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| <!-- | |||
| INFOBOX START | |||
| --> | |||
| {{Infobox Country | | |||
| native_name = מדינת ישראל<br>(Medīnat Yisra'el)<br>دولة إسرائيل<br>(Dawlat Isrā'īl) | | |||
| common_name = Israel | | |||
| image_flag = Israel_flag_large.png | | |||
| image_coat = Israel-coa-medium.png | | |||
| national_motto = ''Im tirzu ein zot agada'' (Hebrew, "If you will it, it is no dream") | | |||
| image_map = LocationIsrael.png | | |||
| national_anthem = '']'' | | |||
| official_languages = ], ] | | |||
| capital = ]<sup>]</sup> | | |||
| latd=31|latm=47|latNS=N|longd=35|longm=13|longEW=E| | |||
| government_type = ] | | |||
| leader_titles = ]<br>] | | |||
| leader_names = ]<br>] | | |||
| largest_city = ] | | |||
| area = 20,770 | | |||
| area_rank = 153rd | | |||
| area_magnitude = 1 E10 | | |||
| percent_water = ~2% | | |||
| population_estimate = 6,876,883 | | |||
| population_estimate_year = July 2005 | | |||
| population_estimate_rank = 100th | | |||
| population_census = 6,780,000 | | |||
| population_census_year = 2003 | | |||
| population_density = 302 | | |||
| population_density_rank = 40th | | |||
| GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | | |||
| GDP_PPP = $154,174 million | | |||
| GDP_PPP_rank = 52nd | | |||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,944 | | |||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 30th | | |||
| sovereignty_type = ] | | |||
| established_events = - ] | | |||
| established_dates = From the League of Nations mandate administered by the ]<br>] ] (05 ] 5708) | | |||
| currency = ] (₪) | | |||
| currency_code = ILS | | |||
| time_zone = ]+2 | | |||
| utc_offset = | | |||
| time_zone_DST = ]+3 | | |||
| utc_offset_DST = | | |||
| cctld = ] | | |||
| calling_code = 972 | | |||
| footnotes = | | |||
| }}<!-- | |||
| INFOBOX END | |||
| --> | |||
| {{Israelis}} | |||
| The '''State of Israel''' (]: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, ]: ''Medīnat Yisra'el''; ]: دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل, transliteration: ''Dawlat Isrā'īl'') is a country in the ], established in ] in territory formerly called ]. Israel was founded by the international ] movement as a national home for the ] and as the world's only ]. In fact, Israel's ''de facto'' constitution, the ], does not specify that Israel is a Jewish state, although several passages in the Basic Law, and many other Israeli laws, assume this to be the case. Israel's Jewish character is maintained by legislation and through the encouragement of Jewish immigration from other countries. | |||
| The population of Israel is about 80 percent Jewish, and 66 percent of Israeli Jews were born in Israel: the rest were born in other countries and arrived as immigrants or refugees. About 20 percent of the population are ], mostly ], although some are ] or ] (see ]). In most respects, non-Jewish Israelis enjoy full political and civic equality (although some laws favour Jewish citizens), but Israel is not a secular or multicultural state in the western sense. It is official policy to preserve Israel as a Jewish state in both an ethnic and a religious sense. | |||
| Israel has borders with ] and ] in the north, ] in the east, and ] in the south-west, and has coastlines of the ], the Gulf of ] (also known as the ]), and the ]. Israel has occupied the ] and the ] (jointly known as the ]), as well as the ] of ], since the ] of ]. It is currently withdrawing from Gaza, but the future status of these territories remains to be decided. | |||
| == History == | |||
| :''Main article ]''. | |||
| === Historical roots === | |||
| For over 3,000 years, ]s have considered the ] to be their homeland, both as a ] and as a ]. As a result, the Land of Israel holds a special place in Jewish religious obligations and Judaism's most important sites, including the remains of the ]. Starting around 1200 BCE, a series of ] existed intermittently in the region for over a millennium until the failure of the ] against the ] resulted in widescale expulsion of Jews (see ]). | |||
| Under ], ], and (briefly) ] rule, Jewish presence in the province dwindled, but the ] and ], two of Judaism's most important religious texts, were composed in Palestine during this period. The Arabs conquered the land from the ] in ] CE and the area was ruled by various Arab states before becoming part of the ] in ]. Throughout the centuries the size of Jewish population in the land fluctuated with the population in the region of the present day Israel, numbering approximately 20-25,000 in 1881 of a total population of 470,000. | |||
| === Zionism and Aliyah === | |||
| :''Main articles: ] and ]''. | |||
| The first wave of Jewish emigration to Israel, or ''Aliyah'' (עלייה) started in the late ] as Jews fled persecution. The end of the ] saw the founding of ], the national movement to create a Jewish political entity in ], leading to the ] during the first two decades of the 20th century with the influx of around 40,000 Jews. After ], the British endorsed a Jewish homeland in Palestine by issuing the ] of ]. In ] Palestine became a ] mandate administered by Britain (see ]). | |||
| Jewish immigration resumed in ] and ] waves after ]. Later, the rise of ] in ] led to a ], and the Jews in the region increased from 11% of the population in 1922 to 30% by ]. The subsequent ] in Europe led to ] from other parts of Europe. By the end of ], the number of Jews in Palestine was approximately 600,000. | |||
