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Evan Mecham (born May 12, 1924) is a former American politician and the 19th governor of Arizona. A decorated veteran of World War II, Mecham worked most of his life as the owner of an automotive dealership and occasional newspaper publisher while becoming a perennial candidate making periodic runs for political office as a Republican. During his time as governor, he was plagued by controversy and became the first U.S. governor to simultaneously face removal from office through impeachment, a scheduled recall election, and felony indictment. Having served from January 6, 1987, to April 4, 1988, Mecham was removed from office following conviction in his impeachment trial on charges of obstruction of justice and misuse of government funds. A later criminal trial acquitted Mecham on related charges.

Described as "an ethical pygmy" and as having "the morals of a used-car salesman", Mecham became known for a number of statements and actions that were widely perceived as racist. Among these actions were the cancellation of the state's Martin Luther King Day, attributing high divorce rates to working women, and his defense of the word "pickaninny." In reaction to these events, a boycott of Arizona was organized, causing damage to the state's tourism industry by the cancellation of multiple conventions. A rift between the governor and fellow Republicans in Arizona Legislature also developed after a series of questionable political appointments prompted accusations of cronyism against the governor. As a result of these events, political leaders throughout the state started to make calls for Mecham's resignation. Mecham's growing unpopularity finally ensured that when charges of possible wrongdoing finally occurred, the governor lacked the political support needed to effectively counter the charges.

Personal background and business career

Evan Mecham was born to Mormon parents in Duchesne, Utah. The youngest of five boys, with one younger sister, he graduated as salutatorian from Altamont High School in 1942 and enrolled in Utah State Agricultural College (now Utah State University) on an agricultural scholarship. Mecham left college and joined the U.S. Army Air Corps in January 1943. He was trained as a P-38 Lightning fighter pilot before being transferred to England, where he flew P-51 Mustangs. Mecham was shot down on March 7, 1945 while flying escort on a photo reconnaissance mission. Held as a prisoner of war for 22 days, Mecham returned to the United States after recovering from injuries sustained in the lead-up to his capture, and received an Air Medal and Purple Heart for his service. Mecham married Florence Lambert in May 1945 and was discharged in December of the same year.

As a result of his Mormon upbringing, Mecham developed and maintained a strong religious faith. He taught Sunday school and served as a lay bishop in the LDS church from 1957 to 1961. Part of his faith was that God would guide his actions and provide him the strength needed to endure. These beliefs were in part demonstrated during his time as Governor when one staff member reported hearing a conversation in Mecham's office before entering the room to find the Governor alone. Another staff member, Donna Carlson, reported that Mecham believed he had obtained office by divine right and was thus not overly concerned about the feelings of others.

In 1947, Mecham enrolled at Arizona State University. He left school in 1950 to start a car dealership in the town of Ajo. In 1954, Mecham relocated to Glendale, where he acquired a Pontiac dealership. He appeared regularly in local television commercials designed to sell his cars, and adopted his trademark motto of "If you can't deal with Mecham, you just can't deal." Mecham also wrote a book in 1982 entitled Come Back America, in which discussed his earlier life and political views.

In addition to his auto dealership, Mecham owned several short-lived newspapers. One of his papers, the Evening American, was printed as a Phoenix daily with maximum circulation of 27,000 before being changed into other forms such as a weekly journal printed in other parts of the state. In his role as a newspaper publisher trying to break into the Phoenix and Tucson markets, Mecham testified before the U.S. Senate Antitrust and Monopoly subcommittee on 13 July 1967. The testimony was in response to a bill sponsored by U.S. Senator Carl Hayden that provided a partial immunity to the Sherman Antitrust Act allowing an economically healthy newspaper and one that was economically failing to form a joint venture combining advertising, printing, and distribution operations while still maintaining separate reporting and editorial functions. While supporters of the bill claimed it would prevent newspaper failures, Mecham opposed the bill claiming "The major reason that this bill has been presented is because of the power of the press over the decisions of voters at the polls, and the desire of politicians to court the favor of those who control these monopolistic presses." He also added that "the tools of monopoly are in the common advertising and the common circulation department."

Political career

Mecham first sought elected office in 1952, while still living in Ajo, with an unsuccessful run for the Arizona House of Representatives. After moving to Glendale, Mecham was elected to a seat in the Arizona State Senate during the 1960 election. After one term as a state senator, Mecham made an unsuccessful attempt during the 1962 elections to capture the U.S. Senate seat held by Carl Hayden, running on a platform demanding the United States withdraw from the United Nations and critical of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling limiting school prayer. During his campaign for the U.S. Senate, Mecham received only tepid support from the Republican party and Barry Goldwater, the state's junior U.S. Senator, withheld support for his fellow Republican.

