McDonnell F3H Demon: Difference between revisions

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	The '''] F3H Demon''' was a subsonic swept-wing ] ] ] ]. After severe problems with ] engine that was ultimately abandoned, the successor to the ] served starting in 1956 redesigned with the J71 engine.<ref name="Enzo">Angelucci, 1987. p. 147.</ref> Though it lacked sufficient power for supersonic performance, it complemented daylight dogfighters such as the ] and ] as an all-weather, missile-armed interceptor<ref>Elward and Davies 2001, p. 13.</ref> until 1964. It was withdrawn before it could serve in the Vietnam when it, and ultimately also the Crusader, was replaced by the extremely successful ]. McDonnell's Phantom, which was equally capable against ground, fighter and bomber targets, bears a strong family resemblance as it was itself conceived as an advanced development of the Demon. The supersonic USAF ] also retained much of the Demon's layout.		The '''] F3H Demon''' was a subsonic swept-wing ] ] ] ].{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} After severe problems with ] engine that was ultimately abandoned, the successor to the ] served starting in 1956 redesigned with the J71 engine.<ref name="Enzo">Angelucci, 1987. p. 147.</ref> Though it lacked sufficient power for supersonic performance, it complemented daylight dogfighters such as the ] and ] as an all-weather, missile-armed interceptor<ref>Elward and Davies 2001, p. 13.</ref> until 1964. It was withdrawn before it could serve in the Vietnam when it, and ultimately also the Crusader, was replaced by the extremely successful ].{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} McDonnell's Phantom, which was equally capable against ground, fighter and bomber targets, bears a strong family resemblance as it was itself conceived as an advanced development of the Demon.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The supersonic USAF ] also retained much of the Demon's layout.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}

	==Development==		==Development==

	Development work began in 1949, using a swept wing from the start rather than adapting a straight-winged design as was done with the ]. A competing contract was also awarded for the ] ]. The Skyray, with a top speed of 722 mph, would become the Navy's first fighter to fly supersonic in level flight, while the Demon would never reach that level of performance. Departing from its tradition of using two engines, the Demon would be McDonnell's only single-engine carrier-based fighter, adopting under some Navy pressure to use the ] engine. That engine was being promoted by the Navy for its next generation of aircraft, and was to have thrust of over 11,000 lbf (49 kN)—three times that of the engines in the ]. It was the first ] design produced by McDonnell and among the first U.S. aircraft to have missile armament.		Development work began in 1949, using a swept wing from the start rather than adapting a straight-winged design as was done with the ].{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} A competing contract was also awarded for the ] ].{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The Skyray, with a top speed of 722 mph, would become the Navy's first fighter to fly supersonic in level flight, while the Demon would never reach that level of performance.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Departing from its tradition of using two engines, the Demon would be McDonnell's only single-engine carrier-based fighter, adopting under some Navy pressure to use the ] engine.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} That engine was being promoted by the Navy for its next generation of aircraft, and was to have thrust of over 11,000 lbf (49 kN)—three times that of the engines in the ].{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} It was the first ] design produced by McDonnell and among the first U.S. aircraft to have missile armament.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}

	The Navy desperately needed a high performance fighter to meet the challenge of the swept-wing MiG-15 encountered over Korea. Production of the F3H-1N was hastily ordered even before the first flight of the XF3H-1 prototype on 7 August 1951 by test pilot Robert Edholm.<ref name="Enzo"/> The first test flights of the operational design were well after the ] in January 1953. The engine was a major disappointment, producing only half of the expected power. Worse, it was temperamental and unreliable. Of 35 '''F3H-1N''' aircraft flown with the J40 engine, eight were involved in major accidents. The J40-engined aircraft were grounded and a new engine was sought. The proposed '''F3H-1P''' reconnaissance version was never built.		The Navy desperately needed a high performance fighter to meet the challenge of the swept-wing MiG-15 encountered over Korea.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Production of the F3H-1N was hastily ordered even before the first flight of the XF3H-1 prototype on 7 August 1951 by test pilot Robert Edholm.<ref name="Enzo"/> The first test flights of the operational design were well after the ] in January 1953.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The engine was a major disappointment, producing only half of the expected power.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Worse, it was temperamental and unreliable.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Of 35 '''F3H-1N''' aircraft flown with the J40 engine, eight were involved in major accidents.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The J40-engined aircraft were grounded and a new engine was sought.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The proposed '''F3H-1P''' reconnaissance version was never built.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}

