTube|user=RTVMalacanang|Radio TV Malacañang}} * {{YouTube|user=RTVMalacanang|Radio TV Malacañang}}
* Radio TV Malacañang. * Radio TV Malacañang.
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Latest revision as of 10:57, 31 December 2024

Philippine presidential administration from 2016 to 2022

Rodrigo Duterte
Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022
PresidentRodrigo Roa Duterte
CabinetSee list
PartyPDP–Laban
Election2016
SeatMalacañang Palace, Manila
← Benigno Aquino IIIBongbong Marcos →

Seal of the President
This article is part of
a series aboutRodrigo Duterte
16th President of the Philippines
Tenure
Policies
COVID-19 pandemic
Early political career
Personal and public image
Rodrigo Duterte's signature

Rodrigo Duterte's six-year tenure as the 16th President of the Philippines began on June 30, 2016, succeeding Benigno Aquino III. He was the first president from Mindanao, the first president to have worked in all three branches of government, and the oldest to be elected. He won the election amid growing frustration with post-EDSA governance that favored elites over ordinary Filipinos. His tenure ended on June 30, 2022.

Duterte began a crackdown on illegal drugs and corruption, leading to a reduction in drug proliferation which caused the deaths of 6,600 people. His administration withdrew the Philippines from the International Criminal Court after the court launched a preliminary examination into alleged crimes against humanity committed during the crackdown.

Duterte increased infrastructure spending and launched Build! Build! Build!, an ambitious infrastructure program. He initiated liberal economic reforms, including reforming the country's tax system. He also established freedom of information under the executive branch to eliminate corruption and red tape. Additionally, he granted free irrigation to small farmers and liberalized rice imports with the Rice Tariffication Law.

Duterte implemented a campaign against terrorism and signed the controversial Anti-Terrorism Act. He declared martial law in Mindanao during the Battle of Marawi and extended it for two years, the longest period of martial law in the Philippines since Ferdinand Marcos' 14-year rule. He pursued peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) but cancelled them in February 2017 after attacks by the New People's Army (NPA) against government forces as justification and declared the CPP-NPA as a terrorist group. He created task forces to end local communist armed conflict and for the reintegration of former communist rebels, and enacted a law establishing the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region and granting amnesty to former rebels.

Duterte implemented free college education in state universities and colleges and institutionalized an alternative learning system. He also signed the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the government's health insurance program and ordered the full implementation of the Reproductive Health Law. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, he initially implemented strict lockdown measures, causing a 9.5% contraction of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020. However, with the economy gradually reopening, the GDP increased by 5.6% in 2021.

Duterte sought improved relations with China and Russia and reduced dependence on the United States. He took a conciliatory stance toward China, setting aside the controversial Philippines v. China ruling on South China Sea claims.

Duterte is a polarizing figure, facing criticism and international opposition for his anti-narcotics efforts. Various poll agencies such as SWS, PUBLiCUS Asia, and Pulse Asia consider Duterte's approval ratings to have remained high during and after his presidency, according to their own polling, making Duterte as the most popular post-People Power Revolution president.

Election, transition, and inauguration

Main articles: Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign, 2016 Philippine presidential election, Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte, and Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte
  Duterte won solid votes from Mindanao, Metro Manila, and Cebu during the 2016 presidential election.

Duterte, campaigning on a platform of fighting crime, corruption, and illegal drugs, won the 2016 presidential election with 16,601,997 (39.02%) votes, defeating Liberal Party leader Mar Roxas by over 6.6 million votes.

President-elect Rodrigo Duterte (left) and outgoing President Benigno Aquino III on June 30, 2016.

On May 9, 2016, the Congress of the Philippines declared Duterte the winner of the presidential election. Duterte's transition team was organized after he led by a significant margin at the unofficial count by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting. The transition team prepared the new presidential residence and cabinet appointments, and held meetings with the outgoing administration.

Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte (2:09) Duterte is joined by his children as he takes his oath as the 16th President of the Philippines.
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On June 30, 2016, Bienvenido L. Reyes, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and fraternity brother of Duterte, inaugurated Duterte as the sixteenth president of the Philippines in a simple ceremony held in the largest room of Malacañang Palace in Manila. This was the fourth inauguration to be held in Malacañang and the first since the establishment of the Fifth Philippine Republic.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of administration members in the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
Duterte presides over the 29th Cabinet Meeting at the Malacañang Palace on September 11, 2018.

On May 31, 2016, a few weeks before his presidential inauguration, Duterte named his Cabinet, which consisted of former military generals, childhood friends, classmates, and leftist politicians. Following his presidential inauguration, he administered a mass oath-taking for his Cabinet officials, and held his first Cabinet meeting on June 30. He appointed his long-time personal aide Bong Go as Special Assistant to the President to provide general supervision to the Presidential Management Staff.

During his tenure, Duterte appointed several retired military generals and police directors to the Cabinet and other government agencies, stating they are honest and competent. He initially offered four executive departments to left-leaning individuals, who later resigned, were fired, or rejected by the Commission on Appointments after relations between the government and the communist rebels deteriorated. Duterte fired several Cabinet members and officials who were linked to corruption but critics accused him of "recycling" people he fired when he appointed some of them to other government positions. Stating he is not an economist, Duterte appointed several technocrats to his Cabinet, which he relied upon for economic affairs.

Judicial appointments

Duterte administers the oath of Chief Justice Teresita de Castro on August 31, 2018, to fill in the position of Maria Lourdes Sereno, whose appointment was declared null and void by the Supreme Court three months prior.

Duterte appointed the following to the Supreme Court of the Philippines:

Chief Justice

  1. Teresita Leonardo-De Castro - August 28, 2018
  2. Lucas Bersamin - November 28, 2018
  3. Diosdado Peralta - October 23, 2019
  4. Alexander Gesmundo - April 5, 2021 (as Chief Justice)

Associate Justices

  1. Samuel Martires - March 6, 2017 (as Associate Justice), July 26, 2018 (as Ombudsman).
  2. Noel G. Tijam - March 8, 2017
  3. Andres Reyes Jr. - July 12, 2017
  4. Alexander Gesmundo - August 14, 2017 (as Associate Justice)
  5. Jose C. Reyes - August 10, 2018
  6. Ramon Paul Hernando - October 10, 2018
  7. Rosmari D. Carandang - November 28, 2018
  8. Amy C. Lazaro-Javier - March 7, 2019
  9. Henri Jean Paul Inting - May 27, 2019
  10. Rodil V. Zalameda - August 5, 2019
  11. Edgardo L. de Los Santos - December 3, 2019
  12. Mario V. Lopez - December 3, 2019
  13. Samuel H. Gaerlan - January 8, 2020
  14. Priscilla Baltazar-Padilla - July 16, 2020
  15. Ricardo Rosario - October 8, 2020
  16. Jhosep Lopez - January 26, 2021
  17. Japar Dimaampao - July 2, 2021
  18. Midas Marquez - September 27, 2021
  19. Antonio Kho Jr. - February 23, 2022
  20. Maria Filomena Singh - May 18, 2022

Major activities

Speeches

2016 State of the Nation Address (1:32:48) Duterte delivers his first State of the Nation Address at the Batasang Pambansa with Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III (seated left) and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez on July 25, 2016.
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Major acts and legislation

Main article: List of major acts and legislation during the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte See also: 17th Congress of the Philippines § Laws passed, and 18th Congress of the Philippines § Republic Acts

Duterte signed into law 379 bills in the 17th Congress; 120 of these laws were national in scope while 259 were local. In the 18th Congress, Duterte signed into law 311 bills, of which 119 were national and 192 were local.

Executive issuances

See also: Ordinance Power of the President of the Philippines

The Official Gazette lists 176 executive orders, 1,401 proclamations, 53 memorandum orders, 98 memorandum circulars, 48 administrative orders, 20 special orders, and one general order issued by Duterte.

National budget

R. A. No. Title Principal Sponsor Date signed
10924 General Appropriations Act of 2017 Loren Legarda December 22, 2016
10964 General Appropriations Act of 2018 Loren Legarda December 19, 2017
11260 General Appropriations Act of 2019 Loren Legarda April 15, 2019
11464 Extension of General Appropriations Act of 2019 Nancy Binay December 20, 2019
11465 General Appropriations Act of 2020 Nancy Binay January 6, 2020
11520 General Appropriations Act of 2021 Nancy Binay December 29, 2020
11640 General Appropriations Act of 2022 Nancy Binay December 30, 2021

Leadership style

See also: Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte

Duterte is known for his authoritarian leadership style and man-of-the-people persona, characterized by fiery rhetoric and controversial, off-the-cuff speeches. His spokesperson and advisors frequently had to interpret and clarify his remarks. Some observers expressed concern that his statements may have been misconstrued as government policy. He was also criticized for his sexist jokes and low tolerance for dissent. Duterte believed an "iron fist" was needed to instill discipline and cultivated a public image of a father figure Tatay Digong (Father Digong), who instills order and discipline within the nation. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, he imposed community quarantines and used the military and police to enforce social-distancing guidelines. Scholars coined the term "Dutertismo" to refer to Duterte's style of governance and the illiberal and radical elements of his presidency.

Duterte has been called a populist for his rejection of titles and casual attitude. He has issued an order prohibiting the use of honorifics for himself, his family, and his Cabinet members. He often chewed gum in public and wore casual attire for formal occasions, saying he dresses for comfort and not to impress anybody. His informal and unaffected attitude attracted support from many Filipinos. Duterte described himself as a night person, typically starting his working day at 13:00 or 14:00, and calling for news conferences that began at midnight.

First 100 days

Main article: First 100 days of Rodrigo Duterte's presidency
Duterte talks with Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle during a courtesy call at Malacañang Palace, July 19, 2016
Duterte signs the Freedom of Information executive order in Davao City on July 24, 2016.

During his first 100 days in office, Duterte issued an executive order on freedom of information and sought to resume peace talks with communist insurgents. He also formulated a comprehensive tax-reform plan and led efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law. Additionally, he sought to streamline government transactions and launched the nationwide 9–1–1 rescue and 8888 complaint hotlines. He also established a one-stop service center for overseas Filipino workers and increased the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel. Internationally, he took actions to limit the number of visiting US troops in the country and had contact with China and Russia to improve diplomatic relations.

Duterte launched a campaign against illegal drugs resulting in the arrest of 22,000 suspects, surrender of 731,000 people, and deaths of 3,300, half killed by unknown assailants. He criticized the Catholic Church and the international critics, including US President Barack Obama, the US government, the United Nations, and the European Union, who condemned his tactics.