Following his failed campaign against Hayden, Mecham made unsuccessful runs for governor of Arizona in 1964, 1974, 1978, and 1982. Of these four runs, Mecham only gained his party's nomination during the 1978 election. During this time he also developed a political doctrine supporting a Jeffersonian democracy and advocating elimination of income taxes, return of federal lands to state control, removing federal involvement in education, and putting welfare under state control.

During his fifth run for governor, Mecham ran as a political outsider using his standard platform advocating political reform and tax relief. The candidate's core support came from fellow members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church) and the extreme right-wing John Birch Society. Mecham's promises of tax cuts also appealed to much of the state's retired population. Because of Arizona's substantial transient population—only about half of the registered voters in 1986 were living in the state in 1980—Mecham's record of previous attempts to gain elected office was not widely known by the voters.

The election of 1986 saw a three-way race for governor. The Democratic Party had selected the state Superintendent of Public Education, Carolyn Warner, as its candidate. The Republican primary had produced Mecham as a surprise winner over Arizona House of Representatives leader Burton Barr. Dissatisfaction among the state's business and political leadership with both candidates allowed for Bill Schultz, a real estate developer and Democrat, to obtain enough petition signatures to run as an independent candidate. During the campaign, the Arizona Automobile Dealers Association's ethics committee placed Mecham's dealership on probation for being chronically tardy is responding to complaints. Mistakes by the other candidates, however, allowed his campaign to survive.

Mecham won the election with a 343,913 vote plurality, defeating Warner (298,986 votes) and Schultz (224,085 votes).

Governorship

Mecham was inaugurated on January 6, 1987. Among his successes were the opening a trade office in Taiwan that allowed for a US$63 million cotton export contract and the strengthening the state's drug abuse prevention efforts through legislation that allowed for the governor to appoint pro tem judges to deal with drug-related issues. The governor also spearheaded an effort to raise the speed limit on rural highways from 55 mph (90 km/h) to 65 mph (105 km/h) and supported a legislative bill to help prevent the takeover of Arizona businesses. During Mecham's term of office, a US$157 million budget deficit was also eliminated by reductions in state spending.

Despite these accomplishments, Mecham faced difficulties during much of his time in office. Because he had run as a political outsider, other Republicans only had party loyalty as a reason to follow the new governor's lead. This lack of strong loyalty made it easy for the governor's support to fall away when a series of political gaffes later damaged Mecham's popularity.

Martin Luther King Day

Evan Mecham gained national attention several days after inauguration by fulfilling his campaign promise to cancel a paid MLK Day holiday for state employees. The holiday had been created in May 1986 by executive order from the previous governor, Bruce Babbitt, after the state legislature had voted not to create the holiday. Following the creation of the holiday, the state Attorney General's office had issued an opinion that the paid holiday was illegal and threatened to sue the incoming governor over the cost of the paid holiday because it had not been approved by the legislature. Despite the issues of the legality of how the holiday was created, Mecham replied to comments from civil rights activists and the Black community after the cancellation by saying "King doesn't deserve a holiday." This was followed by telling a group of leaders from the black community, "You folks don't need another holiday. What you folks need are jobs." Smears of racism may be refuted in this case due to the substantiated information that King plagiarized his work while his advisors had ties to the communist party USA; which have added to the debate to if King truly deserves a holiday. People question that if King was worthy of the honor of being the only person to have a holiday reserved for himself.

In reaction to the cancellation, a protest march to the state capital was staged on 19 January 1987, the day the holiday would have occurred. Conventions that had been scheduled to occur in Arizona were canceled, and performer Stevie Wonder announced a boycott of the state. After several months of criticism, Mecham declared a non-paid holiday on the third Sunday in January. Reaction through the state to the non-paid holiday was generally poor.

Relations with the legislature

Despite the fact that both houses of the state legislature were controlled by fellow Republicans, Mecham was on poor terms with state lawmakers during his time in office. An initial point of irritation for the lawmakers was that Mecham made a number of nominations that were considered to be of low quality without consulting with leaders in the legislature prior to making his appointments. Among the nominations that caused concern was Alberto Rodriguez, the nominee for superintendent of the Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control, who was under investigation for murder. Other questionable nominations included the nominee for director of the Department of Revenue, who reportedly had failed to file his federal or state taxes on time, the head of prison construction appointee who had served prison time for an armed robbery conviction, and a former Marine, nominated for a post as a state investigator, who had been court-martialled twice. Other political appointees who caused Mecham's administration embarrassment were an education adviser, James Cooper, who told a legislative committee "If a student wants to say the world is flat, the teacher doesn't have the right to prove otherwise", and Sam Steiger, the Governor's special assistant, who was forced to take leave after being charged with extortion.