	The best alternative was the ] engine which was also used in the ]. Subsequent F3Hs with this engine were designated the '''F3H-2N'''. Use of this engine required an enlarged wing and redesigned fuselage. In service, the J71 proved problematic, providing insufficient power for an aircraft of the Demon's size. The engine also suffered from frequent ]s and ]s. The first Demon with a J71 flew in October 1954. Another significant problem was the reliability of the ]s: initial versions were found to be unreliable and were eventually replaced with ] ejection seats that were becoming the standard Navy seat of choice due to their higher performance at low altitude and better reliability.		The best alternative was the ] engine which was also used in the ].{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Subsequent F3Hs with this engine were designated the '''F3H-2N'''.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Use of this engine required an enlarged wing and redesigned fuselage.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} In service, the J71 proved problematic, providing insufficient power for an aircraft of the Demon's size.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The engine also suffered from frequent ]s and ]s.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The first Demon with a J71 flew in October 1954.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Another significant problem was the reliability of the ]s: initial versions were found to be unreliable and were eventually replaced with ] ejection seats that were becoming the standard Navy seat of choice due to their higher performance at low altitude and better reliability.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}

	] shakes hands with ].]]		] shakes hands with ].]]

	Despite the problems, the Navy ordered 239 '''F3H-2'''s, and the first were deployed in March 1956. 519 Demons were built up to the end of production in November 1959. It was not the Navy's first all-weather ] with radar (the AN/APG-51 air interception set was used first on the F2H-4 Banshee). The F3H-2 Demon had the AN/APG-51A, later upgraded to the 51-B version with a tunable magnetron then on to 51-C with better counter-measures in the receiver.		Despite the problems, the Navy ordered 239 '''F3H-2'''s, and the first were deployed in March 1956.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} 519 Demons were built up to the end of production in November 1959.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} It was not the Navy's first all-weather ] with radar (the AN/APG-51 air interception set was used first on the F2H-4 Banshee).{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The F3H-2 Demon had the AN/APG-51A, later upgraded to the 51-B version with a tunable magnetron then on to 51-C with better counter-measures in the receiver.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}
	]		]

	The F3H-2N's standard armament was four 20 mm (.79 in) ]s. In later years, the upper two cannons were often omitted to save weight. Later models, redesignated '''F3H-2M''', were equipped to fire the Raytheon ] and later the ] ]s. Deployed aircraft carried both types of missiles, the Sparrow on the inboard rails and the Sidewinder outboard. Cannons were not used in carrier air defense applications, but they were installed and armed when situations (such as the ]) dictated, and where the aircraft might be deployed against surface targets.		The F3H-2N's standard armament was four 20 mm (.79 in) ]s.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} In later years, the upper two cannons were often omitted to save weight.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Later models, redesignated '''F3H-2M''', were equipped to fire the Raytheon ] and later the ] ]s.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Deployed aircraft carried both types of missiles, the Sparrow on the inboard rails and the Sidewinder outboard.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Cannons were not used in carrier air defense applications, but they were installed and armed when situations (such as the ]) dictated, and where the aircraft might be deployed against surface targets.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}

	A ] version, the '''F3H-2P''', was proposed, but never built.		A ] version, the '''F3H-2P''', was proposed, but never built.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}
⚫	It remained the Navy's front-line fighter until 1962, when it was succeeded by the ] (which was a development of a proposed "Super Demon", a larger and much heavier version of the F3H). Developed during the Korean War to counter the MiG-15, it did not claim any aerial victories with missiles or dogfights, although it flew over ] and ] in 1958.

		⚫	It remained the Navy's front-line fighter until 1962, when it was succeeded by the ] (which was a development of a proposed "Super Demon", a larger and much heavier version of the F3H).{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Developed during the Korean War to counter the MiG-15, it did not claim any aerial victories with missiles or dogfights, although it flew over ] and ] in 1958.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}
⚫	In 1962, the F3H was redesignated '''F-3'''. The '''F3H-2N''' became the '''F-3C''', while the F3H-2M became '''MF-3B''' and the F3H-2 simply '''F-3B'''.

		⚫	In 1962, the F3H was redesignated '''F-3'''. The '''F3H-2N''' became the '''F-3C''', while the F3H-2M became '''MF-3B''' and the F3H-2 simply '''F-3B'''.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}
⚫	The last Demon-equipped squadron, ], traded their F-3s for F-4 Phantom IIs in September 1964.

