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'''Clint Bolick''' (born December 26, 1957) is an Associate Justice of the ]. Previously, he served as Vice President of Litigation at the conservative/libertarian ]. He co-founded the libertarian ], where he was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. He led two cases that went before the Supreme Court of the United States. He has also defended state-based ] programs in the Supreme Courts of ] and ]. '''Clint Bolick''' (born December 26, 1957) is an Associate Justice of the ]. Previously, he served as Vice President of Litigation at the conservative/libertarian ]. He co-founded the libertarian ], where he was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. He led two cases that went before the Supreme Court of the United States. He has also defended state-based ] programs in the Supreme Courts of ] and ].
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==Early life and education== ==Early life and education==


Bolick was born on December 26, 1957 in ]. Bolick grew up in nearby ] and graduated from ] in 1975.<ref>Bolick, Clint. , ]. Accessed July 5, 2017. "I grew up in Hillside, a suburb of Newark, in a single-parent, working-class family. In 1975, Hillside High School graduated me with enough skills to secure a scholarship at an excellent college and go on to a successful career in law and public policy."</ref> He graduated from ] in 1979 and received his ] from the ] in 1982. As a law student, he supported laws and legal rulings that knocked down racial discrimination (calling ] a "triumph of the principle of equality"<ref name=GangOfFive91>{{cite book|last=Easton|first=Nina J.|title=Gang of Five: Leaders at the Center of the Conservative Crusade|year=2000|publisher=]|location=New York City|isbn=0743203208|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/gangoffiveleader00east|url-access=registration|quote=triumph of the principle of equality.}}</ref>), and was a vocal opponent of ]-based admission policies.<ref name=GangOfFive96>Easton, p. 96</ref> Bolick was born on December 26, 1957, in ]. Bolick grew up in nearby ] and graduated from ] in 1975.<ref>Bolick, Clint. , ]. Accessed July 5, 2017. "I grew up in Hillside, a suburb of Newark, in a single-parent, working-class family. In 1975, Hillside High School graduated me with enough skills to secure a scholarship at an excellent college and go on to a successful career in law and public policy."</ref> He graduated from ] in 1979 and received his ] from the ] in 1982. As a law student, he supported laws and legal rulings that knocked down racial discrimination (calling ] a "triumph of the principle of equality"<ref name=GangOfFive91>{{cite book|last=Easton|first=Nina J.|title=Gang of Five: Leaders at the Center of the Conservative Crusade|year=2000|publisher=]|location=New York City|isbn=0743203208|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/gangoffiveleader00east|url-access=registration|quote=triumph of the principle of equality.}}</ref>), and was a vocal opponent of ]-based admission policies.<ref name=GangOfFive96>Easton, p. 96</ref>


In 1980, he ran as a ] for a seat in the ]. He lost to an incumbent ], but garnered 7.1 percent of the vote. (In that election, the Libertarian presidential ticket earned about 1% of the vote nationwide.)<ref name=GangOfFive105>Easton, pp. 105–106</ref> In 1980, he ran as a ] for a seat in the ]. He lost to an incumbent ], but garnered 7.1 percent of the vote. (In that election, the Libertarian presidential ticket earned about 1% of the vote nationwide.)<ref name=GangOfFive105>Easton, pp. 105–106</ref>
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===Mountain States Legal Foundation=== ===Mountain States Legal Foundation===
In 1982, he joined a public interest law firm, the ] in Denver, Colorado. He was hired by the foundation's acting president, ].<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05>{{cite news|last=Rosen|first=Jeffrey|title=The Unregulated Offensive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/magazine/17CONSTITUTION.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1|accessdate=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=17 April 2005}}</ref> In 1984,<ref name=GangOfFive198>Easton, pp. 193, 198</ref> Mellor left the organization over a conflict with one of the foundation's sponsors.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 /> Bolick also left, believing that the foundation was more interested in protecting business interests than in promoting economic freedom.<ref name=GangOfFive198 /> In 2005, he said, In 1982, he joined a public interest law firm, the ] in Denver, Colorado. He was hired by the foundation's acting president, ].<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05>{{cite news|last=Rosen|first=Jeffrey|title=The Unregulated Offensive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/magazine/17CONSTITUTION.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=17 April 2005}}</ref> In 1984,<ref name=GangOfFive198>Easton, pp. 193, 198</ref> Mellor left the organization over a conflict with one of the foundation's sponsors.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 /> Bolick also left, believing that the foundation was more interested in protecting business interests than in promoting economic freedom.<ref name=GangOfFive198 /> In 2005, he said,


