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| The '''Damdami Taksal''' ({{lang-pa|ਦਮਦਮੀ ਟਕਸਾਲ}}; {{IPA-pa|Damadamī ṭakasāl|}}) is a Sikh educational organization in ].<ref></ref> Its headquarters are located in the town of ], approximately 25 miles north of the city of ].<ref name="lal75">{{harvnb|Mahmood|1997|p=}}</ref> | The '''Damdami Taksal''' ({{lang-pa|ਦਮਦਮੀ ਟਕਸਾਲ}}; {{IPA-pa|Damadamī ṭakasāl|}}) is a Sikh educational organization in ].<ref></ref> Its headquarters are located in the town of ], approximately 25 miles north of the city of ].<ref name="lal75">{{harvnb|Mahmood|1997|p=}}</ref> | ||
| In 1706, after the ] and ] encamped at Sabo Ki Talwandi and the place became known as Damdama ie a halting place or breathing place, this place is now referred to as ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Dalbir|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|year=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|page=152}}</ref> At 1737, Damdama Sahib was considered to be the highest seat of learning for the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbir|title=Dasam Granth An Introductory Study|year=2003|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=81-7010-325-8|page=12}}</ref> |
In 1706, after the ] and ]'s victory in ] Guru Gobind Singh encamped at Sabo Ki Talwandi in comparative peace and the place became known as Damdama ie a halting place or breathing place, this place is now referred to as ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Dalbir|title=Sikhism Origin and Development|year=1988|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|page=152}}</ref> At 1737, Damdama Sahib was considered to be the highest seat of learning for the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbir|title=Dasam Granth An Introductory Study|year=2003|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=81-7010-325-8|page=12}}</ref> | ||
| The word taksal (literally ']') refers to an education institute or community of students who associate themselves to a particular ] or prominent spiritual leader.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schomer|first=Karine|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120802773|page=262}}</ref> Some independent scholars, such as ], indicate the term Damdami Taksal never existed in early Sikh history, he states "No major work on Sikh religion, society, or history, alludes to this body".<ref name="MartyAppleby"/><ref name="FairGanguly2008">{{cite book | author1=C. Christine Fair | author2=Sumit Ganguly | title=Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA62 | accessdate=25 October 2012 | date=29 September 2008 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-534204-8 | page=62}}</ref> According to Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (''Sikh Twareekh'', vols 2 and 5) the term Damdami Taksal never existed before 1977. Jatha Bhindran Mehta or Bhindran Taksal is considered the current Damdami Taksal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141|year=2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004242364|page=38}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to the Damdami Taksal, it was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the reading (''santhyia''), analysis (''vichar'') and recitation of the ] |
||
| The Bhindran Taksal traces its lineage to Baba Deep Singh's Taksal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurdarshan|title=Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper|year=1996|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|page=158}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to the Damdami Taksal, it was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the reading (''santhyia''), analysis (''vichar'') and recitation of the ]. It was brought to wider attention by ] and the government ] on the ] complex in 1984. | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| ] and its throne]] | ] and its throne]] | ||
| The |
The first Damdami Taksal, called Baba Deep Singh's Taksal, was started by ] and headed by, ] ] ].<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=57}}</ref> In 1706, when Guru Gobind Singh was encamped at Sabo Ki Talwandi, he is said to have "founded a distinguished school of ]".<ref name="MartyAppleby">{{cite book|coauthors=Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance|editor=Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, John H. Garvey|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1996|series=The Fundamentalism Project|volume=3|pages=266|isbn=978-0-226-50884-9 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC|quote=In 1706, when Gobind Singh...he is said to have founded a distinguished school of exegesis.}}</ref> | ||
| This was later headed up by ],<ref>{{cite book|last=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103011|page=57}}</ref> although ]'s research indicates that "No major work on Sikh religion, society, or history, alludes to this body".<ref name="MartyAppleby"/> | |||
| According to the Damdami Taksal, it was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the reading (''santhyia''), analysis (''vichar'') and recitation of the ]. It was brought to wider attention by ] and the Sikh freedom movement. | According to the Damdami Taksal, it was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the reading (''santhyia''), analysis (''vichar'') and recitation of the ]. It was brought to wider attention by ] and the Sikh freedom movement. | ||
| In 1975, |
In 1975, there were 2.2 million gathered around the ] to commemorate the 300th anniversary ] of ] in the ] ground. The Prime Minster of India at the time, ], was also present in the crowd.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pande|first=B. N.|title=Indira Gandhi: Builders of modern India|year=1989|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India}}</ref> ], the 12th ] of the Damdami Taksal, remained seated while Indira Gandhi came on the stage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Judge|first=Paramjit|title=Religion, Identity, and Nationhood: The Sikh Militant Movement|year=2005|publisher=Rawat Publications|isbn=9788170339496}}</ref> Kartar Singh stated that no one is more powerful than the Guru Granth Sahib and that we are not required to get up and pay respect to her, he was applauded by the people. This event was a start point in the feud between Damdami Taksal and the ]. | ||
