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{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes {{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
| name=Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg | name=Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
| image = Polissena Cristina d'Assia with her children Victor Amadeus III and Eleonora of Savoy, Martin van Meytens.jpg | image = Polissena Cristina d'Assia with her children Victor Amadeus III and Eleonora of Savoy, Martin van Meytens.jpg
| succession =] | succession =]
| caption=''Polyxena with her two eldest children by a member of the Piedmontese School'' | caption=''Polyxena with her two eldest children by a member of the Piedmontese School''
| reign = 3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 | reign = 3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735
| reign-type= Consort
| issue = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] | issue = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| full name={{lang-de|Polyxena zu Hessen-Rheinfels-Rotenburg}}<br>{{lang-it|Polissena d'Assia-Rotenburg}}
| spouse = ] | spouse = ]
| house = ]<br/>] | house = ]<br/>]
| father = ] | father = ]<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|pp=108, 153-154}}.</ref>
| mother = ] | mother = ]<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|pp=108}}.</ref>
| date of birth = {{Birth date|df=yes|1706|9|21}} | date of birth = {{Birth date|df=yes|1706|9|21}}
| place of birth = ], ] | place of birth = ], ]
| date of death = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1735|1|13|1706|9|21}} | date of death = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1735|1|13|1706|9|21}}
| place of death = ], ] | place of death = ]
| date of burial= 1786 | date of burial= 1786
| place of burial = ], Turin | place of burial = ], Turin}}
}}


'''Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg'''<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=129, 153-154}}</ref> (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 &ndash; 13 January 1735) sometimes ''''']'''''<ref name="Polyxena"/> was the second wife of ], future Charles Emmanuel III, whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future ], she was ] from 1730 until her death in 1735.<ref name="Polyxena"/> '''Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg'''<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|pp=108, 129, 146-147, 153-154}}.</ref> (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 &ndash; 13 January 1735) was the second wife of ] whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future ], she was ] from 1730 until her death in 1735.


==Biography== ==Biography==
⚫ ] approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by ] with a daughter of ] had come to nothing<ref>Timms. Colin: ''Polymath of the baroque: Agostino Steffani and his music'', Oxford University Press US, 2003, p 117</ref>. His first wife, ], died 12 March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after childbirth, leaving a son, Victor Ameadeus.<ref>]</ref>


⚫ Although only two years younger, Polyxena had been a niece of Charles Emanuel's first wife,<ref>].</ref> and belonged to the only ] branch (since 1652) of the ]ing ].<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=75}}.</ref> In fact, she had been nominally a ] of ] since 1620.<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=130}}.</ref>
Polyxena was born at ] in ] and was a Landgravine of Hesse-Rotenburg<ref>sometimes styled Princess</ref><ref name="Polyxena">{{cite web|url= http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00004785&tree=LEO |title= Landgräfin Polixene von Hessen-Rheinfels-Rotenburg |accessdate= 2010-10-30|last= van de Pas|first= Leo|work= Genealogics .org}}</ref> by birth &ndash; this entitled her to the style of '']''.<ref name="Savoia">{{cite web|url=http://www.sardimpex.com/sito%20in%20costruzione/Savoia/savoia3.htm|title= Savoia|accessdate= 2010-08-26|last=|first= |work= }}</ref> The child was baptised with the name '']'' in honour of her maternal grandmother Maria Polyxena of Lichtenberg und Belasi.


The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724<ref name="Storia politica">''Storia politica, civile, militare della dinastia di Savoia dalle prime origini a Vittorio Emanuele II'', Paravia, 1869, p 266</ref>, and she wed Charles Emmanuel by proxy on 23 July in ]. The marriage was celebrated in person at ] in ] on 20 August 1724<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 488</ref>.
⚫ ] approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by ] with a daughter of ] had come to nothing.<ref>Timms. Colin: ''Polymath of the baroque: Agostino Steffani and his music'', Oxford University Press US, 2003, p 117</ref> His first wife, ] died March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after childbirth, leaving a son, Victor Amadeus.