After the September 2 bombing in Davao City killed 14 people, Duterte issued Proclamation No. 55, officially declaring a "state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in Mindanao".

Domestic affairs

Insurgency and terrorism

Further information: Insurgency in the Philippines and Terrorism in the Philippines

Islamic insurgency in Mindanao

Further information: Bangsamoro peace process, Moro conflict, and Bangsamoro Organic Law
Duterte meets with MNLF chairman, founder and former ARMM Governor Nur Misuari, November 3, 2016

Duterte, from Mindanao, gained Muslim support in the 2016 election. He argued that the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) were not terrorists but Moro coalitions fighting for dignity. He blamed colonial Christianity and the United States for the Moro conflict in Mindanao.

In 2016, Duterte signed an executive order expanding the Bangsamoro Transition Commission from 15 members to 21, with 11 chosen by the MILF and 10 nominated by the government. This commission is responsible for drafting the Bangsamoro Basic Law, which is seen as a key part of the federalism plan for resolving the Bangsamoro peace process.

Duterte (center) with other officials during the presentation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law to the MILF at Malacañang Palace on August 6, 2018

Following the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro signed between the Government of the Philippines and the MILF in 2014, on July 26, 2018, Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law, which abolished the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and provided the basic structure of government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Duterte signed an executive order in April 2019 facilitating the decommissioning of MILF forces and weapons; from June 2019 to May 2022, around 19,200 former MILF combatants and 2,100 weapons were decommissioned. At the urging of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority, Duterte signed a law postponing the first parliamentary elections of BARMM from 2022 to 2025.

Campaign against terrorism

See also: Siege of Marawi, 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings, 2020 Jolo bombings, and Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020
Declaration of liberation of Marawi Rodrigo Duterte declares Marawi liberated from terrorist influence on October 17, 2017.
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On May 23, 2017, clashes between Philippine security forces and the ISIS-affiliated Maute and Abu Sayyaf (ASG) Salafi jihadist groups occurred in Marawi, prompting Duterte to declare martial law across Mindanao. The city was extensively damaged by militant fire and military airstrikes, necessitating rehabilitation, and Marawi was declared liberated from terrorist influence on October 17. Congress granted Duterte's requests to extend martial law in Mindanao thrice between 2017 and 2019. Martial law lapsed on January 1, 2020, after Duterte decided not to extend it.

In July 2020, Duterte signed the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020; critics argued the law relaxes safeguards on human rights and is prone to abuse, while authors and sponsors of the bill compared it to laws of other countries and maintained it would not be used against law-abiding citizens. From 2016-2021, 1,544 ASG members, 971 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters members, and 1,427 Dawlah Islamiyah members were captured, killed, or surrendered.

Campaign against communist insurgency

Further information: Communist rebellion in the Philippines and New People's Army rebellion
Duterte meets with CPP-NPA secretary-general Wilma and CPP-NPA chairman Benito Tiamzon (foreground, center) on September 26, 2016.

Duterte sought peace with communist rebels, directing his advisor Silvestre Bello III to lead talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), the New People's Army (NPA), and the National Democratic Front (NDF) in Oslo. The administration hoped for a peace treaty within a year and temporarily released communist prisoners, including CPP-NPA chairman Benito Tiamzon and CPP-NPA secretary-general Wilma Tiamzon, for the talks.

The Commission on Appointments rejected several officials appointed by Duterte with leftist affiliations, and relations between Duterte and the communist rebels deteriorated. Duterte rejected communist rebel proposals for a "coalition government". After the NPA kidnapped and attacked soldiers during a ceasefire, Duterte canceled negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF and designated them as a terrorist organization and ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators. Clashes between the military and the rebels resumed after the ceasefire was lifted.

Duterte (foreground, 3rd from right) presides over a meeting with the NTF-ELCAC at the Malacañan Palace on April 15, 2019

Duterte formed a task force to centralize government efforts for the reintegration of former rebels and issued an executive order in December 2018 creating the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) to implement a "Whole-of-nation approach" in addressing the "root causes" of communism. In March 2019, he permanently terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, facilitating localized peace talks.

In July 2017, Duterte threatened to bomb Lumad schools, alleging they shelter rebels and teach against the government. He supported the military's claim that the left-wing party-lists of the Makabayan Bloc are fronts for the CPP, drawing criticism for red-tagging, which he denied.

By the end of Duterte's term in office, the number of NPA guerrilla fronts was reduced from 89 to 23; of more than 25,000 "members, supporters, and sympathizers of the underground movement", only 2,000 remained according to the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

Defense

Further information: AFP Modernization Act
Duterte (in white shirt) inspects a newly delivered S-70i Black Hawk helicopter in Clark Air Base, Pampanga on February 12, 2021.

The Duterte administration committed to continue the 15-year modernization program of the AFP initiated by the Arroyo administration and revived by the Benigno Aquino III administration. In October 2016, the Duterte administration signed a contract with Hyundai Heavy Industries for two missile frigates worth ₱15.74 billion. The two frigates were delivered in 2020 and 2021, and were officially commissioned as BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) and BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151), respectively.

On June 20, 2018, Duterte approved the ₱300 billion budget for Horizon 2, the second phase of the Revised AFP Modernization Program, which ran from 2018 to 2022. In February 2022, the Duterte administration signed a ₱32 billion deal to purchase 32 additional S-70i "Black Hawk" combat utility helicopters from PZL Mielec of Poland.

In April 2022, Duterte signed a law restricting the chief of staff and other senior AFP officers to a fixed, three-year term unless terminated earlier by the President. The law allows for extensions "in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress".

By June 2022, Duterte's last month in office, 54 projects under the AFP Modernization Act and the Revised AFP Modernization Act had been completed.

Crime

Duterte ran a law-and-order campaign. He created a task force to ensure a safe environment for media workers and signed a law creating the Office of the Judiciary Marshals, which was tasked with ensuring the security and protection of judiciary personnel and property. He appointed at least 1,700 new prosecutors to the National Prosecution Service, and signed legislation prohibiting hazing in university organizations, increasing penalties for gender-based harassment in public places, and increasing protection of consumers against fraud. He strengthened the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, eased gun application requirements for those in danger, and ordered the shutdown of Ponzi-like investment firms. To strengthen border control, he implemented an Advance Passenger Information System. After he ordered a crackdown on loiterers in June 2018, the Philippine National Police (PNP) launched an anti-crime campaign.

Duterte failed in his bid to restore the death penalty (also known as capital punishment) in April 2017 when a bill to resume it for certain offenses stalled in the Senate and did not receive enough votes to pass.

The crime rate significantly dropped under Duterte's presidency, excluding killings related to the war on drugs. In October 2021, the PNP reported a 49.6% drop in crimes since July 2016. Police data showed that between 2016 and September 2021, 1.36 million crimes were reported, compared to the 2.67 million crimes reported between 2010 and 2015.

War on Drugs

Main article: Philippine drug war See also: Illegal drug trade in the Philippines and Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines
Duterte presents a chart which he claims illustrates a drug trade network of drug syndicates, on July 7, 2016.

Duterte, during his presidential campaign, warned the Philippines was at risk of becoming a narco-state and promised to fight the illegal drug trade. After his inauguration, the Philippine National Police (PNP) launched Oplan Tokhang, inviting identified drug suspects to surrender. Duterte identified three Chinese nationals who were alleged drug lords in the Philippines, and named 150 public officials allegedly involved in the illegal drug trade.

Protesters against the War on Drugs gather in front of the Philippine Consulate General in New York City on October 11, 2016.

At the height of his anti-drugs campaign, Duterte urged the public and communists to kill drug dealers. Pardons were promised to police who shot drug dealers during anti-drug raids, prompting thousands to surrender. Rehab centers were built to accommodate them. Concerns arose locally and internationally due to the high number of suspects who died during police operations. In August 2016, opposition Senator Leila de Lima launched a Senate probe into the extrajudicial killings, using hitman Edgar Matobato of the alleged vigilante group Davao Death Squad as a witness. Matobato testified Duterte, then mayor of Davao City, was involved in extrajudicial killings in the city; Duterte called the allegation a "lie". The probe was terminated on October 13, 2016, for lack of evidence. De Lima was arrested for her alleged involvement in the New Bilibid Prison illegal drug trade.

In March 2017, Duterte created the Inter-agency Committee on Anti-illegal Drugs, led by the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, to tackle drug crime. Later that year, a lawyer filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court against Duterte and 11 officials for crimes against humanity.

In October 2017, due to public outrage over alleged police abuse in the continuing crackdown, Duterte prohibited the PNP from joining anti-drug raids and designated the PDEA as the "sole agency" in charge of the war on drugs. The PNP launched a recovery and wellness program for drug dependents in the same month. The PNP was allowed to rejoin the campaign in December 2017 with the PDEA still as the lead agency. In October 2018, Duterte signed an executive order institutionalizing the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, allowing all government departments, state universities and colleges to implement their own strategies against the illegal drug trade.

Duterte has acknowledged that the war on drugs has been difficult to control due to the country's long coastline and corruption. He asked president-elect Bongbong Marcos to continue the war on drugs in his own way; Duterte declined an appointment offer as Marcos' drug czar, expressing a desire to retire. Despite international criticism, the war on drugs retained majority support among Filipinos. By February 2022, 58% of barangays had been declared drug-cleared as part of the Barangay Drug Clearing Program.

Withdrawal from the ICC

Further information: International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines

In November 2016, Duterte signaled his intention to withdraw the Philippines from the International Criminal Court (ICC) after an ICC prosecutor said the organization may have authority to prosecute the perpetrators of drug war deaths. Duterte maintained that the Rome Statute, which was ratified by the Senate in 2011, was never binding in the Philippines because it was never published in the Official Gazette. The withdrawal process began in March 2018 after the tribunal's chief prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, launched a preliminary examination into crimes against humanity allegedly committed by Duterte and other officials in the war on drugs. The withdrawal took effect a year later on March 17, 2019. A Supreme Court (SC) ruling in March 2021 dismissed three petitions filed by the Philippine Coalition for the ICC, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, and opposition senators challenging Duterte's withdrawal from the ICC on the grounds that the petitioners were unable to establish legal standing to challenge the action. The SC also ruled that the President has no "unbridled authority" to withdraw from treaties.

