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Seige of Tashkent
Part of The Russian conquest of Central Asia
The Capture of Tashkent by General Chernyayev, 1890, by Nikolay Karazin
Date May – June 1865 Location Tashkent Result Russian victory
Belligerents
Russian Empire	Khanate of Kokand
Commanders and leaders
Mikhail Chernyayev	Alimqul  † Syzdyk Sultan
Strength
1,900	30,000
Casualties and losses
25 dead; 117 wounded

The siege of Tashkent was the final major engagement of the Russo-Kokand war [ru], fought between the Khanate of Kokand and the Russian Empire.

Background

Tashkent was a key city and center of Turkestan.

It's capture had become a crutial part of the Czar's foreign policy, but some have argued that Russia's focus on it was greater than its actual influence.

Conflict within Kokand allowed Russia to conquer Kokand's subjects in the Kazakh Steppe in 1864. Further division was present, as the clergy were willing to ally with the Khanate of Bukhara, and merchants were willing to accept Russian rule due to heavy taxation from Kokand.

One month earlier Shymkent had fallen to Russian forces.

As for Tashkent, I beg your Excellency vigilantly and closely to observe everything that occurs in this town, and to assist the moral party that wishes to separate from hostile Khoqand and through your actions to direct the formation from Tashkent of a polity, independent from Khoqand and Bukhara, but a vassal of Russia.

Governor-General of Orenburg Province Nikolai Kryzhanovsky told Chernyayev to form a state independent of the Central Asian states from Tashkent, permitting him to attack the city.

Prelude

In May 1865, Chernyayev began the march to Tashkent after receiving news that Bukharan forces were 15 miles away from Tashkent, and preparing to launch an assault. On April 29, Chernyayev's forces reached Fort Niazbek, a garrison of 7,000 Kokand soldiers just south of Tashkent. Chernyayev would launch an attack on the city, successfully capturing it at a loss of only seven men wounded. Niazbek lay upstream of Tashkent on the Chirchik River, which served as Tashkent's primary water source. Chernyayev ordered his engineer company to divert the river, cutting off water supply to Tashkent. While in Niazbek, reinforcements called by Chernyayev arrived, bolstering his numbers to 1,900.

Upon hearing of Niazbek's capture several days later, Alimqul sent riders to inform provincial leaders, and immediately rode to Tashkent accompanied by 6,000 soldiers and 12 guns from the Ferghana valley.

Siege

On May 8 Chernyayev reached Tashkent, and began to study the defenses and contact allies within the city. Chernyayev came to the conclusion that his comparatively small numbers would render a siege impossible, and that the city could only be captured through a sudden assault. This was enabled by the length of the wall, which caused defenses to be spread extremely thin.

On May 9 Alimqul arrived at the walls of Tashkent, and engaged Chernyayev's forces at Shur-Tepa. During the skirmish, Alimqul was shot and killed, his forces likely quickly dispersing and abandoning the city's defense. While Chernyayev hoped that the power vacuum would empower the pro-Russian faction within the city, residents focused on other option. One group attempted to form an independent state led by Sultan Sayyid Khan, and elders asked Muzaffar bin Nasrullah for support, which he expressed interest in.

Chernyayev's expedition lacked the numbers to fully enforce a blockade of the city. Instead, he dispatched patrols to harass citizens attempting to gather food from gardens outside the walls or graze their animals.

On June 27 the walls were breached.

On June 29 the last defenders surrendered.

Aftermath

On August 1866, the city was officially annexed after a year of deliberation.

Allworth argued that the importance of the idea of Tashkent may have encouraged the entire conquest of Central Asia.

Notes

References

1. ^ Hopkirk 1994, p. 306.
2. ^ Allworth 1999, p. 59.
3. ^ Levi 2017, p. 194.
4. ^ Levi 2017, p. 195.
5. Pierce 1960, p. 24.
6. ^ Hopkirk 1994, p. 307.
7. ^ Morrison 2021, p. 245.
8. Hopkirk 1994, p. 307-308.
9. ^ Levi 2017, p. 196.
10. ^ Morrison 2021, p. 244-245.

Citations

• Terentyev, Mikhail Afrikanovich (1906). Историю завоевания Средней Азии [The history of the conquest of Central Asia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Saint Petersburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

• Pierce, RIchard (1960). Russian Central Asia 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52031-774-1. #TODO

• MacKenzie, David (1974). The Lion of Tashkent: the career of General M. G. Cherniaev. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-0322-2. #TODO

• Hopkirk, Peter (1994). The Great Game: the struggle for empire in central Asia. New York: Kodansha. ISBN 978-1-56836-022-5. #TODO

• Allworth, Edward (1999). Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1521-6.

• Ploskikh, Vladimir (2014). Киргизы и Кокандское Ханство [The Kyrgyz people and the Kokand Khanate] (in Russian). Bishkek: Neo Print. ISBN 978-9967-19-187-7.

• Levi, Scott Cameron (2017). The rise and fall of Khoqand, 1709-1876: Central Asia in the global age. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-6506-0.

• Morrison, Alexander (2021). The Russian conquest of Central Asia: a study in imperial expansion, 1814-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03030-5.