<blockquote>Chip and I discovered that there is a world of difference between an organization that is pro-business and an organization that is pro-free enterprise.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 /></blockquote> <blockquote>Chip and I discovered that there is a world of difference between an organization that is pro-business and an organization that is pro-free enterprise.<ref name=NYTimesRosenApril05 /></blockquote>
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===Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Justice Department=== ===Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Justice Department===
Bolick joined the ] (EEOC) in 1985. While he only stayed at the EEOC for a year, he became friends with its chairman, future Supreme Court Justice ]. (Thomas is the godfather to Bolick's second son.<ref name=GangOfFive196>Easton, p. 196</ref>) Thomas helped convince him that removing economic barriers for the poor was more important than fighting race-based "]."<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution>{{cite news|last=Easton|first=Nina J.|title=Welcome to the Clint Bolick Revolution|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-04-20/magazine/tm-50490_1_clint-bolick|accessdate=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=20 April 1997}}</ref> In 1991, he would support adding punitive damages to ] of the ]. He explained, "It seemed to me that if you didn't want ], you had to have tough remedies and punitive damages against recalcitrant discriminators ... That very much came out of Thomas."<ref name=GangOfFive197>Easton, p. 197</ref> Thomas also shaped his preferred remedy for inequality: removing laws and regulations he viewed as preventing the poor from starting small businesses. Thomas did this in part by telling Bolick about his grandfather, who began with a hand-built pushcart and built a profitable delivery service that comfortably supported his family, only to encounter threats from regulations designed to destroy Black-owned businesses.<ref name=GangOfFive196 /> Bolick joined the ] (EEOC) in 1985. While he only stayed at the EEOC for a year, he became friends with its chairman, future Supreme Court Justice ]. (Thomas is the godfather to Bolick's second son.<ref name=GangOfFive196>Easton, p. 196</ref>) Thomas helped convince him that removing economic barriers for the poor was more important than fighting race-based "]."<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution>{{cite news|last=Easton|first=Nina J.|title=Welcome to the Clint Bolick Revolution|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-04-20/magazine/tm-50490_1_clint-bolick|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=20 April 1997}}</ref> In 1991, he would support adding punitive damages to ] of the ]. He explained, "It seemed to me that if you didn't want ], you had to have tough remedies and punitive damages against recalcitrant discriminators ... That very much came out of Thomas."<ref name=GangOfFive197>Easton, p. 197</ref> Thomas also shaped his preferred remedy for inequality: removing laws and regulations he viewed as preventing the poor from starting small businesses. Thomas did this in part by telling Bolick about his grandfather, who began with a hand-built pushcart and built a profitable delivery service that comfortably supported his family, only to encounter threats from regulations designed to destroy Black-owned businesses.<ref name=GangOfFive196 />


Bolick left the EEOC to join the Justice Department in 1986. In 1988, he wrote his first book, ''Changing Course.'' In this book, he defined ] in part from the perspective of removing economic and regulatory barriers for the poor and disadvantaged.<ref name=GangOfFive198 /> Bolick left the EEOC to join the Justice Department in 1986. In 1988, he wrote his first book, ''Changing Course.'' In this book, he defined ] in part from the perspective of removing economic and regulatory barriers for the poor and disadvantaged.<ref name=GangOfFive198 />


===Landmark Center for Civil Rights=== ===Landmark Center for Civil Rights===
In 1989, he left the Justice Department and, with a grant from the ], started a public advocacy law practice in Washington DC. In its first case, the Landmark Center for Civil Rights represented Washington shoeshine stand owner Ego Brown in his attempt to overturn a ]-era law against bootblack stands on public streets. The law was designed to restrict economic opportunities for African-Americans, but was still being enforced 85 years after its passage. He sued the ] on Brown's behalf, and the law was overturned in 1989.<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution /><ref>{{cite news|title=Shoeshine Businessman Standing Tall in Victory|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/19/us/washington-journal-shoeshine-businessman-standing-tall-in-victory.html|accessdate=9 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=19 April 1989}}</ref> In 1989, he left the Justice Department and, with a grant from the ], started a public advocacy law practice in Washington DC. In its first case, the Landmark Center for Civil Rights represented Washington shoeshine stand owner Ego Brown in his attempt to overturn a ]-era law against bootblack stands on public streets. The law was designed to restrict economic opportunities for African-Americans, but was still being enforced 85 years after its passage. He sued the ] on Brown's behalf, and the law was overturned in 1989.<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution /><ref>{{cite news|title=Shoeshine Businessman Standing Tall in Victory|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/19/us/washington-journal-shoeshine-businessman-standing-tall-in-victory.html|access-date=9 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=19 April 1989}}</ref>


While working for the Landmark Legal Foundation, he defended the first ] ] program in court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blackboard Jungle|work=American Lawyer|date=May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Education Week|title=Bolick v. Chanin|first=Mark|last=Walsh|date=April 1, 1998|url=http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1998/04/01/29vouch.h17.html|accessdate=May 19, 2016}}</ref> While working for the Landmark Legal Foundation, he defended the first ] ] program in court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blackboard Jungle|work=American Lawyer|date=May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Education Week|title=Bolick v. Chanin|first=Mark|last=Walsh|date=April 1, 1998|url=http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1998/04/01/29vouch.h17.html|access-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref>