On September 16, 2021, the ICC authorized a formal investigation into the war on drugs in the Philippines, focusing on crimes committed between 2016 and March 2019. The Philippine government requested a deferral of the probe in November 2021, which was suspended by the ICC to assess the request. However, on June 26, 2022, ICC prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan concluded that the request was "not warranted" and requested the pre-trial chamber of the ICC to immediately resume the investigation.

Anti-corruption

See also: Corruption in the Philippines

Duterte signed the Freedom of Information executive order and created the Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission to combat corruption in the executive branch. He launched the 8888 Citizens' Complaint Hotline, allowing the public to report corruption and poor government services.

Duterte (center) signs into law the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery Act of 2018.

To reduce bureaucracy and processing time, in 2018, Duterte signed into law the Ease of Doing Business Act. A law he signed in December 2020 allows the President to expedite permits, licenses, and certifications during national emergencies.

Duterte inspects smuggled luxury cars before they were destroyed at Port Irene in Santa Ana, Cagayan on March 14, 2018.

Duterte had a policy of destroying smuggled luxury vehicles to discourage smugglers. He made threats against big businesses over unpaid debts to the government, leading Philippine Airlines and Mighty Corporation to pay their debts. In March 2019, he abolished the Road Board, stating that agency was "nothing but a depository of money and for corruption".

Duterte on June 4, 2019, ordered the Presidential Commission on Good Government to auction the ₱700 million worth of Imelda Marcos' jewelry collection, although as of June 1, 2022, an auction date had yet to be announced. In August 2020, Duterte ordered the Department of Justice (DOJ) to investigate corruption allegations within the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth). On October 27, he ordered the DOJ's investigation and a newly created taskforce to investigate corruption within the government.

Presidential pardons and amnesty

Early in his term, Duterte pardoned several communist rebels and political prisoners while pursuing peace talks. He also granted pardons to elderly and sickly prisoners, as well as upperclassmen and graduating cadets from the Philippine Military Academy and Philippine National Police Academy with outstanding punishments and demerits. In November 2016, he granted an absolute pardon to actor Robin Padilla, who was convicted in 1994 for illegal possession of firearms.

In August 2018, Duterte revoked the amnesty of his staunch critic Senator Antonio Trillanes, saying the amnesty that was granted in 2010 by President Benigno Aquino III was void ab initio because Trillanes did not apply for it, and refused to admit guilt for his roles in the 2003 Oakwood Mutiny and the 2007 Manila Peninsula siege.

On September 7, 2020, Duterte granted an absolute pardon and early release to US Lance Corporal Joseph Scott Pemberton, who was serving time for murdering Jennifer Laude in Olongapo. Pemberton was released due to good behavior after serving less than six years in prison.

In February 2021, Duterte signed an executive order creating the National Amnesty Commission, which was tasked with processing applications for amnesty for former rebels. He signed four proclamations granting amnesty to members of the Moro National Liberation Front, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, the communist movement, the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas, the Revolutionary Proletarian Army, and the Alex Boncayao Brigade. However, upon leaving office, Duterte failed to constitute the Commission, leaving his successor, Bongbong Marcos, yet to appoint its officials beyond his first 100 days.

Federalism and constitutional reform

Main article: Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte Further information: Federalism in the Philippines and Constitutional reform in the Philippines
Duterte receives from retired Chief Justice Reynato Puno the proposed federal constitution of the Consultative Committee on July 9, 2018.

Duterte advocated federalism as a better system of governance for the Philippines, arguing that the Internal Revenue Allotment disproportionately benefits Metro Manila and that he would end his term early if federalism was instated.

On December 7, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order creating a 25-member consultative committee to review the 1987 Constitution within six months. On January 23, 2018, he appointed former Chief Justice Reynato Puno as chairman along with other experts and officials. The committee approved a federal charter banning political dynasties, political turncoatism, and oligopolies, and granted more power to the Ombudsman and Commission on Audit. On October 8, however, the House Committee on Constitutional Amendments passed a new draft of the federal constitution filed by House Speaker Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, which removed several provisions and eliminated term limits for Congress members, and removed the vice president from the presidential line of succession. The House of Representatives passed the draft, but the Senate rejected it.

Early in his term, Duterte raised the idea of a revolutionary government but later rejected it. He criticized the party-list system and called for its abolition, saying it was no longer representative of the marginalized.

In June 2019, Duterte said federalism might not be established during his presidency. He later said at a democracy summit hosted by US President Joe Biden that he had failed in his bid to establish a federal system in the country due to lack of congressional support.

On June 1, 2021, Duterte issued an executive order for the devolution of some executive functions to local governments.

Agriculture

The agricultural sector was in decline under the Benigno Aquino III administration, but saw 6.3% growth in Duterte's first year. However, despite growth in other sectors, Duterte's administration struggled to revive the farm sector, which has continued to decline.

Republic Act No. 11203 (Rice Tariffication Law) signed by Duterte on February 2, 2018, liberalized rice imports.

Inflation in 2018 led to the Rice Tariffication Law (RTL) being enacted in 2019, which ended the National Food Authority's monopoly on rice imports. The RTL replaced import limits with a 35% tariff, with revenue going to a Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund to support farmers. Despite criticism, the law gained support from business groups, and retail rice prices stabilized. In 2019, Duterte authorized the Department of Agriculture to use tariff funds for cash assistance to small farmers.

Duterte signed a law easing Commonwealth era restrictions on agricultural patents, allowing land titles to be immediately available for trade. The Sagip Saka Act was signed in 2019, promoting enterprise development for farmers and fishermen to boost their incomes and strengthen the direct purchase of agricultural goods. Certification of organic produce was made more accessible and affordable. In 2020, Duterte provided new agricultural graduates with up to three hectares (7.4 acres) of land to encourage young people to enter agriculture and avoid a farmer shortage. In an effort to help farmers and lower the prices of agricultural products, the Duterte administration relaunched the Kadiwa program of President Ferdinand Marcos, allowing farmers to directly sell their produce to consumers.

In February 2018, Duterte signed a law providing free irrigation for farmers owning up to eight hectares (20 acres) of land, benefiting about 1.033 million farmers by December 2021. In February 2021, a law creating a trust fund for coconut farmers was signed, and in June 2022, an executive order implementing the Coconut Farmers and Industry Development Plan was issued, facilitating the release of ₱75 billion of coco levy assets declared state property by the Supreme Court.

In 2019, African swine fever prompted the Philippine government to tighten animal quarantine and ban pork imports. Over three million hogs were culled from 2020-2021, causing a supply deficit and higher pork prices. In response, Duterte lowered import tariffs on pork for one year and initiated a repopulation program. On May 10, 2021, Duterte declared a state of calamity due to the continued spread of the disease.

By July 2021, the Duterte administration had completed 2,025 kilometres (1,258 miles) of farm-to-market roads and 94.99 kilometres (59.02 miles) of farm-to-mill roads under the Build! Build! Build! program.

Disaster resilience

Duterte and Senator Bong Go during an aerial inspection of areas affected by Tropical Storm Agaton in Capiz on April 16, 2022

Since 2017, Duterte called for the creation of the Department of Disaster Resilience to administer disaster response and rehabilitation, but the bill was opposed by some senators over concerns about bureaucracy. In 2019, Duterte approved GeoRisk PH, a multi-agency initiative to serve as the central resource for natural hazard and risk-assessment information.

Following the 2020 Taal Volcano eruption, Duterte called for the construction of more evacuation centers in disaster-prone areas; by July 2021, 223 new evacuation centers had been constructed under the Build! Build! Build! program. After typhoons Rolly and Ulysses hit the country, Duterte issued an executive order creating the Build Back Better Task Force, a permanent inter-agency body responsible for post-disaster rehabilitation and recovery in affected areas. In September 2021, Duterte signed the BFP Modernization Act, mandating a 10-year program to modernize the Bureau of Fire Protection and expanding its mandate to include disaster-risk response and emergency management. In April 2022, the government inaugurated three evacuation centers in Batangas province outside the 14-kilometer (8.7 mi) Taal Volcano danger zone.

Economy

Further information: DuterteNomics
Duterte speaks at the World Economic Forum in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, May 11, 2017
Real GDP growth rate (year-on-year) under the Duterte administration
Year Quarter Growth
rate
2016 3rd 7.3%
4th 6.9%
2017 1st 6.4%
2nd 7.2%
3rd 7.5%
4th 6.6%
2018 1st 6.5%
2nd 6.4%
3rd 6.1%
4th 6.4%
2019 1st 5.9%
2nd 5.6%
3rd 6.3%
4th 6.6%
2020 1st -0.7%
2nd -16.9%
3rd -11.6%
4th -8.2%
2021 1st -3.8%
2nd 12.1%
3rd 7.0%
4th 7.8%
2022 1st 8.2%
2nd 7.4%

Duterte inherited from the Aquino III administration a strong economy but limited public-infrastructure investment. He promised to continue Aquino's macroeconomic policies while increasing infrastructure spending through his economic team's 10-point socio-economic agenda. To attract more investors by easing restrictions on international retailers, Duterte signed into law amendments to both the Foreign Investment Act of 1991 and the 85-year old Public Service Act. His administration took initiatives to support micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) by launching a microfinance program as an alternative to predatory private loans and significantly increasing the creation of Negosyo Centers that provide efficient services for MSMEs. To address rising inflation following the devastation caused by Typhoon Ompong in September 2018, Duterte signed an administrative order removing non-tariff barriers on agricultural imports. In February 2019, he signed a law updating the 38-year-old Corporation Code of the Philippines to allow a single person to form a corporation. After several more reforms such as the Ease of Doing Business law, the Philippines' ease-of-doing-business ranking improved from 124th to 95th, according to the World Bank's 2020 Doing Business Report.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the Philippine economy to enter a recession following government lockdowns and restrictions. Gross domestic product (GDP) shrunk by 9.5% in 2020, prompting the administration to loosen restrictions to revive the economy. GDP recovered to 5.6% in 2021 after the administration initiated a nationwide vaccination drive and eased pandemic-related restrictions; simultaneously, the country's debt-to-GDP ratio rose from 39.6% in pre-pandemic 2020 to 60.4% as of June 2021 due to loans incurred by the government to address the pandemic.

