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| {{Use British English|date=March 2018}} | {{Use British English|date=March 2018}} | ||
| {{speciesbox | {{speciesbox | ||
| |name = |
|name = Guaraná | ||
| |image = Paullinia_cupana_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-234.jpg | |image = Paullinia_cupana_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-234.jpg | ||
| |image2 = Guarana - Paullinia cupana.jpg | |image2 = Guarana - Paullinia cupana.jpg | ||
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| |authority = ] | |authority = ] | ||
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| ''' |
'''Guaraná''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|w|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|ə}} from the Portuguese ''guaraná'' {{IPA-pt|ɡwaɾɐˈna|}}), ''Paullinia cupana'', ] ''P. crysan, P. sorbilis'') is a ] in the family ], native to the ] and especially common in Brazil. Guaraná has large leaves and clusters of ]s and is best known for the seeds from its fruit, which are about the size of a coffee bean. | ||
| As a ] or ], |
As a ] or ], guaraná seed is an effective ]:<ref>{{Cite news| last = Johannes| first = Laura | title = Can a Caffeine-Packed Plant Give a Boost?| newspaper = ]| page = D3 |date = March 2, 2010}}</ref> it contains about twice the concentration of ] found in ] (about 2–4.5% caffeine in guarana seeds, compared to 1–2% for coffee seeds).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bempong DK, Houghton PJ, Steadman K |year=1993 |title=The xanthine content of guarana and its preparations |journal=Int. J. Pharmacog. |issn=0925-1618 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=175–81 |doi=10.3109/13880209309082937 }}</ref> The additive has gained notoriety for being used in ]s. As with other plants producing caffeine, the high concentration of caffeine is a defensive ] that repels ]s from the berry and its seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashihara H, Sano H, Crozier A |title=Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=841–56 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18068204 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.029 }}</ref> | ||
| The colour of the fruit ranges from brown to red and it contains black ]s that are partly covered by white ]s. The colour contrast when the fruit is split open has been compared with the appearance of eyeballs and has become the basis of an ] among the ].<ref name="culthistplants">{{cite book |veditors=Prance G, Nesbitt M |title=Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |location=New York |page=179 }}</ref> | The colour of the fruit ranges from brown to red and it contains black ]s that are partly covered by white ]s. The colour contrast when the fruit is split open has been compared with the appearance of eyeballs and has become the basis of an ] among the ].<ref name="culthistplants">{{cite book |veditors=Prance G, Nesbitt M |title=Cultural History of Plants |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |location=New York |page=179 }}</ref> | ||
| ==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
| The word '' |
The word ''guaraná'' comes from the ] word ''guara-ná,'' which has its origins in the ] word for the plant, ''warana'',<ref name="etymology">{{cite dictionary | url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/guarana | title=guarana | dictionary=Merriam Webster | access-date=2007-09-18}}</ref> that in Guarani means "fruit like the eyes of the people." Or "eyes of the gods" | ||
| Guaraná plays an important role in ] and Guarani culture. According to a myth attributed to the Sateré-Maué tribe, guaraná's domestication originated with a ] killing a beloved village child. To console the villagers, a more benevolent god plucked the left eye from the child and planted it in the forest, resulting in the wild variety of guaraná. The god then plucked the right eye from the child and planted it in the village, giving rise to domesticated guarana.<ref name="culthistplants-179">{{cite book |author=Beck HT |chapter=10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners |title=Cultural History of Plants |editor=Ghillean Prance |editor2=Mark Nesbitt |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |page=179 |isbn=978-0-415-92746-8 }}</ref> | |||
| The Guaranis make a ] by shelling, washing and drying the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as |
The Guaranis make a ] by shelling, washing and drying the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guaraná bread, which is grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar.<ref name="worldofcaffeine-259">{{cite book |vauthors=Weinberg BA, Bealer BK |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92723-9 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/259 }}</ref> | ||
| This plant was introduced to European colonizers and to Europe in the 16th century by Felip Betendorf, ], ], ] and other Spaniard chroniclers{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}. By 1958, |
