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| '''''Cardiobacterium hominis''''' is a ] commonly grouped with other bacteria into the ] group. It is one of several bacteria normally present in the mouth and upper part of the ] such as nose and throat. However, it may also rarely cause ], an infection of the ]s.<ref name="pmid16955250">{{cite journal | |
'''''Cardiobacterium hominis''''' is a ] commonly grouped with other bacteria into the ] group. It is one of several bacteria normally present in the mouth and upper part of the ] such as nose and throat. However, it may also rarely cause ], an infection of the ]s.<ref name="pmid16955250">{{cite journal |last1= Malani |first1= AN |last2= Aronoff |first2= DM |last3= Bradley |first3= SF |last4= Kauffman |first4= CA |title=Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: Two cases and a review of the literature |journal=] |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=587–95 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16955250 |pmc=2276845 |doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0189-9 |accessdate=2010-03-15}}</ref> | ||
| ==Microbiology== | ==Microbiology== | ||
| ''C. hominis'' is a ]-negative, ]-positive, ]-producing ].<ref name="Savage">{{cite journal | |
''C. hominis'' is a ]-negative, ]-positive, ]-producing ].<ref name="Savage">{{cite journal |last1= Savage |first1= DD |last2= Kagan |first2= RL |last3= Young |first3= NA |last4= Horvath |first4= AE |title=Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: Description of two patients and characterization of the organism |journal= ] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=75–80 |date=January 1977 |pmid=833269 |pmc=274535 |doi= |url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=833269 |accessdate=2010-03-15}}</ref> Its morphology has classically been described as highly pleomorphic and irregularly staining, although homogeneous bacilli with uniform shapes may be seen with the addition of ] extract.<ref name="Savage"/> | ||
| ==Antibiotic sensitivity== | ==Antibiotic sensitivity== | ||
| Historically ''C. hominis'' has been sensitive to ] and penicillin derivatives such as ].<ref name="Wilson"/> However, penicillin-resistant strains, including those that produce ]s, have been described with increasing frequency.<ref name="pmid10790145">{{cite journal | |
Historically ''C. hominis'' has been sensitive to ] and penicillin derivatives such as ].<ref name="Wilson"/> However, penicillin-resistant strains, including those that produce ]s, have been described with increasing frequency.<ref name="pmid10790145">{{cite journal |last1= Lu |first1= PL |last2= Hsueh |first2= PR |last3= Hung |first3= CC |last4= Teng |first4= LJ |last5= Jang |first5= TN |last6= Luh |first6= KT |displayauthors= 4 |title=Infective endocarditis complicated with progressive heart failure due to beta-lactamase-producing ''Cardiobacterium hominis'' |journal= ] |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=2015–7 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10790145 |pmc=86656 |doi= |url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10790145 |accessdate=2010-03-15}}</ref> Clinical guidelines thus recommend that ''C. hominis'' and other HACEK organisms be presumed to harbor ampicillin resistance and therefore be treated with a third-generation ].<ref name="Wilson">{{cite journal |last1= Wilson |first1= WR |last2= Karchmer |first2= AW |last3= Dajani |first3= AS |last4= Taubert |first4= KA |last5= Bayer |first5= A |last6= Kaye |first6= D |last7= Bisno |first7= AL |last8= Ferrieri |first8= P |last9= Shulman |first9= ST |last10= Durack |first10= DT |displayauthors= 4 |title= Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms. American Heart Association |journal= ] |volume=274 |issue=21 |pages=1706–13 |date=December 1995 |pmid=7474277 |doi= 10.1001/jama.274.21.1706|url= |accessdate=2010-03-15}}</ref> ''C. hominis'' and other HACEK organisms also exhibit ''in vitro'' susceptibility to ], ]s, and ].<ref name="Wilson"/> ''C. hominis'' is often resistant to ].<ref name="isbn0-323-05470-6">{{cite book |first1= Michael A. |last1= Pfaller |last2= Murray |first2= Patrick R. |last3= Rosenthal |first3= Ken S. |title= Medical Microbiology |publisher=Mosby / Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |year=2009 |page=374 |isbn=0-323-05470-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Since cefotaxime use may be not appropriate for ''C. hominis'' endocarditis, an alternative regimen might include association of co-amoxiclav and gentamicin.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Torok |first1= Estee |last2= Moran |first2= Ed |last3= Cooke |first3= Fiona |title= Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiolology |year= 2009 |publisher= ] |isbn= 9780198569251 |pages= }}{{Full|date=December 2014}}</ref> | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 06:52, 26 December 2014
| Cardiobacterium hominis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cardiobacterium hominis on blood agar plate | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Cardiobacteriales |
| Family: | Cardiobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Cardiobacterium |
| Species: | hominis |
Cardiobacterium hominis is a Gram-negative rod commonly grouped with other bacteria into the HACEK group. It is one of several bacteria normally present in the mouth and upper part of the respiratory tract such as nose and throat. However, it may also rarely cause endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves.
Microbiology
C. hominis is a catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, indole-producing Gram-negative rod. Its morphology has classically been described as highly pleomorphic and irregularly staining, although homogeneous bacilli with uniform shapes may be seen with the addition of yeast extract.
Antibiotic sensitivity
Historically C. hominis has been sensitive to penicillin and penicillin derivatives such as ampicillin. However, penicillin-resistant strains, including those that produce beta-lactamases, have been described with increasing frequency. Clinical guidelines thus recommend that C. hominis and other HACEK organisms be presumed to harbor ampicillin resistance and therefore be treated with a third-generation cephalosporin. C. hominis and other HACEK organisms also exhibit in vitro susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, and aztreonam. C. hominis is often resistant to erythromycin. Since cefotaxime use may be not appropriate for C. hominis endocarditis, an alternative regimen might include association of co-amoxiclav and gentamicin.
References
- Malani, AN; Aronoff, DM; Bradley, SF; Kauffman, CA (September 2006). "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: Two cases and a review of the literature". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 25 (9): 587–95. doi:10.1007/s10096-006-0189-9. PMC 2276845. PMID 16955250.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Savage, DD; Kagan, RL; Young, NA; Horvath, AE (January 1977). "Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: Description of two patients and characterization of the organism". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 5 (1): 75–80. PMC 274535. PMID 833269. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ^ Wilson, WR; Karchmer, AW; Dajani, AS; Taubert, KA; Bayer, A; Kaye, D; Bisno, AL; Ferrieri, P; Shulman, ST; Durack, DT (December 1995). "Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms. American Heart Association". JAMA. 274 (21): 1706–13. doi:10.1001/jama.274.21.1706. PMID 7474277.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - Lu, PL; Hsueh, PR; Hung, CC; Teng, LJ; Jang, TN; Luh, KT (May 2000). "Infective endocarditis complicated with progressive heart failure due to beta-lactamase-producing Cardiobacterium hominis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 38 (5): 2015–7. PMC 86656. PMID 10790145. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - Pfaller, Michael A.; Murray, Patrick R.; Rosenthal, Ken S. (2009). Medical Microbiology. Philadelphia: Mosby / Elsevier. p. 374. ISBN 0-323-05470-6.
- Torok, Estee; Moran, Ed; Cooke, Fiona (2009). Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiolology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198569251.