		⚫	The last Demon-equipped squadron, ], traded their F-3s for F-4 Phantom IIs in September 1964.{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}}
⚫	Due to excellent visibility from the cockpit, the Demon earned the nickname "The Chair". Demon pilots were known colloquially as "Demon Drivers" and those who worked on the aircraft were known as "Demon Doctors". The unfavorable power to weight ratio gave rise to the less flattering nickname "lead sled" sometimes shortened to "sled".<ref>O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads." ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', July 1968.</ref>

		⚫	Due to excellent visibility from the cockpit, the Demon earned the nickname "The Chair".{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} Demon pilots were known colloquially as "Demon Drivers" and those who worked on the aircraft were known as "Demon Doctors".{{Citation needed\|date=May 2011}} The unfavorable power to weight ratio gave rise to the less flattering nickname "lead sled" sometimes shortened to "sled".<ref>O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads." ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'', July 1968.</ref>

	==Variants==		==Variants==

Revision as of 20:50, 7 May 2011

F3H Demon

A F3H-2 Demon armed with missiles.
Role	carrier-based fighterType of aircraft
Manufacturer	McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
First flight	7 August 1951
Introduction	7 March 1956
Retired	1964
Status	Phased out of service
Primary user	United States Navy

The McDonnell F3H Demon was a subsonic swept-wing United States Navy carrier-based jet fighter aircraft. After severe problems with Westinghouse J40 engine that was ultimately abandoned, the successor to the F2H Banshee served starting in 1956 redesigned with the J71 engine. Though it lacked sufficient power for supersonic performance, it complemented daylight dogfighters such as the F8U Crusader and F11F Tiger as an all-weather, missile-armed interceptor until 1964. It was withdrawn before it could serve in the Vietnam when it, and ultimately also the Crusader, was replaced by the extremely successful F4 Phantom. McDonnell's Phantom, which was equally capable against ground, fighter and bomber targets, bears a strong family resemblance as it was itself conceived as an advanced development of the Demon. The supersonic USAF F-101 Voodoo also retained much of the Demon's layout.

Development

Development work began in 1949, using a swept wing from the start rather than adapting a straight-winged design as was done with the Grumman F9F Panther. A competing contract was also awarded for the delta wing F4D Skyray. The Skyray, with a top speed of 722 mph, would become the Navy's first fighter to fly supersonic in level flight, while the Demon would never reach that level of performance. Departing from its tradition of using two engines, the Demon would be McDonnell's only single-engine carrier-based fighter, adopting under some Navy pressure to use the Westinghouse J40 engine. That engine was being promoted by the Navy for its next generation of aircraft, and was to have thrust of over 11,000 lbf (49 kN)—three times that of the engines in the Banshee. It was the first swept-wing design produced by McDonnell and among the first U.S. aircraft to have missile armament.

The Navy desperately needed a high performance fighter to meet the challenge of the swept-wing MiG-15 encountered over Korea. Production of the F3H-1N was hastily ordered even before the first flight of the XF3H-1 prototype on 7 August 1951 by test pilot Robert Edholm. The first test flights of the operational design were well after the Korean War in January 1953. The engine was a major disappointment, producing only half of the expected power. Worse, it was temperamental and unreliable. Of 35 F3H-1N aircraft flown with the J40 engine, eight were involved in major accidents. The J40-engined aircraft were grounded and a new engine was sought. The proposed F3H-1P reconnaissance version was never built.

The best alternative was the Allison J71 engine which was also used in the B-66 Destroyer. Subsequent F3Hs with this engine were designated the F3H-2N. Use of this engine required an enlarged wing and redesigned fuselage. In service, the J71 proved problematic, providing insufficient power for an aircraft of the Demon's size. The engine also suffered from frequent flameouts and compressor stalls. The first Demon with a J71 flew in October 1954. Another significant problem was the reliability of the ejection seats: initial versions were found to be unreliable and were eventually replaced with Martin-Baker ejection seats that were becoming the standard Navy seat of choice due to their higher performance at low altitude and better reliability.

File:F3H Demon Delivery.jpg

F3H Demon delivery. On the right, Wally Schirra shakes hands with Dave Lewis.

Despite the problems, the Navy ordered 239 F3H-2s, and the first were deployed in March 1956. 519 Demons were built up to the end of production in November 1959. It was not the Navy's first all-weather interceptor with radar (the AN/APG-51 air interception set was used first on the F2H-4 Banshee). The F3H-2 Demon had the AN/APG-51A, later upgraded to the 51-B version with a tunable magnetron then on to 51-C with better counter-measures in the receiver.

