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| == Feudalism == | == Feudalism == | ||
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| The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the ]. Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. | The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the ]. Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. | ||
| However, by enabling the nobility to seize more and more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the ], ], ], Nelipčić, Kačić, Kurjaković, Drašković, Babonić and other families. During this period, the ] and the ] also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. | However, by enabling the nobility to seize more and more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the ], ], ], Nelipčić, Kačić, Kurjaković, Drašković, Babonić and other families. During this period, the ] and the ] also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. | ||
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| As the ] started, Croatia was once again a border area between two major forces in this part of the world. While Croats under ]n ] priest ] ] contributed to the Christian victory over the |
As the ] started, Croatia was once again a border area between two major forces in this part of the world. While Croats under ]n ] priest ] ] contributed to the Christian victory over the ] in the ] of 1456, they suffered a major defeat in the ] (in ], Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. | ||
| ] called Croatia the ''forefront of Christianity (])'' in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the ]. Among them there were ] ] who won a victory at Dubica on the ] river in 1513, the captain of Senj ] who defended the ] fortress for 15 years, captain ] who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban ] who helped save ] from occupation in 1542 and fought in the ] in 1566. | ] called Croatia the ''forefront of Christianity (])'' in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the ]. Among them there were ] ] who won a victory at Dubica on the ] river in 1513, the captain of Senj ] who defended the ] fortress for 15 years, captain ] who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban ] who helped save ] from occupation in 1542 and fought in the ] in 1566. | ||
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Croatia in personal union with Hungary is a source of a major historical controversy. Croatian historians argue that the union was a personal one in the form of a shared king while Hungarian and Serbian historians insist that Croatia was conquered. The significance of the debate lies in the Croatian claim to an unbroken heritage of historical statehood which is clearly compromised by the other claim. The actual nature of the relationship is inexplicable in modern terms because it varied from time to time. Sometimes Croatia acted as an independent agent and at other times as a vassal of Hungary. However, Croatia retained a large degree if internal independence. The degree of Croatian autonomy fluctuated throughout the centuries as did its borders.
Historical context, terms
In 1097 the last Croatian national king was killed leaving the throne vacant. King Coloman of Hungary established the personal union of the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary by an agreement called Pacta conventa. Although, the precise time and terms of Pacta Conventa later became a matter of dispute; nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way. The official entering of Croatia into a personal union with Hungary, becoming part of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, had several important consequences. The two crowns were united in personal union until the end of the first world war in 1918.
During personal union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained with the Sabor (parliament) and the ban (viceroy) in the name of the king. A single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225, when the authority was split between one ban of The Whole of Slavonia and one ban of Dalmatia and Croatia. The positions were intermittently held by the same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by 1476.
Feudalism
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The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the feudal system. Large fiefs were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. However, by enabling the nobility to seize more and more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the Frankopan, Šubić, Lacković, Nelipčić, Kačić, Kurjaković, Drašković, Babonić and other families. During this period, the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia.
The later kings sought to restore their influence by giving certain privileges to the towns, making them Royal Boroughs or Free Royal Towns (similar to the Free Cities in the Holy Roman Empire), which the kings defended from the feudal lords in return for the town's support.
The princes of Bribir from the Šubić family became particularly influential during the time of Pavao Šubić Bribirski (1272-1312) who asserted control over large parts of Dalmatia, Slavonia and Bosnia during an internal conflict between the Árpád and Anjou ruling dynasties. Later, however, the Anjouvines intervened and scattered the Šubić and Babonić(1322 ad) families across the country (an important offspring being the Zrinski family).During that time,Angevian kings won a full control over Slavonia and Croatia. Hungarian power was restored in Dalmatia in 1358 ad by the treaty of Zadar( later,in the time of reign king Sigismund I Luxemourg this province was sold to the Republic of Venice in 1409.
The Ottoman wars
As the Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia was once again a border area between two major forces in this part of the world. While Croats under Italian Franciscan priest fra John Capistrano contributed to the Christian victory over the Ottomans in the siege of Belgrade of 1456, they suffered a major defeat in the battle of Krbava field (in Lika, Croatia) in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire.
Pope Leo X called Croatia the forefront of Christianity (Antemurale Christianitatis) in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. Among them there were ban Petar Berislavić who won a victory at Dubica on the Una river in 1513, the captain of Senj Petar Kružić who defended the Klis fortress for 15 years, captain Nikola Jurišić who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski who helped save Pest from occupation in 1542 and fought in the Battle of Szigetvar in 1566.
The 1526 Battle of Mohács was a crucial event in which the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty was shattered by the death of King Louis II. The defeat emphasized the overall inability of the Christian feudal military to halt the Ottomans, who would remain a major threat for centuries. The Croatian historical narrative insists that the decision to join the Habsburg Empire was the result of a free choice made by the Sabor. Austrian historians never claimed they conquered Croatia by force and there appears to be little reason to doubt Croatian claims about the events of 1526.
See also
Footnotes
- Bellamy, p.36
- Bellamy, p.37
- Bellamy, p.37
- Bellamy, p. 38
- Bellamy, p. 38
- Bellamy, p. 38
- Singleton, p. 29
- Font, Marta:Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Age
- Britannica:History of Croatia
- Britannica:History of Croatia
- Bellamy, p. 38
- Bellamy, p. 39
References
- Bellamy, Alex J. (2003), The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream, Manchester University Press, ISBN 9780719065026
- Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). A short history of the Yugoslav peoples. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521274852.