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{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Gibraltar
|common_name = Gibraltar
|image_flag = Flag of Gibraltar.svg
|image_coat = Coa Gibraltar.svg
|image_map = Location Gibraltar EU.png
|national_motto = ''Nulli Expugnabilis Hosti''{{spaces|2}}<small>(])<br/>"No enemy shall expel us".{{smallsup|1}}</small>
|national_anthem = '']''
|royal_anthem = '']''
|official_languages = ]
|languages_type = ]<br><br>]
|languages = ]<br><br>]
|capital = Gibraltar
|latd=36 |latm=8 |latNS=N |longd=5 |longm=21 |longEW=W
|largest_city = capital
|ethnic_groups = ] (of mixed ], ], ] and ] descent), other ], ] and ]n
|demonym = ]
|government_type = ]
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_title2 = ]
|leader_title3 = ]
|leader_name1 = ]
|leader_name2 = {{nowrap|]}}
|leader_name3 = ]
|area_rank = 229<sup>th</sup>
|area_magnitude = 1 E6
|area_km2 = 6.8
|area_sq_mi = 2.6 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|percent_water = 0%
|population_estimate = 28,875
|population_estimate_rank = 207<sup>th</sup>
|population_estimate_year = Jan&nbsp;2008
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 4,290
|population_density_sq_mi = 11,154 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|population_density_rank = 5<sup>th</sup>
|GDP_PPP = $1066 million
|GDP_PPP_rank = 197<sup>th</sup>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $38,200
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = n/a
|sovereignty_type = Event
|sovereignty_note = Date
|established_event1 = ]
|established_event2 = ]
|established_event3 = ]
|established_event4 = ]
|established_date1 = ] ]
|established_date2 = ] ] (])
|established_date3 = ]
|established_date4 = ]
|HDI = n/a
|HDI_rank = n/a
|HDI_year = n/a
|HDI_category = n/a
|currency = ] ]{{smallsup|2}}<br><br>
|currency_code = GIP
|country_code = ], ], ], ], ]
|time_zone = ]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = ]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = ]{{smallsup|3}}
|calling_code = ]{{smallsup|4}}
|patron_saint = ] & ] of ]
|footnote1 =
|footnote2 = Pegged with ] at par. Coins and notes issued by the Government of Gibraltar.
|footnote3 = The ] domain is also used, as it is shared with other ] members.
|footnote4 = Before ] ], 9567 from Spain.
}}
'''Gibraltar''' ({{IPAEng|dʒɨˈbrɒltər}}) is a ] located near the southernmost tip of the ] overlooking the ]. The territory shares a border with ] to the north. Gibraltar has historically been an important base for the ] and is the site of a ] base.

The name of the territory is derived from the ] name ''Jabal Tāriq'' (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Tariq".<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/port/port_index.htm|title=History of Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref> It refers to the geological formation, the ], which in turn was named for the ] ] general ] who led the initial incursion ] in 711 under the command of Umayyad Caliph ]. Earlier, it was known as '''Mons Calpe''', one of the ]. Today, Gibraltar is known colloquially as '''Gib''' or '''The Rock'''.

A one-year investigation and analysis of 235 countries and territories by ''Jane’s Country Risk'' listed Gibraltar as the top stable and prosperous British Territory, in 5th position overall.<ref></ref>

The sovereignty of Gibraltar has been a major issue of contention in ]. Gibraltar was ceded by Spain to the Crown of Great Britain in perpetuity, under the 1713 ], though Spain ] to the territory and seeks its return.<ref>, Spanish Foreign Ministry {{es icon}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of ] strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm|title=Regions and territories: Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=2007-07-18|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/gibraltar/story/0,,634007,00.html|title=Gibraltar|author=Mark Oliver|accessdate=2007-12-20|coauthors=Sally Bolton, Jon Dennis, Matthew Tempest|date=], ]|publisher=]}}</ref> The British government has stated that it is committed to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes.<ref>; ]; Answer to Question 257 by ]: ''he UK Government will never – "never" is a seldom-used word in politics – enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people. In fact, we will never even enter into a process without that agreement.''</ref>

==History==
] of Gibraltar.]]
{{main|History of Gibraltar}}
{{seealso|Military history of Gibraltar during World War II|History of the Jews in Gibraltar|History of the Maltese in Gibraltar}}
There is evidence of human habitation in Gibraltar going as far back as ] man, an extinct species of the ] genus. The first historical people known to have settled there were the ]ns around 950 BC. Semi-permanent settlements were later established by the ] and ]. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Gibraltar came briefly under the control of the ], and would later form part of the ] of ] until its collapse due to the ] in 711 AD. At that time, Gibraltar was named as one of the ], after the legend of the creation of the ].

On ] ], the ] general ] led a Berber-dominated army across the Strait from ]. He first attempted to land at ] but failed. Subsequently, he landed undetected at the southern point of the Rock from present-day ] in his quest for Spain. Little was built during the first four centuries of ] control.

The first permanent settlement was built by the ] Sultan ], who ordered the construction of a fortification on the Rock, the remains of which are still present as the ]. Gibraltar would later become part of the ] until 1309, when it would be briefly occupied by Castilian troops. In 1333, it was conquered by the ] who had invaded Muslim Spain. The Marinids ceded Gibraltar to the Kingdom of Granada in 1374. Finally, it was ] definitively by the ] in 1462, ending 750 years of Moorish control.

