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| '''Algernon Bertram Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCVO|KCB|DL}} (24 February 1837{{snd}}17 August 1916) was a British diplomat, traveller, collector and writer, who wrote as '''A.B. Mitford'''. His most notable works include '']'' (1871), ''The Bamboo Garden'' (1896) |
'''Algernon Bertram Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCVO|KCB|DL}} (24 February 1837{{snd}}17 August 1916) was a British diplomat, traveller, collector and writer, who wrote as '''A.B. Mitford'''. His most notable works include '']'' (1871), ''The Bamboo Garden'' (1896), ''The Attaché at Peking'' (1900) and ''The Garter Mission to Japan'' (1906). | ||
| In 1886, he assumed by royal license the surname of Freeman-Mitford in accordance with his inheritance. |
Mitford was a noted ] and travelled extensively in Japan during the ] period of change. In 1886, he assumed by royal license the surname of Freeman-Mitford in accordance with his inheritance. He was the paternal grandfather of the ]. | ||
| ==Early years== | ==Early years== | ||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
| ==Career== | ==Career== | ||
| ===Diplomacy=== | ===Diplomacy=== | ||
| Entering the ] in 1858, Mitford was appointed Third Secretary of the British Embassy in ]. After service in the Diplomatic Corps in ], he went to Japan as second secretary to the British Legation at the time of the |
Entering the ] in 1858, Mitford was appointed Third Secretary of the British Embassy in ]. After service in the Diplomatic Corps in ], he went to Japan as second secretary to the British Legation at the time of the ] when Imperial rule was restored from the ] and the Japanese Seat of Power migrated from ] to the Imperial seat at Edo (modern-day ]). Mitford's memoirs recount the troubled time of the foreign settlements at ] over the fortnight following American Rear-Admiral ]'s death, and the death of British consul. Mitford served as secretary under Myburgh's replacement, John Frederik Lowder. There he met ] and wrote '']'' (1871), a book credited with making such Japanese Classics as "]" first known to a wide Western public. With Satow, Mitford traveled extensively across Japan and became acquainted with the famed samurai ].<ref name=":0" /> He retired from the diplomatic service in 1873. | ||
| Following the 1902 ], in 1906 he accompanied ] on a visit to Japan to present the ] with the ]. He was asked by courtiers there about Japanese ceremonies that had disappeared since 1868. | Following the 1902 ], in 1906 he accompanied ] on a visit to Japan to present the ] with the ]. He was asked by courtiers there about Japanese ceremonies that had disappeared since 1868. | ||
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| According to ], Mitford served as a consultant on Japanese culture to Gilbert and ] during the development of their 1885 ] '']''. A traditional Japanese song hummed by Mitford to Gilbert and Sullivan during a rehearsal was used in the opera for the march accompanying the Mikado's entrance.<ref name=gilbert>{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=W. S. |author-link=W. S. Gilbert |title=The Mikado: Mr. Gilbert Explains a Famous Air |url=https://www.gsarchive.net/gilbert/letters/morn_lead/mikado.html |accessdate=23 May 2013 |newspaper=] |page=5 |date=2 May 1907 }}</ref> | According to ], Mitford served as a consultant on Japanese culture to Gilbert and ] during the development of their 1885 ] '']''. A traditional Japanese song hummed by Mitford to Gilbert and Sullivan during a rehearsal was used in the opera for the march accompanying the Mikado's entrance.<ref name=gilbert>{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=W. S. |author-link=W. S. Gilbert |title=The Mikado: Mr. Gilbert Explains a Famous Air |url=https://www.gsarchive.net/gilbert/letters/morn_lead/mikado.html |accessdate=23 May 2013 |newspaper=] |page=5 |date=2 May 1907 }}</ref> | ||
| In 1886, Mitford inherited the substantial country estates of his first cousin twice removed, ]. In accordance with the will he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Freeman. Appointed a ] for ], he became a magistrate and took up farming and horse breeding. He was a member of the ] from 1889 to 1914.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cortazzi |editor1-first=Hugh |editor1-link=Hugh Cortazzi |title=Mitford's Japan: memories and recollections, 1866-1906 |page=xxiii }}</ref> Redesdale joined the ] in 1907 and became a Fellow in 1908.<ref>Obituary. The Right Hon. Lord Redesdale, '']'', November 1916, p. 250.</ref> He was President of the Royal Photographic Society between 1910 and 1912.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rps.org/about/history/past-presidents |title=Past Presidents |publisher=] |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714064905/http://rps.org/about/history/past-presidents |url-status=dead }} Accessed 7 May 2013.</ref> | In 1886, Mitford inherited the substantial country estates of his first cousin twice removed, ]. In accordance with the will he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Freeman. Appointed a ] for ], he became a magistrate and took up farming and horse breeding. He was a member of the ] from 1889 to 1914.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |editor1-last=Cortazzi |editor1-first=Hugh |editor1-link=Hugh Cortazzi |title=Mitford's Japan: memories and recollections, 1866-1906 |page=xxiii }}</ref> Redesdale joined the ] in 1907 and became a Fellow in 1908.<ref>Obituary. The Right Hon. Lord Redesdale, '']'', November 1916, p. 250.</ref> He was President of the Royal Photographic Society between 1910 and 1912.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rps.org/about/history/past-presidents |title=Past Presidents |publisher=] |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714064905/http://rps.org/about/history/past-presidents |url-status=dead }} Accessed 7 May 2013.</ref> | ||