This plant was introduced to European colonizers and to Europe in the 16th century by Felip Betendorf, ], ], ] and other Spaniard chroniclers{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}. By 1958, guaraná was commercialized<ref name="worldofcaffeine-259"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |year=2001 |page=260 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |isbn= 9781135958176}}</ref>{{Dubious |Date of commecialization|date=November 2019}}. | ||
| ==Composition== | ==Composition== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| According to the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, guaranine (better known as ]) is found in |
According to the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, guaranine (better known as ]) is found in guaraná and is identical to caffeine derived from other sources, like ], ], and ]. Guaranine, theine, and mateine are all synonyms for caffeine when the definitions of those words include none of the properties and chemicals of their host plants except caffeine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/gen_metab_summary_5.php?molName=caffeine#SYNONYMS |title=Caffeine |publisher=Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, University of Wisconsin-Madison |access-date=2007-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124120021/http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/gen_metab_summary_5.php?molName=caffeine#SYNONYMS |archive-date=2007-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--See talk page before disputing any of the above information.--> | ||
| Natural sources of caffeine contain widely varying mixtures of ] ]s other than caffeine, including the ] stimulants ], ] and other substances such as ]s, which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine.<ref>{{cite book | Natural sources of caffeine contain widely varying mixtures of ] ]s other than caffeine, including the ] stimulants ], ] and other substances such as ]s, which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine.<ref>{{cite book | ||
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| The main ]s found in guarana are ] and ].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guaraná |vauthors=Carlson M, Thompson RD |journal=Journal of AOAC International |date=July–August 1998 |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=691–701 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/81.4.691 |pmid=9680692|doi-access=free }}</ref> | The main ]s found in guarana are ] and ].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guaraná |vauthors=Carlson M, Thompson RD |journal=Journal of AOAC International |date=July–August 1998 |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=691–701 |doi=10.1093/jaoac/81.4.691 |pmid=9680692|doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
| The table below contains a partial listing of some of the chemicals found in |
The table below contains a partial listing of some of the chemicals found in guaraná seeds,<ref name="duke-db" /><ref name="Duke1992a" /> although other parts of the plant may contain them as well in varying quantities. | ||
| {| class="wikitable" style="width:35%; clear:left; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; font-size:85%;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width:35%; clear:left; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; font-size:85%;" | ||
| |+ A partial list of the components of |
|+ A partial list of the components of guaraná seeds.<ref name="duke-db">{{citation |url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703 |contribution=Guarana |title=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |date=2007-09-18 |access-date=2007-09-18 |oclc=41920916 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119104654/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703 |archive-date=2004-11-19 }}</ref><ref name="Duke1992a">{{cite book |author=Duke JA |year=1992 |title=Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants |location=Boca Raton |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-3672-0 |oclc=25874249 | ||
| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
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| ==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ===Safety=== | ===Safety=== | ||
| In the United States, |
In the United States, guaraná fruit powder and seed extract have not been determined for status as "]" (GRAS) by the ], but rather are approved as ]s for flavor (but not non-flavor) uses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/news/2012/08/fda-responds-to-durbins-energy-drink-letter.aspx |title=FDA Responds to Durbin's Energy Drink Letter |publisher=Natural Products Insider, Global Health and Nutrition Network |date=20 August 2012|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?filter=guarana&sortColumn=&rpt=eafusListing&displayAll=false#2691|title=Guarana gum and guarana seed extract; Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS); Documents 2189 and 3150|date=23 April 2013|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> | ||