⚫ Her stepson Amedeo, heir after his father and grandfather to the Sardinian crown, died at the age of two, a year after Polyxena's marriage and before she had a child of her own. Nonetheless, she is said to have had a close relationship with her mother-in-law ] and the two frequented the '']'' outside the capital, where the latter died in 1728.
⚫ Although only two years younger, Polyxena had been a niece of Charles Emanuel's first wife,<ref>]</ref> and belonged to the only ] branch (since 1652) of the ]ing ].<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=75}}</ref> In fact, she had been nominally a ] of ] since 1620.<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=130}}</ref>


The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724<ref name="Storia politica">''Storia politica, civile, militare della dinastia di Savoia dalle prime origini a Vittorio Emanuele II'', Paravia, 1869, p 266</ref>, and she wed Charles Emmanuel by proxy on 23 July in ]. The marriage was celebrated in person at ] in ] on 20 August 1724<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 488</ref>. From then on, she took on the style of '']'' the ''']'''. The happy union between Charles Emmanuel and his wife produced six children, four of which would survive infancy.<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 494</ref> When King Victor Amadeus announced his decision to return to the throne after having abdicated in 1730, Polyxena used her influence over her husband<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II and his Stuart bride. Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 497</ref> to have his father imprisoned at the ], where he was joined for a while by his ] spouse ], Polyxena's former ]<ref>Symcox. Geoffrey: ''Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730'', University of California Press, 1983, p 229</ref>.


⚫ In an 1869 history of the House of Savoy, Francesco Predari wrote that despite the fact Polyxena was praised for goodness of character and beautiful virtues, her father-in-law advised her to take care to maintain separate quarters from her husband for prudence sake.<ref name="Storia politica"/> In 1732 she founded a home for young mothers in Turin,<ref name="Storia politica"/> redecorated the '']'', ]'s hunting lodge, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She carried out various improvements with ] and popularised '']''. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a ] painter<ref>''Two Allegorical Sculptures by Francesco Ladatte'', Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41, (2006), p 121-131</ref>.
⚫ Her stepson Victor Amadeus, heir after his father and grandfather to the Sardinian crown, died at the age of two, a year after Polyxena's marriage and before she had a child of her own. Nonetheless, she is said to have had a close relationship with her mother-in-law ] and the two frequented the '']'' outside the capital, where the latter died in 1728.


⚫ Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the ], and has been buried in the Royal ] since 1786. Two years after her death, her ] married Princess ],<ref>Bianchi, Nicomede. Le Materie Politiche Relative All'estero Degli Archivi Di Stato Piemontesi. ''Categoria, Reale Casa - Matrimoni''. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p=472 ISBN 0559963491</ref> sister of the future ].
When King Victor Amadeus announced his decision to return to the throne after having abdicated in 1730, Polyxena used her influence over her husband<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II and his Stuart bride. Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 497</ref> to imprison his father at the ], where he was joined for a while by his ] spouse ], Polyxena's former ].<ref>Symcox. Geoffrey: ''Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730'', University of California Press, 1983, p 229</ref>

⚫ Praised as an attractive, cultured and virtuous woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in the city of ] in 1732<ref name="Storia politica"/>, redecorated the '']'', the hunting lodge of ], and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She carried out various improvements with ] and popularised '']''. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a ] painter.<ref>''Two Allegorical Sculptures by Francesco Ladatte'', Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41, (2006), p 121-131</ref>

⚫ Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the ]. Originally buried at the ], she was moved to the ] in 1786 by her son ]. Two years after her death, her ] married ], sister of the future ].


==Legacy== ==Legacy==
⚫ The senior branch of the House of Savoy ended with her grandson ]. The ''Villa Polissena'' in ] is named in her honour<ref name="Mafalda">{{cite web|url= http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94533|title= Mafalda di Savoia |accessdate= 2010-08-26|last=|first= |work= Santi, Beati e Testimoni}}</ref>.

⚫ The senior branch of the House of Savoy ended with her grandson ]. The ''Villa Polissena'' in ] is named in her honour.<ref name="Mafalda">{{cite web|url= http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94533|title= Mafalda di Savoia |accessdate= 2010-08-26|last=|first= |work= Santi, Beati e Testimoni}}</ref>


==Issue== ==Issue==
* ] (26 June 1726 &ndash; 16 October 1796), had issue.