| In ] the British gave in to Arab pressure and abandoned the idea of a Jewish national homeland, and abandoned partition and negotiations in favour of the unilaterally-imposed ], which capped Jewish immigration. Its other stated policy was to establish a system under which both Jews and Arabs were to share one government. As a result of impending world war, the plan was never fully implemented, but the ] policy was implemented well into the end of ], and enforced even when refugees who survived the ] were fleeing from Nazi persecution. (See ] article.) | |||
| === Establishment of the State === | |||
| :''See main articles: ] and ]''. | |||
| In ], following increasing levels of violence by militant groups, alongside unsuccessful efforts to reconcile the Jewish and Arab populations, the British government decided to withdraw from the ]. Fulfillment of the ] would have divided the mandated territory into two states, Jewish and Arab, giving about half the land area to each state. Under this plan, ] was intended to be an international region under UN administration to avoid conflict over its status. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan by the United Nations General Assembly, the Palestinian Arab leadership rejected the plan to create the as-yet-unnamed Jewish state and launched a guerilla war. | |||
| ] pronounces the ] on ] ] in ].]] | |||
| ], ] edition of ] newspaper '']'', soon renamed into '']''. In the news: Egyptian Air Force bombs Tel-Aviv, Transjordan shells Jerusalem. 15 May was ].]] | |||
| On ] ], the State of Israel was proclaimed. The suurounding Arab states supported the Palestinian Arabs in rejecting both the Partition Plan and the establishment of Israel, and the armies of six Arab nations attacked the fledgling state. Over the next 15 months Israel captured an additional 26% of the Mandate territory west of the Jordan river and annexed it to the new state. Most of the Arab population fled or were expelled during the war. The continuing conflict between Israel and the Arab world resulted in a lasting displacement that persists to this day. | |||
| :See main article: ] and articles ] and ] for a discussion of this question. | |||
| Immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab lands doubled Israel's population within a year of independence. Over the following decade approximately 600,000 ]s, who ], migrated to Israel. Israel's Jewish population continued to grow at a very high rate for some years, and was fed by further waves of Jewish ] following the collapse of the ]. | |||
| ===Related articles=== | |||
| * ] | |||
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| == Wars == | |||
| The refusal of Arab countries to recognize the establishment of the State of Israel in ] has been a source of repeated wars and other conflicts with Arab nations such as ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The state of war between Egypt and Israel ended with the signing of the ] on ], ]. The state of war with ] officially ended with the signing of the ] on ] ]. Sporadic negotiations with ] and ] have not as yet resulted in peace treaties. Israel is currently also embroiled in an ] with ] in the territories controlled since the ] in ], despite the signing of the ] on ] ], and the ongoing efforts of Israeli, Palestinian and global peacemakers. | |||
| ===Articles related to the wars=== | |||
| * ] "The Independence War" (see also: ]) מלחמת העצמאות (גם מלחמת הקוממיות או מלחמת השחרור) י | |||
| * ] "Operation Kadesh" מבצע קדש או מלחמת סיני | |||
| * ] מלחמת ששת הימים | |||
| * ] מלחמת ההתשה | |||
| * ] מלחמת יום כיפור | |||
| * ] "Operation Peace For Galilee" מבצע שלום הגליל | |||
| * ] מלחמת המפרץ | |||
| * ] אינתיפדה | |||
| * ] אינתיפדת אל-אקצא The ] codenamed it "אירועי גיאות ושפל" ("Ebb and Tide events") but it is unofficially referred to as the ] in some Israeli circles. | |||
| ===Constitution=== | |||
| Israel has not completed a written ]. Its government is based on the laws of the ], especially by "]", which are special laws (currently there are 15 of them), by the Knesset legislature which will become the future official constitution. In mid-2003, the Knesset's Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee began This effort is still underway as of mid-2005. | |||
| The ] has a significance in this matter as well. Israel's legal system is a western legal system best classified as "mixed": it has a strong Anglo-American influence, but in some parts has borrowed heavily from civil law tradition. Despite the ] influence, the ] system was not adopted in Israel, and court cases are decided by professional ]. | |||
| == Politics and law == | |||
| :''Main articles: ] and ]''. | |||
| ] is the Israeli ], located in ]]] | |||
| Israel is a ] ] based on universal suffrage and ]. Israel's legislative branch is a 120-member ] known as the ]. Membership in the Knesset is allocated to parties based on their proportion of the vote. Elections to the ] are normally held every four years, but the Knesset can decide to dissolve itself ahead of time by a simple majority, known as a vote of no-confidence. | |||
| The ] is ], serving as a largely ceremonial ]. The President selects the leader of the majority party or ruling coalition in the Knesset as the ], who serves as ].<sup>]</sup> | |||
| ===Judiciary=== | |||
