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| ]) with ] inscription "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by ] at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple.]] | ]) with ] inscription "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by ] at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple.]] | ||
| The '''Second Temple''' ({{lang-he|בית המקדש}}, romanized: ''Beit HaMikdash'' meaning ''Holy House'') was the reconstructed ] which stood between 516 |
The '''Second Temple''' ({{lang-he|בית המקדש}}, romanized: ''Beit HaMikdash'' meaning ''Holy House'') was the reconstructed ] which stood between 516 BC and AD 70. During this time, it was the center of ] worship, which focused on the sacrifices known as the '']''. ], also known as the First Temple, was destroyed in 586 BC when the ]s were ]d into ]. Construction of a new temple was begun in 535; after a hiatus, work resumed ca. 521, with completion occurring in 516 and dedication in 515. As described in the ], rebuilding of the Temple was authorized by ] and ratified by ]. The Romans ] and its Second Temple on ] ], ending the ] that began in AD 66. | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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| After the return from captivity, under ], arrangements were almost immediately made to reorganize the desolated ] after its demise seventy years earlier. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360 including children (besides their male and female servants, who numbered 7,337, and 200 singing men and women; cf. {{bibleref|Ezra|2:65}}), having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the ] to ], were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the ''korbanot''. | After the return from captivity, under ], arrangements were almost immediately made to reorganize the desolated ] after its demise seventy years earlier. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360 including children (besides their male and female servants, who numbered 7,337, and 200 singing men and women; cf. {{bibleref|Ezra|2:65}}), having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the ] to ], were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the ''korbanot''. | ||
| On the invitation of Zerubbabel, the governor, who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics, besides other gifts, the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm (] 2). First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple; and in the second month of the second year (535 |
On the invitation of Zerubbabel, the governor, who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics, besides other gifts, the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm (] 2). First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple; and in the second month of the second year (535 BC), amid great public excitement and rejoicing (befitting ] 116; 117; 118), the foundations of the second temple were laid. A wide interest was felt in this great movement, although it was regarded with mingled feelings by the spectators ({{bibleref|Haggai|2:3}}; {{bibleref|Zechariah|4:10}}). | ||
| ===Samaritans offer=== | ===Samaritans offer=== | ||
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| ===Monarchs === | ===Monarchs === | ||
| Seven years after this Cyrus the Great, who ordered and declared the rebuilding of the temple, died ({{bibleref|2Chronicles|36:22-23}}); he was succeeded by his son ]. On his death the "false ]," an imposter, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then ] became king (522 |
Seven years after this Cyrus the Great, who ordered and declared the rebuilding of the temple, died ({{bibleref|2Chronicles|36:22-23}}); he was succeeded by his son ]. On his death the "false ]," an imposter, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then ] became king (522 BC). In the second year of this monarch the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion ({{bibleref|Ezra|5:6-6:15}}), under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets ] and ]. It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BC, more than twenty years after the return from captivity. The temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar, in the sixth year of the reign of King Darius. ({{bibleref|Ezra|6:15}}) | ||
| ==Missing articles== | ==Missing articles== | ||
| ] inscription from Herod's Temple, late 1st century |
] inscription from Herod's Temple, late 1st century BC. It warns ] to refrain from entering the Temple enclosure, on pain of death.]] | ||
| This second temple was missing the ], the ], the holy oil, the sacred fire, the ], the pot of ], and ]. The ] was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the first Temple. As in the ], there was in it only one ] for the ], one table of ], and the incense altar, with golden censers, and many of the vessels of gold that had belonged to ] that had been carried to ] but restored by Cyrus (Ezra 1:7-11). | This second temple was missing the ], the ], the holy oil, the sacred fire, the ], the pot of ], and ]. The ] was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the first Temple. As in the ], there was in it only one ] for the ], one table of ], and the incense altar, with golden censers, and many of the vessels of gold that had belonged to ] that had been carried to ] but restored by Cyrus (Ezra 1:7-11). | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| {{main|Herod's Temple}} | {{main|Herod's Temple}} | ||
| Around 19 |
Around 19 BC, ] began a massive renovation and expansion of the Second Temple complex. The Temple itself was torn down and a new one built in its place. The resulting structure is sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple, but it is still called the Second Temple because the sacrificial rituals continued unabated throughout the construction process. | ||
| == Destruction == | == Destruction == | ||
| ])]] | ])]] | ||
| In |
In AD 66 the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire. Four years later, in AD 70, ] under ] ] much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The ], located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus's victory in Judea, depicts Roman soldiers carrying off the ] from the Temple. Jerusalem itself was razed by the ] at the end of the ] in AD 135. | ||
| == Discovery of quarry == | == Discovery of quarry == | ||
| On ] ] Yuval Baruch, ] with the ], announced their discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided ] with the stones to construct Herod's Temple. Coins, pottery and an iron stake found indicated the date of the quarrying to be about 19 |
On ] ] Yuval Baruch, ] with the ], announced their discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided ] with the stones to construct Herod's Temple. Coins, pottery and an iron stake found indicated the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BC. Archaeologist Ehud Nesher confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves.<ref></ref> | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 21:12, 6 December 2008
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The Second Temple (Template:Lang-he, romanized: Beit HaMikdash meaning Holy House) was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BC and AD 70. During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship, which focused on the sacrifices known as the korbanot. Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was destroyed in 586 BC when the Jews were exiled into Babylonian Captivity. Construction of a new temple was begun in 535; after a hiatus, work resumed ca. 521, with completion occurring in 516 and dedication in 515. As described in the Book of Ezra, rebuilding of the Temple was authorized by Cyrus the Great and ratified by Darius the Great. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4th AD 70, ending the Great Jewish Revolt that began in AD 66.
