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Islam has been associated with violence in a variety of contexts: Holy wars - historic and present, violent acts by adherents against perceived enemies of Islam, violence against women ostensibly supported by Islam's tenets, references to violence in the Qur'an, and acts of terrorisms motivated and/or justified by Islam.

Intolerance

Despite claims that the sources of Islam demand it to be a "Religion of peace" with violence being regulated by laws of Jihad, Islam has been criticised for its followers exhibiting intolerance and violence towards critics (often viewed as being pejorative of Islam and its Prophet).

According to Islamic scholar Khaleel Mohammed, throughout the world, Muslim intellectuals are punished for criticizing some aspects of traditional and contemporary Islam. He cited the case of Muhammad Said al-Ashmawy being held in Egypt is under house arrest for his own protection; Abdel Karim Soroush who was beaten in Iran for raising the voice of inquiry, Mahmoud Taha who was killed in Sudan. Mohammed claims that Scholars Rifat Hassan, Fatima Mernissi, Abdallah an-Na'im, Mohammed Arkoun and Amina Wadud were all vilified by the imams for asking Muslims to use their intellects.

In one example, Hashem Aghajari, an Iranian university professor, was initially sentenced to death because of a speech that criticized some of the present Islamic practices in Iran being in contradiction with the original practices and ideology of Islam, and particularly for stating that Muslims were not "monkeys" and "should not blindly follow" the clerics. The sentence was later commuted to three years in jail, and he was released in 2004 after serving two years of that sentence.

Ibn Warraq has collected and published stories of the reported mistreatment of Muslim apostates at the hands of Islamic authorities.

• Christoph Luxenberg feels compelled to work under a pseudonym to protect himself because of fears that a new book on the origins of the Qur'an may make him a target for violence.

• In recent times fatwas calling for execution have been issued against author Salman Rushdie and activist Taslima Nasreen for pejorative comments on Islam.
• On 2 November 2004, Dutch Filmmaker Theo van Gogh was assassinated by Dutch born Mohammed Bouyeri for producing the 10 minute film Submission critical of the abusive treatment of women by Muslims. A letter threatening the author of the screenplay, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, was pinned to his body by a knife. Hirsi Ali entered into hiding immediately following the assassination.
• On 30 September 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published editorial cartoons, many of which caricatured the Islamic prophet Mohammed. The publication was intended to contribute to the debate regarding criticism of Islam and self-censorship; objectives which manifested themselves in the public outcry from Muslim communities within Denmark and the subsequent apology by the paper. However, the controversy deepened when further examples of the cartoons were reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. This led to protests across the Muslim world, some of which escalated into violence, including setting fire to the Norwegian and Danish Embassies in Syria, and the storming of European buildings and desecration of the Danish and German flags in Gaza City. Globally, at least 139 people were killed and 823 injured.
• On 19 September 2006 French writer and philosophy teacher Robert Redeker wrote an editorial for Le Figaro, a French conservative newspaper, in which he attacked Islam and Muhammad, writing: "Pitiless war leader, pillager, butcher of Jews and polygamous, this is how Mohammed is revealed by the Qur'an"; he received death threats and went into hiding.
• On 4 August 2007, Ehsan Jami was attacked in his hometown Voorburg, in The Netherlands, by three men. The attack is widely believed to be linked to his activities for the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims. The national anti-terrorism coordinator's office, the public prosecution department and the police decided during a meeting on 6 August that "additional measures" were necessary for the protection of Jami who has subsequently received extra security.

Professors assert that "Hatred towards people who follow other religions such as Jews and Christians, as well as Hindus and other polytheists, are a part of the teachings of the Islamic holy book, the Qur'an."