In the initial years under ], Gibraltar was granted sovereignty as a home to a population of exiled ]. ], a Jewish ] from ] who had led the conquest of Gibraltar, led a group of 4,350 Jews from Córdoba and ] to establish themselves in the town. A community was built and a garrison established to defend the peninsula. However, this lasted only three years. In 1476, the Duke of Medina Sidonia realigned with the Spanish Crown; the ] were then forced back to Córdoba and the ]. In 1501 Gibraltar passed under the hands of the Spanish Crown, which had been established in 1479. Gibraltar was granted ] by a ] passed in ] by ] in 1501 which is still officially used today.

], ] ].]]
The naval ] took place on ] ] during the ] when a Dutch fleet surprised and engaged a Spanish fleet anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar. During the four-hour action, the entire Spanish fleet was destroyed.

During the ], British and Dutch troops, allies of ], the Austrian pretender to the Spanish Crown, formed a confederate fleet and attacked various towns on the southern coast of Spain. On ] ], after six hours of bombardment starting at 5:00 am, the confederate fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir George Rooke assisted by ] ] comprising some 1800 Dutch and British marines captured the town of Gibraltar and claimed it in the name of the Archduke Charles. Terms of surrender<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/1704.htm|title=The Terms of Surrender|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> were agreed upon, after which much of the population chose to leave Gibraltar peacefully.

Franco-Spanish troops failed to retake the town, and British sovereignty over Gibraltar was subsequently recognised by the 1713 ], which ended the war. In this treaty, Spain ceded Gibraltar (Article X) and ] (article XI) to the United Kingdom in perpetuity. Great Britain has retained sovereignty over the former ever since, despite all attempts by Spain to recapture it.

Due to military incursions by Spain various fortifications were established and occupied by British troops in the area which came to be known as "''the British Neutral Ground''". This was the area to the north of Gibraltar, militarily conquered and continuously occupied by the British except during time of war. (The sovereignty of this area, which today contains the ], cemetery, a number of housing estates and the ], is separately ])

During the ], the Spanish, who had entered the conflict against the British, imposed a stringent blockade against Gibraltar as part of an unsuccessful siege (the ]) that lasted for more than three years, from 1779 to 1783. On ] ], the British destroyed the floating batteries of the French and Spanish besiegers, and in February 1783 the signing of peace preliminaries ended the siege.<ref>"Gibraltar." Microsoft ] 2006 . ], 2005.</ref>

Gibraltar subsequently became an important naval base for the ] and played an important part in the ]. Its strategic value increased with the opening of the ], as it controlled the important sea route between the UK and colonies such as ] and ]. During ], the civilian residents of Gibraltar were evacuated, and the Rock was turned into a fortress. An ] was built over the civilian racecourse. Guns on Gibraltar controlled the entrance to the ], but plans by ] to capture the Rock, codenamed ], later named Llona, were frustrated by Spain's reluctance to allow the ] onto Spanish soil and the excessive price Franco placed on his aid. Germany's Admiral ], head of the ], also helped by filing a pointedly negative assessment of the options. A leader of the German high command resistance to Hitler, Canaris tipped off Franco, who erected concrete barriers on roads leading to the Pyrenees.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War|last=Waller|first=John H.|page=page 264}}</ref>

In the 1950s, Spain, then under the dictatorship of ], renewed its claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar, sparked in part by the visit of ] in 1954 to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the Rock's capture. For the next thirty years, Spain restricted movement between Gibraltar and Spain, in application of one of the articles of the Treaty. A referendum was held on ], ] (the ]), in which Gibraltar's voters were asked whether they wished to either pass under Spanish sovereignty, or remain under British sovereignty, with institutions of self-government. The vote was overwhelmingly in favour of continuance of British sovereignty, with 12,138 to 44 voting to reject Spanish sovereignty. This led to the granting of ] in May 1969, which the Government of Spain strongly opposed. In response, the following month Spain completely closed the border with Gibraltar and severed all communication links.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Gibraltar.html|title=Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|last=Cahoon|first=Ben|date=2000|publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref>

]
In 1981 it was announced that the honeymoon for the royal wedding between ] and ] would start from Gibraltar. The Spanish Government responded that ] and ] had declined their invitation to the ceremony as an act of protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/gibraltar/index.html?s=oldest&|title=Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=]}}</ref>

The border with Spain was partially reopened in 1982, and fully reopened in 1985 prior to Spain's accession into the ]. Joint talks on the future of the Rock held between Spain and the United Kingdom have occurred since the late 1980s under the Brussels Agreement.<ref></ref>

In 1988, ] shot and killed three members of the ] who were planning an attack on the British Army band. The ensuing "]" controversy prompted a major political row in the UK.

In July 2002 proposals for joint sovereignty with Spain were revealed by ]. A referendum was organised in Gibraltar in November 2002 (the ]) which rejected any idea of joint sovereignty by 17,900 (98.97%) votes to 187 (1.03%). The British Government restated that, in accordance with the preamble of the ]:
<blockquote>''The UK will never enter into arrangements under which the people of Gibraltar would pass under the sovereignty of another state against their freely and democratically expressed wishes.''</blockquote>
The question of Gibraltar continues to affect ].

