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Khachkar

Khachkar (Template:Lang-hy, xačk’ar), sometimes transliterated as khatchkar,

History

earliest: 866, 876, 879; Vaghuhas

The number of khachkars is unknown, even approximately. Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan stated in 2016 that Armenia's list of cultural monuments contains "over 10,000" khachkars." Other sources have estimated 30,000–40,000 khachkars in Armenia, while the UNESCO website states there are "more than 50,000 Khachkars in Armenia." The latter number also been cited by Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan.

Characteristics

the khachkars, or cross-stones, found across the Southern Caucasus. These slabs of tuff, basalt or dolomite are carved with highly decorative crosses, and their elaborate patterns suggest the influence of Islamic culture even as they attest to an unshakable Christian faith."

...tall stelae with crosses carved in sunken relief known as "khachkar"...

Գոնե ինձ համար այլևս հստակ է, որ խաչքարերը ո՛չ թե ընդհանրապես հայկական, այլ դավանաբանորեն միայն մեկ ուղղության` առաքելականության հետևորդ հայերի մշակութային ժառանգություն են: Karapetyan, Samvel (September 15, 2018). "Խաչքարերի մասին [On khachkars]". Facebook (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2022.

Եկեղեցու համար ընդունելի կարող է համարվել Փրկիչ մեր Տիրոջ հարթաքանդակի կառուցումը՝ «Ամենափրկիչ» խաչքարերի սկզբունքով:

https://www.facebook.com/469353109913063/posts/pfbid0d1J7DkrTx9f9dn44Z34yRGxEfkRfeq3MsG5tNXisYCFK993axYNu8MS6hjdFHNGSl/ հայ քրիստոնեական լանդշաֆտում հատուկ կարևորություն է տրվել բացօթյա սրբազան տարածքների կազմակերպմանը, որի դոմինանտները 5-7-րդ դարերում կազմել են թևավոր խաչով պսակվող տարատեսակ կոթողները, իսկ 9-րդ դարից սկսած՝ այդ դերակատարումը ստանձնել է խաչքարը ՀՀ ԳԱԱ ՀԱԻ / Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography

Notable khachkars

https://hy.m.wikipedia.org/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6,_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9_(%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80) Dsegh

http://www.armenianheritage.org/en/monument/Haghpat/101 Haghpat Monastery Amenaprkitch Khachkar File:Haghpat amenaprkich khachkar.jpg

Goshavank http://www.armenianheritage.org/hy/monument/Goshavank/435

https://twitter.com/armine_grig/status/1432418171018006535?t=EIw7gB1SPqmY17mxemz6fg&s=19 Kichan in Martakert region of #Artsakh #Karabakh. A number of ancient khachkars (crossstones) in the area, some dating back to 9-13 c.

Yerevan park https://www.yerevan.am/en/news/mshakowt-ayin-egherhn-khach-k-areri-khorhowrde-khoragrov-ts-owts-ahandes-bats-erknk-i-tak/

Gyumri В Гюмри открылся «Сквер хачкаров» с копиями уничтоженных в Старой Джуге средневековых армянских хачкаров

File:Օրբելյանների տապանատուն, որմնափակ զույգ խաչքարեր 02.jpg|Գերեզմանոց. Օրբելյանների տոհմական տապանատունը

Hy:Դերջանի Ապարանից Ս. Դավիթ վանքի խաչքարերի կրկնօրինակներ

Hy:Խաչքար-հուշարձան աղոթքի և ուխտի (Էջմիածին) https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Memorial.13/current_category.52/memorials_detail.html

File:Խաչքար Գեղարդ27.JPG|Khachkars (cross-stones) at Geghard Monastery painted with vordan karmir

khachkars on older stones

• near Aghavnadzor, Vayots Dzor; vishap
• Garni Greek inscription; Arakelyan, 1950

|Erebuni Urartian inscription from Sisian

Outside Armenia

Historic

There are numerous khachkars outside the traditional Armenian homeland,

Javakhk, Artsakh, northern Iran, eastern Turkey Ջավախքի խաչքարերը / by Կարապետյան, Սամվել https://web.archive.org/web/20220513101859/http://tert.nla.am/archive/HAY%20GIRQ/Ardy/1981-2000/javakhqixachqarer_1995.pdf

traditional communities, Crimea, Moldova, Cilicia

Sergiyev Posad https://www.armmuseum.ru/news-blog/khachkar-sergiyev-posad-exhibition-2022 В Сергиевом Посаде обнаружили белокаменный хачкар IX-XIII века: находку выставили в музее