He supported Thomas during his ]. On July 31, 1991, about 45 people from Thomas' hometown of ] visited Washington to show support for the nominee. At the time, Bolick told '']'' that the Landmark Center for Civil Rights raised $3,000 to pay for bus rental and contributed another $1,100 for hotel charges.<ref name=WaPoPinPoint>{{cite news|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon LaFraniere|title=Hometown Wellwishers Take Bus To Breakfast With a Favorite Son; Supporters From Pin Point, Ga., Meet With Supreme Court Nominee|url=|newspaper=]|date=1 August 1991}}</ref> He supported Thomas during his ]. On July 31, 1991, about 45 people from Thomas' hometown of ] visited Washington to show support for the nominee. At the time, Bolick told '']'' that the Landmark Center for Civil Rights raised $3,000 to pay for bus rental and contributed another $1,100 for hotel charges.<ref name=WaPoPinPoint>{{cite news|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon LaFraniere|title=Hometown Wellwishers Take Bus To Breakfast With a Favorite Son; Supporters From Pin Point, Ga., Meet With Supreme Court Nominee|url=|newspaper=]|date=1 August 1991}}</ref>


===Institute for Justice=== ===Institute for Justice===
In 1991, Bolick and Chip Mellor (his former boss from the Mountain States Legal Foundation) co-founded the ] with funding from libertarian donor ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dark Money: the Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the rise of the radical right|last=Jane|first=Mayer|isbn=978-0385535601|edition= First|location=New York City|oclc=935638944|date = 2016}}</ref> He was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. The organization litigates on behalf of small businesses faced with regulations that it views as unjustified or anti-competitive. It also promotes school choice, property rights, and free speech.<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution /><ref name=Rea3-08>{{cite news|last=Gillespie|first=Nick|title=Litigating for Liberty|url=http://reason.com/archives/2008/03/03/litigating-for-liberty|accessdate=9 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=2 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=WSJ1-7 >{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Collin|title=Litigating for Liberty|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577144902274972614|accessdate=9 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=7 January 2012}}{{pay}}</ref> Bolick and the institute were active in defending a ] ] program, which was declared constitutional in a 2002 Supreme Court case, '']''<ref name=SC-zel >{{cite court |litigants=Zelman v. Simmons-Harris |vol=536 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=639 |pinpoint= |court= |date=2002 |url= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> The court ruled in favor of a Cincinnati, Ohio school voucher program, allowing the use of public money to pay tuition at private and parochial schools.<ref name=Zel-IJ-to-represent>{{cite news|last=Elsasser|first=Glen|title=High court to rule on vouchers for religious schools|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-09-26/news/0109260214_1_religious-schools-ohio-voucher-program-pilot-project-scholarship-program|accessdate=22 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=26 September 2001}}</ref> In 1991, Bolick and Chip Mellor (his former boss from the Mountain States Legal Foundation) co-founded the ] with funding from libertarian donor ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dark Money: the Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the rise of the radical right|last=Jane|first=Mayer|isbn=978-0385535601|edition= First|location=New York City|oclc=935638944|date = 2016}}</ref> He was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. The organization litigates on behalf of small businesses faced with regulations that it views as unjustified or anti-competitive. It also promotes school choice, property rights, and free speech.<ref name=LATimesEastonRevolution /><ref name=Rea3-08>{{cite news|last=Gillespie|first=Nick|title=Litigating for Liberty|url=http://reason.com/archives/2008/03/03/litigating-for-liberty|access-date=9 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=2 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=WSJ1-7 >{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Collin|title=Litigating for Liberty|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577144902274972614|access-date=9 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=7 January 2012}}{{pay}}</ref> Bolick and the institute were active in defending a ] ] program, which was declared constitutional in a 2002 Supreme Court case, '']''<ref name=SC-zel >{{cite court |litigants=Zelman v. Simmons-Harris |vol=536 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=639 |pinpoint= |court= |date=2002 |url= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> The court ruled in favor of a Cincinnati, Ohio school voucher program, allowing the use of public money to pay tuition at private and parochial schools.<ref name=Zel-IJ-to-represent>{{cite news|last=Elsasser|first=Glen|title=High court to rule on vouchers for religious schools|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-09-26/news/0109260214_1_religious-schools-ohio-voucher-program-pilot-project-scholarship-program|access-date=22 December 2013|newspaper=]|date=26 September 2001}}</ref>
He led the case ''Swedenburg v. Kelly'' while at the institute. This case was consolidated with '']'' and considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005. Bolick argued the case before the court, along with attorney ].<ref name=LegalTimesWine>{{cite news|last=Mauro|first=Tony|title=High Court Victors Feel Grapes of Wrath|url=http://www.nationallawjournal.com/id=900005451556|accessdate=18 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=17 April 2006}}</ref> The court struck down regulatory barriers to direct interstate shipment of wine to consumers.<ref>, Oyez</ref> He led the case ''Swedenburg v. Kelly'' while at the institute. This case was consolidated with '']'' and considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005. Bolick argued the case before the court, along with attorney ].<ref name=LegalTimesWine>{{cite news|last=Mauro|first=Tony|title=High Court Victors Feel Grapes of Wrath|url=http://www.nationallawjournal.com/id=900005451556|access-date=18 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=17 April 2006}}</ref> The court struck down regulatory barriers to direct interstate shipment of wine to consumers.<ref>, Oyez</ref>