September 2006 saw representatives of the ], Gibraltar and ] conclude talks in ], Spain, with a landmark agreement on a range of cross-cutting issues affecting the Rock and the '']'' removing some of the restrictions imposed by ].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/trip_1.htm|title=Communique of the ministerial meeting of the forum of dialogue on Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> This agreement resolved a number of longstanding issues; improved flow of traffic at the frontier, use of the airport by other carriers, recognition of the ] telephone code and the settlement of the long-running dispute regarding the pensions of former Spanish workers in Gibraltar, who lost their jobs when Spain closed its border in 1969.

The ''Trilateral'' process is ongoing, and the British Government now states as policy that it will not enter into talks about sovereignty with Spain without the consent of the Government and people of the territory.

==Politics==
], Lieutenant General Sir Robert Fulton KBE.]]
{{main|Politics of Gibraltar}}<!--Please add new information to relevant articles of the series-->
As Gibraltar is an overseas territory of the UK, the head of state is ], who is represented by the ]. The UK retains responsibility for ], ], internal security, and financial stability. The Governor is not involved in the day-to-day administration of Gibraltar, and his role is largely as a ceremonial representative of the head of state. The Governor officially appoints the Chief Minister and government ministers after an election. He is responsible for matters of defence, and security. On ] ], Governor ] left Gibraltar on HMS Monmouth leaving the symbolic keys of the fortress of Gibraltar with the Deputy Governor. A new governor, ], replaced Sir Francis in September 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391638&a=KArticle&aid=1148478185999|title=New Governor for Gibraltar Appointed|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=]}}</ref>

The Government of Gibraltar is elected for a term of four years. The ] ] presently consists of seventeen elected members. The speaker is appointed by a resolution of the Parliament.]

The head of Government is the ], currently ]. There are three political parties currently represented in the Parliament: the ], the ], and the ].

] and the ] have been formed since the 2003 election. The ] was wound up and ] absorbed into the GSD in a merger in 2005. A new party the ] PDP was formed in 2006.

The 2007 ] was contested by the GSD, GSLP/LIBS, the PDP and two independents.

Gibraltar is a part of the ], having joined under the British Treaty of Accession (1973), with exemption from some areas such as the ] and ].

After a ten-year campaign<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/eurovote|title=Our Right to Vote in European Elections|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=November 2006|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> to exercise the right to vote in European Elections, from 2004, the people of Gibraltar participated in elections for the ] as part of the ] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-centre/newsreleasereviews.cfm/news/226|title=Gibraltar should join South West for elections to European Parliament|accessdate=2007-12-20|last= |first= |coauthors= |date=] ]|publisher=]}}</ref>

As a result of the continued Spanish claim, the issue of ] features strongly in Gibraltar politics. All local political parties are opposed to any transfer of sovereignty to Spain. They instead support ] for the Rock. This policy is supported by the main UK opposition parties.

In March 2006, UK ] ] announced that a new Gibraltar constitution had been agreed upon and would be published prior to a referendum on its acceptance in Gibraltar that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/con061.htm|title=Statement to the House of Commons|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> In July, in a statement to the UK Parliament, ], the Minister for Europe, confirmed that the new Constitution confirms the right of self-determination of the Gibraltarian people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/hoon1.htm|title=Geoff Hoon confirms the New Gibraltar Constitution is an act of self-Determination|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref>

On ] ], ] was held for ]. The turnout was 60.4% of eligible voters of which 60.24% voted to approve the constitution and 37.75% against. The remainder returned blank votes. The acceptance was welcomed by the Chief Minister, Peter Caruana, as a step forward for Gibraltar's political development.

==Geography==
{{see also|Rock of Gibraltar}}
]
]).]]
] looking north]]

The territory covers {{convert|6.843|km2|sqmi|lk=on}}. It shares a 1.2&nbsp;km (0.75&nbsp;mi) land border with ]. On the ] side is the town ], a ] of ]. The part of Cádiz province next to Gibraltar is called ], literally ''Gibraltar Countryside''. The shoreline measures 12&nbsp;km (7.5&nbsp;mi) in length. There are two coasts (''sides'') of Gibraltar{{ndash}} the ], which contains the settlements of ] and ], and the ], where the vast majority of the population lives.

Having negligible natural resources and few natural freshwater resources, limited to natural wells in the north, until recently Gibraltar used large concrete or natural rock water catchments to collect water. ]
Fresh water from the boreholes is supplemented by two ] plants: a ] plant, constructed in a tunnel within the rock, and a ] plant at North Mole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aquagib.gi/gibraltar_water_supply.html|title=Gibraltar Water Supply|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=AquaGib}}</ref>

Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with approximately <br>
{{convert|4290|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by ]; reclaimed land currently comprises approximately one tenth of the territory's total area.

The Rock itself is made of ] and is 426&nbsp;metres (1,396&nbsp;ft) high. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are operated by the military and closed to the public.
]]]

===Flora and fauna===
Over 500 different species of ]s grow on The Rock. One of them, the ''Gibraltar candytuft'' ('']''), is ] to Gibraltar. Among the wild trees that grow all around The Rock, ] and ] trees are some of the most common.