The F3H-2N's standard armament was four 20 mm (.79 in) Colt Mk 12 cannons. In later years, the upper two cannons were often omitted to save weight. Later models, redesignated F3H-2M, were equipped to fire the Raytheon AAM-N-2 Sparrow and later the Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. Deployed aircraft carried both types of missiles, the Sparrow on the inboard rails and the Sidewinder outboard. Cannons were not used in carrier air defense applications, but they were installed and armed when situations (such as the Cuban Missile Crisis) dictated, and where the aircraft might be deployed against surface targets.

A reconnaissance version, the F3H-2P, was proposed, but never built.

It remained the Navy's front-line fighter until 1962, when it was succeeded by the F-4 Phantom II (which was a development of a proposed "Super Demon", a larger and much heavier version of the F3H). Developed during the Korean War to counter the MiG-15, it did not claim any aerial victories with missiles or dogfights, although it flew over Lebanon and Quemoy in 1958.

In 1962, the F3H was redesignated F-3. The F3H-2N became the F-3C, while the F3H-2M became MF-3B and the F3H-2 simply F-3B.

The last Demon-equipped squadron, VF-161 'Chargers', traded their F-3s for F-4 Phantom IIs in September 1964.

Due to excellent visibility from the cockpit, the Demon earned the nickname "The Chair". Demon pilots were known colloquially as "Demon Drivers" and those who worked on the aircraft were known as "Demon Doctors". The unfavorable power to weight ratio gave rise to the less flattering nickname "lead sled" sometimes shortened to "sled".

Variants

XF3H-1: Prototypes. Two built.
F3H-1N: Single-seat fighter version. This was the first production model.
F3H-1P: Proposed reconnaissance version. Never built.
F3H-2: Single-seat strike fighter version. Resignated F-3B in 1962.
F3H-2N: Improved single-seat fighter version. Redesignated F-3C in 1962.
F3H-2M: Single-seat fighter version. It was armed with four AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles. Redesignated MF-3B in 1962.
F3H-2P: Proposed reconnaissance version. Never built.
F3H-3: Proposed version. Never built.

Operators

United States

United States Navy

Specifications (F3H-2)

General characteristics

Crew: 1

Performance

Thrust/weight: 0.46

Armament

Guns: 4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Colt Mk 12 cannons, 150 rpg
Missiles: 4× AIM-7 Sparrow or 2x Sparrow and 2x AIM-9 Sidewinder
Bombs: 6,000 lb (2,720 kg) of bombs

Avionics

AN/APG-51A, B, and C radar

References

Notes

^ Angelucci, 1987. p. 147.
Elward and Davies 2001, p. 13.
O'Rourke, G.G, CAPT USN. "Of Hosenoses, Stoofs, and Lefthanded Spads." United States Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1968.

Bibliography

Angelucci, Enzo. The American Fighter. Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. ISBN 0-85429-635-2.
Elward, Brad A. and Peter Davies. US Navy F-4 Phantom II MiG Killers 1965-70, Part 1 (Osprey Combat Aircraft). London: Osprey Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-1841761633.
Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. ISBN 0-85059-463-4.

External links

Baughers: F3H Demon Index
Modeling Madness Demon History
Demon Drivers
Bob Jellison's F3H Demon
Global Security
A film clip of the F3H-2N is available for viewing at the Internet Archive

McDonnell and McDonnell Douglas aircraft and spacecraft

Civil

Airliners

High Speed Civil Transport

Business jets

Model 119/220

Fighters

USAAF / US Air Force	XP-67 XF-85 Goblin XF-88 Voodoo F-101 Voodoo F-110 Spectre F-4 Phantom II F-15 Eagle F-15E Strike Eagle F-15EX Eagle II Northrop YF-23
US Navy / USMC	FH Phantom F2H Banshee F3H Demon F-4 Phantom II F/A-18 Hornet F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
Export	CF-101 Voodoo F-4E Phantom (RAAF) F-4K Phantom · F-4M Phantom · F-4J(UK) Phantom CF-18 / CF-188 Hornet F/A-18A/B Hornet (RAAF)
Licensed	F-15J Eagle (Mitsubishi)

Attack

US Navy / USMC	A-4 Skyhawk AV-8B Harrier II A-12 Avenger II
Export	A-4G Skyhawk

Trainers

US Navy	T-45 Goshawk

Transports

US Air Force	Model 119 C-9 Nightingale KC-10 Extender YC-15 C-17 Globemaster III
US Navy	C-9 Skytrain II
Licensed	Model 188