In April 1993, he wrote an ] for '']'' opposing two appointments by the ] (] to assistant attorney general for civil rights and ] to assistant secretary for civil rights in the ]). The ''Journal'' ran the piece under the headline "Clinton's Quota Queens."<ref name=GangOfFive262>Easton, p. 262</ref><ref name=WSJQuotaQueens>{{cite news|last=Bolick|first=Clint|title=Clinton's Quota Queens|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 1993}}</ref> After the piece was published, he distributed information about Guinier's writings and interpreted them for reporters. He also appeared on '']'' and '']'' to oppose her appointment. The article and Bolick's subsequent efforts were credited with helping end Guinier's appointment.<ref name=GangOfFive263>Easton, p. 263</ref> On June 3, 1993, President ] withdrew her nomination. Clinton stated that he had not read Guinier's writings at the time of her nomination, and called some of them "anti-democratic".<ref name=ChicagoTribGuinier>{{cite news|last=Locin|first=Mitchell|title=Clinton Dumps Nominee|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-06-04/news/9306040115_1_lani-guinier-difficult-meetings-civil-rights-division|accessdate=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=4 June 1993}}</ref> Clinton went on to describe the effort to stop Guinier's appointment as "a campaign of ] distortion and vilification", and according to press reports referred to Bolick's editorial with "particular scorn".<ref name=NYTClintonWithdrawsGuinier>{{cite news|last=Apple|first=R.W.|title=THE GUINIER BATTLE: President Blames Himself for Furor Over Nominee|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/05/us/the-guinier-battle-president-blames-himself-for-furor-over-nominee.html|accessdate=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=5 June 1993}}</ref> Other critics accused Bolick and conservatives who opposed Guinier of racism and sexism, often citing the phrase "quota queen" as evidence.<ref name=GangOfFive263b>Easton, p. 263</ref><ref name=CSMQuotaQueen>{{cite news|last=Feldmann|first=Linda|title=Failure to Combat Labels Sunk Justice Nominee|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0607/07042.html|accessdate=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=7 June 1993}}</ref><ref name=PhInquirerRacistButCatchy>{{cite news|title=Don't Let Guinier Choice Be Scuttled|url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-06-01/news/25974524_1_lani-guinier-cumulative-voting-quota-queen|accessdate=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=1 June 1993}}</ref> In April 1993, he wrote an ] for '']'' opposing two appointments by the ] (] to assistant attorney general for civil rights and ] to assistant secretary for civil rights in the ]). The ''Journal'' ran the piece under the headline "Clinton's Quota Queens."<ref name=GangOfFive262>Easton, p. 262</ref><ref name=WSJQuotaQueens>{{cite news|last=Bolick|first=Clint|title=Clinton's Quota Queens|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 1993}}</ref> After the piece was published, he distributed information about Guinier's writings and interpreted them for reporters. He also appeared on '']'' and '']'' to oppose her appointment. The article and Bolick's subsequent efforts were credited with helping end Guinier's appointment.<ref name="GangOfFive263b">Easton, p. 263</ref> On June 3, 1993, President ] withdrew her nomination. Clinton stated that he had not read Guinier's writings at the time of her nomination, and called some of them "anti-democratic".<ref name=ChicagoTribGuinier>{{cite news|last=Locin|first=Mitchell|title=Clinton Dumps Nominee|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-06-04/news/9306040115_1_lani-guinier-difficult-meetings-civil-rights-division|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=4 June 1993}}</ref> Clinton went on to describe the effort to stop Guinier's appointment as "a campaign of ] distortion and vilification", and according to press reports referred to Bolick's editorial with "particular scorn".<ref name=NYTClintonWithdrawsGuinier>{{cite news|last=Apple|first=R.W.|title=THE GUINIER BATTLE: President Blames Himself for Furor Over Nominee|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/05/us/the-guinier-battle-president-blames-himself-for-furor-over-nominee.html|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=5 June 1993}}</ref> Other critics accused Bolick and conservatives who opposed Guinier of racism and sexism, often citing the phrase "quota queen" as evidence.<ref name=GangOfFive263b>Easton, p. 263</ref><ref name=CSMQuotaQueen>{{cite news|last=Feldmann|first=Linda|title=Failure to Combat Labels Sunk Justice Nominee|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0607/07042.html|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=7 June 1993}}</ref><ref name=PhInquirerRacistButCatchy>{{cite news|title=Don't Let Guinier Choice Be Scuttled|url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-06-01/news/25974524_1_lani-guinier-cumulative-voting-quota-queen|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=1 June 1993}}</ref>