On March 21, 2022, Duterte signed an executive order adopting a 10-point policy agenda to hasten economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. To reduce the country's debt, which rose to ₱12.68 trillion as of March 2022, in May that year, the Duterte administration's economic team proposed to the incoming Marcos administration a fiscal consolidation plan containing corrective tax measures including the expansion of value-added tax to raise government revenues. By the second quarter of 2022, the Philippine economy had grown by 7.4%, making the country the second-fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia.

Infrastructure development

Main article: Build! Build! Build!

To reduce poverty, encourage economic growth, and reduce congestion in Metro Manila, the Duterte administration launched Build! Build! Build! (BBB); a comprehensive infrastructure program, on April 18, 2017. The program was part of the administration's socioeconomic policy, which aimed to start a "Golden Age of Infrastructure" by increasing spending on public infrastructure from 5.4% of the country's GDP in 2017 to 7.4% in 2022. In 2017, the administration shifted its infrastructure funding policy from public-private partnerships (PPPs) of previous administrations to government revenues and official development assistance (ODA), particularly from Japan and China. From October 2019, the government worked with the private sector to provide additional funding.

The Athletic Stadium of the New Clark City sports complex, completed on October 12, 2019, 50 days before the opening of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games.

In November 2019, the administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects (IFPs) under the BBB program from 75 to 100, then to 104, and to 112 in 2020, expanding its scope to health, information-and-communications technology, and water infrastructure projects to support the country's economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some major projects included the Subic-Clark Railway, the North–South Commuter Railway from New Clark City to Calamba, Laguna, the Metro Manila Subway, the expansion of Clark International Airport the Mindanao Railway (Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment), and the Luzon Spine Expressway Network By April 2022, 12 IFPs had been completed while 88, which were at an advanced stage, were passed to the succeeding administration for completion.

From June 2016 to July 2021, 29,264 km (18,184 mi) of roads, 5,950 bridges, 11,340 flood-control projects, 222 evacuation centers, 150,149 school classrooms, and 653 COVID-19 facilities were completed.

Taxation

Further information: Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law
Duterte (seated, center) signs the TRAIN Law and 2018 General Appropriations Act at the Malacañang Palace on December 19, 2017.

The Duterte administration initiated a comprehensive tax reform program. The program's first package the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law) adjusted tax rates by excluding those earning an annual taxable income of ₱250,000 from paying personal income tax; the law also raised excise taxes on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, and tobacco and other non-essential goods to generate funds for the administration's massive infrastructure program. The second package, the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Act (CREATE Act), lowered corporate income tax from 30% to 25% to attract investment and maintain fiscal stability. Sin taxes on tobacco, vapor products, alcohol, and electronic cigarettes were raised to fund the Universal Health Care Act, and reduce incidents of smoking-related and alcohol-related diseases. A tax amnesty Duterte signed into law in February 2019 granted errant taxpayers a one-time opportunity to affordably settle their tax liabilities while raising government revenue for infrastructure and social projects.

Duterte signed a law imposing a 5% tax on gross gaming revenues of offshore gaming operators. In March 2019, he signed a law excluding small-scale miners from paying income and excise taxes on gold they sell to the central bank.

Trade

On September 2, 2021, Duterte ratified the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement, an ASEAN-led free trade agreement involving 10 ASEAN members and Australia, China, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand; the agreement was sent to the Senate but the Senate's May 2022 election break delayed ratification. In June 2022, the Senate deferred the agreement's ratification to the incoming 19th Congress after some senators raised concerns over the lack of safeguards for the country's agricultural sector, and to provide an opportunity for president-elect Bongbong Marcos to review the agreement.

Education

Duterte signs into law the establishment of the National Academy of Sports on June 9, 2020.

Duterte continued the 9-year K–12 implementation process initiated on May 20, 2008, during Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's presidency and continued under Arroyo's successor and Duterte's predecessor Benigno Aquino III. The process ended on June 5, 2017, during which K–12 was implemented on Grade 6; this entirely phased out the K–10 system used since May 28, 1945.

Stressing that the long-term benefits of education would outweigh any budgetary problems, in August 2017, Duterte signed a landmark law granting free tuition at all state universities and colleges (SUCs). He enacted laws which institutionalized the alternative learning system (ALS); mandated free access to technical-vocational education; granted inclusive education for disabled learners; accorded medical scholarships for deserving students in higher education; established a scholarship program for students on teacher-degree programs; instituted a career-guidance and counselling program for all secondary schools; and created the country's National Academy of Sports in New Clark City. In education curriculum, significant laws he signed included restoring Good Manners and Right Conduct (GMRC) and Values Education in the K-12 basic education; establishing transnational higher education that allows foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines; integrating labor education in the higher-education curriculum; requiring the creation of curricula concerning energy-efficient, sustainable technologies; and declaring Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language and including it as a subject in the curriculum for deaf students.

At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in mid-2020, Duterte rejected the resumption of face-to-face classes in COVID-19 low-risk areas until vaccines became available in the country, saying he would not risk endangering students and teachers. On October 5, 2020, the Department of Education (DepEd) reopened classes, implementing distance and blended learning. Prompted by the detrimental effects of distance learning on students' mental health, in September 2021, Duterte approved a two-month pilot test of limited, face-to-face classes in COVID-19 low-risk areas; in January 2022, he approved the DepEd's suggestion to expand face-to-face classes.

By the end of Duterte's term, 1.97 million students in 220 higher education institutions were granted free tuition from the academic years (AYs) 2018-2019 up until AY 2021–2022, while 364,168 grantees used tertiary-education subsidies and benefits from the administration's Tulong Dunong Program in the same period.

Energy

Duterte inspects a coal thermal plant in Villanueva, Misamis Oriental on September 22, 2016.

Early in Duterte's presidency, his administration adopted a "technology neutral" policy in energy and refused to end the use of coal because the Philippines' carbon footprint was not significant compared to those of more-developed Western nations. After Duterte in July 2019 issued a directive to cut coal dependence and fast-track a transition to renewable energy, in October 2020, the administration ended its energy neutrality policy and issued a moratorium on the construction of new coal-fired power plants.

To improve the electrification and power-generating capacity of the country, Duterte signed a law promoting the use of microgrid systems in unserved and under-served areas, and established the inter-agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council, which was tasked with simplifying the approval process of major projects. The administration pursued the liberalization of the energy sector; in October 2020, the Philippines started allowing 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects.

The administration sought new energy sources and partnered with foreign companies to study the use of hydrogen as an energy source. In October 2020, with the impending depletion of the Malampaya gas field, Duterte approved the Department of Energy's (DOE) recommendation to lift the moratorium on oil-and-gas exploration in the South China Sea imposed by President Benigno Aquino III in 2012. In February 2022, Duterte signed an executive order approving the inclusion of nuclear power in the country's energy mix.

In September 2021, the DOE reported the country's energy capacity increased from 21,424 megawatts in 2016 to 26,287 megawatts in 2020, and household-electrification level rose from 90.7% in 2016 to 94.5% in 2020.

Environment

Duterte signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in March 2017. He declared parts of the Philippine Rise as a marine protected area, and significantly increased the number of protected areas in the country by signing the E-NIPAS Act of 2018. Duterte in April to May 2019 escalated a waste dispute with Canada, which led Canada to repatriate tons of refuse it sent to the Philippines in 2013 and 2014. Under Duterte's presidency, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) completed the closure of all 335 open dumpsites in the country and subsequently required local authorities to convert the dumpsites into sanitary landfills.

Duterte in May 2017 appointed former military chief Roy Cimatu as the DENR secretary to replace his first appointee, environmental activist Gina Lopez, after the Commission on Appointments rejected Lopez's reappointment; Lopez was criticized following her decision to close 23 mining operations in functional watersheds and suspend six others in February 2017. To boost the COVID-19 pandemic-afflicted economy, in April 2021, Duterte lifted the nine-year moratorium on new mining agreements imposed by the Aquino administration in 2012; Cimatu in December 2021 repealed the ban on open-pit mining on copper, gold, silver, and complex ores imposed by Lopez in 2017. Following Duterte's directive to investigate reports of illegal logging and mining, in January 2021, Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary Eduardo Año ordered the Philippine National Police to begin a campaign against illegal logging. A few days before Duterte left office, his administration withdrew the Philippines from the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) on grounds that EITI's quality assurance assessment process was "subjective, biased and unfair".

Boracay and Manila Bay cleanup

Main article: 2018 Boracay closure Further information: Manila Bay Beach and Land reclamation in Metro Manila
Algal bloom in Boracay on April 25, 2018, a day prior to the island's closure

After incidences of pollution in Boracay island, the country's most popular tourism destination, peaked in January 2018, Duterte in April that year ordered a six-month closure of the island to address the dumping of raw sewage in its waters. The closure began on April 26. Duterte created the Boracay Inter-Agency Task Force (BIATF) to administer the cleanup and later issued an executive order extending the BIATF's term until the end of his presidency to ensure the completion of the cleanup plan. The Duterte administration set a limit of 6,000 visitors per day, based on the island's capacity, following Boracay's reopening to the public on October 26, 2018.

Manila Bay Beach during its temporary opening on September 19, 2020

Following the Boracay cleanup, in early 2019, Duterte directed DENR and DILG secretaries Cimatu and Año to initiate the cleanup of Manila Bay, threatening to shut down hotels along the bay if they did not install water treatment systems. Shortly after the cleanup started on January 27, Duterte created the Manila Bay Task Force to hasten the cleanup task. As part of the bay's rehabilitation, in September 2020, the DENR began overlaying crushed dolomite rock on a portion of Manila Bay to create an artificial beach; the move drew criticism from environmental advocates and the opposition but support from the general public. Coliform levels in several parts of the bay significantly declined since the cleanup.

Amid imminent land reclamation projects in Manila Bay in February 2019, Duterte signed an executive order transferring the power to approve reclamation projects from the National Economic and Development Authority to the Philippine Reclamation Authority, which he placed under the Office of the President. Favoring government-related reclamation projects in the bay, he rejected private-sector proposals, citing the damage they would cause to the city. Toward the end of his presidency, he ordered the DENR to stop the processing of applications for all reclamation projects in the country, saying massive land-reclamation proposals are "nothing but a breeding ground for corruption".

Health

Duterte signs the Universal Health Care Act at the Malacañang Palace on February 20, 2019.