| Guaraná is used in sweetened or carbonated ]s and ]s, an ingredient of ]s or contained in ] capsules. ] obtains much of its caffeine from guaraná.<ref name="worldofcaffeine-230">{{cite book |vauthors=Weinberg BA, Bealer BK |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92723-9 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/230 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Beverages=== | ===Beverages=== | ||
| Brazil, the third-largest consumer of ]s in the world,<ref name="worldofcaffeine-192and3">{{cite book |vauthors=Weinberg BA, Bealer BK |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92723-9 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/192 }}</ref> produces several soft drink brands from the crushed seeds of |
Brazil, the third-largest consumer of ]s in the world,<ref name="worldofcaffeine-192and3">{{cite book |vauthors=Weinberg BA, Bealer BK |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92723-9 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/192 }}</ref> produces several soft drink brands from the crushed seeds of guaraná, and which they use like coffee.<ref name= "Standley1923">{{cite journal |last1=Standley |first1=Paul C. |author-link1=Paul Carpenter Standley |last2=Blake |first2=S. F. |author-link2=Sidney Fay Blake |title=Trees and Shrubs of Mexico (Oxalidaceae-Turneraceae)|journal=Contributions from the United States National Herbarium |publisher=Department of Botany, ]|volume=23 |issue=3 |location=Washington, D.C.|page=701|date=1923|jstor=23492504 }}</ref> A fermented drink is also prepared from guaraná seeds, ] and water.<ref name= "Standley1923" /> Paraguay is also a producer of guaraná soft drinks with several brands operating in its market. The word ''guaraná'' is widely used in Brazil, Peru and Paraguay as a reference to soft drinks containing guaraná extract. | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:15, 11 February 2021
| Guaraná | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Sapindaceae |
| Genus: | Paullinia |
| Species: | P. cupana |
| Binomial name | |
| Paullinia cupana Kunth | |
Guaraná (/ɡwəˈrɑːnə/ from the Portuguese guaraná Template:IPA-pt), Paullinia cupana, syns. P. crysan, P. sorbilis) is a climbing plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to the Amazon basin and especially common in Brazil. Guaraná has large leaves and clusters of flowers and is best known for the seeds from its fruit, which are about the size of a coffee bean.
As a dietary supplement or herb, guaraná seed is an effective stimulant: it contains about twice the concentration of caffeine found in coffee seeds (about 2–4.5% caffeine in guarana seeds, compared to 1–2% for coffee seeds). The additive has gained notoriety for being used in energy drinks. As with other plants producing caffeine, the high concentration of caffeine is a defensive toxin that repels herbivores from the berry and its seeds.
The colour of the fruit ranges from brown to red and it contains black seeds that are partly covered by white arils. The colour contrast when the fruit is split open has been compared with the appearance of eyeballs and has become the basis of an origin myth among the Sateré-Mawé people.
History and culture
The word guaraná comes from the Guaraní word guara-ná, which has its origins in the Sateré-Maué word for the plant, warana, that in Guarani means "fruit like the eyes of the people." Or "eyes of the gods"
Guaraná plays an important role in Tupi and Guarani culture. According to a myth attributed to the Sateré-Maué tribe, guaraná's domestication originated with a deity killing a beloved village child. To console the villagers, a more benevolent god plucked the left eye from the child and planted it in the forest, resulting in the wild variety of guaraná. The god then plucked the right eye from the child and planted it in the village, giving rise to domesticated guarana.
The Guaranis make a herbal tea by shelling, washing and drying the seeds, followed by pounding them into a fine powder. The powder is kneaded into a dough and then shaped into cylinders. This product is known as guaraná bread, which is grated and then immersed into hot water along with sugar.
This plant was introduced to European colonizers and to Europe in the 16th century by Felip Betendorf, Oviedo, Hernández, Cobo and other Spaniard chroniclers. By 1958, guaraná was commercialized.
Composition
According to the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, guaranine (better known as caffeine) is found in guaraná and is identical to caffeine derived from other sources, like coffee, tea, and mate. Guaranine, theine, and mateine are all synonyms for caffeine when the definitions of those words include none of the properties and chemicals of their host plants except caffeine.