===Alliance for School Choice=== ===Alliance for School Choice===
In 2004, Bolick joined the ], a national ] educational policy group advocating school choice programs across the United States. He was that organization's first President and General Counsel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dillon|first1=Sam|title=Florida Supreme Court Blocks School Vouchers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/06/national/06florida.html?_r=0|accessdate=30 April 2015|work=]|date=6 January 2006}}</ref> In 2004, Bolick joined the ], a national ] educational policy group advocating school choice programs across the United States. He was that organization's first President and General Counsel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dillon|first1=Sam|title=Florida Supreme Court Blocks School Vouchers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/06/national/06florida.html?_r=0|access-date=30 April 2015|work=]|date=6 January 2006}}</ref>


===Goldwater Institute=== ===Goldwater Institute===
] ]
In 2007, he became the Vice President for Litigation at the ] when that organization added a litigation group.<ref name=NYTGoldwater>{{cite news|last=Lacey|first=Marc|title=A Watchdog for Conservative Ideals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/us/goldwater-institute-an-aggressive-conservative-watchdog.html|accessdate=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=25 December 2011}}</ref> In 2007, he became the Vice President for Litigation at the ] when that organization added a litigation group.<ref name=NYTGoldwater>{{cite news|last=Lacey|first=Marc|title=A Watchdog for Conservative Ideals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/us/goldwater-institute-an-aggressive-conservative-watchdog.html|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=25 December 2011}}</ref>


Bolick helped to draft model legislation known as the 'Health Care Freedom Act' that would prohibit health insurers from accepting federal subsidies under the ] that trigger the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://66.160.145.48/kelly/pdfs/26/hjr0035_attachment_0002.pdf|title=The Health Care Freedom Act: Questions & Answers|publisher=]|accessdate=May 20, 2022}}</ref> Arizona and Oklahoma voters approved a version of the Health Care Freedom Act in their respective November 2010 general elections.<ref name=ADI>{{cite news|first=John|last=Hunnicutt|work=Arizona Daily Independent|date=January 22, 2016|title=The Verdict Should B Out On Bollick|url=https://arizonadailyindependent.com/2016/01/22/the-verdict-should-be-out-on-bolick/|accessdate=May 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Natural Healing News|date=February 25, 2012|title=Health Care Freedom Act passes in Arizona, Oklahoma|url=http://www.naturalhealingnews.com/health-care-freedom-act-passes-in-arizona-oklahoma/|accessdate=May 19, 2016}}</ref>} Also in November 2010, voters in Arizona, South Carolina, South Dakota and Utah adopted a measure he drafted called ], which guarantees workers the right to a secret-ballot vote in union-organizing elections.<ref name=ADI/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government|first=Donald P.|last=Haider-Markel|publisher=OUP Oxford|date=Apr 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Federal Court Upholds "Save Our Secret Ballot" Amendment|work=Nevada News and Views|url=http://nevadanewsandviews.com/federal-court-upholds-save-our-secret-ballot-amendment/|date=September 6, 2012|accessdate=May 19, 2016}}</ref> Bolick helped to draft model legislation known as the 'Health Care Freedom Act' that would prohibit health insurers from accepting federal subsidies under the ] that trigger the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://66.160.145.48/kelly/pdfs/26/hjr0035_attachment_0002.pdf|title=The Health Care Freedom Act: Questions & Answers|publisher=]|access-date=May 20, 2022}}</ref> Arizona and Oklahoma voters approved a version of the Health Care Freedom Act in their respective November 2010 general elections.<ref name=ADI>{{cite news|first=John|last=Hunnicutt|work=Arizona Daily Independent|date=January 22, 2016|title=The Verdict Should B Out On Bollick|url=https://arizonadailyindependent.com/2016/01/22/the-verdict-should-be-out-on-bolick/|access-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Natural Healing News|date=February 25, 2012|title=Health Care Freedom Act passes in Arizona, Oklahoma|url=http://www.naturalhealingnews.com/health-care-freedom-act-passes-in-arizona-oklahoma/|access-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref>} Also in November 2010, voters in Arizona, South Carolina, South Dakota and Utah adopted a measure he drafted called ], which guarantees workers the right to a secret-ballot vote in union-organizing elections.<ref name=ADI/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government|first=Donald P.|last=Haider-Markel|publisher=OUP Oxford|date=Apr 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Federal Court Upholds "Save Our Secret Ballot" Amendment|work=Nevada News and Views|url=http://nevadanewsandviews.com/federal-court-upholds-save-our-secret-ballot-amendment/|date=September 6, 2012|access-date=May 19, 2016}}</ref>