| ===Leadership=== | ===Leadership=== | ||
| ====Bhindran Taksal==== | |||
| During ] over India, Sunder Singh Bhindranwale{{#tag:ref|Sunder Singh was from the Bhindran village<ref>{{cite book|last=Schomer|first=Karine|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120802773|page=262}}</ref> and thus was referred to as Bhindranwale, "the one from Bhindran"|group=note}} set about purging diversity in Sikh doctrine, ritual and practice, hoping to have a uniform Sikh community. Part of this strategy was to have a standardized code of conduct (''Rehat Maryada'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Martin|title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, Volume 3|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226508849|page=267}}</ref> Sunder Singh established Gurdwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta, ], which now is the headquarters of today's Damdami Taksal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141|year=2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004242364|page=38}}</ref> | During ] over India, Sunder Singh Bhindranwale{{#tag:ref|Sunder Singh was from the Bhindran village<ref>{{cite book|last=Schomer|first=Karine|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120802773|page=262}}</ref> and thus was referred to as Bhindranwale, "the one from Bhindran"|group=note}} set about purging diversity in Sikh doctrine, ritual and practice, hoping to have a uniform Sikh community. Part of this strategy was to have a standardized code of conduct (''Rehat Maryada'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Martin|title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, Volume 3|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226508849|page=267}}</ref> Sunder Singh established Gurdwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta, ], which now is the headquarters of today's Damdami Taksal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141|year=2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004242364|page=38}}</ref> | ||
| Sunder Singh was succeeded by Gurbachan Singh in 1930, after whom Kartar Singh continued his work. In 1977, after the death of Kartar Singh, ] became the head of Damdami Taksal.<ref>Low intensity conflicts in India By Vivek Chadha, United Service Institution of India page 196.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141|year=2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004242364|page=38}}</ref>Baba Thakur Singh took over his Taksal when Jarnail Singh was killed in 1984.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tully|first=Mark|title=The defeat of a congressman: and other parables of modern India|year=1991|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780394573991|page=154}}</ref>Baba Takhur Singh died in 2004. The current leader of the Damdami Taksal is Harnam Singh Bhindranwale.<ref>{{cite book|first=Congress|title=Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 10, June 20 to June 27 2005, Volume 151 of Congressional Record|year=2009|publisher=United States of America, Government Printing Office|page=13511}}</ref> | Sunder Singh was succeeded by Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale in 1930, after whom Kartar Singh Bhindranwale continued his work in 1961. In 1977, after the death of Kartar Singh, ] became the head of Damdami Taksal.<ref>Low intensity conflicts in India By Vivek Chadha, United Service Institution of India page 196.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141|year=2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004242364|page=38}}</ref> Baba Thakur Singh Bhinderwale took over his Taksal when Jarnail Singh was killed in 1984.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tully|first=Mark|title=The defeat of a congressman: and other parables of modern India|year=1991|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780394573991|page=154}}</ref> Baba Takhur Singh died in 2004. The current leader of the Damdami Taksal is Harnam Singh Bhindranwale.<ref>{{cite book|first=Congress|title=Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 10, June 20 to June 27 2005, Volume 151 of Congressional Record|year=2009|publisher=United States of America, Government Printing Office|page=13511}}</ref> | ||
| ==Beliefs== | ==Beliefs== | ||
Revision as of 17:35, 25 July 2013
The Damdami Taksal (Template:Lang-pa; [Damadamī ṭakasāl]) is a Sikh educational organization in India. Its headquarters are located in the town of Chowk Mehta, approximately 25 miles north of the city of Amritsar.
In 1706, after the Battle of Muktsar and Guru Gobind Singh's victory in Khidrana Guru Gobind Singh encamped at Sabo Ki Talwandi in comparative peace and the place became known as Damdama ie a halting place or breathing place, this place is now referred to as Damdama Sahib. At 1737, Damdama Sahib was considered to be the highest seat of learning for the Sikhs.
The word taksal (literally 'mint') refers to an education institute or community of students who associate themselves to a particular Sant or prominent spiritual leader. Some independent scholars, such as Harjot Oberoi, indicate the term Damdami Taksal never existed in early Sikh history, he states "No major work on Sikh religion, society, or history, alludes to this body". According to Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (Sikh Twareekh, vols 2 and 5) the term Damdami Taksal never existed before 1977. Jatha Bhindran Mehta or Bhindran Taksal is considered the current Damdami Taksal. The Bhindran Taksal traces its lineage to Baba Deep Singh's Taksal.