| He substantially rebuilt Batsford House beside ] in Gloucestershire in the Victorian Gothic manorial style, but at such a cost that it had to be later sold. It was bought by ] and is still owned by his descendants. | He substantially rebuilt Batsford House beside ] in Gloucestershire in the Victorian Gothic manorial style, but at such a cost that it had to be later sold. It was bought by ] and is still owned by his descendants. | ||
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| During his time in Japan, he was said to have fathered two children with a ]. Later, he may have fathered ] (1885–1977), in the course of an affair with his wife's sister Blanche.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardwick |first=Joan |date=1997 |title=Clementine Churchill: The Private Life of a Public Person |location=London |publisher=] |isbn=0-7195-5552-3 }}</ref> Clementine married ] in 1908. | During his time in Japan, he was said to have fathered two children with a ]. Later, he may have fathered ] (1885–1977), in the course of an affair with his wife's sister Blanche.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardwick |first=Joan |date=1997 |title=Clementine Churchill: The Private Life of a Public Person |location=London |publisher=] |isbn=0-7195-5552-3 }}</ref> Clementine married ] in 1908. | ||
| == Horticultural interests == | == Later life == | ||
| === Horticultural interests === | |||
| While in the Far East, he became interested in Chinese and Japanese garden and landscape design and the flora of these countries. |
While in the Far East, he became interested in Chinese and Japanese garden and landscape design and the flora of these countries. On his return, he created the ] as a wild garden of naturalistic planting based on his Chinese and Japanese observations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Batsford |url=http://www.batsarb.co.uk/arboretum/history.asp |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.batsarb.co.uk}}</ref> His 1896 book, ''The Bamboo Garden''<ref>{{Cite book |last=A.B. Freeman-Mitford |url=http://archive.org/details/BambooGarden |title=Bamboo Garden |date=1896}}</ref>'','' was the first book on the cultivation of bamboos in European temperate climates and remained the only text on the subject until the 1960s. He persuaded ] to plant ]<!--syn. Fallopia japonica --> at ] and it later became difficult to eradicate, according to ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Litchfield |first=David R. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x0TDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 |title=Hitler's Valkyrie: The Uncensored Biography of Unity Mitford |publisher=The History Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780750951616 |page=25 |authorlink=<!--David R. L. Litchfield-->}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | === H.S. Chamberlain === | ||
| ⚫ | == H. |
||
| In his closing years, Lord Redesdale edited and wrote extensive and effusive introductions for two of ]'s books, ''Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'' and ''Immanuel Kant: A Study and Comparison with ], ], ], ], and ]'', both two volumes each, translated into English by John Lees, M.A., D.Litt., and published by John Lane at the ], London, in 1910 and 1914 respectively. | In his closing years, Lord Redesdale edited and wrote extensive and effusive introductions for two of ]'s books, ''Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'' and ''Immanuel Kant: A Study and Comparison with ], ], ], ], and ]'', both two volumes each, translated into English by John Lees, M.A., D.Litt., and published by John Lane at the ], London, in 1910 and 1914 respectively. | ||
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| {{Portal|Children's literature}} | {{Portal|Children's literature}} | ||
| * ], ''Mitford's Japan : Memories and Recollections, 1866–1906'', Format: Paperback, Published: January 2003, {{ISBN|1-903350-07-7}} | * ], ''Mitford's Japan : Memories and Recollections, 1866–1906'', Format: Paperback, Published: January 2003, {{ISBN|1-903350-07-7}} | ||
| * ] | |||
| *] |
*] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
Revision as of 13:01, 14 March 2023
British diplomat, collector, and writer (1837-1916)
| The Right HonourableThe Lord RedesdaleGCVO KCB DL | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Member of Parliament for Stratford-on-Avon | |
| In office 4 July 1892 – 8 July 1895 | |
| Preceded by | Frederick Townsend |
| Succeeded by | Victor Milward |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Algernon Bertram Mitford (1837-02-24)24 February 1837 London, England |
| Died | 17 August 1916(1916-08-17) (aged 79) Shipston-on-Stour, Gloucestershire, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse |
Lady Clementina Gertrude Helen Ogilvy
(m. 1874) |
| Children | 9, including David |
| Education | Eton College |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
Algernon Bertram Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, GCVO, KCB, DL (24 February 1837 – 17 August 1916) was a British diplomat, traveller, collector and writer, who wrote as A.B. Mitford. His most notable works include Tales of Old Japan (1871), The Bamboo Garden (1896), The Attaché at Peking (1900) and The Garter Mission to Japan (1906).