| The Judiciary branch of Israel is made of a three-tier system of courts: at the lowest level are the Magistrate Courts, situated in most cities. Above them, serving both as an ] and as a court of first instance are the District Courts (six of them, situated in the six judicial districts of Jerusalem, South, Tel Aviv, Centre, Haifa and Nazareth). At the top of the judicial pyramid is the ] seated in Jerusalem. The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is ]. Religious tribunals (Jewish, Sharia'a, Druze and Chrisitian) have exclusive jurisdiction on annulment of marriages. | |||
| . | |||
| ===Religion=== | |||
| In the matter of Jewish ] versus ], the ] achieved by ] with the religious parties in the declaration of independence is still mostly held today. Religious authorities, which are comprised of the ministry of religion and the ] of Israel, have jurisdiction only in five distinct areas: ] and ] laws, ] of immigrants, ] and the ]. They have no jurisdiction over human rights (other than those previously mentioned), criminal or commercial law, nor over education. Streets of ] neighborhoods are closed to traffic on Saturday, there is no public transport on that day and most businesses are closed; restaurants that wish to advertise themselves as ] must be certified by the Chief Rabbinate. Importation of non-kosher foods is prohibited. | |||
| The other major religions in Israel, such as ] and ] are officially supported via their own establishments which have jurisdiction over their followers. | |||
| == Military == | |||
| :''Main article: ]''. | |||
| Israel's military consists of a unified ] (IDF), known in ] by the acronym ''Tzahal''(צה"ל). Historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services. The Navy and ] are subordinate to the Army. There are other paramilitary government agencies which deal with different aspects of Israel's security (such as '']'' and the '']''). ''See further discussion: ]''. | |||
| The IDF is considered one of the strongest military forces in the ] and among the most technologically advanced in the world. It relies heavily on technology, training, and expert manpower, rather than possession of overwhelming manpower. Most Israelis, males and females, are ]ed into the military at the age of 18. Exceptions are ], confirmed ], and women who declare themselves religiously observant. Compulsory service is three years for men, and 20 months for women. ]s and ] actively enlist in the IDF. Since ], ] men have been conscripted in the same way as Jewish men, at the request of the Druze community. Men studying full-time in religious institutions can get a deferment from conscription; most ] extend these deferments until they are too old to be conscripted. Following compulsory service, Israeli men become part of the IDF reserve forces, and are usually required to serve several weeks every year as reservists, until their 40s. | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| {{current}} | |||
| ] | |||
| :''Main article: ]''. | |||
| The total land area of Israel —excluding all territories occupied by Israel since ] —is 20,770 square km; the total area—including these territories—is 22,145 square km. | |||
| === Administrative districts === | |||
| :''See ain article: ]''. | |||
| ===Metropolitan areas === | |||
| As of 2004, The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics defines three metropolitan areas: ] (population 2,933,300), Haifa (population 980,600) and Be'er Sheva (population 511,700) . ] may also be considered a metropolitan area, though its limits are hard to define since it spans communities in Israel proper and the ], both Israeli and Palestinian, and even the boundaries of Jerusalem city itself are disputed. As of 2004, the official population of Jerusalem city is 693,200. | |||
| ===Cities=== | |||
| *See ]. | |||
| == Economy == | |||
| :''Main article: ]''. | |||
| Israel has a technologically advanced market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports of ] (crude oil, natural gas, and coal), grains, beef, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Israel is largely self-sufficient in food production except for grains and beef. Diamonds, high-technology, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers) are leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable ], which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans. Israel possesses extensive facilities for ], ], and ] fabrication. | |||
| Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the ], which is its major source of economic and military aid. A relatively large fraction of Israel's external debt is held by ], via the ] program. The combination of American loan guarantees and direct sales to individual investors, allow the state to borrow at competitive and sometimes below-market rates. | |||
| The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former ] topped 750,000 during the period ]-], bringing the population of Israel from the former ] to 1 million, one-sixth of the total population, and adding scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the economy's future. The influx, coupled with the opening of new markets at the end of the ], energized Israel's economy, which grew rapidly in the early ]. But growth began slowing in ] when the government imposed tighter fiscal and monetary policies and the immigration bonus petered out. Those policies brought inflation down to record low levels in ]. | |||
| == Demographics == | |||