According to the Damdami Taksal, it was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the reading (santhyia), analysis (vichar) and recitation of the Sikh scriptures. It was brought to wider attention by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and the government attack on the Harmandir Sahib complex in 1984.
History
The first Damdami Taksal, called Baba Deep Singh's Taksal, was started by Guru Gobind Singh and headed by, Shaheedan Misl Jathedar Baba Deep Singh. In 1706, when Guru Gobind Singh was encamped at Sabo Ki Talwandi, he is said to have "founded a distinguished school of exegesis".
According to the Damdami Taksal, it was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the reading (santhyia), analysis (vichar) and recitation of the Sikh scriptures. It was brought to wider attention by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and the Sikh freedom movement.
In 1975, there were 2.2 million gathered around the Guru Granth Sahib to commemorate the 300th anniversary martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Ramlila Maidan ground. The Prime Minster of India at the time, Indira Gandhi, was also present in the crowd. Kartar Singh Bhindranwale, the 12th Jathedar of the Damdami Taksal, remained seated while Indira Gandhi came on the stage. Kartar Singh stated that no one is more powerful than the Guru Granth Sahib and that we are not required to get up and pay respect to her, he was applauded by the people. This event was a start point in the feud between Damdami Taksal and the Indian Congress Government.
Leadership
Bhindran Taksal
During British Colonel rule over India, Sunder Singh Bhindranwale set about purging diversity in Sikh doctrine, ritual and practice, hoping to have a uniform Sikh community. Part of this strategy was to have a standardized code of conduct (Rehat Maryada). Sunder Singh established Gurdwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta, Amritsar district, which now is the headquarters of today's Damdami Taksal.
Sunder Singh was succeeded by Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale in 1930, after whom Kartar Singh Bhindranwale continued his work in 1961. In 1977, after the death of Kartar Singh, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale became the head of Damdami Taksal. Baba Thakur Singh Bhinderwale took over his Taksal when Jarnail Singh was killed in 1984. Baba Takhur Singh died in 2004. The current leader of the Damdami Taksal is Harnam Singh Bhindranwale.
Beliefs
The Damdami Taksal have their own version of the Sikh Code of Conduct, the Gurmat Rehat Maryada, which differs from the Rehat Maryada published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee. Some differences include the reading of the full Anand Sahib in the morning Nitnem and not eating meat, fish, and eggs.
Notes
- Sunder Singh was from the Bhindran village and thus was referred to as Bhindranwale, "the one from Bhindran"
References
- Baba Thakur Singh of Damdami Taksal dead
- Mahmood 1997, p. Page 75 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMahmood1997 (help)
- Dhillon, Dalbir (1988). Sikhism Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 152.
- Kapoor, Sukhbir (2003). Dasam Granth An Introductory Study. Hemkunt Press. p. 12. ISBN 81-7010-325-8.
- Schomer, Karine (1987). The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 262. ISBN 9788120802773.
- ^ Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, John H. Garvey, ed. (1996). Fundamentalisms and the state: remaking polities, economies, and militance. The Fundamentalism Project. Vol. 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-226-50884-9.
In 1706, when Gobind Singh...he is said to have founded a distinguished school of exegesis.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - C. Christine Fair; Sumit Ganguly (29 September 2008). Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-534204-8. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- Singh, Pashaura (2012). Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141. Brill. p. 38. ISBN 9789004242364.
- Dhillon, Gurdarshan (1996). Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 158.
- H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 57. ISBN 9788170103011.
- Pande, B. N. (1989). Indira Gandhi: Builders of modern India. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India.
- Judge, Paramjit (2005). Religion, Identity, and Nationhood: The Sikh Militant Movement. Rawat Publications. ISBN 9788170339496.
- Schomer, Karine (1987). The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 262. ISBN 9788120802773.
- Marty, Martin (1996). Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, Volume 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780226508849.
- Singh, Pashaura (2012). Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141. Brill. p. 38. ISBN 9789004242364.
- Low intensity conflicts in India By Vivek Chadha, United Service Institution of India page 196.
- Singh, Pashaura (2012). Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt, Volume 141. Brill. p. 38. ISBN 9789004242364.
- Tully, Mark (1991). The defeat of a congressman: and other parables of modern India. Knopf. p. 154. ISBN 9780394573991.
- Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 10, June 20 to June 27 2005, Volume 151 of Congressional Record. United States of America, Government Printing Office. 2009. p. 13511.
{{cite book}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - "Gurmat Rehat Maryada". Damdamitaksaal.org. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- McLeod, W. H. (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780810863446.
- Poy, Buddy (2011). Vegetarianism Unmasked. AuthorHouse. p. 83. ISBN 9781463408756.
Further Reading
Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Sikh History in 10 Volumes, The Sikh University Press, 2012.
External links
- Website of Damdami Taksal (Damdami Taksaal)
- Damdami Taksal leader listing page
- Damdami Taksal Rehat Maryada