Helicopters

US Army / US Air Force	XH-20 Little Henry AH-64 Apache
US Navy	XHJH Whirlaway XHCH XHRH
Other	Model 120 Flying Crane MD500 Defender

Drones (UAVs)

US Air Force	ADM-20 Quail
US Navy	KDH Katydid KUD
Other	Aquiline

Experimental

US Army / US Air Force	XV-1 X-36 F-15 STOL/MTD Bird of Prey DC-X

Spacecraft

NASA	Mercury Gemini Gemini B Big Gemini Skylab
US Air Force	Blue Gemini

Model numbers

v t e United States Navy fighter designations pre-1962
General Aviation Brewster	FA FA F2A F3A
Boeing	FB F2B F3B F4B F5B F6B F7B F8B
Curtiss	FC F2C F3C F4C F5C F6C F7C F8C F9C F10C F11C F12C F13C F14C F15C
Douglas McDonnell	FD F2D F3D F4D F5D F6D FD F2D
Grumman	FF F2F F3F F4F F5F F6F F7F F8F F9F -1 to -5 -6 to -8 -9 F10F F11F -1F/2 F12F (I) F12F (II)
Eberhart Goodyear	FG F2G FG F2G
Hall McDonnell	FH FH F2H F3H F4H
Berliner-Joyce North American	FJ F2J F3J FJ -1 -2/3 -4
Loening Bell	FL FL F2L-1 F2L-1K F3L
General Motors	FM F2M F3M
Naval Aircraft Factory	FN
Lockheed	FO (I) FO (II)
Ryan	FR F2R F3R
Supermarine	FS
Northrop	FT F2T
Vought	FU F2U F3U F4U F5U F6U F7U F8U -3
Canadian Vickers Lockheed	FV FV
Wright CC&F	WP F2W F3W FW F2W F3W F4W
Convair	FY F2Y
Not assigned • Assigned to a different manufacturer's type See also: Aeromarine AS • Vought VE-7

USAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF fighter designations 1924–1962, and Tri-Service post-1962 systems

1924 sequences
(1924–1962)

Pursuit (1924–1948)	P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 Curtiss P-4 Boeing P-4 P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 P-9 P-10 P-11 P-12 P-13 P-14 P-15 P-16 P-17 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-21 P-22 P-23 P-24 P-25 P-26 P-27 P-28 P-29 P-30 P-31 P-32 P-33 P-34 P-35 P-36 P-37 P-38 P-39 P-39E P-40 P-41 P-42 P-43 P-44 P-45 P-46 P-47 P-48 P-49 P-50 P-51 P-52 P-53 P-54 P-55 P-56 P-57 P-58 P-59 XP-59 P-59 P-60 P-61 P-62 P-63 P-64 P-65 P-66 P-67 P-68 P-69 P-70 P-71 P-72 P-73 P-74 P-75 P-76 P-77 P-78 P-79 P-80 P-81 P-82 P-83 P-84 P-85 P-86 P-87 P-88 P-89 P-90 P-91 P-92
Fighter (1948–1962)	F-38 F-39 F-40 F-47 F-51 F-59 F-61 RF-61C F-63 F-80 F-81 F-82 F-83 F-84 F-84F/J F-84H F-85 F-86 F-86C F-86D/G/K/L F-87 F-88 F-89 F-90 F-91 F-92 F-93 F-94 F-95 F-96 F-97 F-98 F-99 F-100 F-100B F-101 F-102 F-102B F-103 F-104 XF-104 F-104S NF-104A F-105 F-106 XF-106 F-106 F-107 F-108 F-109 F-110 F-111 F-111B F-111C F-111K AFTI/F-111A EF-111A
Pursuit, biplace	PB-1 PB-2 PB-3
Fighter, multiplace	FM-1 FM-2
Non-sequential	F-24 P-322 P-400

Tri-service sequence
(1962–present)

Main sequence	F-1 F-1C/D F-1E/F F-2 F-3 F-4 F-4K/M F-5 G F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-9F–J F-10 F-11 F-12 F-12C F-13 F-14 F-15 F-15E F-15EX F-15J F-15 STOL/MTD F-16 F-16XL NF-16D F-17 F/A-18 F/A-18E/F EA-18G F-19 F-20 F-21 F-22 YF-22 FB-22 F-23
Non-sequential	F-35 F-35I X-35 F-117

Covert designations

Related designations

FV-12

Not assigned • Unofficial • Assigned to multiple types
See also: "F-19" • 1919–1924 sequence

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