| {{Jew}} | |||
| :''Main article: ]''. | |||
| At the end of ], of Israel's 6.7 million people, 80.8% were "]s and others" and 19.2% were ]s. By religion, 76.7% were ], 15.8% were ], 2.1% were ], 1.6% were ] and the remaining 3.7% (including ] immigrants and some ]) were not classified by religion. | |||
| Among Jews, 63% were ], 27% are immigrants from ] and the ], and 10% are immigrants from ] and ] (including the Arab countries). | |||
| ] is the major and primary official language of Israel; the other official language ] is spoken by the Arab minority. Other languages spoken in Israel include ], ], and ]. | |||
| 6% of Israeli Jews define themselves as '']m'' (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are "religious"; 34% consider themselves "traditionalists" (not strictly adhering to Jewish ]) ; and 51% are "secular". Among the seculars, 53% believe in God. | |||
| Of the ] 82.3% are Muslim, 9% are Christian and 8.5% are Druze. | |||
| As of ], 224,200 Israeli citizens live in the ] in numerous ], (including new towns such as ] and ], and a handful of communities that were present before the ] and were re-established after the ] such as ] and ]). Around 180,000 Israelis also live in ] , which came under Israeli law following its capture from Jordan during the Six-Day War. About 8,500 Israelis lived in settlements built in the ], prior to their evacuation by the government in the summer of ] as part of the ]. | |||
| <!-- | |||
| == Arab-Jewish relations in Israel == | |||
| Recently, the fear of the Israeli leaders of the increasing numbers of Arab citizens in the state of Israel prompted many calls for a solution of the "demographic problem", such solutions has been discussed in official strategic conferences such as the 5th Herzliya Conference . The growth of support to the Israeli extremist right has also led to increasing calls from the Israeli public, as well as political leaders like ], for the "transfer" of the Arab and Palestinian population outside of Israel and the ]. | |||
| Some Jewish religious authorities, such as Rabbi ] (spiritual leader of Shas party, a powerful Jewish Orthodox party), allegedly called for the "annihilation" of Arabs, saying they "It is forbidden to be merciful to them. You must send missiles to them and annihilate them. They are evil and damnable" and that "the Lord will exterminate them." | |||
| --> | |||
| ===Articles related to Arab-Jewish relations=== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Culture and religion == | |||
| ] | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ], the ] of Israel | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Unique Israeli communal farms, see ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Holidays and events == | |||
| {| class="prettytable" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Date | |||
| ! style="background:#efefef;" | English Name | |||
| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Local Name | |||
| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Range of possible dates<br/>in Gregorian calendar for the present age | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tishrei 01 | |||
| | New Year | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between Sept 01 & Oct 05 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tishrei 03 | |||
| | Fast Day | |||
| | Tsom Gedalyah ben Ahikam | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tishrei 10 | |||
| | Day of Atonement | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between Sept 15 & Oct 14 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tishrei 15 | |||
| | Feast of Tabernacles (Booths) | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between Sept 20 & Oct 19 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tishrei 22 | |||
| | Assembly of the Eighth Day | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between Sept 27 & Oct 26 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Kislev 25 | |||
| | Feast of Rededication (First Day) | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between Nov 27 & Dec 27 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tevet 10 | |||
| | | |||
| | Tsom Asarah b-Tevet | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Shvat 15 | |||
| | New Year for Trees | |||
| | Tu b-Shvat | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Adar 13 | |||
| | Fast Day of Esther | |||
| | Ta`anit Esther | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Adar 14 (Adar 15 in some places) | |||
| | Memorial Feast for the Triumph of Esther | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between February 25 & March 26 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Nisan 15 | |||
| | Passover (First Day) | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between March 27 & April 25 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Nisan 21 | |||
| | Passover (Seventh and Final Day) | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between April 02 & May 01 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Nisan 27 | |||
| | Holocaust Remembrance Day | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between April 08 & May 07 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Iyar 04 | |||
| | Fallen Soldiers Remembrance Day | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between April 15 & May 14 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Iyar 05 | |||