Most of its upper area is covered by a ], which is home to around 230 ], commonly known as 'apes', the only wild ]s found in Europe. They sometimes visit the town area. Recent genetic studies and historical documents point to their presence on the Rock before its capture by the British. A superstition analogous to that of the ]s at the ] states that if the monkeys ever leave, so will the British. Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the ]. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only specimens of ]s found on the European continent.

===Climate===
The climate is ] with mild winters and warm summers. There are two main prevailing winds, an easterly one known as the '']'' coming from the Sahara in Africa which brings humid weather and warmer sea and the other as ''Poniente'' which is westerly and brings fresher air in and colder sea. Its terrain consists of the 1,396&nbsp;] (426&nbsp;]) high ] and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it.
{{Gibraltar climate}}

==Subdivisions==
]
Gibraltar has no administrative divisions. It is, however, divided into seven Major Residential Areas, which are further divided into Enumeration Areas, used for statistical purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/Statistics/Census_of_Gibraltar_2001.pdf|title=Census of Gibraltar 2001|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=2001|publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref>

The Major Residential Areas are listed below, with population figures from the Census of 2001:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
! !! Residential area !! Population !! % of total</tr>
|align="right"| 1. || East Side ||align="right"| 429 ||align="right"| 1.56%</tr>
|align="right"| 2. || North District ||align="right"| 4,116 ||align="right"| 14.97%</tr>
|align="right"| 3. || Reclamation Areas ||align="right"| 9,599 ||align="right"| 34.91%</tr>
|align="right"| 4. || Sandpits Area ||align="right"| 2,207 ||align="right"| 8.03%</tr>
|align="right"| 5. || South District ||align="right"| 4,257 ||align="right"| 15.48%</tr>
|align="right"| 6. || Town Area ||align="right"| 3,588 ||align="right"| 13.05%</tr>
|align="right"| 7. || Upper Town ||align="right"| 2,805 ||align="right"| 10.20%</tr>
|align="right"| || ''Remainder'' ||align="right"| 494 ||align="right"| 1.79%</tr>
|align="right"| || '''Gibraltar''' ||align="right"| '''27,495''' ||align="right"| 100%
|}

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Gibraltar}}
] form an integral part of ]]]
The British military traditionally dominated the economy of Gibraltar, with the naval dockyard providing the bulk of economic activity. This has however diminished in the last twenty years, and it is estimated to account for only 7% of the local economy, compared to over 60% in 1984. Today, Gibraltar has an extensive service-based economy, dominated by ] and ].

A number of British and international banks have operations based in Gibraltar. Recently, many bookmakers and online gaming operators have relocated to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable corporate tax regime. However, this corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies is due to be phased out by 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawandtax-news.com/html/gibraltar/jgilatdctx.html|title=Direct Corporate Taxation|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=June 2007|publisher=LawAndTax-News.com}}</ref>

Tourism is also a significant industry. Gibraltar is a popular stop for cruise ships and attracts day visitors from resorts in Spain. The Rock is a popular tourist attraction, particularly among British tourists and residents in the southern coast of Spain. It is also a popular shopping destination, and all goods and services are ] free. Many of the large British high street chains have branches in Gibraltar, including ], ], ], and the supermarket ].

Figures from the ] show the main export markets in 2006 were ] 30.8%, ] 22.7%, ] 13.7%, ] 10.4%, ] 8.3%, ] 6.7% while the corresponding figures for imports are ] 23.4%, ] 12.3%, ] 12%, UK 9%, ] 8.9%, ] 6.8% and ] 4.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gi.html#Econ CIA World Fact Book|title=Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=]}}</ref>

The Gibraltar Government state that economy grew in 2004/2005 by 7% to a GDP of ]599,180,000. Based on statistics in the 2006 surveys, the Government statisticians estimate it has grown by 8.5% in 2005/6 and by 10.8% in 2006/7 and that the GDP is probably now around 730 million. Inflation was running at 2.6% in 2006 and predicted to be 2% to 3% in 2007. Speaking at the 2007 budget session, Peter Caruana, the Chief Minister said "The scale of Gibraltar's economic success makes it one of the most affluent communities in the entire world."

===Currency===
{{main|Gibraltar pound}}

The Currency Notes Act confers on the Government of Gibraltar the right to issue its own currency notes, at parity with ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1934-06o.pdf|title=Currency Notes Act, Section 6|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=11 May 1934|publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref> The monetary unit of Gibraltar is described both as "pound sterling"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/business/bus_index.htm#FORMATION%20AND%20STATUTORY%20REQUIREMENTS%20FOR%20GIBRALTAR%20COMPANIES|title=Formation and Statuary Requirements for Gibraltar Companies|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.uk/hol/stampsandcoins.asp|title=Stamps and Coins|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=2005|publisher=Official Government of Gibraltar London website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.uk/hol/faq.asp#3|title=FAQ|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=2005|publisher=Official Government of Gibraltar London website}}</ref> and also referred to as the "Gibraltar pound".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/finance/gib_const_legal_services.htm|title=Gibraltar's Constitution & Legal System|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965242498|title=Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|date= |publisher=]}}</ref> The ISO code "GIP" is assigned to the Gibraltar pound. Government of Gibraltar notes in circulation bear the words "Pounds sterling"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardianfx.com/information/europe/gibraltar.html|title=Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|last=Madge|first=A|coauthors=A. Simons|date=June 2000|publisher=Guardian International Currency Corp}}</ref> and are legal tender in Gibraltar, but not in the United Kingdom or the other territories of the ]. Sterling currency notes issued by the ] are legal tender and are in circulation in Gibraltar alongside the local note issues. The ] is unofficially accepted in Gibraltar, though not by post offices or all payphones.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noble|first=John|coauthors=Susan Forsyth, Vesna Maric|title=Andalucía|origyear=2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-ncWULEubPQC&pg=PA1&ots=6GLvNWrXG1&dq=lonely+planet+andalucia&sig=xLUE2d6VTlYVpOTjiCnU3D187Mk#PPA232,M1 |format= |accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=174059973X|pages=page 232|chapter=Gibraltar}}</ref>