In 2012, he was an attorney for a Mesa tattoo parlor that had been denied a business license by the city. The case resulted in the Arizona Supreme Court declaring tattoos ] protected ]. Bolick marked his victory by getting a small tattoo of a scorpion on his index finger.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lacey|first=Marc|date=December 26, 2011|title=A Watchdog for Conservative Ideals|language=en-US|work=]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/us/goldwater-institute-an-aggressive-conservative-watchdog.html|access-date=November 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Favate|first=Sam|date=September 10, 2012|title=Arizona Supreme Court Says Tattoos Are Free Speech|language=en-US|work=]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-LB-43433|access-date=November 30, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In 2012, he was an attorney for a Mesa tattoo parlor that had been denied a business license by the city. The case resulted in the Arizona Supreme Court declaring tattoos ] protected ]. Bolick marked his victory by getting a small tattoo of a scorpion on his index finger.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lacey|first=Marc|date=December 26, 2011|title=A Watchdog for Conservative Ideals|language=en-US|work=]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/us/goldwater-institute-an-aggressive-conservative-watchdog.html|access-date=November 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Favate|first=Sam|date=September 10, 2012|title=Arizona Supreme Court Says Tattoos Are Free Speech|language=en-US|work=]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-LB-43433|access-date=November 30, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
Line 90: Line 90:
==Awards== ==Awards==


In 2006, he won one of the four ]s given that year. The Bradley Prize included a one-time $250,000 stipend.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dissenting voices rewarded|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/28/20060528-114100-1047r/|accessdate=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=28 May 2006}}</ref> He is currently a Research Fellow at ]'s ].<ref name=HooverBio>{{cite web|title=Clint Bolick, Research Fellow|url=http://www.hoover.org/fellows/9719|work=The Hoover Institution web site|accessdate=8 February 2014}}</ref> '']'' magazine named him one of three Lawyers of the Year in 2003. In 2009, '']'' included him in their list of the "90 greatest Washington lawyers of the past 30 years".<ref name=HooverBio /> In 2006, he won one of the four ]s given that year. The Bradley Prize included a one-time $250,000 stipend.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dissenting voices rewarded|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/may/28/20060528-114100-1047r/|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=28 May 2006}}</ref> He is currently a Research Fellow at ]'s ].<ref name=HooverBio>{{cite web|title=Clint Bolick, Research Fellow|url=http://www.hoover.org/fellows/9719|work=The Hoover Institution web site|access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> '']'' magazine named him one of three Lawyers of the Year in 2003. In 2009, '']'' included him in their list of the "90 greatest Washington lawyers of the past 30 years".<ref name=HooverBio />


==Personal life== ==Personal life==
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== References == == References ==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
* from the ] * from the ]
* {{C-SPAN|1598}} * {{C-SPAN|1598}}
* {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Clint Bolick Defends Judicial Activism |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/clint_bolick/ |work=] |publisher=] |authorlink=Russ Roberts |date=October 31, 2006}} * {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Clint Bolick Defends Judicial Activism |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/clint_bolick/ |work=] |publisher=] |author-link=Russ Roberts |date=October 31, 2006}}


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Revision as of 20:28, 23 May 2022

Associate Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court
Clint Bolick
Clint Bolick
Associate Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 6, 2016
Appointed byDoug Ducey
Preceded byRebecca White Berch
Personal details
Born (1957-12-26) December 26, 1957 (age 67)
Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.
SpouseShawnna Bolick
EducationDrew University (BA)
University of California, Davis (JD)

Clint Bolick (born December 26, 1957) is an Associate Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court. Previously, he served as Vice President of Litigation at the conservative/libertarian Goldwater Institute. He co-founded the libertarian Institute for Justice, where he was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. He led two cases that went before the Supreme Court of the United States. He has also defended state-based school choice programs in the Supreme Courts of Wisconsin and Ohio.

Early life and education

Bolick was born on December 26, 1957, in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Bolick grew up in nearby Hillside and graduated from Hillside High School in 1975. He graduated from Drew University in 1979 and received his J.D. from the University of California Davis School of Law in 1982. As a law student, he supported laws and legal rulings that knocked down racial discrimination (calling Brown v. Board of Education a "triumph of the principle of equality"), and was a vocal opponent of Affirmative Action-based admission policies.

In 1980, he ran as a Libertarian for a seat in the California State Assembly. He lost to an incumbent Democrat, but garnered 7.1 percent of the vote. (In that election, the Libertarian presidential ticket earned about 1% of the vote nationwide.)

Career

Mountain States Legal Foundation

In 1982, he joined a public interest law firm, the Mountain States Legal Foundation in Denver, Colorado. He was hired by the foundation's acting president, William H. "Chip" Mellor. In 1984, Mellor left the organization over a conflict with one of the foundation's sponsors. Bolick also left, believing that the foundation was more interested in protecting business interests than in promoting economic freedom. In 2005, he said,

Chip and I discovered that there is a world of difference between an organization that is pro-business and an organization that is pro-free enterprise.

After their break with Mountain States, they began planning a free-enterprise public interest law firm that would follow a philosophy of "economic liberty." These plans would lead to the founding of the Institute for Justice in 1991.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Justice Department

Bolick joined the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1985. While he only stayed at the EEOC for a year, he became friends with its chairman, future Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. (Thomas is the godfather to Bolick's second son.) Thomas helped convince him that removing economic barriers for the poor was more important than fighting race-based "reverse discrimination." In 1991, he would support adding punitive damages to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He explained, "It seemed to me that if you didn't want quotas, you had to have tough remedies and punitive damages against recalcitrant discriminators ... That very much came out of Thomas." Thomas also shaped his preferred remedy for inequality: removing laws and regulations he viewed as preventing the poor from starting small businesses. Thomas did this in part by telling Bolick about his grandfather, who began with a hand-built pushcart and built a profitable delivery service that comfortably supported his family, only to encounter threats from regulations designed to destroy Black-owned businesses.