Poets, Heroes, and their Dragons (2 vols): Armenian and ... - Page 159 books.google.am › books

James R. Russell · 2021 · ‎Preview · ‎More editions Two Armenian Cross - stones ( xačk'ar ) found in Cairo are dated to the tenth century ; and the huge fresco at Deir al - Abyad , the “ White Monastery " near Sohag , dated 1124-1125 , has Armenian inscriptions...

modern

In recent decades, khachkars have been erected worldwide; many are memorials in commemoration of the victims of the Armenian genocide. In France, home to the largest Armenian community in the EU, There are at least 30 khachkars installed in public spaces. Some khachkars have been placed in notable locations, including at the Vatican Gardens (1996), the Palace of Europe in Strasbourg (2018), the memorial garden of Canterbury Cathedral (2019), the Peace Palace in the The Hague (2022) and elsewhere.

Khachkars have been acquired by or donated to many museums or temporarily displayed at exhibitions around the world, such as at the British Museum (London), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), Vatican Museums, Louvre (Paris), Museum of the Bible (Washington, D.C.), National Museum of Ethnology (Osaka, Japan), Pushkin Museum (Moscow).

http://parliament.am/news.php?cat_id=2&NewsID=7679&year=2015&month=7&day=1 Բրեստում բացվել է հայ զինվորների հիշատակը հավերժացնող խաչքար

http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/76/norway In 2007, a khachkar was erected in Bergen in memory of a friend of the Armenian people, the great humanist Fridtjof Nansen, and the victims of the Armenian Genocide.

https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/21851/ A khachkar in memory of Nansen and victims of Armenian Genocide to be installed in Norway

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01933957/ Small mural khachkars in medieval Armenian communities of Crimea, Galicia, Podolia, and Bessarabia Patrick Donabédian

https://www.academia.edu/41997229/Donab%C3%A9dian_P_Small_mural_khachkars_in_medieval_Armenian_communities_of_Crimea_Galicia_Podolia_and_Bessarabia_In_Felonyuk_A_Khalak_N_Garassim_Y_Hayuk_I_eds_%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6i_%D0%BCi%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_i_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_Lviv_2018_p_324_335

Conservation and threats

In Armenia

In Armenia... erosion, displacement

Խաչքար (Պավղոս և Քաղաք կազմողներ)

Hripsime concrete example

Makaravank, Tavush

Turkey and Azerbaijan

In Turkey and Azerbaijan, where Armenian culture heritage is endangered, khachkars have been widely targeted along with churches and monasteries.

A large number of khachkars in historically Armenian-populated lands in Turkey were destroyed during and after the Armenian genocide. Even decades later khackars continue to be destroyed. In one example, Narek... e.g. Narekavank The scholar James R. Russell, who visited the monastery site in 1994 and 1997, was told by local Kurdish villagers that a 10th-century khachkar (cross stone) was destroyed by the Turkish police.

https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/1861892055.html Even in contemporary Istanbul, historic Armenian churches and graveyards continue to be neglected and vandalized. In recent years there have been reports of surviving khachkars being smashed and their rubble removed.

In Azerbaijan, the destruction of Armenian cemetery in Julfa all of Nakhichevan https://hyperallergic.com/482353/a-regime-conceals-its-erasure-of-indigenous-armenian-culture/

https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-azerbaijan-julfa-cemetery-destruction-unesco-cultural-heritage/30986581.html When The World Looked Away: The Destruction Of Julfa Cemetery

https://iwpr.net/global-voices/azerbaijan-famous-medieval-cemetery-vanishes

Timbuktu, Djulfa and Bamiyan were attacked by the very power-holders that were supposed to protect them, arguably making these cases “crimes against humanity.” The victims weren’t just the stones, but also the communities who considered them sacred. https://www.amnestyusa.org/when-does-targeting-monuments-become-a-human-rights-abuse/