Mecham's legislative initiatives suffered through his poor relations with the legislature. The governor's proposals to cut taxes were foiled when the legislature refused to cut the state's five per cent sales tax by one percentage point. Much of the opposition to this tax cut was due to the governor having no proposals at the time the legislation was introduced on what programs were to be affected by the reduction in tax revenues, thus preventing individual lawmakers from determining how their constituencies would be impacted by the change. When Mecham later proposed a US$2.3 billion budget plan which attempted to reduce spending by cutting education funding and freezing state employee salaries, it was increased by US$200 million by the legislature. Mecham also helped sour relations by vetoing a number of bills that had been passed by the legislature. After Senate Majority Leader Bob Usdane saw a bill he had sponsored vetoed, he stated "I'd say that the cooperation was not great...but it's his prerogative". House Majority Leader Jim Ratliff, who had previously been a strong Mecham supporter, responded to one of his bills being vetoed with "My only message to the governor is, if he thinks that people advising him to veto can help him run the state of Arizona better than I can, then let them."

Other incidents

In addition to the uproar caused by the MLK Day cancellation, Mecham committed a number of other political faux pas. Claims of prejudice were leveled against Mecham after he defended the use of the word pickaninny to describe black children, cited high divorce rates as being caused by working women, claimed America is a Christian nation to a Jewish audience, and said a group of visiting Japanese businessmen got "round eyes" after being informed of the number of golf courses in Arizona. In response to claims that he was a racist, Mecham said, "I've got black friends. I employ black people. I don't employ them because they are black; I employ them because they are the best people who applied for the cotton-picking job." These and other statements only served to strengthen the allegations of racism made against the governor following the MLK day cancellation.

Mecham also had issues in his relationship with the press. Claiming that many of his problems were caused by media enemies he had made during previous runs for political office, the governor stated, "The Phoenix newspaper monopoly has had my political destruction as its goal for many years." The governor also claimed, "Every daily newspaper in the state endorsed a different candidate besides me. It's taking them a little time to get used to the idea that I was the people's choice." In response to perceived mistreatment by the press, Mecham attempted to ban a journalist from his press conferences. John Kolbe, a political columnist for the Phoenix Gazette and brother of Congressman Jim Kolbe, was declared a "non-person" after a 25 February 1987 column critical of Mecham's performance at the National Governors' Association. The Governor then refused to acknowledge the presence of the columnist or answer his questions at a press conference. Mecham left the conference after other reporters repeated Kolbe's questions to the Governor. Another incident occurred during a televised event in which a reporter questioned the governor's integrity, prompted Mecham to reply, "Don't you ever ask me for a true statement again."

In September 1987, Mecham received further national attention when Doonesbury began a six strip series of comics lampooning the governor. The first strip depicted Mecham saying, "My! What a cute little pickaninny!" while patting the head of a black child. Other strips satirized Mecham's tolerance of others, political appointments, and the state's loss of tourism business. For a short time, Mecham considered suing the strip's creator, but later said he had decided to leave the dispute "where it belongs—the funny pages."

Throughout his administration, Mecham expressed concerns about possible eavesdropping on his private communications. A senior member of Mecham's staff broke his leg after falling through a false ceiling he had been crawling over, looking for covert listening devices. A private investigator was hired to sweep the governor's offices looking for these devices. The Governor was quoted as saying, "Whenever I'm in my house or my office, I always have a radio on. It keeps the lasers out." After this was reported, a political cartoon in the Arizona Republic depicted the governor leaving his house outfitted for laser tag. Attorney General Bob Corbin, when asked about this by reporters, replied in amusement, "We don't have any ray gun pointed at him."

Economic impact

Publicity over Mecham's faux pas led to the state experiencing adverse economic effects. The tourism industry suffered when a number of groups transferred their meetings out of Arizona. The impact on the state economy was such that in November 1987 a Phoenix-area convention bureau claimed that Mecham's policies on Martin Luther King Day had caused the cancellation of 45 conventions worth over US$25 million. One of the cancellations was a National Basketball Association convention in Phoenix. In response to the cancellation, Mecham was quoted to say "Well, the N.B.A.. I guess they forget how many white people they get coming to watch them play."