Bolick left the EEOC to join the Justice Department in 1986. In 1988, he wrote his first book, Changing Course. In this book, he defined civil rights in part from the perspective of removing economic and regulatory barriers for the poor and disadvantaged.

Landmark Center for Civil Rights

In 1989, he left the Justice Department and, with a grant from the Landmark Legal Foundation, started a public advocacy law practice in Washington DC. In its first case, the Landmark Center for Civil Rights represented Washington shoeshine stand owner Ego Brown in his attempt to overturn a Jim Crow-era law against bootblack stands on public streets. The law was designed to restrict economic opportunities for African-Americans, but was still being enforced 85 years after its passage. He sued the District of Columbia on Brown's behalf, and the law was overturned in 1989.

While working for the Landmark Legal Foundation, he defended the first Wisconsin school voucher program in court.

He supported Thomas during his confirmation hearings for the Supreme Court. On July 31, 1991, about 45 people from Thomas' hometown of Pin Point, Georgia visited Washington to show support for the nominee. At the time, Bolick told The Washington Post that the Landmark Center for Civil Rights raised $3,000 to pay for bus rental and contributed another $1,100 for hotel charges.

Institute for Justice

In 1991, Bolick and Chip Mellor (his former boss from the Mountain States Legal Foundation) co-founded the Institute for Justice with funding from libertarian donor Charles Koch. He was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1991 until 2004. The organization litigates on behalf of small businesses faced with regulations that it views as unjustified or anti-competitive. It also promotes school choice, property rights, and free speech. Bolick and the institute were active in defending a Cleveland, Ohio school voucher program, which was declared constitutional in a 2002 Supreme Court case, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris The court ruled in favor of a Cincinnati, Ohio school voucher program, allowing the use of public money to pay tuition at private and parochial schools. He led the case Swedenburg v. Kelly while at the institute. This case was consolidated with Granholm v. Heald and considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005. Bolick argued the case before the court, along with attorney Kathleen Sullivan. The court struck down regulatory barriers to direct interstate shipment of wine to consumers.

In April 1993, he wrote an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal opposing two appointments by the Clinton administration (Lani Guinier to assistant attorney general for civil rights and Norma V. Cantu to assistant secretary for civil rights in the Department of Education). The Journal ran the piece under the headline "Clinton's Quota Queens." After the piece was published, he distributed information about Guinier's writings and interpreted them for reporters. He also appeared on Nightline and Crossfire to oppose her appointment. The article and Bolick's subsequent efforts were credited with helping end Guinier's appointment. On June 3, 1993, President Bill Clinton withdrew her nomination. Clinton stated that he had not read Guinier's writings at the time of her nomination, and called some of them "anti-democratic". Clinton went on to describe the effort to stop Guinier's appointment as "a campaign of right-wing distortion and vilification", and according to press reports referred to Bolick's editorial with "particular scorn". Other critics accused Bolick and conservatives who opposed Guinier of racism and sexism, often citing the phrase "quota queen" as evidence.

Alliance for School Choice

In 2004, Bolick joined the Alliance for School Choice, a national non-profit educational policy group advocating school choice programs across the United States. He was that organization's first President and General Counsel.

Goldwater Institute

Bolick speaking at the 2014 Goldwater Dinner in Scottsdale, Arizona

In 2007, he became the Vice President for Litigation at the Goldwater Institute when that organization added a litigation group.

Bolick helped to draft model legislation known as the 'Health Care Freedom Act' that would prohibit health insurers from accepting federal subsidies under the Affordable Care Act that trigger the employer mandate. Arizona and Oklahoma voters approved a version of the Health Care Freedom Act in their respective November 2010 general elections.} Also in November 2010, voters in Arizona, South Carolina, South Dakota and Utah adopted a measure he drafted called Save Our Secret Ballot, which guarantees workers the right to a secret-ballot vote in union-organizing elections.

In 2012, he was an attorney for a Mesa tattoo parlor that had been denied a business license by the city. The case resulted in the Arizona Supreme Court declaring tattoos Constitutionally protected free speech. Bolick marked his victory by getting a small tattoo of a scorpion on his index finger.

On July 30, 2015, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump called for the deportation of all of the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States. Bolick called Trump's idea "impractical and opposed by a large majority of Americans."

Appointment to Arizona Supreme Court

On January 6, 2016, Governor Doug Ducey appointed Bolick to the Arizona Supreme Court.

Works

Nonfiction books

Fiction books

Other

Bolick has authored and co-authored numerous other paperbacks, ebooks and audiobooks.