] accounts in Gibraltar can be opened in Sterling (GBP)<ref></ref> Although accounts are available in other currencies. No banks offer accounts in GIP. {{Fact|date=September 2008}}

==Demographics==
].]]
{{main|Demographics of Gibraltar}}
The population of Gibraltar was 27,967 in July 2007.<Ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/worldguide/html/893_people.html|title=Gibraltar - Population and Demographics|publisher=intute:science, engineering & technology|accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref>

] are a racial and cultural fusion of the many European immigrants who came to the Rock over three hundred years. They are the descendants of economic migrants that came to Gibraltar after the majority of the Spanish population left in 1704. The few Spaniards who remained in Gibraltar in August 1704 were augmented by others who arrived in the fleet with Prince George of Hesse, possibly some two hundred in all, mostly Catalans.<ref>{{PDFlink||157&nbsp;]<!-- application/pdf, 161186 bytes -->}}</ref> By 1753 ], ], and ] people formed the majority of this new population. Other groups include Minorcans (forced to leave their homes when ] was returned to Spain in 1802), Sardinians, Sicilians and other Italians, French, Germans, and the British. Immigration from Spain and intermarriage with Spaniards from the surrounding Spanish towns was a constant feature of Gibraltar's history until General Francisco Franco closed the border with Gibraltar, cutting off many Gibraltarians from their relatives on the Spanish side of the frontier. The Spanish socialist government reopened the land frontier, but other restrictions remain in place.

==Religion==
Gibraltar's main religion is Christianity, with the majority of Gibraltarians belonging to the ]. Other Christian denominations include the ], whose ] is the cathedral of the ]; the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.methodist.org.gi/ |title=Gibraltar Methodist Church |accessdate=2007-10-30 |publisher=The Methodist Church}}</ref> ], various ] and independent churches mostly influenced by the ] and ]s, as well as a ] congregation. There is also a ward of ], and ]. There are also a number of ] Indians, a ] ] population, members of the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gibnet.com/bahai/ |title=The Bahá'í Community in Gibraltar |accessdate=2007-10-30 |publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> and a long-established ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.uk/hol/people.asp |title=People |accessdate=2007-11-06 |date=2005 |publisher=Official Government of Gibraltar London website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Joseph|last=Jacobs|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=220&letter=G |title=Gibraltar |accessdate=2007-11-06 |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com}}</ref>

==Language==
{{main|Languages of Gibraltar}}
As a ], the sole ] of Gibraltar is ], and it is used by the Government and in schools. Most locals are ], also speaking ], due to Gibraltar's proximity to Spain. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are spoken on ]. ] is spoken by the ] community, as are ] and ] by the ]n community of Gibraltar. ] is also spoken by the Jewish community and the ] is still spoken by some families of ] descent.

Gibraltarians often converse in '']'' ({{pronounced|jɑˈnito}} or {{IPA|}})<Ref name="creole">{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/Gibraltar.html#orientation|title=Culture of Gibraltar|publisher=Everyculture|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref>. It is an ] based ] and unique to Gibraltar. It consists of an eclectic mix of Andalusian Spanish and ] as well as languages such as ], ], ] of the ] variety and ].
Andalusian Spanish is the main constituent of Llanito, but is also heavily influenced by British English. However, it borrows words and expressions of many other languages, with over 500 words of Genoese and Hebrew origin<Ref name="ethno">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng#Gibraltar|title=Gibraltar Ethnologue profile|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref>. Among more educated Gibraltarians, it also typically involves ] to English.

Gibraltarians also call themselves ''Llanitos''.

==Education==
{{main|Education in Gibraltar}}
].]]
] generally follows the ] operating within a ] system. Schools in Gibraltar follow the ] system which teaches the ].

===Schools===
Gibraltar has fifteen ]s, one ] school, one ] and one .

===Higher education===
As there are no facilities in Gibraltar for full-time ], all Gibraltarian students must study elsewhere at ] level or equivalent and certain non-degree courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/education/education_index.htm|title=Education & Training|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}</ref> The ] operates a ]/grant system to provide funding for students studying in the ]. All Gibraltarian students follow the ], where they apply for a loan from the ] which is then reimbursed in full by the Government of Gibraltar.