After promising to improve the country's health care system, Duterte signed laws such as the Universal Health Care Act in February 2019, which facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos under the government's health insurance program. The Philippine Mental Health Law established a national policy to improve mental health services in the country and protect the rights of persons using psychiatric, neurologic, and psycho-social health services. HIV and AIDS health services were made more accessible through a law enacted in December 2018. A law signed in December 2019 institutionalized the Malasakit Center, a "one-stop shop" for health concerns, in all hospitals run by the DOH; a total of 151 centers have been established by May 2022. Smoking in public places was banned, and the use of firecrackers and pyrotechnics was regulated through executive orders issued by Duterte.

Duterte and DOH Secretary Francisco Duque III inaugurate the Malasakit Center at the VSMMC in Cebu City on February 12, 2018

Duterte signed a law establishing a national feeding program for undernourished children in all public schools. He expanded health and nutrition services for pregnant women and all infants during their first 1,000 days. An executive order signed by Duterte created an inter-agency task force to formulate a National Food Policy that included a plan to eliminate hunger.

In 2017, Duterte launched a ₱1 billion medical program to provide free medicines, prostheses, assistive devices, radiology, and chemotherapy assistance to indigent citizens. It was funded under the Office of the President's socio-civic projects fund. To make medicines more affordable, Duterte ordered a price cap for select medicines; another executive order issued in December 2021 enforced stricter price regulation of drugs and medicines for the leading causes of death in the country.

COVID-19 pandemic

Main articles: COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic Further information: COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines and COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines
Duterte (right) during a meeting with IATF-EID members at the Matina Enclaves in Davao City on June 4, 2020.

Following the first confirmed case of "novel coronavirus 2019" in the Philippines, on January 31, 2020, Duterte ordered a temporary ban on the entry of Chinese nationals from China's Hubei province, and in February, he expanded the ban to the whole of China. On March 8, he declared a State of Public Health Emergency throughout the country due to COVID-19; four days later, he ordered a lockdown in Metro Manila. On March 16, he declared a State of National Calamity for the next six months; a day later, he placed Luzon under Enhanced Community Quarantine, resulting in the temporary closure of borders and the suspension of work and public transport. On March 24, Congress passed the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act (Bayanihan 1), which Duterte signed the following day; under the law, the President was granted the authority to realign the 2020 national budget to address the COVID-19 crisis and to temporarily direct the operations of private establishments such as private hospitals, hotels, and public transport.

The administration purchased and distributed medical equipment and supplies. On March 30, 2020, the DOH purchased one million items of personal protective equipment (PPE) worth ₱1.8 billion for COVID-19 health workers, prompting the Senate to call for a probe on overpricing. On May 20, Duterte took full responsibility for the procurement of PPE, saying he ordered health secretary Francisco Duque III to expedite the procurement of PPE regardless of cost to prevent compromising of the health workers' safety. The DTI also boosted local production of medical equipment through its Shared Service Facility Fabrication Laboratories project.

Amid a Senate investigation that was headed by Senator Richard Gordon of a scandal involving the government's purchase of alleged overpriced medical supplies from Pharmally Pharmaceutical Corp., Duterte barred Cabinet members from attending the hearings, which he called an overlong impediment to the government's pandemic response efforts. In February 2022, the Senate draft report on the investigation recommended filing charges against Pharmally and government officials involved in the transactions, including Duterte, on grounds he "betrayed public trust" when he appointed Michael Yang, who was linked to the scandal, as presidential advisor. Duterte ignored the report, saying he would not waste Filipinos' time in reacting to the Senate panel's recommendation. The seven-month-long investigation ended with the adjournment of the 18th Congress in June 2022; the report failed to reach the Senate plenary for deliberation after it was signed by nine senators out of the 11 required signatures. Senators Migz Zubiri and Sherwin Gatchalian refused to sign the report after it implicated Duterte in the scandal.

Duterte shows an AstraZeneca-developed COVID-19 vaccine vial following a ceremonial turnover in Pasay City on March 4, 2021.

The administration started its COVID-19 vaccination program on March 1, 2021, a day after the arrival of the country's first vaccine doses, which the Chinese government donated. Under the program, priority was given to medical workers, senior citizens, and persons with co-morbidities. The administration initially had a target of vaccinating 90 million Filipinos before Duterte's term ended but lowered it to between 77 million and 80 million in April 2022 due to persisting vaccine hesitancy. By early June 2022, over 245 million vaccine doses had been secured by the administration, of which 151.2 million had been administered. By the end of Duterte's term in office, 70.5 million people had been fully vaccinated; over 3.7 million COVID-19 cases in the country had been recorded during his presidency since the onset of the pandemic in 2020, with over 3.69 million recoveries and 8,706 (0.23%) active cases.

Housing and urban development

Duterte hands over the certificate of award to one of the 640 beneficiaries of Madayaw Residences units at Kadayawan Homes in Davao City on June 24, 2022.

In February 2019, Duterte merged the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board to create the Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD), which was tasked with centralizing processing of housing documents at one-stop shops. The DHSUD reported in October 2021 the Duterte administration financed and built 1,076,277 housing units from 2016 to 2021, the highest yearly output average of housing units per year since 1975.

On March 8, 2017, an estimated 12,000 people led by members of militant urban-poor group Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (Kadamay) illegally occupied about 5,000 housing units in government housing projects in Pandi, Bulacan. These projects were intended for National Housing Authority (NHA) beneficiaries, informal settlers displaced from danger zones in Metro Manila, and uniformed personnel. Duterte initially said he would not tolerate the illegal occupation, which he described as anarchy, and that the issue should be resolved through communication. The NHA issued eviction notices but failed to evict the occupants from the housing units, prompting Duterte to permit the illegal dwellers to continue occupying the units if they did not unhouse military and police officers in the process. In June 2018, after Kadamay members attempted to occupy another housing project in Rizal, Duterte ordered the Philippine National Police to prevent the takeover.

In March 2022, the government started its first housing project for indigenous peoples.

Labor

Effort vs. contractualization

See also: Endo contractualization
Duterte (right) convenes with government and non-government stakeholders from the labor sector at the Malacañang Palace on February 7, 2018.

Duterte campaigned to phase out contractualization (locally known as "endo", derived from "end of contract") and improve labor policies in the Philippines. In 2017, he and Department of Labor and Employment secretary Silvestre Bello III proposed a new policy to end labor-only contractualization but Bello declined to sign it, seeking input from labor groups. On March 16, Bello signed Department Order 174, which sets stricter guidelines on endo without outlawing it. Duterte continued his stand against the practice, promising to sign an executive order against it; however, terrorist attacks perpetuated by the Maute group in Marawi City delayed the signing. Labor groups organized a rally on March 15, 2018, in protest against the president's postponement. On May 1, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 51, prohibiting illegal contracting and subcontracting; labor groups expressed dissatisfaction because the terms of the agreement had changed since negotiation. Malacañang said it was powerless to enforce the ban and that lawmakers would have to amend the Labor Code of the Philippines for endo to be abolished.

On September 21, 2018, Duterte certified a Senate bill prohibiting labor-only contracting that was stated to benefit over 40 million workers. Several business groups urged Duterte to veto the bill, which they said was redundant and would force businesses to adopt automation and artificial intelligence, and that the bill violated the constitutional rights of businesses. In July 2019, Duterte vetoed the Security of Tenure Bill, which he said broadened the scope and definition of illegal "labor-only contracting", and prohibited legitimate forms of contractualization favorable to employees; he added "our goal, however, has always been to target the abuse, while leaving businesses free to engage in those practices beneficial to both management and the workforce". Employers welcomed the decision but some labor groups criticized it as a failure to deliver a campaign promise. The Trade Union Congress of the Philippines blamed business groups for using "scare tactics" of impending disinvestment if the bill was to pass.

In November 2019, the labor department reported employers had regularized over 564,000 contractual workers as part of the administration's effort to end contractualization.

Support for migrant workers

Duterte shakes hands with overseas Filipinos in Brunei on October 16, 2016
Duterte signs the bill creating the Department of Migrant Workers at the Malacañang Palace on December 30, 2021.

Duterte promised to prioritize the labor concerns of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). He created the Department of Migrant Workers to improve coordination among government agencies concerned with OFW affairs, the Overseas Filipino Bank, and the Overseas Filipino Workers Hospital. In August 2017, he signed a law extending the validity of Philippine passports from five years to ten years.

Bilateral agreements increasing protections and opportunities for OFWs were reached with 26 countries, including Cambodia, Canada, China, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Romania, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

The Duterte administration launched OFW centers, which provide centralized government front-line services for employment documents. Starting September 2016, the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration exempted OFWs returning to their jobs or same employers abroad from paying travel tax, securing overseas employment certificates, and paying the agency's processing fee. In November 2018, the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) launched the OFW E-Card, a new identification card allowing OFWs faster access to OWWA resources, including welfare services, scholarships, training programs, and social benefits.

Duterte called for the abolition of the exploitative kafala system affecting millions of OFWs employed in Gulf countries. Following the death of Filipina maid Joanna Demafelis, whose body was found inside a freezer in Kuwait, a dispute between the two countries occurred. Duterte issued a deployment ban to Kuwait in February 2018 and thousands of OFWs in Kuwait were repatriated. On May 11, 2018, the two countries signed the Agreement on the Employment of Domestic Workers between the Philippines and Kuwait, which recognized certain rights of OFWs employed as servants and maids in Kuwait.

On January 15, 2020, following the alleged killing of Jeanelyn Villavende in Kuwait by her employer, the Philippines approved a ban on the deployment of workers to Kuwait. The Philippines and Kuwait signed an agreement on the proposed standard employment contract for OFWs in Kuwait on February 5, 2020. The standard contract contained regulations endorsed by Duterte; these regulations allowed OFWs to keep their passports and cellphones, mandated one day off with pay, and designated working and sleeping hours for the OFWs.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022, the Duterte administration repatriated more than one million OFWs and provided them free COVID-19 testing, food, and accommodation in Metro Manila.

Salary increases and employee benefits

Duterte announces salary increase for soldiers and policemen at Camp Capinpin, Tanay, Rizal on August 24, 2016.

During his presidency, Duterte approved the raising of salaries of government employees, including military, police, and other uniformed personnel. Through the Salary Standardization Law of 2019, salaries of government workers, including teachers and nurses, were increased in four tranches from 2020 to 2023. A law signed in April 2022 granted a night-shift differential pay to all government employees at a rate not exceeding 20% of the hourly basic rate of the employee.

In February 2019, Duterte signed a law extending paid maternity leave for female workers from 60 days to 105 days.

National identification system

Duterte shows a copy of the PhilSys Act after signing it at Malacañang Palace on August 6, 2018.