Awards

In 2006, he won one of the four Bradley Prizes given that year. The Bradley Prize included a one-time $250,000 stipend. He is currently a Research Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. American Lawyer magazine named him one of three Lawyers of the Year in 2003. In 2009, Legal Times included him in their list of the "90 greatest Washington lawyers of the past 30 years".

Personal life

Bolick is married to Arizona State Senator Shawnna Bolick. They have two children.

See also

References

  1. Bolick, Clint. "Remedial Education (Clint Bolick)", Center for Education Reform. Accessed July 5, 2017. "I grew up in Hillside, a suburb of Newark, in a single-parent, working-class family. In 1975, Hillside High School graduated me with enough skills to secure a scholarship at an excellent college and go on to a successful career in law and public policy."
  2. Easton, Nina J. (2000). Gang of Five: Leaders at the Center of the Conservative Crusade. New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 91. ISBN 0743203208. triumph of the principle of equality.
  3. Easton, p. 96
  4. Easton, pp. 105–106
  5. ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (17 April 2005). "The Unregulated Offensive". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  6. ^ Easton, pp. 193, 198
  7. ^ Easton, p. 196
  8. ^ Easton, Nina J. (20 April 1997). "Welcome to the Clint Bolick Revolution". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  9. Easton, p. 197
  10. "Shoeshine Businessman Standing Tall in Victory". The New York Times. 19 April 1989. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  11. "Blackboard Jungle". American Lawyer. May 2000.
  12. Walsh, Mark (April 1, 1998). "Bolick v. Chanin". Education Week. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  13. LaFraniere, Sharon (1 August 1991). "Hometown Wellwishers Take Bus To Breakfast With a Favorite Son; Supporters From Pin Point, Ga., Meet With Supreme Court Nominee". The Washington Post.
  14. Jane, Mayer (2016). Dark Money: the Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the rise of the radical right (First ed.). New York City. ISBN 978-0385535601. OCLC 935638944.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. Gillespie, Nick (2 March 2008). "Litigating for Liberty". Reason. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  16. Levy, Collin (7 January 2012). "Litigating for Liberty". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 December 2013.(subscription required)
  17. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002).
  18. Elsasser, Glen (26 September 2001). "High court to rule on vouchers for religious schools". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  19. Mauro, Tony (17 April 2006). "High Court Victors Feel Grapes of Wrath". Legal Times. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  20. Granholm v. Heald, 544 U.S. 460 (2005), Oyez
  21. Easton, p. 262
  22. Bolick, Clint (30 April 1993). "Clinton's Quota Queens". The Wall Street Journal.
  23. ^ Easton, p. 263
  24. Locin, Mitchell (4 June 1993). "Clinton Dumps Nominee". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  25. Apple, R.W. (5 June 1993). "THE GUINIER BATTLE: President Blames Himself for Furor Over Nominee". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  26. Feldmann, Linda (7 June 1993). "Failure to Combat Labels Sunk Justice Nominee". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  27. "Don't Let Guinier Choice Be Scuttled". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1 June 1993. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  28. Dillon, Sam (6 January 2006). "Florida Supreme Court Blocks School Vouchers". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  29. Lacey, Marc (25 December 2011). "A Watchdog for Conservative Ideals". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  30. "The Health Care Freedom Act: Questions & Answers" (PDF). The Goldwater Institute. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  31. ^ Hunnicutt, John (January 22, 2016). "The Verdict Should B Out On Bollick". Arizona Daily Independent. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  32. "Health Care Freedom Act passes in Arizona, Oklahoma". Natural Healing News. February 25, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  33. Haider-Markel, Donald P. (Apr 3, 2014). The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government. OUP Oxford.
  34. "Federal Court Upholds "Save Our Secret Ballot" Amendment". Nevada News and Views. September 6, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  35. Lacey, Marc (December 26, 2011). "A Watchdog for Conservative Ideals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  36. Favate, Sam (September 10, 2012). "Arizona Supreme Court Says Tattoos Are Free Speech". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  37. Colvin, Jill; Caldwell, Alicia A. (July 31, 2015). "Trump calls for mass deportations: Wants all 11 million people living in the country illegally out". Laredo Morning Times. Associated Press. pp. 1, 14A.
  38. Wockhit, Wochit (January 6, 2016). "Gov. Ducey appoints Clint Bolick to AZ Supreme Court". USA Today.
  39. "Dissenting voices rewarded". The Washington Times. 28 May 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  40. ^ "Clint Bolick, Research Fellow". The Hoover Institution web site. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  41. Pineda, Paulina (November 8, 2017). "Shawnna Bolick launches third run for state legislature". The Arizona Capitol Times. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  42. Fischer, Howard (January 30, 2021). "Proposed law would allow Arizona Legislature to overturn presidential election results". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  43. Oxford, Andrew (June 22, 2021). "Shawnna Bolick enters crowded race for Arizona secretary of state". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved June 25, 2021.

External links

Legal offices
Preceded byRebecca White Berch Associate Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court
2016–present 		Incumbent
Statewide political officials of Arizona
U.S. senators
State government
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House
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