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{{Refimprove|date=June 2010|reason=for example cite needed for "physical chemists use it in"}} {{Refimprove|date=June 2010|reason=for example cite needed for "physical chemists use it in"}}
'''Muonium''' is an ] made up of an ] and an ],<ref name="Gold"> '''Muonium''' is an ] made up of an ] and an ],<ref name="Gold">
{{cite book {{Cite book
|author=] |author=]
|year=1997 |year=1997
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|doi=10.1351/goldbook.M04069 |doi=10.1351/goldbook.M04069
}}</ref> which was discovered in 1960<ref name="Hughes"> }}</ref> which was discovered in 1960<ref name="Hughes">
{{cite journal {{Cite journal
|author=V.W Hughes, et al. |author=V.W Hughes, et al.
|year=1960 |year=1960
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|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.63 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.63
}}</ref> and is given the chemical symbol {{Element|Muonium}}. During the muon's {{val|2|u=µs}} lifetime, muonium can enter into compounds such as muonium chloride ({{Element|Muonium}}{{Element|Chlorine}}) or sodium muonide ({{Element|Sodium}}{{Element|Muonium}}).<ref name="iupac"> }}</ref> and is given the chemical symbol {{Element|Muonium}}. During the muon's {{val|2|u=µs}} lifetime, muonium can enter into compounds such as muonium chloride ({{Element|Muonium}}{{Element|Chlorine}}) or sodium muonide ({{Element|Sodium}}{{Element|Muonium}}).<ref name="iupac">
{{cite journal {{Cite journal
|author=W.H. Koppenol (]) |author=W.H. Koppenol (])
|year=2001 |year=2001
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Although muonium is short-lived, physical chemists use it in a modified form of ] ] for the analysis of chemical transformations and the structure of compounds with novel or potentially valuable electronic properties. (This form of electron spin resonance (eSR) is called ] (μSR).) There are variants of μSR, e.g. ], which is affected by the presence of a ] applied transverse to the muon beam direction, and ] (ALC), which is also called ] (LCR). The latter employs a magnetic field applied longitudinally to the beam direction, and monitors the relaxation of muon spins caused by magnetic oscillations with another magnetic nucleus. One author has considered "muonium" as the second radioisotope of hydrogen, after tritium.<ref name="isotope"> Although muonium is short-lived, physical chemists use it in a modified form of ] ] for the analysis of chemical transformations and the structure of compounds with novel or potentially valuable electronic properties. (This form of electron spin resonance (eSR) is called ] (μSR).) There are variants of μSR, e.g. ], which is affected by the presence of a ] applied transverse to the muon beam direction, and ] (ALC), which is also called ] (LCR). The latter employs a magnetic field applied longitudinally to the beam direction, and monitors the relaxation of muon spins caused by magnetic oscillations with another magnetic nucleus. One author has considered "muonium" as the second radioisotope of hydrogen, after tritium.<ref name="isotope">
{{cite journal {{Cite journal
|author=C.J. Rhodes |author=C.J. Rhodes
|year=2002 |year=2002
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Because the muon is a ], the atomic energy levels of muonium can be calculated with great precision from ] (QED), unlike the case of hydrogen, where the precision is limited by uncertainies related to the internal structure of the ]. For this reason, muonium is an ideal system for studying bound-state QED and also for searching for physics beyond the ].<ref name="Jungmann"> Because the muon is a ], the atomic energy levels of muonium can be calculated with great precision from ] (QED), unlike the case of hydrogen, where the precision is limited by uncertainies related to the internal structure of the ]. For this reason, muonium is an ideal system for studying bound-state QED and also for searching for physics beyond the ].<ref name="Jungmann">
{{cite journal {{Cite journal
|author=K.P. Jungmann |author=K.P. Jungmann
|year=2004 |year=2004
|title=Past, Present and Future of Muonium |title=Past, Present and Future of Muonium
|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0404013 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0404013
|journal=Proc. of Memorial Symp. in Honor of V. W. Hughes, New Haven, Connecticut, 14-15 Nov 2003 |journal=Proc. of Memorial Symp. in Honor of V. W. Hughes, New Haven, Connecticut, 14–15 November 2003
}}</ref> }}</ref>


What is called "true muonium", made of a muon and an antimuon, is a theoretical exotic atom which has never been observed. It may have been generated in the collision of electron and positron beams but not searched for in the particle debris.<ref> What is called "true muonium", made of a muon and an antimuon, is a theoretical exotic atom which has never been observed. It may have been generated in the collision of electron and positron beams but not searched for in the particle debris.<ref>
{{cite journal {{Cite journal
|author=S.J. Brodsky, R.F. Lebed |author=S.J. Brodsky, R.F. Lebed
|year=2009 |year=2009
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==See also== ==See also==

* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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{{particles}} {{particles}}
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] ]




{{particle-stub}} {{Particle-stub}}


] ]

Revision as of 12:56, 28 September 2010

For atoms where muons have replaced one or more electrons, see muonic atom.
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Muonium is an exotic atom made up of an antimuon and an electron, which was discovered in 1960 and is given the chemical symbol Template:Element. During the muon's 2 μs lifetime, muonium can enter into compounds such as muonium chloride (Template:ElementTemplate:Element) or sodium muonide (Template:ElementTemplate:Element). Due to the mass difference between the antimuon and the electron, muonium (
μ

e
) is more similar to atomic hydrogen (
p

e
) than positronium (
e

e
). Its Bohr radius and ionization energy are within 0.5% of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium.

Although muonium is short-lived, physical chemists use it in a modified form of electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the analysis of chemical transformations and the structure of compounds with novel or potentially valuable electronic properties. (This form of electron spin resonance (eSR) is called muon spin resonance (μSR).) There are variants of μSR, e.g. muon spin rotation, which is affected by the presence of a magnetic field applied transverse to the muon beam direction, and Avoided Level Crossing (ALC), which is also called Level Crossing Resonance (LCR). The latter employs a magnetic field applied longitudinally to the beam direction, and monitors the relaxation of muon spins caused by magnetic oscillations with another magnetic nucleus. One author has considered "muonium" as the second radioisotope of hydrogen, after tritium.

Because the muon is a lepton, the atomic energy levels of muonium can be calculated with great precision from quantum electrodynamics (QED), unlike the case of hydrogen, where the precision is limited by uncertainies related to the internal structure of the proton. For this reason, muonium is an ideal system for studying bound-state QED and also for searching for physics beyond the standard model.

What is called "true muonium", made of a muon and an antimuon, is a theoretical exotic atom which has never been observed. It may have been generated in the collision of electron and positron beams but not searched for in the particle debris.

See also

References

  1. IUPAC (1997). "Muonium". In A.D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (ed.). [[Compendium of Chemical Terminology]] (2nd ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04069. ISBN 0-86542-684-8. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  2. V.W Hughes; et al. (1960). "Formation of Muonium and Observation of its Larmor Precession". Physical Review Letters. 5 (2): 63–65. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.63. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  3. W.H. Koppenol (IUPAC) (2001). "Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (2): 377–380.
  4. C.J. Rhodes (2002). "Muonium—the second radioisotope of hydrogen—and its contribution to free radical chemistry". Perkin Transactions. 2: 1379. doi:10.1039/b100699l.
  5. K.P. Jungmann (2004). "Past, Present and Future of Muonium". Proc. of Memorial Symp. in Honor of V. W. Hughes, New Haven, Connecticut, 14–15 November 2003.
  6. S.J. Brodsky, R.F. Lebed (2009). "Production of the smallest QED atom: True muonium (µµ)". Physical Review Letters. 102 (21): 213401. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.213401.
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