According to Duterte, transactions would be simpler and faster through the use of a national identity system. On August 6, 2018, he signed into law the Philippine Identification System Act (PhilSys Law), seeking to integrate government IDs into a single identification card for all citizens and foreign residents in the country. On February 14, 2022, he issued an executive order institutionalizing the national ID card as sufficient proof of identity and age in all forms of transactions, eliminating the need to present additional identity documents.

The PhilSys project gained public support, but its implementation was delayed by pandemic restrictions and management issues within the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. By June 2022, 66.48 million Filipinos have completed the Step 2 registration process involving validation of supporting documents and biometric captures, while the Philippine Statistics Authority delivered 11.53 million ID cards to registrants through the Philippine Postal Corporation.

Social issues

Land reform

Duterte (right) distributes Certificates of Land Ownership Award (CLOAs) to Lanao del Norte beneficiaries in Cagayan de Oro on October 31, 2018.

During his presidential campaign, Duterte called the land reform program of the Aquino administration a "total failure", and promised to provide support services alongside land distribution to farmers. On July 5, 2016, a few days after Duterte's presidential inauguration, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) opened the gates of its main office in Quezon City after twenty years of being barricaded shut to prevent protesters from storming it.

Following the Boracay cleanup, Duterte distributed 623 certificates of land-ownership award covering 274 hectares (680 acres) of land in Boracay and Aklan to the area's Ati inhabitants and other beneficiaries. In February 2019, Duterte ordered all government agencies to identify government-owned land that could be distributed to agrarian-reform beneficiaries.

By August 2021, under the Duterte administration, the DAR had distributed 516,000 hectares (1,280,000 acres) of land among 405,800 farmers.

Poverty alleviation

The Duterte administration has sought to lift six million Filipinos out of poverty. Duterte issued his first executive order directing the cabinet secretary to supervise 12 government agencies under the Office of the President to evaluate and reform existing poverty reduction programs. On October 5, 2016, he signed his fifth executive order, adopting Ambisyon Natin 2040 as the 25-year economic development plan for the Philippines with the aim of making the Philippines "a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor" by 2040.

In April 2019, Duterte enacted three anti-poverty laws; the Magna Carta of the Poor, which aimed to increase the quality of life of poor Filipinos; the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Act, which institutionalized a program providing conditional cash transfer to poor households for up to seven years; and the Community-based Monitoring System Act, which adopted a community-based monitoring system in every city and municipality to improve poverty analysis.

In December 2019, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported nearly six million Filipinos were no longer in poverty as the government raised its spending on social welfare; a poverty incidence of 23.3% in 2015 had dropped to 16.6% in 2018. Administration efforts to further lower the poverty rate by the end of 2022 were hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting quarantine measures and leading to an increase in unemployment. During this time, the number of impoverished Filipinos rose from 22.26 million in 2019 to 26.14 million in early 2021. In June 2020, the administration began to ease lockdown to encourage economic activity, and address hunger and unemployment, distributing cash aid to millions of poor and low-income families during the lockdowns.

On May 21, 2021, Duterte signed a law extending the electricity lifeline rates for the poor for 50 years.

Family planning and child welfare

As part of its 10-point socioeconomic agenda, the Duterte administration strengthened the 2012 Reproductive Health Law which had not yet been implemented due to a temporary restraining order issued by the Supreme Court. On January 9, 2017, Duterte signed an executive order providing funds and support for modern family planning, and ordered the full implementation of the law.

Duterte enacted several laws protecting minors from abuse and exploitation. He signed laws that criminalized child marriage, raised the age of sexual consent from 12 to 16, and required the government to provide special protection to children in armed conflict. In September 2019, he issued an executive order creating the National Council Against Child Labor. He signed a law in May 2022 promoting the rights of abandoned children with unknown parents and recognizing them as natural-born Filipino citizens.

Duterte rejected abortion and suggested birth-control pills to prevent pregnancy. In January 2022, he signed a law simplifying the country's adoption process and establishing the National Authority for Child Care.

Gambling policy

See also: Chinese gambling workers in the Philippines
Republic Act No. 11590 signed by Duterte on September 22, 2021, imposed additional taxes on POGOs.

Duterte has expressed disdain for gambling. Early in his term, he announced his intention to stop all online gambling operations in the country. In January 2018, he ordered the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) to stop accepting new casino applications. In August that year, he dismissed the entire board of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF) for approving an onerous casino deal, ordering the Department of Justice to review the contract between the NPF and Chinese casino operator Landing Resorts Philippines Development Corp.; Duterte said the contract was disadvantageous to the government due to its low rental payments and lengthy lease.

Duterte declined China's request to ban Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators (POGOs), which flourished during his presidency, because of the industry's contribution to the economy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he allowed gambling operations in the country to raise COVID-19 response funds, lifting the ban on casinos he imposed in 2018 on Boracay Island following the island's cleanup and initially rejecting calls to terminate e-sabong (online cockfighting) operations amid the disappearance of more than 30 cockfight enthusiasts.

From 2016 through 2021, the PAGCOR earned ₱373.33 billion in revenues, of which ₱238.74 was remitted to the government; ₱150.16 billion was remitted to the National Treasury and was used to fund the Universal Health Care Act, while ₱360 million was remitted to the Dangerous Drugs Board.

Revised water concession agreements

Further information: Water crisis in Metro Manila

In March 2019, a water shortage crisis severely affected Metro Manila, causing long queues to collect water rations. Duterte ordered the review of the 1997 water-concession agreements signed under the Ramos administration with private water companies Maynilad and Manila Water, saying the agreements were onerous to both the government and the public. That November, a Singapore-based arbitration court in November 2019 ruled the government had to pay billions of pesos to both companies as compensation for losses from rejected water-rate hikes. Duterte refused to pay and threatened to sue the two firms for economic plunder. Following the Department of Justice's discovery of 12 "onerous provisions" that favored the companies, Duterte ordered Solicitor General Jose Calida and Finance secretary Carlos Dominguez III to write a new water-concession contract favorable to the public and the government, and ordered the two firms to accept or face expropriation. The two firms agreed to waive the ₱10.8 billion refund from the government, and, in 2021, signed the revised agreement, which removed government non-interference clauses and the firms' authority to charge corporate income tax to consumers.

In January 2022, Duterte signed new franchises for Maynilad and Manila Water, allowing the firms to continue operating for another 25 years. Under the new franchise laws, the President is allowed to temporarily take over and operate the firms during a period of war, rebellion, calamity, emergency, and disaster.

Compensation and incentives

Duterte approved, in January 2017, a ₱1,000 increase in the Social Security System pension. He signed legislation raising the old-age pension for living Filipino veterans of World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War; providing incentives for Filipino scientists abroad to return and share their expertise; granting tax-free compensation to Marawi Siege victims and mandatory, continued benefits to all frontline workers during public-health emergencies; granting benefits to the surviving spouse and children of deceased, retired prosecutors of the National Prosecution Service; and, strengthening the Sangguniang Kabataan and granting monthly honoraria to barangay youth-council officials. He also signed executive orders granting monetary assistance to each CAFGU Active Auxiliary unit member in recognition for their contributions in the government's fight against insurgency and terrorism.

To decongest Metro Manila and promote development in other regions, Duterte issued an executive order institutionalizing the Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa Program, which provides incentives such as transportation, cash aid, skills training, and low-cost housing to qualifying people wishing to return to their provinces. In his last month in office, he doubled the cash incentives for Filipino medalists in the 31st Southeast Asian Games, and allowed a bill granting additional benefits and coverage to solo parents to lapse into law.

Space

See also: Philippine space program
Republic Act No. 11363 signed by Duterte on August 8, 2019, established the Philippine Space Agency.

Recognizing the "urgent need to create a coherent and unified strategy for space development and utilization to keep up with other nations", Duterte signed a law creating the Philippine Space Agency, to serve as the central government agency addressing national issues and activities related to space, science, and technology applications.

The Department of Science and Technology, led by Secretary Fortunato de la Peña, in collaboration with Japanese institutions, launched three satellites into space under the STAMINA4Space program: the Maya-1 nanosatellite, on June 29, 2018; the Diwata-2 microsatellite, on October 29, 2018; and the Maya-2 nanosatellite, on February 21, 2021.

Telecommunications

See also: 2018 Philippine third telecommunications provider bidding

In his fifth State of the Nation address in July 2020, Duterte warned the major telecommunications companies Globe Telecom and Smart Communications to improve their services by December or risk facing closure. Duterte urged telecommunications firms to report local officials delaying the approval of permits for cell-site construction, after the firms said red tape and non-standardized requirements made it difficult for them to build towers. In compliance with Duterte's order, the Department of the Interior and Local Government simplified the application process for the construction of shared cellular sites, shortening it to 16 days; local government units also complied with Duterte's order. Globe Telecom and Smart Communications have since improved their services. In February 2022, average fixed broadband download speeds rose from 7.91 Mbit/s to 82.61 Mbit/s, a 944% increase; average mobile internet speeds increased 467% at 42.22 Mbit/s from 7.44 Mbit/s since the start of the Duterte administration.

Duterte (2nd from right) leads the awarding of the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to the Mislatel Consortium represented by businessman Dennis Uy (right) on July 8, 2019.

Duterte campaigned to break up the telecom duopoly of Globe and Smart due to the companies' poor mobile network services and internet speeds. Bidding was held in November 2018 to determine a third major telecommunications provider in the country; Dito Telecommunity, which was then known as Mislatel Consortium, provisionally won the bid on November 7. Duterte formally awarded the company its certificate of public convenience and necessity in July 2019. On March 9, 2021, Dito Telecommunity began commercial operations, becoming the Philippines' third telecommunications company, and soon received a 25-year franchise.

In March 2017, Duterte approved the National Broadband Program (NBP) that was developed by the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT). Despite a small budget, the DICT and the Bases Conversion and Development Authority completed the Luzon Bypass Infrastructure, an ultra-high-speed system for international submarine cables that avoided the earthquake-prone Luzon Strait.