Natural sources of caffeine contain widely varying mixtures of xanthine alkaloids other than caffeine, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline, theobromine and other substances such as polyphenols, which can form insoluble complexes with caffeine. The main natural phenols found in guarana are (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin.
The table below contains a partial listing of some of the chemicals found in guaraná seeds, although other parts of the plant may contain them as well in varying quantities.
| Chemical component | Parts per million |
|---|---|
| Adenine | |
| Ash | < 14,200 |
| Caffeine | 9,100–76,000 |
| Catechutannic-acid | |
| Choline | |
| D-catechin | |
| Fat | < 30,000 |
| Guanine | |
| Hypoxanthine | |
| Mucilage | |
| Protein | < 98,600 |
| Resin | < 70,000 |
| Saponin | |
| Starch | 50,000–60,000 |
| Tannin | 50,000–120,000 |
| Theobromine | 200–400 |
| Theophylline | 0–2,500 |
| Timbonine | |
| Xanthine |
Uses
Safety
In the United States, guaraná fruit powder and seed extract have not been determined for status as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration, but rather are approved as food additives for flavor (but not non-flavor) uses.
Guaraná is used in sweetened or carbonated soft drinks and energy drinks, an ingredient of herbal teas or contained in dietary supplement capsules. South America obtains much of its caffeine from guaraná.
Beverages
Brazil, the third-largest consumer of soft drinks in the world, produces several soft drink brands from the crushed seeds of guaraná, and which they use like coffee. A fermented drink is also prepared from guaraná seeds, cassava and water. Paraguay is also a producer of guaraná soft drinks with several brands operating in its market. The word guaraná is widely used in Brazil, Peru and Paraguay as a reference to soft drinks containing guaraná extract.
References
- Johannes, Laura (March 2, 2010). "Can a Caffeine-Packed Plant Give a Boost?". The Wall Street Journal. p. D3.
- Bempong DK, Houghton PJ, Steadman K (1993). "The xanthine content of guarana and its preparations". Int. J. Pharmacog. 31 (3): 175–81. doi:10.3109/13880209309082937. ISSN 0925-1618.
- Ashihara H, Sano H, Crozier A (February 2008). "Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering". Phytochemistry. 69 (4): 841–56. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.029. PMID 18068204.
- Prance G, Nesbitt M, eds. (2004). Cultural History of Plants. New York: Routledge. p. 179.
- "guarana". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
- Beck HT (2004). "10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners". In Ghillean Prance; Mark Nesbitt (eds.). Cultural History of Plants. New York: Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-415-92746-8.
- ^ Weinberg BA, Bealer BK (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. pp. 259–60. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
- Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. p. 260. ISBN 9781135958176.
- "Caffeine". Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- Balentine D. A.; Harbowy M. E.; Graham H. N. (1998). "Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage". In G. Spiller (ed.). Caffeine. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781420050134.ch3. ISBN 978-0-8493-2647-9.
- "Substance Name: Caffeine [USP:BAN:JAN]". ChemIDplus. US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Carlson M, Thompson RD (July–August 1998). "Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guaraná". Journal of AOAC International. 81 (4): 691–701. doi:10.1093/jaoac/81.4.691. PMID 9680692.
- ^ "Guarana", Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, 2007-09-18, OCLC 41920916, archived from the original on 2004-11-19, retrieved 2007-09-18
- ^ Duke JA (1992). Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3672-0. OCLC 25874249.
- "FDA Responds to Durbin's Energy Drink Letter". Natural Products Insider, Global Health and Nutrition Network. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- "Guarana gum and guarana seed extract; Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS); Documents 2189 and 3150". US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- Weinberg BA, Bealer BK (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. pp. 230. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
- Weinberg BA, Bealer BK (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. pp. 192–3. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.
- ^ Standley, Paul C.; Blake, S. F. (1923). "Trees and Shrubs of Mexico (Oxalidaceae-Turneraceae)". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 23 (3). Washington, D.C.: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution: 701. JSTOR 23492504.