==Health care==
All Gibraltarians are entitled to free ] in public ]s and ]s at the ] and ] centre. All other British citizens are also entitled to free of charge treatment on the Rock on presentation of a valid British passport during stays of up to 30 days. Other EU nationals are equally entitled to treatment on presentation of a valid ]. ] and ]s are also free of charge for Gibraltarian students and ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travelpuppy.com/gibraltar/health.htm|title=Gibraltar Health|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=TravelPuppy}}</ref>

===General hospitals===
* ]

===Primary health care centres===
* ]

===Mental hospitals===
* King George V Hospital

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Gibraltar}}
]
The culture of Gibraltar reflects Gibraltarians' diverse origins. While there are ]n and British influences, the ethnic origins of most Gibraltarians are not confined to British or Andalusian ethnicities. Most ethnicities include ], ], ], and ]. A handful of other Gibraltar residents are Jewish of ]c origin, ]n, or ]ns.

British influence remains strong. English is the language of government, commerce, education, and the media. Gibraltarians going on to higher education attend university in the UK. Patients requiring medical treatment not available on the Rock receive it as private patients paid for by the Gibraltar Government either in the United Kingdom, or more recently in Spain.

There exists a small but interesting amount of literary writings by native Gibraltarians. The first prominent work of fiction was probably Héctor Licudi's 1929 novel ''Barbarita'', written in Spanish. It is a largely autobiographical account of the adventures and misadventures of a young Gibraltarian man. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, several noteworthy anthologies of poetry were published by Leopoldo Sanguinetti, Albert Joseph Patron, and Alberto Pizzarello. The 1960s were largely dominated by the theatrical works of Elio Cruz and his two highly acclaimed Spanish plays ''La Lola se va pá Londre'' and ''Connie con cama camera en el comedor''. In the 1990s, the Gibraltarian ] Mario Arroyo published ''Profiles'' (1994), a series of bilingual meditations on love, loneliness and death. Of late there have been interesting works by the essayist Mary Chiappe such as her volume of essays ''Cabbages and Kings'' (2006) and by the UK-educated academic M. G. Sanchez, author of the hard-hitting novel ''Rock Black 0-10: A Gibraltar fiction'' (2006).

===Cuisine===
] is the result of a long relationship between the ] and the ], as well as the many foreigners who made Gibraltar their home over the past three centuries. The culinary influences include those from ], ], ] and ]. This marriage of tastes has given Gibraltar an eclectic mix of ] and ] cuisine.

===Music===
The ] is undergoing a ] with a multitude of local bands playing original material and covers. Local venues have begun accepting Gibraltarian bands and those from nearby ], resulting in a varied mix of live performances every weekend as well as some weekday nights.

Musicians from Gibraltar include ], the first ]ist invited to play with the ] Orchestra,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/Features/Charles%20Ramirez/charles%20ramirez.htm|title=Always a Pleasure to Perform in Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|last=Mascarenhas|first=Alice|date= |publisher=''The ]''}}</ref> and successful ]s like ], ] and ].

The best known Gibraltarian musician is ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foghs.org.uk/nl/70.pdf|title=Newsletter No|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=70 November 2004|publisher=Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society}}</ref> who has had top 10 hits in the UK & US, and has written many songs for international artists such as ], ] and ] among many others.

===National Day===
]
Gibraltar's National Day commemorates the 1967 referendum when the people of Gibraltar voted to reject Spanish sovereignty or association by a massive majority. It is celebrated annually on ]. The day is a public holiday, during which most Gibraltarians dress in the national colours of red and white and among other events, attend a rally. The rally culminates with the release of 30 000 red and white ] representing the people of Gibraltar.

The ] MP ] described the event as "a magnificent celebration of the Gibraltarian people, showing not only their pride in being British, but also their love of their homeland{{ndash}} the rock itself"<ref>Hansard 27 Oct 2004 : Column 1436</ref>

===Tercentenary===
]
In 2004, Gibraltar celebrated the tercentenary (the 300th anniversary) of its capture by British forces. In recognition of and with thanks for its long association with Gibraltar, the ] was given the ]. Another event saw nearly the entire population, dressed in red, white and blue, link hands to form a human chain encircling the Rock.
<BR clear=left>

==Sport==
{{main|Sport in Gibraltar}}

In 2007 there were eighteen Gibraltar Sports Associations with official recognition from their respective International Governing Bodies. Others, including the Gibraltar National Olympic Committee, have submitted applications for recognition which are being considered.

Cricket enjoys massive popularity in Gibraltar as the weather is perfectly suited to cricket games. The ] recently won the European Cricket Championships.

The Government supports the many sporting associations financially. Gibraltar also competes in the bi-annual ], which it hosted in 1995.

The ] applied for full membership of ], but their bid was turned down in ] in a contentious decision.<ref name="The Sun">{{cite news |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/article29250.ece |title=UEFA snub the Rock |publisher=The Sun|date=] ]}} </ref>

==Transport==
]
{{main|Transport in Gibraltar}}
Within Gibraltar, the main form of transport is the car. Motorbikes are popular and there is a good modern bus service. Unlike in other British territories, traffic drives on the right, as the territory shares a land border with Spain.

There is a ] which runs from ground level to the top of the rock, with an intermediate station at the apes’ den.

