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| ==Culture and Marriage Customs== | ==Culture and Marriage Customs== | ||
| According to the book, ''Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by historian Thurston'', A custom prevails among the Kaikolars by which one woman in each family becomes a prostitute, while retaining her caste<ref name="Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by Thurston.E">Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by Thurston.E</ref>. The girl chosen is taken to the temple where a sword is placed beside her with a tali (marriage badge) under it. The tali is then tied round her neck by any woman present and she returns to her own house where she is permitted to carry on any amours she chooses. <ref name="Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by Thurston.E">Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by Thurston.E</ref> She gets her share of the family property just as if no such ceremony had taken place. | |||
| Marriage Customs | |||
| ==Community Legends and festivals== | ==Community Legends and festivals== | ||
Revision as of 14:48, 2 October 2007
Sengunthar or Kaikolan or Kaikolar are a large Tamil and Telugu socially backward caste of weavers in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh in southern India. They have close ties of kinship with the Devadasi or Devaradiyars
Origin
The Kaikolars also called as Sengunthar, are a large Tamil and Telugu socially backward caste of weavers in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh in southern India. Their name comes from a mythical hero and from the words "kai" (hand) and "kol" (shuttle used in looming or spear). They consider the different parts of the loom to represent various gods and sages.
They were in the army of Chola dynasty. http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/kalki/unicode/mp169v2p2.htm#1 They are also known as Sengundar, which means a red dagger, which is traced to the legend of the earth being harassed by demons, which led to the people asking the god Shiva to help them. He was furious with the demonic giants and sent six sparks from his eyes. Parvati, his wife became frightened and retired to her chamber but dropped nine beads from her anklets. Shiva converted those beads into nine women, each giving birth to a hero, complete with moustache and daggers. These nine led by Subramanya, with a large army destroyed the demons. Kaikolans or Sengundar claim descent from one of the nine heroes. There are seventy-two subdivisions (nadu or desams).These legends were created at a time when the weaver community had lost its social status and the formuale were efforts at self-glorification.
History of Kaikolarssss in Medieval South India and 21st Century
Kailolars
Kailkolars
Current Status in the Society
Kailolars
Culture and Marriage Customs
According to the book, Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by historian Thurston, A custom prevails among the Kaikolars by which one woman in each family becomes a prostitute, while retaining her caste. The girl chosen is taken to the temple where a sword is placed beside her with a tali (marriage badge) under it. The tali is then tied round her neck by any woman present and she returns to her own house where she is permitted to carry on any amours she chooses. She gets her share of the family property just as if no such ceremony had taken place.
Community Legends and festivals
The Sura Samhara festival is a ritual tradition practised by the Kaikolars to sustain the myth of the divine origin of the weavers with the intention of exalting their caste in the face of actual social inferiority. According to the mythology of weaver community, the Kaikolars weavers were born out of nine gems that were scattered from Parvati's anklet. At the Sura Samhara festival, they dress up as the nine warriors of Virabahu, the lieutenant of Lord Karthikeya and enact the killing of the demon Narakasura. These legends were created at a time when the weaver community had lost its social status and the formuale were efforts at self-glorification.
Gods/Goddesses
Kaikolars are predominantly Shaivites. They possess a Clan God as most of the castes in Tamil Nadu. Mostly, it is some form of Amman i.e Parvati or Murugan.
Kootam/kulam
Kootam defines birth from a single male ancestor. Kootam is transferred patrilineally i.e., via the father of a person. Hence people belonging to the same kootam are considered brothers and sisters. So marriage between a male and female belonging to the same kootam is prohibited however distantly they may be related.
Historically there were 72 kootams in Kaikolan. Each kootam had a leader. The head leader in Kanchipuram was the head for all these leaders. This was used to manage disputes within the community.
Nowadays, the kootams have merged into one another and there is no well defined leader for each kootam. It is used only for setting up marriage alliances.
A list of Kootam has been removed from this section awaiting authentication by accurate reference material.
Warrior Clans
During Chola rule Kaikolars served as soldiers and were called "Terinja kaikolar padai". (Terinja means "known" in Tamil and Padai means "regiment"), so "terinja-kaikolar padai" were the personal bodygurads. Kaikkolars who were initially weavers were militarised during the Chola empire and formed a major part of the Chola army from 8th century to 13th century. There were no Kaikolar army before or after the Chola empire.
They formed many regiments in the Chola army. Some of those regiments are:
Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar (a regiment named after Singalantaka i.e. Parntaka I)
Virasola-terinja-Kaikkolar
Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar
Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkolar
Parantaka-terinia-Kaikkolar
Muttavalperra-Kaikkolar - (meaning the "recipient of the pearl ornamented sword" in Tamil)
Samarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar
Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar
Adityapanma-terinda-Kaikkolar
Karikala-Chola-terinja-Kaikkolar
Arumolideva-terinja Kaikkolar
Parttivasekarat-terinja-Kaikkolar
Gangadaditta-terinja-Kaikkola
Madurantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar
Pirantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar
The link below indicates that Kaikolars were prominent members of Tamil society even during the 10th century AD during Chola rule.
Weaving Clans
The end of Chola rule brought the end to Kaikolans role in the army. Reasons are unknown, but Kaikolars took up weaving on a mass scale or continued their weaving business exclusively for pretty much the next six to seven centuries. Even though there may have been a few rich Kaikolans doing various businesses including agriculture, the vast majority of Kaikolans were involved in weaving which was not a profitable business due to the industrial revolution.
Historical Personalities
Ottakoothar was a court poet of three Chola kings namely Vikrama Chola. Kulotunga-II and Rajaraja II. He wrote poems in praise of these three kings namely Vikrama Cholan Ula, Kulothunga Cholan Ula and Rajarajan Ula. Ottakoothar had also written Kulothungan Pillai Tamil in praise of Chola king Kulothunga II and Saraswathy Andhadhi in praise of Saraswathi the Goddess of learning Sekizhar the minister of chola dynasty wrote periyapuranam his native is kundrathur near chennai kambar who wrote ramayana in tamil he is also from chola empire kamban veetu kattu tharium kavipadum
Associations
There are many associations for Sengunthars.
They are:
Socio Economic Service Society (SES) in Nungambakkam - Chennai.
Sengunthar Mahajana Sangam.
EVKS Sampath? He belongs to EVR's family
Pulavar Govindhan: Former Speaker of Tamil Nadu Assembly.
perumal mudaliar national pictures
Vallal sabapathi mudaliar: vallal sapabathy mudaliar educational trust.
ethiraj mudaliar: Chairman, Binny Group, partner Ramachandra medical college.
M. Nandagopal Executive Chairman, Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Limited, Chennai
Prof. Dr.Arumuga perumal.S , Professor of Computer Science,Fellow of IETE.
References
- ^ http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm
- ^ http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/ap.html
- Artisans in Vijayanagar Society, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Indian Economic & Social History Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, 417-444 (1985), http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/content/citation/22/4/417
- ^ Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Indian Economic & Social History Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, 47-62 (1982), http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/content/citation/19/1/47?ck=nck Cite error: The named reference "Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Indian Economic & Social History Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, 47-62 (1982), http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/content/citation/19/1/47?ck=nck" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Some Marriage Customs in Southern India:Deformity and Mutilation, Uralis, Sholagas and Irulas by Thurston.E