Duterte and his administration were embroiled in controversy following the cessation of TV and radio broadcast operations of ABS-CBN, the largest media network in the country. Duterte expressed displeasure at the media network following its failure to air his political advertisements for which his 2016 election campaign had paid; during the same period, the network aired Senator Antonio Trillanes' advertisements, showing clips of Duterte speaking about issues of rape and murder. Duterte said he would not allow the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) to grant ABS-CBN a permit unless the firm paid its alleged tax debt. In February 2020, a few months before its legislative franchise expired, ABS-CBN president and CEO Carlo Katigbak issued an apology to Duterte for failing to air his political advertisements, offering to return the remaining ₱2.6 million in advertisement funds. Duterte accepted the apology and declined the refund, and distanced himself from the franchise-renewal issue, saying he had no control over the House of Representatives or Solicitor General Jose Calida, who earlier filed a quo warranto petition before the Supreme Court, seeking to invalidate ABS-CBN's franchise due to an alleged violation of the 1987 Constitution regarding foreign ownership. Following the expiry of its legislative franchise on May 4, ABS-CBN ceased its broadcast operations; the following day, the NTC issued a cease-and-desist order. On July 10, the House Committee on Legislative Franchises, in a 70-to-11 vote, declined the media network's application for a new 25-year franchise, citing issues with the dual citizenship of its chairman emeritus Eugenio Lopez III, a possible violation of constitutional limits on foreign ownership, reported tax and labor violations, and allegations of biased reporting and political meddling. Opposition politicians, media groups, academic institutions, and religious leaders condemned the broadcast shutdown and the franchise-renewal denial. Calida called the cease-and-desist order "a triumph of the rule of law".

Duterte signed laws requiring the government to provide free internet access in public places and allowing mobile users to permanently keep their numbers. In March 2021, to improve internet access, he issued an executive order granting telecommunication companies access to satellite services. By March 2022, 7,977 WiFi operational sites in public areas nationwide were established under the Free WiFi for All program while the completion rate of the first phase of the NBP was at 73.5%. Shortly before Duterte's term ended, his administration swiftly approved Starlink's application to provide satellite internet access in the country to address connectivity issues in unserved or underserved areas.

Tourism development

Main article: Tourism in the Philippines § Government initiatives since 2018

Transportation

Duterte (center) leads the inauguration of the upgraded Ormoc Airport.

In June 2017, the Duterte administration launched a program to modernize the country's public transport system. The program phased out 15-year-old and older jeepneys and other public utility vehicles (PUVs), required PUVs to have at least a Euro4-compliant engine or electric engine to lessen pollution, and encouraged PUV operators with existing franchises to consolidate into a single legal group of at least 15 units. Another program launched in June 2019 provided scholarships and training to public-transport drivers.

Duterte campaigned to solve the long-standing traffic problem in Metro Manila, particularly in EDSA, but later abandoned it after a bill granting him emergency powers allowing him to bypass bidding procedures and hasten the resolution of right-of-way issues did not progress in the Senate.

In his fourth State of the Nation Address in July 2019, Duterte ordered the clearing of obstructions on public roads, instructing Department of the Interior and Local Government secretary Eduardo Año to suspend mayors and governors who failed to comply. Año gave mayors 60 days to clear illegal obstructions and illegally parked vehicles from all public roads and sidewalks. In October 2019, Año said: "based on the report from 1,246 LGUs, 6,899 roads around the country were cleared through the cooperation of the provincial, city and municipal governments"; 97 local government units failed to comply with Duterte's order and were given five days to explain their non-compliance.

The DOTr created protected bike lanes in major metropolises; by the end of Duterte's term in office, 563 km (350 mi) of bike lane networks had been completed in Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao. Duterte extended the validity of driver's licenses from three years to five and granted students riding PUVs a 20% fare discount. In April 2022, he allowed a bill regulating and developing the Philippines' electric vehicle industry to lapse into law. By 2022, under Duterte's Build! Build! Build! program, 40,080 km (24,900 mi) of roads and 6,854 bridges had been constructed, maintained, or upgraded; 579 commercial and social tourism ports had been developed; and 248 airport projects were completed.

Other initiatives

Burial of Ferdinand Marcos

Main article: Burial of Ferdinand Marcos
Protesters against the burial of late dictator Ferdinand Marcos at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

In 2016, Duterte said dictator Ferdinand Marcos's remains would be moved and interred at Libingan ng mga Bayani (Heroes' Cemetery), calling him a president, soldier, and hero. On November 18, 2016, Marcos was buried with full military honors at Heroes' Cemetery after the Supreme Court issued a verdict permitting it. The burial provoked national outrage, especially among those who had suffered human rights abuses under the Marcos regime; protests were continuously held from November 18 to 30. Vice President Leni Robredo criticized the burial while Duterte expressed hope people could "find space in their hearts to forgive and set free those who have hurt or injured them".

Administrative division changes

In 2017, citing the need to prioritize funds for government programs and projects, Duterte revoked the 2015 executive order issued by President Aquino III creating Negros Island Region, effectively reverting Negros Occidental and the city of Bacolod to Region VI, and Negros Oriental to Region VII. In April 2019, he signed a law dividing Palawan province into three new provinces; Palawan del Norte, Palawan del Sur, and Palawan Oriental; the law failed to gain a majority of votes in a plebiscite. A law he signed dividing Maguindanao into Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur provinces was ratified in a plebiscite on September 17, 2022. In April 2019, Duterte signed a law renaming Compostela Valley to Davao de Oro, a change that was overwhelmingly supported in a plebiscite.

Duterte signed a law amending the Local Government Code of 1991, easing conversion of municipalities to component cities on the conditions the municipality earns ₱100 million for two consecutive years and has either a land area of at least 100 km (39 sq mi) or a population of at least 150,000.

Foreign affairs

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte
International trips made by Duterte as president
Duterte with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Manila, November 2017

The Duterte administration's foreign policy rhetorically espoused diplomacy and independence from foreign interference. During his first year in office, Duterte made 21 international trips, which included seven state visits and four summit meetings.

ASEAN

Duterte (3rd from left) and other leaders from ASEAN and its nearby countries hold hands as a symbol of unity in Vientiane, Laos, September 7, 2016.

Duterte placed great importance on the Philippines' diplomatic relations with its Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) neighbors. Following tradition, his first trips outside the country were to Laos on September 7, 2016, for the 49th ASEAN Leaders Summit, Indonesia on September 9, Vietnam on September 29, Malaysia on November 9, Cambodia on December 13, Singapore on December 15, Thailand on March 17, and Myanmar on March 19.

In 2017, the Philippines was chair and host to the ASEAN summits; the culminating event was held in Manila on November 10–14 (31st summit). Duterte and other ASEAN leaders signed the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers, a landmark document that would ensure social protection of migrant workers in the ASEAN region; however, the consensus was silent on undocumented workers.

China and United States

See also: China–Philippines relations and Philippines–United States relations
Duterte and Chinese President Xi Jinping prior to the bilateral meetings at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, October 20, 2016

Early in his presidential tenure, Duterte made efforts to distance the Philippines from the United States, and forge closer relationships with China and Russia, particularly in economic and military cooperation. Duterte expressed his intention to scale back military agreements with the United States, and to conduct joint military exercises with China's People's Liberation Army. Duterte also sought to source weapons from China and Russia after the U.S. State Department refused to sell assault rifles to the Philippine police due to human rights violations concerns relating to the drug war.

Seeking to avoid armed conflict, Duterte adopted a conciliatory and friendly stance towards China that was unlike his predecessor's antagonism toward it. In 2016, Duterte and Chinese president Xi Jinping created the biannual Bilateral Consultation Mechanism on the South China Sea, a process allowing the two nations to peacefully manage disputes and strengthen their relations. In May 2017, Duterte said Xi had threatened war if the Philippines tried to enforce the South China Sea Arbitration ruling and drill for oil in the South China Sea.

Duterte also hoped a non-confrontational approach to China would eventually lead to joint exploration of the South china Sea to support Build! Build! Build!. During Xi's first state visit to the country in November 2018, the Philippines and China signed 29 agreements, including cooperation on the Belt and Road Initiative and a memorandum of understanding on joint oil-and-gas developments in the South China Sea. In September 2019, Duterte said Xi had offered the Philippines a controlling stake in a gas deal in the Reed Bank if the Philippines set aside the South China Sea Arbitration ruling.

In April 2017, Duterte ordered the Armed Forces of the Philippines to occupy and fortify several uninhabited islands in the South China Sea. Following the sighting of Chinese survey vessels, he ordered the Philippine Navy to build structures on Benham Rise to assert the Philippines' sovereignty over the region. A month later, he signed an executive order formally renaming Benham Rise to Philippine Rise.

Chinese aggression in the South China Sea strained the nations' relationship. In April 2017, Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines Zhao Jianhua called Philippine plans to repair Thitu (Pag-asa) Island illegal. Between 2018 and 2020, China deployed hundreds of military vessels around Thitu Island to impede these repairs. In April 2019, following a military report at least 275 Chinese vessels had been monitoring the region since January, Duterte threatened to send Philippine soldiers on a "suicide mission" should China further encroach. In January 2021, China passed a law authorizing its coast guard to fire on foreign vessels as needed and in March, it moored 220 Chinese vessels believed to be manned by the Chinese military at disputed Whitsun Reef. In response, Duterte authorized foreign-affairs secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. to submit several diplomatic protests.

75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly Duterte affirms the Philippines v. China arbitral ruling before the United Nations General Assembly on September 22, 2020.
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By June 2020, Duterte was gradually distancing the Philippines from China. In July that year, he called on the Department of Foreign Affairs to demand China recognize the South China Sea Arbitration ruling. During the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, Duterte stated that "the Award is now part of international law".

Duterte with U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson during the latter's official visit in Manila, August 7, 2017

In January 2020, when the U.S. denied a visa for Senator Ronald dela Rosa due to his role as police chief during the Philippine anti-drug war, Duterte moved to terminate the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA). Duterte repeatedly postponed the termination between June 2020 and June 2021, canceling it in July 2021 during U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin's visit to the Philippines. Following criticism over vaccine-procurement delays during the COVID-19 pandemic, Duterte used the VFA as leverage for securing vaccines from the U.S.; in August 2021, he thanked the U.S. for its donations, which he said played a key role in his decision to keep the VFA.

Duterte with U.S. President Donald Trump during a bilateral meeting in Pasay City, November 13, 2017

In December 2020, the Philippines received military equipment worth ₱1.4 billion ($29 million) from the U.S. The countries made efforts to reinvigorate relations. This included high-level visits by commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, Adm. John Aquilino, who affirmed the Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) with the Philippines, and Marine Corps Commandant David H. Berger. In September 2021, foreign-affairs secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. and defense secretary Delfin Lorenzana met with counterparts in the U.S. to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the U.S.-Philippines MDT. In the same month, Locsin welcomed the AUKUS nuclear submarine deal, which he said could help balance the power in the Indo-Pacific region; days after, Duterte expressed concern the AUKUS deal could provoke a "nuclear arms race".