Artsakh post-2020 https://www.evnreport.com/spotlight-karabakh/artsakh-s-cultural-heritage-under-threat According to a detailed January 2021 report by the Artsakh Human Rights Defender’s office, 161 churches and monasteries have come under Azerbaijani control, including 56 in Hadrut, 42 in Karvachar (Kelbajar), 26 in Kashatagh, 13 in Askeran, 9 in Martakert, 9 in Martuni, and 6 in the Shushi district. The report listed 591 khachkars

https://web.archive.org/web/20220603080344/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/azerbaijan/ In a resolution on “Humanitarian consequences of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan / Nagorno-Karabakh conflict” adopted on September 27, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) stated, “The long running conflict has had a catastrophic impact on the cultural heritage and property of the region, for which both Armenia and Azerbaijan have a responsibility.” PACE condemned the damage “deliberately caused to cultural heritage during the 6-week war, and what appeared to be the deliberate shelling of the in Shusha and the destruction or damage of other churches and cemeteries during and after the conflict.” The resolution also stated PACE remained “concerned, in the light of past destruction, about the future of the many Armenian churches, monasteries, including the Dadivank monastery, and cross-stones and other forms of cultural heritage which have returned under Azerbaijani control.”

https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=29401&lang=en the Assembly: 18.3. remains concerned, in the light of past destruction, about the future of the many Armenian churches, monasteries, including the monastery in Khutavank/Dadivank, cross-stones and other forms of cultural heritage which have returned under Azerbaijan control;

Arakel/Arakyul https://monumentwatch.org/en/alerts/destruction-of-a-khachkar-in-arakel-village-of-hadrut-region/ https://fip.am/en/14568

Elsewhere

Armenian khachkars have been vandalized in several locations, including in Cardiff, Wales (2008), Budapest, Hungary (2008), Glendale, California (2010), Bandol, France (2019), Denver, Colorado (2020), Brussels, Belgium (2022).

Restored https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/next/armenian-genocide-memorial-restored-vandalism/73-556d48c8-e374-4b7e-a842-440c335d9460

Azerbaijani revisionism

Խաչքարերը հակագիտական խեղաթյուրումների առարկա Babken Arakelyan and Սահակյան, Արծրունի (1986)

Ghazinyan, Aris (23 July 2011). "Cross Scandal: Opening of Armenian khachkar exhibition in Paris turns into a politicized debate with UNESCO". ArmeniaNow. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011.

During and after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijani social media accounts and TV channels claimed khachkars are "artificially aged." In 2022 Fikrat Akhundov, Azerbaijan's ambassador to the Netherlands, claimed khachkar is a "symbol of ASALA terror organization."

Recognition

They are a point of ethno-religious pride by many Armenians, who perceive the khachkar as a beautiful physical representation of Armenian culture through art and religion.

Art critic Jason Farago described khachkars as "perhaps the most distinctive artworks of the Armenian Middle Ages." In 2010 the UNESCO inscribed "Armenian cross-stones art" to its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Pope John Paul II noted that khachkars are a "striking feature" of Armenia, which testify the Armenians' "steadfast fidelity to the Christian faith." In a letter to Catholicos Karekin I, he wrote: "It is most significant that everywhere in Armenia one finds khatchkar, those massive stones representing the glorious Cross of the Saviour. Throughout your history they have been carved and placed wherever Armenians wished to acclaim or invoke their Redeemer. These khatchkar have become a special symbol of the trials and humiliations which the Armenian people have had to suffer." During his visit to Armenia, Pope Francis said khachkars "recount a singular history bound up with rugged faith and immense suffering, a history replete with magnificent testimonies to the Gospel, to which you are heir."

Pashinyan։ The cross-stone is a unique manifestation development of Armenian culture; it is one of the most characteristic symbols of the Armenian identity. Having behind more than thousands years of history, the cross-stone is also a contemporary cultural phenomenon.

Pashinyan։ This Cross-Stone – Khachkar symbolizes the Armenian understanding of peace and resilience and constant struggle for peace, be it in Armenian highlands and elsewhere.

Pashinyan։ Khachkar is a masterpiece and symbol of Armenian culture, its essence and has in itself the message of peace, carved in the stone that remains intact during the centuries. This is why the Khachkar was chosen as a gift to the Peace palace to symbolize generations of Armenians, who contributed to the peace in the World.