Mitford was a noted Japanologist and travelled extensively in Japan during the Meiji Restoration period of change. In 1886, he assumed by royal license the surname of Freeman-Mitford in accordance with his inheritance. He was the paternal grandfather of the Mitford sisters.
Early years
Mitford was the son of Henry Reveley Mitford (1804–1883) of Exbury House, Exbury, Hampshire, and the great-grandson of the historian William Mitford. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. While his paternal ancestors were landed gentry, whose holdings had once included Mitford Castle in Northumberland, his mother (Georgiana) Jemima Ashburnham was a daughter of the 3rd Earl of Ashburnham, with a noble ancestry through the Earls of Beverley and Dukes of Northumberland. His parents separated in 1840 when Redesdale was just three years old, and his mother remarried a Mr. Molyneaux.
Like his cousin Swinburne, he was named Algernon after his great-grandfather Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley; however, he mostly went by his middle name Bertram and was known familiarly as "Barty" or "Berty".
Career
Diplomacy
Entering the Foreign Office in 1858, Mitford was appointed Third Secretary of the British Embassy in St Petersburg. After service in the Diplomatic Corps in Shanghai, he went to Japan as second secretary to the British Legation at the time of the Meiji Restoration when Imperial rule was restored from the Tokugawa shogunate and the Japanese Seat of Power migrated from Kyoto to the Imperial seat at Edo (modern-day Tokyo). Mitford's memoirs recount the troubled time of the foreign settlements at Kobe over the fortnight following American Rear-Admiral Henry Bell's death, and the death of British consul. Mitford served as secretary under Myburgh's replacement, John Frederik Lowder. There he met Ernest Mason Satow and wrote Tales of Old Japan (1871), a book credited with making such Japanese Classics as "The Forty-seven Ronin" first known to a wide Western public. With Satow, Mitford traveled extensively across Japan and became acquainted with the famed samurai Saigō Takamori. He retired from the diplomatic service in 1873.
Following the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, in 1906 he accompanied Prince Arthur on a visit to Japan to present the Emperor Meiji with the Order of the Garter. He was asked by courtiers there about Japanese ceremonies that had disappeared since 1868.
Public life
From 1874 to 1886, Mitford acted as secretary to HM Office of Works, involved in the lengthy restoration of the Tower of London and in landscaping parts of Hyde Park such as "The Dell". From 1887, he was a member of the Royal Commission on Civil Services. He also sat as Member of Parliament for Stratford-on-Avon between 1892 and 1895.
According to W. S. Gilbert, Mitford served as a consultant on Japanese culture to Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan during the development of their 1885 Savoy Opera The Mikado. A traditional Japanese song hummed by Mitford to Gilbert and Sullivan during a rehearsal was used in the opera for the march accompanying the Mikado's entrance.
In 1886, Mitford inherited the substantial country estates of his first cousin twice removed, John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale. In accordance with the will he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Freeman. Appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Gloucestershire, he became a magistrate and took up farming and horse breeding. He was a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron from 1889 to 1914. Redesdale joined the Royal Photographic Society in 1907 and became a Fellow in 1908. He was President of the Royal Photographic Society between 1910 and 1912.
He substantially rebuilt Batsford House beside Batsford in Gloucestershire in the Victorian Gothic manorial style, but at such a cost that it had to be later sold. It was bought by Lord Dulverton and is still owned by his descendants.