Nation reorganized
After the return from captivity, under Zerubbabel, arrangements were almost immediately made to reorganize the desolated Kingdom of Judah after its demise seventy years earlier. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360 including children (besides their male and female servants, who numbered 7,337, and 200 singing men and women; cf. Ezra 2:65), having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem, were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot.
On the invitation of Zerubbabel, the governor, who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics, besides other gifts, the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm (Ezra 2). First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple; and in the second month of the second year (535 BC), amid great public excitement and rejoicing (befitting Psalms 116; 117; 118), the foundations of the second temple were laid. A wide interest was felt in this great movement, although it was regarded with mingled feelings by the spectators (Haggai 2:3; Zechariah 4:10).
Samaritans offer
The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work. Zerubbabel and the elders, however, declined all such cooperation, feeling that Judea must build the temple without help. Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews. According to Ezra 4:5, the Samaritans sought to "frustrate their purpose" and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa, with the result that the work was suspended.
Monarchs
Seven years after this Cyrus the Great, who ordered and declared the rebuilding of the temple, died (2Chronicles 36:22–23); he was succeeded by his son Cambyses. On his death the "false Smerdis," an imposter, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then Darius I of Persia became king (522 BC). In the second year of this monarch the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion (Ezra 5:6–6:15), under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah. It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BC, more than twenty years after the return from captivity. The temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar, in the sixth year of the reign of King Darius. (Ezra 6:15)
Missing articles
This second temple was missing the Ark of the Covenant, the Urim and Thummim, the holy oil, the sacred fire, the Ten Commandments, the pot of manna, and Aaron's rod. The Kodesh Hakodashim was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the first Temple. As in the Tabernacle, there was in it only one golden lamp for the holy place, one table of showbread, and the incense altar, with golden censers, and many of the vessels of gold that had belonged to Solomon's Temple that had been carried to Babylon but restored by Cyrus (Ezra 1:7-11).
Completion
The temple, when completed, was consecrated and the sacrificial observances known as the korbanot resumed, amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people (Ezra 6:16), although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people, but were subject to a foreign power. The Book of Haggai includes a prediction (2:9) that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first. This temple, during the different periods of its existence, is often regarded by believers as but one house, the one only house of God.
Renovation under Herod
Around 19 BC, Herod the Great began a massive renovation and expansion of the Second Temple complex. The Temple itself was torn down and a new one built in its place. The resulting structure is sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple, but it is still called the Second Temple because the sacrificial rituals continued unabated throughout the construction process.
Destruction
In AD 66 the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire. Four years later, in AD 70, Roman legions under Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The arch of Titus, located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus's victory in Judea, depicts Roman soldiers carrying off the Menorah from the Temple. Jerusalem itself was razed by the Emperor Hadrian at the end of the Bar Kochba Rebellion in AD 135.
Discovery of quarry
On September 25 2007 Yuval Baruch, archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority, announced their discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided King Herod with the stones to construct Herod's Temple. Coins, pottery and an iron stake found indicated the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BC. Archaeologist Ehud Nesher confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves.
See also
References
External links
- Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple JerusalemThe Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)