Armenian stamps https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/33293.pdf

https://acmcu.georgetown.edu/2013/11/04/armenia-sacra-a-forgotten-bridge-between-east-and-west/ For those of us who know little of the history of Armenia, this exhibition provided a context for this culture told through visual evidence ranging from monumental katchkars —upright stone slabs carved with cross-centered lace patterns— and carved capital to fascinating manuscript illuminations and reliquaries to liturgical objects. Diane Apostolos-Cappadona https://web.archive.org/web/20220325090721/https://acmcu.georgetown.edu/2013/11/04/armenia-sacra-a-forgotten-bridge-between-east-and-west/

S. Res. 49: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Arms Control,

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Arms Control, Oceans, and International Environment · 1977 · ‎Full view · ‎More editions Khachkars are intricate monuments which embellish churches or stand in “ forests ” of religious monuments . There is an unmistakable sacred value attached to them by the

sources

major

Abrahamian, Levon (2006). Armenian Identity in a Changing World. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 1-56859-185-3.

according to an opinion popular in Azerbaijan, Armenians appropriated Caucasian Albanian history and identity by translating Albanian texts into Old Armenian and destroying the original manuscripts, or by destroying Albanian inscriptions on the medieval khach'k'ar (cross-stone) monuments and thus claiming them to be Armenian (Akhundov, 1983); Arm rebuttal: Arakelian and Sahakian, 1986; Argam Aivazian 1984

"a traditional multifunctional monument, which was widely used also as a gravestone. Presently the khachk'k'ar, both in its traditional and modernized form, plays the role of the most prestigious gravestone — this "revival" of the death symbol began in the 1960s after a ong period of relative oblivion. In the 1990s, it also regained its ancient function of the memorial stele."

Maranci

Maranci, Christina (2018a). The Art of Armenia: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190269005.

74-76 144-149 202-203

Maranci, Christina (2018b). "Khachkars". In Evans, Helen C. (ed.). Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages. Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. p. 90-95. ISBN 9781588396600. OCLC 1028910888.

Petrosyan

Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity (2001), "Symbols of Armenian Identity. The Khachkar or Cross-Stone." https://www.academia.edu/1129885/Symbols_of_Armenian_Identity._The_Khachkar_or_Cross-Stone

Petrosyan, Hamlet (2008). Խաչքար. ծագումը, գործառույթը, պատկերագրությունը, իմաստաբանությունը [Khachkar: The Origins, Functions, Iconography, Semantics] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Printinfo. ISBN 978-99941-836-6-1. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. (archived PDF)

Petrosyan, Hamlet (2015). Khachkar. Yerevan: Zangak. ISBN 978-9939-68-386-7.

review: https://arar.sci.am/publication/43733

minor

High cross

https://www.catholicireland.net/exhibition-irish-high-crosses-armenian-khachkars/?fbclid=IwAR26akJ1uPk7SNTksW27Y9m6mEA5_8QspeQAyuyGfd0zrZ8tYGcPxA8P9FY

https://lawandreligionforum.org/2012/08/14/first-things-on-the-destruction-of-khachkars/amp/

https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/08/keeping-the-khachkars The khachkar resembles other forms of Christian art, namely the Celtic high cross and the Lithuanian Kryždirbyst—

Lithuanian cross crafting

Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh - Page 410 books.google.am › books

Deirdre Holding, ‎Tom Allen · 2018 · ‎Preview Visitors to Armenia may well be struck by the similarities between the decoration on Armenian khachkars and illuminated manuscripts and that on the Celtic crosses and illuminated manuscripts of Ireland and Scotland

Claws of the Crab: Georgia and Armenia in Crisis - Page 156 books.google.am › books

Stephen Brook · 1993 · ‎Snippet view · ‎More editions Everywhere you look there are khachkars , the wonderful carved ornamental crosses of stone which are such a powerful ... to the Celtic crosses found in Irish churchyards , but the carving of the khachkars is often more intricate

Holy Cross, Life-Giving Tree - Page xii books.google.am › books

Donnel O'Flynn · 2017 · ‎Preview · ‎More editions It quoted an article by Hilary Richardson that suggests commonalities between the High Crosses of Ireland and the khachkars (cross stones) of Armenia.2