Public perception of Mecham also slowed down economic development outside the tourism industry. Several corporations looking for locations to build new facilities, including U.S. West and SEMATECH, expressed concern that the governor's statements might indicate problems in the local business climate. As the executive director of the Phoenix Economic Growth Corp., Ioanna T. Morfessis, stated "When companies look at a state's environment they don't want anything that sounds to them like the state isn't working right." As the controversy surrounding the governor built even the business interests within the state abandoned support for the governor. As the chairman of the state chamber of commerce, William L. Raby, observed "We usually back Republicans, but he's a different kind of Republican."

Efforts to remove him

While criticism plagued Governor Mecham for the vast majority of his time in office, it was not until he had been in office for six months that his nominal allies began to break ranks with the governor. In July 1987, the same month the recall effort officially began, a group of thirteen rank-and-file Republican members of the state legislature met to discuss the governors image problems. Eleven members of the group, dubbed the Dirty Dozen by the local press, issued a joint statement critical of many of the governors efforts. Calls for the governor's resignation followed several months afterwards, with U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater leading the way on 9 October 1987. As Mecham's problems continued to build other Arizona political leaders, including Congressman Jon Kyl and Senator John McCain, also made appeals for Mecham to step down, but the governor steadfastly refused to leave office.

Recall drive

The Mecham Watchdog Committee was organized in January 1987 and changed its name to the Mecham Recall Committee in May 1987. By Arizona law, any recall effort had to wait until an official had been in office 180 days before they could circulate petitions and a number of signatures equal to 25% of votes cast during the official's last election were required to cause a recall election. On 6 July 1987, the first day that signatures could be collected, the recall committee began an effort to collect 350,000 petition signatures, a number significantly higher than the 216,746 signatures required. The recall committee was lead by Ed Buck, a registered Republican and gay businessman living in the Phoenix area. In response to the drive, Mecham claimed the recall supporters were "a band of homosexuals and dissident Democrats". Mecham supporters printed bumper stickers reading "Queer Ed Buck's Recall" after learning of the recall leader's sexual orientation. Mecham also mailed 25,000 letters during September to known conservatives nationwide requesting that they move to Arizona and support him in case a recall election were held.

The recall tended to gather signatures in bursts, with most signatures occurring shortly after some action of the governor that offended a portion of the voters. Anger toward the governor grew to the point that, on 15 August 1987, Mecham's appearance on the field of Sun Devil Stadium before an exhibition NFL game resulted in cries of "Recall! Recall!" combined with catcalls. By mid-September, a number of signatures in excess of the minimum required had been collected by recall workers at roadside locations despite the 115°F (46°C) afternoon heat of the Arizona summer. Signature collection continued for the full 120-day period allowed for by state law. On 2 November 1987, the recall committee turned in 32,401 petitions containing 388,988 signatures (more than the 343,913 votes Mecham had received during his election). After the Secretary of State's office received the petitions, Mecham refused to waive verification of the signatures, forcing the petitions to be sent to the counties for verification. On 26 January 1988, Secretary of State Rose Perica Mofford reported to Mecham that 301,032 signatures had been verified--still far more than the number required for the petition to be valid.. As a result of these verified signatures a recall election was scheduled for 17 May 1988.

Impeachment and criminal charges

On October 21, 1987 the Arizona Republic ran a story claiming that Mecham had failed to report a US$350,000 loan from local real-estate developer Barry Wolfson to Mecham's election campaign as required by campaign financing laws. These claims were added to a grand jury investigation into allegations that Mecham had loaned US$80,000 in public funds to help his auto dealership that had been instigated earlier that month by the Attorney General of Arizona. In addition to the grand jury investigation, the Speaker of Arizona's House of Representatives, on learning of the alleged Wolfson loan, hired a special counsel to investigate the charges. The basis for the third and final impeachment charge was alleged to have occurred in November 1987; it involved a death threat to a government official by a Horace Lee Watkins, a Mecham appointee. When Mecham was informed of the threat, it was reported that he then instructed the head of the Arizona Department of Public Safety not to provide information on the incident to the Attorney General's investigation.

On January 8, 1988, the grand jury issued indictments against Evan Mecham and Willard Mecham, the Governor's brother and campaign finance manager, charging three counts of perjury, two counts of fraud, and one count of failing to report a campaign contribution. Mecham and his brother faced 22 years of prison if convicted on all charges.