Qur'an

Muhammad's book, the Qur'an (and in its Hadith) contains passages that glorify or endorse violence. one example is: "And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out, for persecution is worse than slaughter ...and fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is for Allah." There is a good case to be made that the textual context of this particular passage is defensive war, even if the historical context was not. However, there are also two worrisome pieces to this verse. The first is that the killing of others is authorized in the event of "persecution" (a qualification that is ambiguous at best). The second is that fighting may persist until "religion is for Allah." The example set by Muhammad is not reassuring. Qur'an (2:191-193)

The reality of current violence against critics hit many who are outspoken (Salman Rushdie), including a teacher who's forced into hiding after describing the Koran as a "book of extraordinary violence" and Islam as "a religion which ... exalts violence and hate".

The Qur’an's teachings on matters of war and peace have become topics of heated discussion in recent years. On the one hand, some critics interpret that certain verses of the Qur’an sanction military action against unbelievers as a whole both during the lifetime of Muhammad and after. The Qur'an said " fight in the name of your religion with those who fight against you. On the other hand, other scholars argue that such verses of the Qur’an are interpreted out of context, and argue that when the verses are read in context it clearly appears that the Qur’an prohibits aggression, and allows fighting only in self defense.

Methods of violence

Beheading and cutting are rooted in Islamic teaching, "kill their opponents by cutting off their hands and feet."

Beheadings

Beheading in the Name of Islam is a wide past and present phenomenon. Some have called it: "sacred Muslim practice of beheading." The Qur'an: (8:12): "...and strike upon their necks." Andrew McCarthy elaborated on "Islam and Beheadings." From the Oxford dictionary of Islam:

Hadith reports introduce the teaching that renunciation of Islam is punishable by beheading, burning, crucifixion, or banishment.

Muhammad reported that the angel Gabriel said beheading was one of Allah's punishments for those who reject him.

Among the atrocities of the Islamic Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines are several beheadings.

Glorification of these crimes manifested itself in examples of: Beheaded Christian girls were Ramadan 'trophies' and beheading Video was up for sale in Baghdad.

Islamists in Iraq sent -in 2006- the following message: 'Leave, Crusaders, or have your heads cut off.'

From Islamic terrorists' addmission:

we found a Swedish infidel. Brother Nimr cut off his head, and put it at the gate so that it would be seen by all those entering and exiting. We continued in the search for the infidels, and we slit the throats of those we found among them. . . . We found Filipino Christians. We cut their throats and dedicated them to our brothers the Mujahideen in the Philippines. , we found Hindu engineers and we cut their throats too, Allah be praised. That same day, we purged Muhammad's land of many Christians and polytheists.

See: Daniel Pearl, Nick Berg.

Cutting

Cutting in found in the Quran. Islamists' tactics include cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides. It is denounced together with stoning of women. Jihadists cut off nose, ears, tongue of civilians in Afghanistan.

Against women

Verse 4:34 of the Qur'an as translated by Mohammed Habib Shakir reads:

Men are the maintainers of women because God has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as God has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely God is High, Great.

The film Submission, which rose to fame after the murder of its director Theo van Gogh, critiqued this and similar verses of the Qur'an by displaying them painted on the bodies of abused Muslim women. Ayaan Hirsi Ali, the film's writer, said "it is written in the Koran a woman may be slapped if she is disobedient. This is one of the evils I wish to point out in the film".

Scholars and other defenders of Islam have a variety of responses to these criticisms. (See An-Nisa, 34 for a fuller exegesis on the meaning of the text.) Although the Qur'an does allow a husband to punish his wife for transgressing the bounds given to her by God, the Qur'an and Muhammad still put forth the prescription that the man is only allowed to hit the woman so lightly that it would not leave as much as a faint mark upon her, otherwise the man has himself transgressed divine bounds. Some Muslims argue that beating is only appropriate if a woman has done "an unrighteous, wicked and rebellious act" beyond mere disobedience. In many modern interpretations of the Qur'an, the actions prescribed in 4:34 are to be taken in sequence, and beating is only to be used as a last resort.

Some Islamic scholars and commentators have emphasized that beatings, where permitted, are not to be harsh or even that they should be "more or less symbolic." According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Ibn Kathir, the consensus of Islamic scholars is that the above verse describes a light beating.