Armenia, Cradle of Civilization - Page 227 books.google.am › books

David Marshall Lang · 1980 · ‎Snippet view · ‎More editions Some archaic khachkars are much simpler , as at Talin , Haridj and Adiaman.1 These primitive examples have archaic carvings of divine and biblical personages , strongly resembling those found on ancient Irish high crosses

The Christian Literature and Fine Arts of the Armenians - Page 18 books.google.am › books

Valerie Goekjian Zahirsky · 1973 · ‎Snippet view Khachkars are rectangular pillars mounted on cubic bases , and many scholars have noted the similarity between them and the Celtic or Northumbrian panelled crosses , which are a product of a civilization so far removed from

https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-khachkar-cross-stone-hunter/31569349.html https://web.archive.org/web/20211123055845/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-khachkar-cross-stone-hunter/31569349.html Armenia's Khachkar Hunter

Alexander Sahinian

http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/3496/ http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/3510/ http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/3522/ http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/3535/ http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/3555/

Rafayel Israyelian

http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/9823/ http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/9861/

Yakobson book

ru:Якобсон, Анатолий Леопольдович http://armenianhouse.org/yakobson/armenian-khachkars/ch1.html

http://armenianhouse.org/yakobson/armenian-khachkars/summary.html English summary

http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/15212/ Ջուղայի նոր խաչքարերը Հարությունյան, Մարիաննա (2014

Vrej Nersessian https://books.google.am/books?id=2vxGAgAAQBAJ

https://web.archive.org/web/20201130010111/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01911704/document Can we call ”khachkar” the Sudak cross-stones?

http://www.etd.ceu.edu › gui...PDF Religious Nationalism as an Explanation for the Destruction and Appropriation ... by J Guidon · 2019 — 62 Khachkars are Armenian crosses that are carved from stone by craftspeople

https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu › ...PDF TITLE OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION, WORDED EXACTLY ... - Scholars' Bank by P Orte · 2019 — Armenian churches and Khachkars in Azerbaijan and Nakhchivan, which has been well- documented since the Nagorno-Karabagh War,1 this sort

https://udspace.udel.edu › ha...PDF THE MULTIVOCALITY OF THE CROSS OF THE SCRIPTURES: CLAIMING ... by C Hutchison · 2019 — earliest khachkar dates to the late ninth century with the height of examples ... See Christina Maranci, “Khachkars,” in Armenia: Art, Religion

See also

• Armenian Cross

References

Citations

1. St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney (2018), Colorado State Capitol (2015), Temple of Peace, Cardiff (2007), Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin (2015), International Christian University in Tokyo (2015)

