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The term annuity is used in finance theory to refer to any terminating stream of fixed payments over a specified period of time. This usage is most commonly seen in academic discussions of finance, usually in connection with the valuation of the stream of payments, taking into account time value of money concepts.

Ordinary Annuity

An ordinary annuity (also referred as annuity-immediate) is an annuity whose payments are made at the end of each period (e.g. a month, a year). The present value of an ordinary annuity can be calculated through the formula

${\displaystyle PV\,=\,A\cdot {\frac {1-{\frac {1}{\left(1+r\right)^{n}}}}{r}}}$

In the limit as ${\displaystyle n}$ increases,

${\displaystyle \lim _{n\,\rightarrow \,\infty }\,PV\,=\,{\frac {A}{r}}}$

Thus even an infinite series of payments with a non-zero discount rate has a finite Present Value.

The future value of an ordinary annuity can be calculated through the formula

${\displaystyle FV\,=\,A\cdot {\frac {\left(1+r\right)^{n}-1}{r}}}$

In each of these formulae, ${\displaystyle A}$ is the periodic amount of the annuity, ${\displaystyle r}$ is the period interest rate, and ${\displaystyle n}$ is the number of periods.

Annuity Due

An annuity-due is an annuity whose payments are made at the beginning of each period.

Because each annuity payment is allowed to compound for one extra period, the value of an annuity-due is equal to the value of the corresponding ordinary annuity multiplied by (1+r). Thus, the present value of an annuity-due can be calculated through the formula

${\displaystyle PV\ =\ A\cdot {1-{1 \over (1+r)^{n}} \over r}\cdot (1+r)}$

The future value of an of annuity-due can be calculated through the formula

${\displaystyle FV\ =\ A\cdot {(1+r)^{n}-1 \over r}\cdot (1+r)}$

Another intuitive way to interpret an annuity-due is as the sum of one annuity payment now (at time = 0) and an ordinary annuity without an annuity payment at the end of the last period (e.g. n-1).

Other types of annuities

• Fixed annuities - These are annuities with fixed payments. They are primarily used for low risk investments like government securities or corporate bonds. Fixed annuities offer a fixed rate up to ten years but are not regulated Securities and Exchange Commission.

• Variable annuities - Unlike fixed annuities, these are regulated by the SEC. They allow you to invest in portions of money markets.

• Equity-index annuities - Lump sum payments are made to an insurance company.

Finding Annuity Values with a Financial Calculator

Texas Instruments BA II Plus Professional

To calculate present value of an ordinary annuity, with an annual payment of $2000 for 10 years and an interest rate of 5%

To	Press	Display
Set all variables to defaults		RST 0.00
Enter number of payments	10	N= 10.00<
Enter interest rate per payment period	5	I/Y= 5.00<
Enter payment	2000	PMT= 2,000.00<
Compute present value		PV= 15443.47

note: Press in the last step instead of to calculate the future value

To calculate present value of an annuity due, with an annual payment of $2000 for 10 years and an interest rate of 5%

To	Press	Display
Set all variables to defaults		RST 0.00
Enter number of payments	10	N= 10.00<
Enter interest rate per payment period	5	I/Y= 5.00<
Enter payment	2000	PMT= 2,000.00<
Set beginning-of-period payments		BGN
Return to calculator mode		0.00
Compute present value		PV= 16215.64

note: Press in the last step instead of to calculate the future value(1)

References

1. "Fixed and variable annuities", Loan Definitions
2. "Texas Instruments BA II Plus Guide Book", Texas Instruments

See also

• Annuity formula
• Perpetuity
• Variable Annuity
• Deferred Annuity

External links

• Annuities: Ordinary? Due? What Do I Do? -- Annuity tutorial (with quiz) from Prof. John Wachowicz at the University of Tennessee.
• Non-commercial webform to calculate annuities

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