Peerage
In the 1902 Coronation Honours list it was announced that he would receive a barony, and the Redesdale title was revived when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Redesdale, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland, on 15 July 1902. He took the oath and his seat in the House of Lords a week later, on 24 July.
Pre- and extra-marital fatherhood
During his time in Japan, he was said to have fathered two children with a geisha. Later, he may have fathered Clementine Hozier (1885–1977), in the course of an affair with his wife's sister Blanche. Clementine married Winston Churchill in 1908.
Later life
Horticultural interests
While in the Far East, he became interested in Chinese and Japanese garden and landscape design and the flora of these countries. On his return, he created the arboretum at Batsford as a wild garden of naturalistic planting based on his Chinese and Japanese observations. His 1896 book, The Bamboo Garden, was the first book on the cultivation of bamboos in European temperate climates and remained the only text on the subject until the 1960s. He persuaded Edward VII to plant Japanese knotweed at Sandringham House and it later became difficult to eradicate, according to George VI.
H.S. Chamberlain
In his closing years, Lord Redesdale edited and wrote extensive and effusive introductions for two of Houston Stewart Chamberlain's books, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century and Immanuel Kant: A Study and Comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato, and Descartes, both two volumes each, translated into English by John Lees, M.A., D.Litt., and published by John Lane at the Bodley Head, London, in 1910 and 1914 respectively.
Marriage and descendants
Lord Redesdale married in 1874 Lady Clementina Gertrude Helen Ogilvy (1854–1932), the daughter of David Ogilvy, 10th Earl of Airlie, by his spouse Blanche, the daughter of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley. They had five sons and four daughters. David Freeman-Mitford succeeded his father in the barony and was the father of the Mitford sisters.
See also
- Hugh Cortazzi, Mitford's Japan : Memories and Recollections, 1866–1906, Format: Paperback, Published: January 2003, ISBN 1-903350-07-7
- Meiji Restoration
- Anglo-Japanese relations
- Mitford family
Bibliography
- Tales of Old Japan (1871)
- A tragedy in stone; and other papers (1882)
- The Bamboo Garden (1896)
- The Attaché at Peking (1900)
- The Garter Mission to Japan (1906)
- Memories (1915; 2 vols)
- Further Memories (Hutchinson & Co., London, 1917 - posthumous)
Lord Redesdale also wrote an extensive Introduction to Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, and translated, with another Introduction for Immanuel Kant, both by Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
The standard author abbreviation Mitford is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.Notes
- ^ Cortazzi, Hugh (ed.). Mitford's Japan: memories and recollections, 1866-1906. p. xxiii.
- Gilbert, W. S. (2 May 1907). "The Mikado: Mr. Gilbert Explains a Famous Air". Morning Leader. p. 5. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- Obituary. The Right Hon. Lord Redesdale, The Photographic Journal, November 1916, p. 250.
- "Past Presidents". Royal Photographic Society. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Accessed 7 May 2013.
- "The Coronation Honours". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
- "No. 27455". The London Gazette. 18 July 1902. p. 4587.
- "Parliament - House of Lords". The Times. No. 36829. London. 25 July 1902. p. 4.
- Hardwick, Joan (1997). Clementine Churchill: The Private Life of a Public Person. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5552-3.
- "The History of Batsford". www.batsarb.co.uk. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- A.B. Freeman-Mitford (1896). Bamboo Garden.
- Litchfield, David R. L. (2013). Hitler's Valkyrie: The Uncensored Biography of Unity Mitford. The History Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780750951616.
- International Plant Names Index. Mitford.
References
- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
- Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
- Morton, Robert. A. B. Mitford and the Birth of Japan as a Modern State. Letters Home. Renaissance Books, 2017
External links
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Algernon Freeman-Mitford
- Works by Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale at the Internet Archive
- Works by Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byFrederick Townsend | Member of Parliament for Stratford-on-Avon 1892–1895 |
Succeeded byVictor Milward |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Redesdale 2nd creation 1902–1916 |
Succeeded byDavid Freeman-Mitford |
- 1837 births
- 1916 deaths
- People educated at Eton College
- Barons Redesdale (1902 creation)
- British diplomats
- British expatriates in Japan
- Collectors of fairy tales
- Deputy Lieutenants of Gloucestershire
- Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
- Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
- Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
- UK MPs 1892–1895
- UK MPs who were granted peerages
- Mitford family
- Peers created by Edward VII