The special counsel appointed by the Speaker of the House delivered his report to the House on January 15, 1988. Based on this report, the House held hearings into possible impeachment proceedings. The proceedings resulted in the passing of House Resolution 2002 on February 8, 1988 with a vote of 46 to 14. Upon Mecham's impeachment by the House, his powers as governor were suspended and Mofford became acting governor (Arizona has no lieutenant governor, so the secretary of state is first in the line of succession).

The Arizona State Senate convened as a court of impeachment on February 29, 1988. The charges against Mecham in the impeachment trial were obstruction of justice, filing a false statement, and misuse of government funds. The false filings charge was dropped by the Senate on a vote of 16 to 12. On 4 April 1988, the Senate convicted Mecham for obstruction of justice by a vote of 21 to 9, and for misusing government funds by a vote of 26 to 4. The senate then voted 17 to 12 to disqualify Mecham from holding state office again, but this was short of the two-thirds majority required for passage. Upon conviction, Mecham was removed from office and Rose Mofford became Governor of Arizona. The recall election was canceled by the Arizona Supreme Court.

Mecham's criminal trial started on 2 June 1988, and he was acquitted on all six felony charges on 10 June 1988.

After office

Following his removal from office and the acquittal in his criminal trial, Mecham remained active in politics for several years. In 1990 he made an unsuccessful attempt to retake the Governor's office. In 1992, he made a run for the U.S. Senate as an independent against incumbent John McCain. In 1995 Mecham became chairman of the Constitutionalist Networking Center, a group attempting to create grassroots group called the Constitutionally Unified Republic for Everybody. The purpose of this group was to advocate political candidates supporting a strict interpretation of the United States Constitution. Mecham also spent several years attempting to start a new newspaper, but was unable to secure sufficient financial backing for the attempts to succeed. In 1999, Mecham wrote his third book, Wrongful Impeachment. Health issues, first reported in 2004, make it unlikely that Mecham will return to the political arena.

The canceled Martin Luther King Day served as a point of controversy for a number of years following Mecham's removal from office. In 1989, an Arizona law that would have made a MLK holiday by canceling the state's Columbus Day holiday was challenged by two different groups, one opposed to the King holiday due to King's alleged communist ties and the other composed of Italian-Americans opposed to the removal of the Columbus Day holiday, and the new holiday was forced to undergo voter approval. Neither of the two competing ballot initiatives during the 1990 election, one to remove the Columbus Day holiday to make way for a new MLK day holiday the other to add an extra paid holiday, managed to obtain a required majority even though 65% of voters supported at least one form of the holiday. In response to the voter's rejection of a King holiday, Arizona tourist officials estimated that concert and convention business worth US$190 million to the state economy were canceled and Super Bowl XXVII, worth an estimated US$150 million to the state, was moved to Pasadena, California. Another ballot initiative in 1992 succeeding in creation of a statewide MLK day holiday.

Another ballot proposal was also affected by Mecham's legacy. In 1988, Arizona voters passed an initiative that amended the state constitution to require a runoff election in cases were no candidate received a majority of the votes during a general election. The runoff requirement came into play during the 1990 election of Fife Symington, and the amendment requiring the runoff was later repealed by the voters in 1992.

References

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Notes

1. Watkins pg 9: "Ev has become an ethical pygmy" -- Stan Turley, President of Arizona State Senate
2. Watkins pg 109: "Ev Mecham has the morals of a used-car salesman" -- Joe Lane, Speaker of the Arizona House of Representatives
3. ^ Scott, Jeffery (September 8). "Governor Evan Mecham". Arizona History Reference Guides. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
4. ^ Template:Journal reference
5. Watkins pg 27-28
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7. Watkins pg 28-36
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15. Watkins pg 77
16. Watkins pg 115
17. Watkins pg 158-159
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19. Watkins pg 66-67
20. Watkins pg 120-121
21. Watkins pg 106
22. Watkins pg 127
23. Watkins pg 135-137
24. Watkins pg 253
25. Watkins pg 127-130,159-160
26. Watkins pg 143-144
27. Watkins pg 194-195,274
28. Watkins pg 175
29. Watkins pg 154-155
30. Watkins pg 179-182
31. Watkins pg 199-200
32. ^ Watkins pg 238
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35. Watkins pg 320
36. Watkins pg 346-347
37. Watkins pg 354, 356-357
38. Watkins pg 364
39. Watkins pg 367
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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• “Arizona rejects 'Marx Brothers' rule”, The Times, October 22, 1987.
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External links

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• The Hayden Versus Mecham US Senate Campaign of 1962 from Arizona Historical Foundation
• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday from Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.

v t e Governors of Arizona
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