Duterte (center) does a fist bump with Chinese Ambassador Huang Xilian during the ceremonial turnover of CoronaVac vaccines in Villamor Air Base, Pasay City on February 28, 2021.

China played an important role in the early months of the Philippines' response to COVID-19. In February 2021, China became the first country to send the Philippines COVID-19 vaccines; Duterte said he had asked Xi for assistance in securing vaccines. On January 16, 2022, China donated ₱1 billion of non-combat military equipment, two days after the Philippines made a deal with India to buy the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile to improve its coastal defense.

In March 2022, Duterte warned trouble might occur if the next Philippine administration chose not to honor the memorandum of understanding with China on joint-exploration activities in the South China Sea, after receiving a "reminder" from a man from China whom he did not identify. On June 24, six days before his term ended, Duterte ordered the complete termination of the planned joint oil exploration in the South China Sea with China; Locsin stated in the three years since it was signed, the "objective of developing oil and gas resources so critical for the Philippines" had not been achieved.

Amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022, Duterte pledged to open the country's facilities to American forces under the 1951 MDT if the conflict spreads to Asia.

Russia

See also: Philippines–Russia relations
Duterte meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin during the APEC summit in Lima, Peru, November 19, 2016.

Philippine-Russian relations improved during Duterte's presidency. On November 20, 2016, Duterte met with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the APEC summit in Lima, Peru; Duterte has praised Putin's leadership skills, calling him his "idol". Duterte stated the Philippines could seek stronger diplomatic cooperation with China and Russia "to make the world more peaceful" but that the Philippines was "not ready" for military alliances due to the United States-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty. The Russian government offered a strategic partnership with the Philippines and offered to assist the purchasing of Russian-made weaponry.

Duterte (foreground, 2nd from left) during the ceremonial handing over of a batch of Russian military products to the Philippines on October 25, 2017

In May 2017, Duterte made his first state visit to Russia and met with Putin to finalize a defense-cooperation agreement between the nations but the visit was cut short when Islamic militants attacked Marawi. In October the same year, the Philippines and Russia signed an agreement of defense and technical cooperation, which included a sales contract for the purchase of defense articles with Russian state-owned company Rosoboronexport; Russia donated thousands of rifles, helmets, and other military equipment to the Philippines.

On October 2, 2019, Duterte made his second state visit to Russia to discuss increasing security and defense cooperation. During the visit, he received an honorary doctorate degree for international relations or foreign diplomacy from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.

At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021, Duterte and Putin held a teleconference to discuss production and supply of coronavirus vaccines, defense, and trade opportunities; Duterte informed Putin of his plan to order 20 million doses of Sputnik V vaccine from Russia. On May 1 that year, 15,000 Sputnik V vaccines purchased by the government arrived in the Philippines.

A few days after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in February 2022, the Philippines voted in favor of a United Nations resolution, expressing "explicit condemnation" of the invasion. Duterte described Putin, whom he considers a friend, as "suicidal" and said the invasion deserved condemnation. He said the Philippines would remain neutral on the issue. Amid rising global oil prices brought about by the invasion, in May 2022, Duterte contradicted Putin's labeling of the invasion as a "special military operation", saying the invasion was a war waged against "a sovereign nation". A few days before he left office, Duterte approved his administration's cancellation of its order of 16 Mil Mi-17 military helicopters from Russia for fear of United States sanctions amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.

Support for refugees

Duterte expressed willingness to accept refugees such as Rohingya people fleeing war and persecution in Myanmar, people fleeing Afghanistan to escape the Taliban's rule, and Ukrainian refugees. On September 9, 2021, Foreign Affairs Secretary Teodoro Locsin, Jr. said the Philippines has welcomed Afghan refugees to the country since the Taliban took control of Afghanistan three weeks prior but provided no further details for the refugees' safety and privacy.

On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order institutionalizing access to protection services for refugees, stateless persons, and asylum seekers.

Impeachment attempt

Main article: Efforts to impeach Rodrigo Duterte See also: Alleged ouster plots against Rodrigo Duterte

On March 16, 2017, opposition politician Gary Alejano filed an impeachment complaint against Duterte citing thousands of deaths in Duterte's anti-drug campaign, alleged leadership of vigilante group Davao Death Squad, and allegations of graft and corruption. Alejano, on March 30, filed a supplemental complaint over Duterte's alleged inaction and "defeatist stance" in the South China Sea, Scarborough Shoal, and Benham Rise. On May 15, the House Justice Committee officially dismissed the charge by unanimous vote due to insufficient evidence after Alejano said he had no personal knowledge of the alleged offenses, having based his impeachment complaint on news reports and witness testimonies.

Elections during the Duterte presidency

2019 mid-term election

Main article: 2019 Philippine general election
10 of 12 winning senators do Duterte's signature fist bump during their proclamation in Pasay City on May 22, 2019.

Opposition alliance Otso Diretso promoted the 2019 mid-term election as a referendum on Duterte and his administration. Eight of the twelve candidates backed by Duterte's administration won Senate seats; Otso Diretso suffered a historic loss, failing to secure any seats.

2022 general election

Further information: Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go 2022 presidential campaigns
Duterte (left) endorsing Bong Go, who filed his certificate of candidacy for vice president on October 2, 2021.

In August 2021, critics raised the possibility of Duterte extending his term after he announced he would run as vice president. Duterte's party, the PDP–Laban Cusi faction, fielded former Philippine National Police chief and Senator Ronald dela Rosa as president, who was widely suspected of being a placeholder for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayor Sara Duterte. On October 2, 2021, Duterte withdrew his candidacy and announced his retirement from politics, and his long-time aide, Senator Bong Go, replaced him as the vice-presidential candidate.

On November 13, 2021, Sara unexpectedly decided to run as vice president under the Lakas–CMD party, prompting dela Rosa to withdraw hours later and be replaced by Go. Duterte retracted his planned retirement and announced he would run for vice president to express his dismay for Sara's decision to enter the vice-presidential race when polls showed she was the preferred candidate for presidency; he later withdrew candidacy after deciding not to run against his daughter, and instead announced his intent to run as senator, while endorsing a Go–Sara team.

Sara, however, decided to partner with Bongbong Marcos, who announced his presidential candidacy in November 2021. Go later expressed his disinterest in the presidency. On December 14, hours after Go withdrew his candidacy for president, Duterte withdrew his senate bid.

Duterte remained influential before the national elections because several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement due to his popularity. Allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates after the Cusi faction was left without a leader following Go's withdrawal. The PDP–Laban Cusi faction endorsed presidential candidate Marcos, with some officials calling for Duterte to do the same. Duterte, however, endorsed only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates, and said he would remain neutral, deciding not to endorse any presidential candidate and prohibiting his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate to avoid suspicion he would use public funds for his preferred successor's campaign; and to prevent cabinet members from compromising their integrity. Duterte said the next president should be decisive, compassionate, a good judge of character, and preferably a lawyer, which a PDP–Laban official interpreted as a "virtual endorsement" for Duterte's rival, Vice President Leni Robredo, who also decided to run for president. In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency but could not say whether Duterte endorsed Marcos.

Outgoing President Duterte (left) and president-elect Bongbong Marcos speak ahead of Marcos' inauguration on June 30, 2022.

On May 5, 2022, Duterte created a transition committee led by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea to oversee the transition of power to the next administration. According to analysts, Duterte's popularity was "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, both of whom won landslides in the election.

Approval ratings

Main article: Opinion polling on the Rodrigo Duterte presidency
SWS Net satisfaction ratings of Rodrigo Duterte (September 2016–June 2022)
Date Rating
Sep 2016 +64
Dec 2016 +63
Mar 2017 +63
Jun 2017 +66
Sep 2017 +48
Dec 2017 +58
Mar 2018 +56
Jun 2018 +45
Sep 2018 +54
Dec 2018 +60
Mar 2019 +66
Jun 2019 +68
Sep 2019 +65
Dec 2019 +72
Nov 2020 +79
May 2021 +65
Jun 2021 +62
Sep 2021 +52
Dec 2021 +60
Apr 2022 +65
Jun 2022 +81

Duterte's approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive. Two weeks into Duterte's presidency, on July 13, 2016, Social Weather Stations (SWS) conducted the first approval survey since his inauguration; Duterte received an "excellent" trust rating of 79% among 1,200 Filipino adults. A week later, Pulse Asia released a poll conducted on July 2–8 showing 91% of Filipinos trusted Duterte, making him the most-trusted official in the Philippines since 1999. Duterte's net-satisfaction was at its lowest value 45% in July 2018; it recovered to 54% in September 2018 and 60% in December that year.

By July 2019, halfway through his six-year term in office, Duterte had a record net-satisfaction rating of 68%. An April 2019 survey put his approval rating at 79%, higher than any of his predecessors at that stage in their presidencies. By December that year, his approval rating was 87% according to Pulse Asia; this was credited to poverty reduction and the successful hosting of the 2019 SEA Games.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a Pulse Asia September 2020 "Ulat ng Bayan Survey" ("Report to the Nation Survey"), showed 84% of Filipinos approved of the government's work to control the spread of COVID-19 and its assistance to those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic; 92% of survey respondents said Duterte has "done well" in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the country. Duterte's SWS net-satisfaction rating rose to 60% in December 2021, higher than the 52% rating in September 2021, and slightly lower than the 62% rating in June 2021; the survey also noted higher net satisfaction among those vaccinated and those willing to be vaccinated.

Duterte remained popular until the end of his term; according to a PUBLiCUS Asia survey conducted between March 30 to April 6, 2022, 67.2% of 1,500 respondents approved of his performance over the past 12 months while only 15.2% disapproved. A 2021 survey by WR Numero Research showed 54.59% of voters wanted soft continuity of Duterte's policies, 29.57% wanted full continuity, and 15.84% preferred change.

Duterte left office with a net-satisfaction rating of 81%—his highest—according to an SWS survey held between June 26 to 29, 2022. A survey of 1,500 people conducted by PUBLiCUS Asia in June—Duterte's last month in office—showed he was the most-popular post-EDSA president, with a 75% approval of his performance as president, while only 10% expressed disapproval.

See also

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See also: Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte and Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
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