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| '''Treaty of Nöteborg''' was signed at ] on ] ]. It was the first ever settlement between ] and ] regulating their border. Three years later, Novgorod signed the ] with the Norwegians. | |||
| ] (Åbo) and ] (Viborg).]] | ] (Åbo) and ] (Viborg).]] | ||
| Treaty's original text has been lost. It has survived in partial Russian, Swedish and Latin copies, which are somewhat conflicting.<ref> Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, No 427:2, VIII + s. 239-509. Helsingfors 1991. (97:1, 186-200). Detailed discussion about the conflict over the correct text of the treaty. See page 186.</ref> The treaty had no special name at the time, as it was just called a "permanent peace" between the parties. | |||
| The treaty was negotiated with the help of Hanseatic merchants in order to conclude the ]. As a token of good will |
The treaty was negotiated with the help of Hanseatic merchants in order to conclude the ]. As a token of good will ] ceded three of his ]n parishes to Sweden. Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and ]. Both sides would also abstain from building castles on the new border. The treaty defined the border to go east and north of the town ], splitting the ] in half, across ] and ending in the ] around the ]. Only the southern part of the border, close to Vyborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty. | ||
| The concept of "permanent peace" did not have much effect on the long-term conflict between Novgorod and Sweden. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness which were |
Finnic tribes, mainly ], ] and ], living on both sides of the border had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already before ''de facto'' established their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia with Karelians under Russian rule and other tribes in the west under Swedish rule. The treaty gave an international approval for the situation even though the he concept of "permanent peace" did not have much effect on the long-term conflict between Novgorod and Sweden. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness which were uninteresting to Hanseatic brokers, but became a major reason for renewed conflict soon thereafter. Unsatisfied with the loss of northern Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden seems to have forged the treaty only a few years later<ref>See ''Skrifter''.</ref> and claimed that the northern border went all the way up to the ]. Already in 1328 Sweden was organizing settlers to take over northern Ostrobothnia.<ref>Vahtola, Jouko. Tornionlaakson historia I. Birkarlit, 'pirkkalaiset'. Malungs boktryckeri AB. Malung, Sweden. 1991.</ref> Sweden also established castles of ] around 1375 and ] in 1475 clearly on the Novgorodian side of the border. | ||
| Swedes' Russian counterparts refused to accept the forgery until 1595 when the ] quietly acknowledged the Swedish text as the correct one. However, long before that, Sweden had succeeded in permanently taking over large areas on the Novgorod side of the Nöteborg-established border, including ] and ]. <!--Some eminent historians suppose the borderline did not end in the ] after all. According to this view, the area forming the northern part of modern ] was rather considered to be an area where Novgorod and Sweden shared the right to tax the population.{{fact}}--> | |||
| Today, the territory that was subject to the terms of this treaty is mostly part of present-day ]. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 19:07, 22 January 2007
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Treaty of Nöteborg was signed at Shlisselburg on August 12 1323. It was the first ever settlement between Sweden and Novgorod Republic regulating their border. Three years later, Novgorod signed the Treaty of Novgorod with the Norwegians.
Treaty's original text has been lost. It has survived in partial Russian, Swedish and Latin copies, which are somewhat conflicting. The treaty had no special name at the time, as it was just called a "permanent peace" between the parties.
The treaty was negotiated with the help of Hanseatic merchants in order to conclude the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. As a token of good will Prince Yuri ceded three of his Karelian parishes to Sweden. Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and Narva. Both sides would also abstain from building castles on the new border. The treaty defined the border to go east and north of the town Vyborg, splitting the Karelian Isthmus in half, across Savonia and ending in the Gulf of Bothnia around the Pyhäjoki River. Only the southern part of the border, close to Vyborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty.
Finnic tribes, mainly Karelians, Finns and Tavastians, living on both sides of the border had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already before de facto established their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia with Karelians under Russian rule and other tribes in the west under Swedish rule. The treaty gave an international approval for the situation even though the he concept of "permanent peace" did not have much effect on the long-term conflict between Novgorod and Sweden. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness which were uninteresting to Hanseatic brokers, but became a major reason for renewed conflict soon thereafter. Unsatisfied with the loss of northern Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden seems to have forged the treaty only a few years later and claimed that the northern border went all the way up to the Arctic Ocean. Already in 1328 Sweden was organizing settlers to take over northern Ostrobothnia. Sweden also established castles of Oulu around 1375 and Olavinlinna in 1475 clearly on the Novgorodian side of the border.
Swedes' Russian counterparts refused to accept the forgery until 1595 when the Treaty of Teusina quietly acknowledged the Swedish text as the correct one. However, long before that, Sweden had succeeded in permanently taking over large areas on the Novgorod side of the Nöteborg-established border, including Ostrobothnia and Savonia.
Today, the territory that was subject to the terms of this treaty is mostly part of present-day Finland.
See also
References
- Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns. Andra delen. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, No 427:2, VIII + s. 239-509. Helsingfors 1991. (97:1, 186-200). Detailed discussion about the conflict over the correct text of the treaty. See page 186.
- See Skrifter.
- Vahtola, Jouko. Tornionlaakson historia I. Birkarlit, 'pirkkalaiset'. Malungs boktryckeri AB. Malung, Sweden. 1991.
External links
- Treaty's Swedish and Latin texts as maintained by the National Archives Service of Finland. Note that neither text can be said to be fully original, since both have survived as later, and possibly modified, copies.