* ] (26 June 1726 &ndash; 16 October 1796) married ] and had issue. * ] (28 February 1728 &ndash; 14 August 1781), unwed.
* ] (28 February 1728 &ndash; 14 August 1781) unwed. * ] (25 March 1729 &ndash; 22 June 1767), unwed.
* ] (25 March 1729 &ndash; 22 June 1767) unwed. * ] (19 March 1730 &ndash; 13 May 1801), unwed.
* ] (19 March 1730 &ndash; 13 May 1801) unwed.
* Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 &ndash; 23 April 1735) ]. * Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 &ndash; 23 April 1735) ].
* Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 &ndash; 28 December 1733) ]. * Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 &ndash; 28 December 1733) ].
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|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg''' |1= 1. '''Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg'''
|2= 2. ] |2= 2. ]
|3= 3. ] |3= 3. ]
|4= 4. ] |4= 4. ]
|5= 5. Countess Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim |5= 5. Countess Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
|6= 6. ] |6= 6. ]
|7= 7. Countess Polyxena Khuen von Belasi |7= 7. Countess Polyxena Khuen von Belasi
|8= 8. ] |8= 8. ]
|9= 9. Countess Marie Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms |9= 9. Countess Marie Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms
|10= 10. ] |10= 10. ]
|11= 11. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg |11= 11. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
|12= 12. ] (=10) |12= 12. ] (=10)
|13= 13. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=11) |13= 13. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=11)
|14= 14. Mathias Khuen von Belasi, Count of Lichtenberg and Gandegg |14= 14. Mathias Khuen von Belasi, Count of Lichtenberg and Gandegg
Line 82: Line 76:
|18= 18. Philipp Reinhard I, Count of Solms-Hohensolms |18= 18. Philipp Reinhard I, Count of Solms-Hohensolms
|19= 19. Countess Elisabeth of Wied |19= 19. Countess Elisabeth of Wied
|20= 20. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim |20= 20. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
|21= 21. Josina de La Mark |21= 21. Josina de La Mark
|22= 22. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg |22= 22. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
|23= 23. Princess Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen |23= 23. Princess Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
|24= 24. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim (=20) |24= 24. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (=20)
|25= 25. Josina de La Mark (=21) |25= 25. Josina de La Mark (=21)
|26= 26. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=22) |26= 26. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=22)
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==Titles and styles== ==Titles and styles==
⚫ *'''21 September 1706 &ndash; 23 July 1724''' Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=129}}.</ref>

⚫ *'''21 September 1706 &ndash; 23 July 1724''' ''Her Serene Highness'' Landgravine<ref name="Polyxena"/> Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg<ref>{{Harvnb|Huberty|1976|p=129}}</ref>
*'''23 July 1724 &ndash; 3 September 1730''' ''Her Royal Highness'' the Princess of Piedmont *'''23 July 1724 &ndash; 3 September 1730''' ''Her Royal Highness'' the Princess of Piedmont
*'''3 September 1730 &ndash; 13 January 1735''' ''Her Majesty'' the Queen of Sardinia *'''3 September 1730 &ndash; 13 January 1735''' ''Her Majesty'' the Queen of Sardinia
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] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
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⚫ ]

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Revision as of 17:28, 30 October 2010

Queen consort of Sardinia
Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
Polyxena with her two eldest children by a member of the Piedmontese School
Queen consort of Sardinia
Tenure3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735
Burial1786
Basilica of Superga, Turin
SpouseCharles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
IssueVictor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia
Princess Eleonora
Princess Maria Luisa
Princess Maria Felicita
Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta
Carlo, Duke of Aosta
Names
Template:Lang-de
Template:Lang-it
HouseHouse of Savoy
House of Hesse-Kassel
FatherErnest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
MotherCountess Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort

Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future Victor Amadeus III, she was queen consort of Sardinia from 1730 until her death in 1735.

Biography

King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by Agostino Steffani with a daughter of Rinaldo, reigning Duke of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach, died 12 March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after childbirth, leaving a son, Victor Ameadeus.

Although only two years younger, Polyxena had been a niece of Charles Emanuel's first wife, and belonged to the only Roman Catholic branch (since 1652) of the reigning House of Hesse. In fact, she had been nominally a canoness of Thorn since 1620.

The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724, and she wed Charles Emmanuel by proxy on 23 July in Rotenburg. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724.

Her stepson Amedeo, heir after his father and grandfather to the Sardinian crown, died at the age of two, a year after Polyxena's marriage and before she had a child of her own. Nonetheless, she is said to have had a close relationship with her mother-in-law Anne Marie d'Orléans and the two frequented the Villa della Regina outside the capital, where the latter died in 1728.

When King Victor Amadeus announced his decision to return to the throne after having abdicated in 1730, Polyxena used her influence over her husband to have his father imprisoned at the Castle of Moncalieri, where he was joined for a while by his morganatic spouse Anna Canalis di Cumiana, Polyxena's former lady of the bedchamber.