Restrictions on transport introduced by the Spanish dictator ] closed the land frontier in 1969 and prohibited any air or ] connections. In 1982, the land border was reopened. As the result of an agreement signed in ] on ] ] between Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and Spain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/trip_1.htm|title=Communique of the ministerial meeting of the forum of dialogue on Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> the Spanish government agreed to relax the ] at the frontier that have plagued locals for decades; in return, Britain will pay increased pensions to workers who lost their jobs when Franco closed the border. Restrictions on telephones were removed in 2007 and restrictions on movements at the airport were removed on ] ].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/2/hi/europe/6198314.stm|title=Spain restores Gibraltar air link|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=]}}</ref>

]
Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections to ] and ]. Scheduled flights to ] and other UK destinations were cancelled after insufficient demand to sustain the services.

] has operated a service between Gibraltar and London and other cities for many years. The airline initially flew under the name "Gibraltar Airways." In 1989, and in anticipation of service to cities outside the UK, Gibraltar Airways changed its name to GB Airways with the belief that a new name would incur fewer political problems. As one of British Airways' franchise operators, the airline now operates flights in full British Airways livery. In 2007 GB Airways was purchased by ]<ref></ref> who operate flights under their name from April 2008 when ] re-introduced flights to Gibraltar under their name. ] operate a daily scheduled service between Gibraltar and Luton. From September 2008 they will also operate a scheduled service to Manchester, UK. The Spanish ], ], operates a daily service to Madrid. An annual return ] to Malta is operated by Maltese national airline, ].

] is unusual not only due to its proximity to the centre of the city resulting in the airport terminal being within walking distance of much of Gibraltar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/airport/index.htm|title=Gibraltar Airport|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref> but also because the runway intersects Winston Churchill Avenue, the main north-south street, requiring movable barricades to close when aircraft land or depart. New roads and a tunnel for Winston Churchill Avenue, which will end the need to stop road traffic when aircraft use the runway, are planned with a completion date of 2009.<ref>{{PDFlink||36.1&nbsp;]<!-- application/pdf, 37039 bytes -->}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.7daysgibraltar.com/article.php?id=655|title=The Chief Minister presented the plans for an ambitious new terminal building for Gibraltar Airport|accessdate=2007-12-21|publisher=7 Days Gibraltar}}</ref>

Motorists, and on occasion pedestrians, crossing the border with Spain have been subjected to long delays and searches by the Spanish authorities. Spain has closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the ] and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel ''Pirana'' were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/fish/pirana.htm|title=Pirana Arrested|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=January 1999|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref>

The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is ] in Spain, some 120km to the East, which offers a wide range of destinations. There is no train service to Gibraltar.

==Communications==
{{main|Communications in Gibraltar}}

]
Gibraltar has a digital telephone exchange supported by a fibre optic and copper infrastructure. The telephone operator, , also operates a ] network.

International subscriber dialling is provided, and Gibraltar was allocated the access code 350 by the ]. This works from all countries with IDD, including Spain, which has accepted its use since ] ], when the ] was resolved. Gibraltar fixed service numbers are currently five digits but are being increased to eight by adding the prefix 200 to existing lines.

Dial-up, ADSL, high-speed Internet lines are available, as are some ] hotspots in hotels. Local operator CTS is rolling out WiMax.

The ] operates a television and radio station on UHF, VHF and medium-wave. The radio service is also Internet-streamed. Special events are streamed in video.

The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the '']'', Gibraltar’s oldest established daily newspaper and the world’s second oldest ] newspaper to have been in print continuously<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghamuk.com/cities/gibinfo.htm|title=Gibraltar: Fact File|publisher=Birmingham UK International Directory - Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> with daily editions six days a week. ''Panorama'' is published on weekdays, and ''Vox'', ''7 Days'', ''The New People'', and ''Gibsport'' are weekly.

==Military==
]
Gibraltar's defence is the responsibility of the tri-service ]. The army garrison is provided by the ], originally a part-time reserve force which was placed on the permanent establishment of the ] in 1990. The regiment includes full-time and part-time soldiers recruited from Gibraltar, as well as ] regulars posted from other regiments.

The ] maintains a ] at the Rock. The squadron is responsible for the security and integrity of British Gibraltar Territorial Waters (BGTW). The shore establishment at Gibraltar is called ''Rooke'' after ] who captured the Rock for ] (pretender to the Spanish throne) in 1704. Gibraltar's strategic position provides an important facility for the ] and Britain's allies. Ships from the ] do not call at Gibraltar.

British and U.S. nuclear submarines frequently visit the ''Z berths'' at Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo981109/text/81109w21.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=]}}</ref> A Z berth provides the facility for nuclear submarines to visit for operational or recreational purposes, and for non-nuclear repairs.

The ] station at Gibraltar forms part of Headquarters British Forces Gibraltar. Although aircraft are no longer permanently stationed at ], a variety of RAF aircraft make regular visits to the Rock and the airfield also houses a section from the Met Office.

The Rock is believed to be a ] listening post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jya.com/nsa-scs.htm|title=Foreign-operated accommodation site that provides occasional SIGINT product to the USSS|accessdate=2007-12-20|last=Vest|first=Jason|coauthors=Wayne Madsen|date=] ]}}</ref> Its strategic position provides a key ] and ] location for ] and North African coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2004/aug/10spain-gib-comint.htm|title=Early 20th century communications interception in Spain: a historical perspective|accessdate=2007-12-20|publisher=]}}</ref>

During the ], an Argentine plan to attack British shipping in the harbour using frogmen (]) was foiled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/falkwar.htm|title=Operation Algeciras|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Panorama}}</ref> The naval base also played a part in supporting the task force sent by Britain to recover the Falklands.