References

1. "A brief history of the Church in Armenia". vatican.va. Holy See Press Office. 23 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021.
2. Karapetyan, Samvel (2020). "Ստույգ թվագրված ամենահին խաչքարը՝ 866 թ. [The oldest khachkar with exact date from 866]" (PDF). Vardzk (in Armenian) (14). Research on Armenian Architecture: 60. ISSN 1829-2003.
3. Karapetyan, Samvel (1987). "Ամենահին թվագրությամբ նորահայտ խաչքարը [The newly discovered khachkar with the oldest date]". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 44 (5–6). Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin: 80–81. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022.
4. "President Serzh Sargsyan in Nicosia attended the ceremony of unveiling the cross-stone which symbolizes the Armenian-Cypriot friendship". president.am. The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Armenia's state register of historical and cultural landmarks includes over 10,000 cross-stones and each and every one of them is unique in its composition and decorations.
5. Ghukasyan, Ellada (18 April 2008). "Հայաստանում հաշվվում է 40 հազար քրիստոնեական հուշարձան, 30 հազար խաչքար" (in Armenian). Armenpress. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022.
6. "Arménie, voyage aux sources du christianisme" (in French). TV5Monde. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Le pays compterait encore 40 000 de ces joyaux.
7. ^ "Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars". ich.unesco.org. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021.
8. ^ "Armenian khachkar inaugurated at Peace Palace in The Hague within the framework of Prime Minister Pashinyan's visit". primeminister.am. The Office to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia. 11 May 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022.
9. ^ Farago, Jason (October 25, 2018). "Reverent Beauty: The Met's Armenia Show Is One for the Ages". The New York Times.
10. Melikian, Souren (April 27, 2007). "Armenia's artistic bridge from East to West". The New York Times.
11. "Հաղորդագրություն [Statement]". armenianchurch.org (in Armenian). Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022.
12. "Geghard 7: Monk cells, Khachkar Wall. Geghard's Khachkars". Armenian Monuments Awareness Project. Retrieved 12 October 2014. The red color found on some of the cross stones is a result of their being painted with Vortan Karmir, a red dye made from beetles native to Armenia. The red dye was among the more famous exports of the kingdom, and was valued more than gold in Europe and the Near East. Its resilience has long since proved itself; the color you see now is more than 800 years old.
13. Petrosyan, Hamlet (March 3, 2014). "Խաչքարերի վերածված վիշապաքարեր, Ուլգյուրի վանք, Վայոց Ձոր, 11-12-րդ դարեր:". Facebook (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2022.
14. "Ulgyur / Vishapaqars". armgeo.am. Armenian Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. On the southern side of the monument, there are two vishapakars (dragon stones), one of which was turned into a khachkar (cross stone) in 1001, and the other in the 11th-12th centuries.
15. "Garni 5: The "Founding Stone"". armenianheritage.org. Armenian Monuments Awareness Project. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. The inscription is on the side face of a large stone, the top of which was later carved into a khachkar (stone cross).
16. Trever, Kamilla (1953). Orbeli, I. A. (ed.). Очерки по истории культуры древней Армении (II в. до н. э. — IV в. н. э.) [Essays on the history of the culture of ancient Armenia (II century BC - IV century AD)] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Soviet Academy of Sciences Press. p. 175. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2021. В 1945 г. на территории современного кладбища около селения Гарни случайно была обнаружена базальтовая плита с греческой надписью, лежавшая боком на одной из могил в виде надгробной плиты, на верхней стороне которой был высечен крест, вероятно, в VIII в.
17. "Did you know that the only stele with Urartian cuneiform inscription, found from Syunik province, is now displayed at #Erebuni museum?". “Erebuni” Historical & Archaeological Museum-Reserve. December 12, 2019. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022.
18. "Toponymie et Monuments arméniens". acam-france.org (in French). Association Culturelle Arménienne de Marne-la-Vallée (France). Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
19. "Grigor Narekatsi - an eternal symbol of solidarity between the two Christian communities. President Armen Sarkissian visited the bronze statue of St. Gregory Narekatsi in the Vatican Gardens". president.am. The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. 11 October 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. ․․․the part of the Vatican Gardens where the Armenian khachkar, donated by Catholicos of All Armenians Garegin I to Pope John Paul II in 1996, is installed.
20. "Working visit of President Serzh Sargsyan to French Republic". president.am. The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
21. Armenia in Council of Europe (January 29, 2018). "Within the framework of 65th anniversary of the entry into force of the European Convention on Human Rights, #Armenia presented #Khachkar (cross-stone) as a gift to the Council of Europe - the first Armenian monument erected in the historic region of #Alsace". Twitter. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
22. "Ambassador Arman Kirakossian participated at the dedication ceremony of the Armenian cross-stone in Canterbury". mfa.am. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. 2 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
23. "The Canterbury Khachkar: A Historic Day in the Heart of the Anglican Church". Asbarez. March 6, 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019.
24. "Unveiling of the Armenian Khachkar". vredespaleis.nl. Peace Palace. 11 May 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022.
25. Rodrigues, Marilyn (December 19, 2018). "Armenian monument unveiled at cathedral". The Catholic Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
26. "Armenian khachkar unveiled at Sydney's St. Mary's Cathedral (PHOTO)". news.am. 18 December 2018. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019.