Some jurists argue that even when beating is acceptable under the Qur'an, it is still discountenanced.

Holy wars

Clear 'holy wars' - Islamization tendencies and obvious attempts of eradication of Christians, Hindus, Jews, have been recorded since the early days of Islam.

Today it has widen, the jihad, or holy war, against impure Muslims, against infidels, or non-Muslim unbelievers, calls for violence against non-Muslims has accompanied sharia implementation.

Terrorism

Islamic terrorism is terrorism committed by Muslims, and aimed at achieving varying political ends and the advancement of Islamist goals; for example, Osama bin Laden's stated goal of ending American military presence in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula, overthrowing Arab regimes he considers corrupt and insufficiently religious, and stopping American support for Israel. Bombing in London 7/7 are said to be in retaliaton for UK's support in the war in Iraq that began in 2003, though it can't be linked as a motive for Islamic terror plots on London, December, 2001. The Islamic terrorism attack in Madrid were "explained" as "inspired by al-Qaeda's call to punish Spain's government for supporting the Iraq war," besides, Spain holds a strong appeal to Islamic militants because the southern region of Andalucia was under Muslim control for almost 800 years, and "Al-Qaeda has called on jihadists to reconquer Spain as part of a broader Muslim caliphate, or kingdom under Islamic rule."

At the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, the Islamic terrorists were told by their handlers in Pakistan "that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews."

The Qur'an: (8:12): "...cast terror in their hearts and strike upon their necks." The commanded to terrorize the disbelievers have been cited in motivation of Jihadi terror.

A Jihadi cleric:

"Another aim and objective of jihad is to drive terror in the hearts of the . To terrorize them. Did you know that we were commanded in the Qur'an with terrorism? ...Allah said, and prepare for them to the best of your ability with power, and with horses of war. To drive terror in the hearts of my enemies, Allah's enemies, and your enemies. And other enemies which you don't know, only Allah knows them... So we were commanded to drive terror into the hearts of the , to prepare for them with the best of our abilities with power. Then the Prophet said, nay, the power is your ability to shoot. The power which you are commanded with here, is your ability to shoot. Another aim and objective of jihad is to kill the , to lessen the population of the ... it is not right for a Prophet to have captives until he makes the Earth warm with blood... so, you should always seek to lessen the population of the ."

Observers have also argued that the attacks are aimed at propagating Islamic culture, society and values in opposition to perceived political, imperialistic, and/or cultural influences of non-Muslims, and the Western world in particular.

There are also historical dimensions to the phenomenon, and the history of Western influence and control after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, is a common stated reason used within some terrorist groups to justify and explain its use of violence as resistive and retributive against western influences.