In an 1869 history of the House of Savoy, Francesco Predari wrote that despite the fact Polyxena was praised for goodness of character and beautiful virtues, her father-in-law advised her to take care to maintain separate quarters from her husband for prudence sake. In 1732 she founded a home for young mothers in Turin, redecorated the Villa della Regina, Stupingi's hunting lodge, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She carried out various improvements with Filippo Juvarra and popularised chinoiserie. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.

Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin, and has been buried in the Royal Basilica of Superga since 1786. Two years after her death, her widower married Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Legacy

The senior branch of the House of Savoy ended with her grandson Charles Felix of Sardinia. The Villa Polissena in Rome is named in her honour.

Issue

Ancestry

Family of Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
16. Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
8. Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
17. Countess Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg
4. William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
18. Philipp Reinhard I, Count of Solms-Hohensolms
9. Countess Marie Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms
19. Countess Elisabeth of Wied
2. Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
20. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
10. Ferdinand Karl, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
21. Josina de La Mark
5. Countess Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
22. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
11. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
23. Princess Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
1. Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
24. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (=20)
12. Ferdinand Karl, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (=10)
25. Josina de La Mark (=21)
6. Maximilian Karl, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
26. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=22)
13. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=11)
27. Princess Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (=23)
3. Countess Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
28. Jakob Khuen von Belasi, Count of Lichtenberg and Gandegg
14. Mathias Khuen von Belasi, Count of Lichtenberg and Gandegg
29. Siguna Margaretha von Annenberg
7. Countess Polyxena Khuen von Belasi
30. Ferdinand Balthasar, Count of Meggau
15. Countess Anna Susanna von Meggau zu Kreutzen
31. Countess Esther von Sulz

Titles and styles

  • 21 September 1706 – 23 July 1724 Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
  • 23 July 1724 – 3 September 1730 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Piedmont
  • 3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 Her Majesty the Queen of Sardinia

Notes

  1. Huberty 1976, pp. 108, 153–154 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuberty1976 (help).
  2. Huberty 1976, pp. 108 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuberty1976 (help).
  3. Huberty 1976, pp. 108, 129, 146–147, 153–154 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuberty1976 (help).
  4. Timms. Colin: Polymath of the baroque: Agostino Steffani and his music, Oxford University Press US, 2003, p 117
  5. Marek 2008
  6. Marek 2008.
  7. Huberty 1976, p. 75 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuberty1976 (help).
  8. Huberty 1976, p. 130 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuberty1976 (help).
  9. ^ Storia politica, civile, militare della dinastia di Savoia dalle prime origini a Vittorio Emanuele II, Paravia, 1869, p 266
  10. Vitelleschi. Marchese: The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 488
  11. Vitelleschi. Marchese: The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II and his Stuart bride. Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p 497
  12. Symcox. Geoffrey: Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730, University of California Press, 1983, p 229
  13. Two Allegorical Sculptures by Francesco Ladatte, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41, (2006), p 121-131
  14. Bianchi, Nicomede. Le Materie Politiche Relative All'estero Degli Archivi Di Stato Piemontesi. Categoria, Reale Casa - Matrimoni. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p=472 ISBN 0559963491
  15. "Mafalda di Savoia". Santi, Beati e Testimoni. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  16. Huberty 1976, p. 129 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuberty1976 (help).

Bibliography

  • Cantogno. Domenico Carutti di: Storia del regno di Carlo Emanuele III Turin, 1859
  • Symcox. Geoffrey: Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730, University of California Press, 1983, ISBN 9780520049741
  • Huberty, Michel; Giraud, F. Alain; Magdelaine, F. & B. L'Allemagne Dynastique (Tome I Hesse-Reuss-Saxe). Le Perreux: A. Giraud, 1976. ISBN 2901138012
  • Marek, Miroslav (2008), "Rulers of Savoy and Sicily", Genealogy.EU, retrieved 2010-08-29
  • Vitelleschi. Marchese: The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905

External links

Media related to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg at Wikimedia Commons

See also

Landgravines of Hesse-Rotenburg
The generations start from the children of Herman IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and his brother Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
Princesses of Savoy by marriage
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
  • None
5th generation
7th generation
8th generation
9th generation
10th generation
11th generation
12th generation
13th generation
14th generation
15th generation
16th generation
17th generation
18th generation
19th generation
*also a princess of Savoy by birth **Princess of Savoy-Genoa ***Princess of Savoy-Aosta
Princesses of Piedmont
Queens of Sardinia
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