In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that services to the base would be provided by the private company SERCO, resulting in industrial action from the trade unions involved.

==''Death on the Rock''==
{{main|Operation Flavius}}
On ] ], as part of ], the British ] killed three members of the ] (IRA) in Gibraltar. The three, ], ], and ], were there on an IRA operation to plant a car bomb. All three were unarmed at the time, but a car they had hired was subsequently discovered in Spain with {{kg to lb|num=64|abbr=yes|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|wiki=yes}} of ] explosive. The incident became the subject of a contentious ] documentary, '']''.

An inquest was held which ruled the SAS's action to be lawful.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tweedie|first=June|coauthors=Tony Ward|year=1989|month=Winter|title=The Gibraltar Shootings and the Politics of Inquests|journal=Journal of Law and Society|volume=16|issue=No. 4|pages=pp. 464–476|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0263-323X(198924)16%3A4%3C464%3ATGSATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7|accessdate=2007-12-21|doi=10.2307/1410331}}</ref> The families of the deceased, however, took the case to the ], and in 1995 it held by ten votes to nine that the British government had violated Article 2 of the ]. It also ruled, however, that the three killed had been engaged in an act of ], consequently dismissing unanimously the applicants' claims for damages, for costs and expenses incurred by the original inquest, and for any remaining claims for just satisfaction.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.gibnet.com/texts/gibira.htm|title=ECHR Judgement on the shooting of the IRA members in Gibraltar|accessdate=2007-12-21|publisher=Gibnet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEED71F3DF93BA1575AC0A963958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEuropean%20Court%20of%20Human%20Rights|title=World News Briefs; Rights Court Says Britain Illegally Killed 3 in I.R.A.|publisher='']''|date=] ]|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref>

==Gibraltar in popular culture==
]'' by ].]]

===Film===
* The film '']'' was filmed on location in Gibraltar in 1958. It is a dramatisation of the period during the Second World War when ] served as a mine and disposal officer in Gibraltar while frogmen of the ]'s Tenth Light Flotilla were sinking vital shipping.
* The opening scene of the film '']'' (from the ] film series) takes place in Gibraltar.
* In the German-language film '']'', a German U-boat struggles in its attempt to get past the British navy in Gibraltar to relocate to a base in the Mediterranean sea.

===Literature===
* ]'s novel '']'' (1965), chronicling the troubled love-life of the British soldier Richard Ennis, is set in Gibraltar.
* The satirical novel '']'' by ] (1887) describes an almost successful attack of the monkeys on the fortress.
* "The Day of an American Journalist in 2889", an 1889 Jules Verne short story, also mentions Gibraltar as the last territory of a ] that has lost the ] themselves.
* ''Raffles' Crime in Gibraltar'' by ], a ] story set in Gibraltar in 1937 (] title: ''They Hang Them in Gibraltar'').
* ''Scruffy'' by ] is set on Gibraltar during World War II. It follows the steady decline in the size of the Macaque colony and the possible fulfilment of the superstition that Gibraltar will fall if it disappears.
* As ] is a native Gibraltarian, references to Gibraltar appear throughout ]'s '']'' (1922). A sculpture of Molly Bloom as imagined by local artist ] is on display in the ].
* ]'s novel '']'' mentions about the ']', a novel infrastructure connecting Europe and Africa.
* ]' book ''The Rock'' is a collection of short stories set in Gibraltar: ranging from a story set in prehistoric times to one suggesting a possible future for the Rock.

===Music===
* In 1782 ] composed a ] for voice and piano to celebrate the ] titled '']''.
* The ]' song ] identifies Gibraltar as the place that ] and ] were married.

==Notable people from Gibraltar==
{{seealso|List of Gibraltarians|Gibraltarian people}}

Notable or famous ] include:

* ] - physicist responsible for the development of British ] following World War II.
* ] - four time ].
* ] - International singer, songwriter and producer.
* ] (1772 - 1844) - Translator and poet.
* ] (1818 - 1860) - Correspondent for '']'' in Germany and China. He was captured and imprisoned by the Tartar General ] whilst on correspondence in ], ].
* ] (1864 - 1917) - General who led the successful campaign in ] to capture ] over the winter of 1917.
* ] (1766 - 1839) - Merchant and political figure in ].
* ] (1784 - 1854) - Gibraltar-born ] ], most famous for the ]
* ] (1736 - 1799) - Gibraltar-born ] in the ] service active in ], his amorous exploits inspired the best-selling novel '']''.
* ] (1873-1971) - Painter.

==Twin towns==
<!-- No flag icons here please, see talk -->
* ], ], ] (1969, but lapsed)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foghs.org.uk/nl/74.pdf|title=Newsletter No 24|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=October 2005|publisher=Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society}}</ref>
* ], ] (]) (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibraltarnewsonline.com/2006/04/25/mayor-set-for-gibraltar-ballymena-twinning/|title=Mayor set for Gibraltar - Ballymena twinning|accessdate=2007-12-20|date=] ]|publisher=Gibraltar News Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{portalpar|Gibraltar|Flag of Gibraltar.svg}}
{{sisterlinks|Gibraltar}}

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Revision as of 16:35, 12 September 2008

fuck

Gibraltar: Difference between revisions Add topic