| | Independence Day | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between April 16 & May 15 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Iyar 10 | |||
| | ] Day | |||
| | ] | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Iyar 18 | |||
| | 33rd day of the `Omer | |||
| | LaG ba-`Omer | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Iyar 28 | |||
| | | |||
| | Yom Herut Yerushalayim | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Sivan 06 | |||
| | Pentecost | |||
| | ] | |||
| | between May 16 & June 14 | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tammuz 17 | |||
| | Seventeenth of Tammuz fast | |||
| | Tsom Shiva` Asar b-Tammuz | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Tammuz 29 | |||
| | ] Day | |||
| | ] | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Av 09 | |||
| | Ninth of Av | |||
| | Tish`a b-Av | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Av 15 | |||
| | Fifteenth of Av | |||
| | Tu b-Av | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |||
| == Miscellaneous topics == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] - (often shortened to ''Mossad'') | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Footnotes == | |||
| <sup>1</sup> Jerusalem is Israel's officially designated capital, and the location of its presidential residence, government offices and the ], Israel's Parliament. In ], the Israeli Knesset confirmed Jerusalem's status as the nation's "eternal and indivisible capital", by passing the '']''. However, many countries dissent from this designation, and consider the status of Jerusalem as an unresolved issue, due to Israel's capture of the eastern half of Jerusalem (and subsequent reunification) from Jordan during the Six Day War. They believe that the final issue of the status of Jerusalem will be determined in future Israeli-Palestinian negotiations; Therefore, those countries locate their embassies in other major cities like ], ], ], etc., instead, to avoid political sensitivities. | |||
| Moreover, some of the dissenting countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, due to what they perceive as illegal Israeli action in designating the city to be its capital in the first place (1950), as well as Israel's capture of the eastern half from Jordan, in 1967. These states instead recognize Tel-Aviv, the temporary capital for a time in 1948, when Jerusalem was under Arab siege, as the continuous legitimate capital, and as a result keep their embassies there. Other entities maintain that Jerusalem must be internationalized as originally envisioned by the United Nations General Assembly. See the article on ] for more. | |||
| <sup>2</sup> For a short period in the ] the prime minister was directly elected by the electorate. This change was not viewed a success and was abandoned. | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{portal}} | |||
| *{{wikitravel}} | |||
| {{Wikinewscat|Israel}} | |||
| ===General information=== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *, including information on history, economics, and military issues. From the American-Israel Cooperative Enterprise, an Israel-advocacy group. | |||
| * | |||
| * data as of December 1988 | |||
| * directory category | |||
| * directory category | |||
| * directory category | |||
| === Government === | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *, legal code of Israel | |||
| * | |||
| === Israeli media === | |||
| *, Israel's largest newspaper, centrist | |||
| * Second largest Israeli newspaper, centrist (Hebrew). <!-- --> | |||
| *, Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative (English) | |||
| * Israeli newspaper, liberal similar to ], | |||
| * news site representing the settler community, right-wing religious (English) | |||
| * Independent, right-wing Christian-run news outlet. (English) | |||
| *, primarily left-wing and anti-zionist, mostly in ] | |||
| * business daily | |||
| * Left of center. English and Weekly. | |||
| * Also produced by the IBA. In Hebrew, French, English, Spanish, Ladino, Russian, Farsi, Yiddish, etc. | |||
| ==== Other Media ==== | |||
| *, covers worldwide Jewish news, centrist (English) | |||
| * news headline links | |||
| *, TV News in Hebrew, some English. | |||
| === History === | |||
| ''Please see main article ]'' | |||
| * from the BBC | |||
| * | |||
| * from the Israeli Ministry of Public Affairs | |||
| === Economy, science, and technology === | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *, the hundred largest companies in Israel | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| === Foreign relations and the current conflicts=== | |||
| ''For links on the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, see ]'' | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * from the Jewish Virtual Library. | |||
| * Publication detailing Arab-Israli conflict | |||
| ===Society === | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *, discussion with Ori Nir, correspondent for Haaretz and the Forward. | |||
| * by Prof. Shimon Shetreet, former minister of Religious Affairs. | |||
| * the ], an experimental Arab-Jewish cooperative village. | |||
| === Photos === | |||
| * . | |||
| {{commons|Israel}} | |||
| {{Southwest_Asia}} | |||
| {{Middle_East}} | |||
| {{Mediterranean}} | |||
| ] | |||
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Revision as of 21:33, 28 August 2005
Go back to the holocaust and die israelis