See also

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References

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Notes

1. Bloomberg: Muslims in Copenhagen Protest Reprinting of Danish Cartoons
2. Mohammed, Khaleel (6 March 2007). "To My Fellow Muslims: We Are Our Own Enemies". Ottawa Citizen.
3. "Profile: Hashem Aghajari". BBC News. 9 July 2003.
4. "Iran Frees Professor Set to Die for Speech". The New York Times. 1 August 2004.
5. "From monkey to man: A call for Islamic Protestantism". The Iranian. 4 December 2002.
6. Bostom, Andrew (21 July 2003). "Islamic Apostates' Tales - A Review of Leaving Islam by Ibn Warraq". FrontPageMag.
7. Heneghan, Tom (11 November 2004). "Low profile for German Koran challenger". SwissInfo, Reuters.
8. Davis, Thulani (13–19 November 2002). "Taslima Nasrin Speaks (Still)". The Village Voice.
9. "Muslim row filmmaker 'murdered'". CNN.com. 2 November 2004. Archived from the original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
10. Rose, Flemming (19 February 2006). "Why I Published Those Cartoons". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
11. "Storm grows over Mohammad cartoons". CNN.com. 3 February 2006. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
12. "Cartoon Body Count". Web. 2 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 March 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
13. Arnold, Martin (29 September 2006). "Teacher in hiding after attacking Islam". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
14. Extra security for Ehsan Jami, Expatica.com, 7 August 2007.
15. Beyond jihad: critical voices from inside Islam Kim Ezra Shienbaum, Jamal Hasan, p. 89, Academica Press,LLC, 2006. ISBN 1933146192, 9781933146195
16. CRCC: Center For Muslim-Jewish Engagement: Resources: Religious Texts
17. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article655333.ece
18. Sam Harris Who Are the Moderate Muslims?
19. Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, Princeton University Press, p.197
20. Khaleel Muhammad, professor of religious studies at San Diego State University, states, regarding his discussion with the critic Robert Spencer, that "when I am told ... that Jihad only means war, or that I have to accept interpretations of the Qur'an that non-Muslims (with no good intentions or knowledge of Islam) seek to force upon me, I see a certain agendum developing: one that is based on hate, and I refuse to be part of such an intellectual crime."
21. Ali, Maulana Muhammad; The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" Page 414 "When shall war cease". Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
22. Sadr-u-Din, Maulvi. "Qur'an and War", page 8. Published by The Muslim Book Society, Lahore, Pakistan.
23. Article on Jihad by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly limited..")
24. The Qur'anic Commandments Regarding War/Jihad An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, p. 228-232, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam
25. Ali, Maulana Muhammad; The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" Pages 411-413. Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
26. ^ Beyond jihad: critical voices from inside Islam, p. 95, Kim Ezra Shienbaum, Jamal Hasan, Academica Press, LLC, 2006 ISBN 1933146192, 9781933146195 Cite error: The named reference "BEYONDJIHAD" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
27. Beheading in the Name of Islam :: Middle East Quarterly
28. FPM Article
29. ^ Warrant for terror: fatwās of radical Islam and the duty of jihād, p. 68, Shmuel Bar, 2006
30. Andrew McCarthy on Islam and Beheadings on National Review Online
31. The Oxford dictionary of Islam, p. 22, John L. Esposito, 2004
32. Charisma and Christian life, Volume 29, Issue 5, Strang Communications Co., 2004
33. Philippine gov't releases video of Abu Sayyaf atrocities | Asian Political News Newspaper | Find Articles at BNET
34. http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=20429
35. Beheaded girls were Ramadan 'trophies' | The Australian
36. The Jawa Report: Beheading Video for Sale In Baghdad
37. 'Leave, crusaders, or have your heads cut off' - Telegraph
38. War Against the Infidels The message behind the beheadings, the Hudson Institute, 5 July 2004 by Paul Marshall
39. Quran: the final testament : authorized English version p. 683, Rashad Khalifa - 2001
41. CommonConservative.com: The Archive of Tom Adkins - the Modern Conservative 06/16/03
42. New death trap for Kashmiri girls: Don’t be bluffed by Muslim names | Asian Tribune
43. Script for the movie, Submission
44. Hirsi Ali on Film over Position of Women in Koran
45. Quranic Perspective on Wife beating and Abuse, by Fatimah Khaldoon, Submission, 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2006.
46. Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his Quranic commentary states that: "In case of family jars four steps are mentioned, to be taken in that order. (1) Perhaps verbal advice or admonition may be sufficient; (2) if not, sex relations may be suspended; (3) if this is not sufficient, some slight physical correction may be administered; but Imam Shafi'i considers this inadvisable, though permissible, and all authorities are unanimous in deprecating any sort of cruelty, even of the nagging kind, as mentioned in the next clause; (4) if all this fails, a family council is recommended in 4:35 below." Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary (commentary on 4:34), Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. ISBN 0-915957-03-5.
47. Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, says that "If the husband senses that feelings of disobedience and rebelliousness are rising against him in his wife, he should try his best to rectify her attitude by kind words, gentle persuasion, and reasoning with her. If this is not helpful, he should sleep apart from her, trying to awaken her agreeable feminine nature so that serenity may be restored, and she may respond to him in a harmonious fashion. If this approach fails, it is permissible for him to beat her lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive parts..
48. Ibn Kathir writes that in case of rebellious behavior, the husband is asked to urge his wife to mend her ways, then to refuse to share their beds, and as the last resort, husbands are allowed to admonish their wives by beating. Ibn Kathir, “Tafsir of Ibn Kathir”, Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50-53
49. Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, says that "It is permissible for him to beat her lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive parts. In no case should he resort to using a stick or any other instrument that might cause pain and injury."
50. Ibn Kathir Ad-Damishqee records in his Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-Azim that "Ibn `Abbas and several others said that the Ayah refers to a beating that is not violent. Al-Hasan Al-Basri said that it means, a beating that is not severe."
51. Ahmad Shafaat, Tafseer of Surah an-Nisa, Ayah 34, Islamic Perspectives. 10 August 2005
52. One such authority is the earliest hafiz, Ibn Abbas.
53. "The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary", Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. ISBN 0-915957-03-5, passage was quoted from commentary on 4:34
54. Kathir, Ibn, “Tafsir of Ibn Kathir”, Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50-53
55. Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi comments that "Whenever the Prophet (peace be on him) permitted a man to administer corporal punishment to his wife, he did so with reluctance, and continued to express his distaste for it. And even in cases where it is necessary, the Prophet (peace be on him) directed men not to hit across the face, nor to beat severely nor to use anything that might leave marks on the body." "Towards Understanding the Qur'an" Translation by Zafar I. Ansari from "Tafheem Al-Qur'an" (specifically, commentary on 4:34) by Syed Abul-A'ala Mawdudi, Islamic Foundation, Leicester, England.
56. The medieval jurist ash-Shafi'i, founder of one of the main schools of fiqh, commented on this verse that "hitting is permitted, but not hitting is preferable."
57. "ome of the greatest Muslim scholars (e.g., Ash-Shafi'i) are of the opinion that it is just barely permissible, and should preferably be avoided: and they justify this opinion by the Prophet's personal feelings with regard to this problem." Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qur'an (his translation of the Qur'an).
58. The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims, Andrew G. Bostom, Ibn Warraq - 2008, ISBN - 1591026024, 9781591026020, p. 391
59. Frontline Fellowship - Working for Reformation & Praying for Revival
60. Radical Islam and international security: challenges and responses, p. 73, Efraim Inbar, Hillel Frisch, 2008
61. Foreign Follies: America's New Global Empire, p. 313, Doug Bandow - 2006
62. "the Russian counterterrorism law defines terrorism as "the ideology of violence and practice of exerting pressure on decision making by state bodies"" pp. 28, Terrorism in asymmetrical conflict: ideological and structural aspects, by Ekaterina Stepanova, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press US, 2008 ISBN 0199533555, 9780199533558 186 pages).
63. Scheuer, Michael (2004). Imperial Hubris. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-965-51394-7. The focused and lethal threat posed to U.S. national security arises not from Muslims being offended by what America is, but rather from their plausible perception that the things they most love and value—God, Islam, their brethren, and Muslim lands—are being attacked by America. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
64. ^ Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa
65. ^ Online NewsHour: Bin Laden's Fatwa
66. “Al-Qaeda Blames 9/11 on US Support for Israel – Defense/Middle East – Israel News – Israel National News.” Web. 16 April 2010.
67. BBC News | MEDIA REPORTS | Al-Qaeda note suggests 'attack on London'
69. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1705386,00.html
70. Spanish Court to Deliver Verdict in Madrid Train Bombing Case - Bloomberg
71. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6896107.ece
72. The Osama bin Laden I know: an oral history of al-Qaeda's leader, p. 303, Peter L. Bergen, 2006
73. Jihad and international security, p. 90, Jalīl Rawshandil, Sharon Chadha, 2006
74. CNN.com - Transcripts
75. Commanded to terrorize South Park
76. Counter terrorism site, May 2010
77. Dar al-Harb
78. See ref:"purpose" and ref:"justification"

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