27. "Colorado Governor Unveils First State Capitol 'Khachkar' on Genocide Centennial". The Armenian Weekly. May 15, 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019.
28. "The Armenian Genocide Monument in Wales". armenian-genocide.org. Armenian National Institute. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019.
29. "Memorial to Armenian Genocide erected in Dublin Anglican cathedral". anglicannews.org. Anglican Communion News Service. December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
30. "Service of Remembrance" (PDF). The Armenian Church & Community in Ireland. April 2017. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2017. In December 2015 we unveiled the Khachkar Memorial (Stone-Cross) in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin in remembrance of the Armenian Genocide...
31. "First Armenian cross-stone installed in Japan". Armenpress. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018.
32. "sculpture; relief; gravestone". britishmuseum.org. British Museum. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
33. "Khachkar (Stone Cross)". metmuseum.org. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
34. "President takes part in opening of Armenian cross-stone permanent exhibition in Vatican". president.am. The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 8 March 2021 suggested (help)
35. "Khachkars to be Exhibited at Louvre". Asbarez. September 28, 2006. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
36. "Armenian Khachkars Exhibition to Open in Louvre in Fall". PanARMENIAN.Net. April 12, 2006. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
37. "Washington's Bible Museum Receives Khachkar from Armenia". Asbarez. (via Armradio). March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
38. museumofBible (March 11, 2020). "Last week, we received three gifts for our permanent collection". Twitter. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
39. Orbelyan, Gevorg (2017). "Temporary Exhibition of Khachkars: The Story of Armenian Cross Stones". Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology. 41 (2): 195–208. archived PDF, archived text
40. ""The story of Khachkar -Armenian Cross Stones" exhibition opened at the National Museum of Ethnology of Osaka". yhm.am. Yerevan History Museum. 4 October 2016. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
41. "Хачкар. XI–XIII вв. [Khachkar. 11th-13th centuries]". pushkinmuseum.art (in Russian). Pushkin Museum. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021.
42. Mooradian, Moorad (March 2004). "Reconciliation: A Case Study of the Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission" (PDF). Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2021. The Armenian delegate also raised the issue of the destruction of ancient Armenian religious stones (khachkars or cross stones) in Nakhichevan and Turkey. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 29 August 2021 suggested (help)
43. Maghakyan, Simon (28 January 2008). "Wales: Nationalist Turks Vandalize Genocide Monument". hayastan.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022.
44. Eckian, Jean (28 April 2008). "The Armenian Memorial of Budapest Desecrated on April 24". lragir.am. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022.
45. Rocha, Veronica (August 19, 2010). "Hate crime charge filed against Glendale man". Los Angeles Times.
46. "Cross stone dedicated to Armenian Genocide victims vandalized in France". Horizon Weekly. December 9, 2019. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022.
47. "On the Vandalism of the Colorado State Capitol Genocide Memorial". Armenian Weekly. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021.
48. "We are shocked by the vandal act of desecration of the cross-stone monument dedicated to the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire". Twitter. Armenian Embassy to Belgium, Mission to the EU. April 26, 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022.
49. Eckian, Jean (April 26, 2022). "Desecration of a Khachkar in Brussels". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022.
50. "Azerbaijani social media spreads story of khachkar forgeries". Aragats Foundation. November 28, 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021.
51. "Where did Azerbaijani propaganda get the photos of "aged Armenian khachkars" from? About another falsification․". Monument Watch. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022.
52. Akhundov, Fikrat (May 12, 2022). "During the opening of Khachkar (Cross-stone) monument at Peace Palace". Twitter. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Khachar is also symbol of ASALA terror organisation
53. Avetyan, Madlen A. (May 2017). "Ethnodoxy in the Diaspora: Armenian-American Religious and Ethnic Identity Construction in Los Angeles" (PDF). California State University, Northridge. p. 68. Archived from the original (MA Thesis) on 29 August 2021. They are a point of ethno-religious pride by many Armenians, who perceive the khachkar as a beautiful physical representation of Armenian culture through art and religion.
54. "Homily of John Paul II". vatican.va. Cathedral of St. Gregory the Illuminator Yerevan: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 26 September 2001. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021.
55. "Message of the Holy Father John Paul II to His Holiness Karekin I Catholicos - Supreme Patriarch of All Armenians". vatican.va. Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 29 June 1999. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021.
56. "Address of the Holy Father". vatican.va. Yerevan, Republic Square: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 25 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021.
57. Abrahamian 2006, p. 17.
58. Abrahamian 2006, p. 299.
59. Maranci 2018a.
60. Petrosyan, Hamlet L. (2012). "Similarities between the Early Christian Armenian Monuments and Irish High Crosses in the Light of New Discoveries". Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 61: 169–179.
61. Thomas, Sean (9 July 2022). "An existential war: even wealthy émigrés are prepared to fight for Russia". The Spectator. ...quasi-Celtic khachkars (talismanic Armenian crosses)...