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| Other swashplate and control design have been used. For instance, ] helicopters do not use a traditional swashplate and instead operate ] on the rotor blades to adjust the angle of attack of the blades. | Other swashplate and control design have been used. For instance, ] helicopters do not use a traditional swashplate and instead operate ] on the rotor blades to adjust the angle of attack of the blades. | ||
| ==Future== | |||
| Obviously most of the adjustment of the blades should be done mechanically because it is the most efficient mechanism. However fine control of the blades requires more attention. A normal swash plate is basically a rigid flat bearing which comprises a static lower plate and a rotating upper plate, altering the pitch of the blade concentrically and cyclically. As a helicopter flies faster the advancing blade generates more lift than the retreating blade. After some deliberation (and assuming the blade tips cannot exceed the ]) the maximum speed of a helicopter is about 250mph. To exceed this and achieve greater control changes are required. Two patents address these limitations using a flexible swash plate<ref name=GB2457685>{{cite web|title=GB2457685 - Adaptive Swash Plate|url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/?GB2457685|website=UK Patent Office}}</ref> and a dual swash plate<ref name=GB2464678>{{cite web|title=GB2464678 - Dual Swash Plate|url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/?GB2464678|website=UK Patent Office }}</ref>. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 04:13, 19 April 2015
This article is about the swashplate in helicopters. For a general description of the mechanism, see swashplate.A swashplate is a device that translates input via the helicopter flight controls into motion of the main rotor blades. Because the main rotor blades are spinning, the swashplate is used to transmit three of the pilot's commands from the non-rotating fuselage to the rotating rotor hub and mainblades.
1 Non-rotating outer ring (blue)
2 Turning inner ring (silver)
3 Ball joint
4 Control (pitch) preventing turning of outer ring
5 Control (roll)
6 Linkages (silver) to the rotor blade
Assembly
The swashplate consists of two main parts: a stationary swashplate and a rotating swashplate. The stationary (outer) swashplate is mounted on the main rotor mast and is connected to the cyclic and collective controls by a series of pushrods. It is able to tilt in all directions and move vertically. The rotating (inner) swashplate is mounted to the stationary swashplate by means of a bearing and is allowed to rotate with the main rotor mast. An anti-rotation link prevents the inner swash from rotating independently of the blades, which would apply torque to the actuators. The outer swashplate typically has an anti-rotation slider as well to prevent it from rotating. Both swashplates tilt up and down as one unit. The rotating swashplate is connected to the pitch horns by the pitch links. Alternative mechanics to the stationary (outer) swashplate are the hexapod and the universal joint. Swashplates for helicopters having two rotors mounted on the same shaft are much more complex than the single rotor helicopters.
Cyclic blade control
Cyclic controls are used to change a helicopter's roll and pitch. Push rods or hydraulic actuators tilt the outer swashplate in response to the pilot's commands. The swashplate moves in the intuitively expected direction, tilting forwards to respond to a forward input, for instance. However "pitch links" on the blades transmit the pitch information way ahead of the blade's actual position, giving the blades time to "fly up" or "fly down" to reach the desired position, in addition to a 90 degrees advance to account for the gyroscopic precession. That is, to tilt the helicopter forward, the difference of lift around the blades should be maximum along the left-right plane, creating a torque that, due to the gyroscopic effect, will tilt the rotor disc forward and not sideways.
Collective blade control
To control the collective pitch of the main rotor blades, the entire swashplate must be moved up or down along its axis without changing the orientation of the cyclic controls. Conventionally, the entire swashplate is moved along the mainshaft by a separate actuator. However, some newer model helicopters remove this mechanically complex separation of functionalities by using three interdependent actuators that can each move the entire swashplate. This is called cyclic/collective pitch mixing.
Animations
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Swash plate in the resting position.
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A raised swashplate causing negative collective blade pitch and thus down-force. Note that the control arms are on the trailing side of the blades, causing the raised swashplate to decrease the blade pitch.
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A tilted swashplate giving cyclic blade control. Note the change in pitch of the blades during rotation.
History
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
The swashplate was originally proposed by Russian Boris Yuryev in 1911. Though he did not use it on his first helicopter of 1912
Pescara helicopters (1919–1930) are coaxial rotors helicopters, each rotor being controlled by a swashplate (oscillating bearing) driven by the first control stick for helicopter (UK 178,452 Improvement in or relating to Joy Sticks for helicopters. Convention date in Spain : April 12, 1921)
French engineer and helicopter precursor Etienne Oehmichen filed an application to patent a swashplate device on June 18, 1926 in France and later in the U.S. (August 12, 1929).
Today, on most modern aircraft the swashplate is above the transmission and the pushrods are visible outside the fuselage, but a few early designs, notably light helicopters built by Enstrom Helicopter, placed it underneath the transmission and enclosed the rotating pushrods inside the mainshaft. This reduces rotor hub drag since there are no exposed linkages.
Other swashplate and control design have been used. For instance, Kaman Aircraft helicopters do not use a traditional swashplate and instead operate servo flaps on the rotor blades to adjust the angle of attack of the blades.
Future
Obviously most of the adjustment of the blades should be done mechanically because it is the most efficient mechanism. However fine control of the blades requires more attention. A normal swash plate is basically a rigid flat bearing which comprises a static lower plate and a rotating upper plate, altering the pitch of the blade concentrically and cyclically. As a helicopter flies faster the advancing blade generates more lift than the retreating blade. After some deliberation (and assuming the blade tips cannot exceed the speed of sound) the maximum speed of a helicopter is about 250mph. To exceed this and achieve greater control changes are required. Two patents address these limitations using a flexible swash plate and a dual swash plate.
References
- Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. J. Gordon Leishman, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002 p13
- E. Œhmichen : Lifting Device - Google Patents
- "GB2457685 - Adaptive Swash Plate". UK Patent Office.
- "GB2464678 - Dual Swash Plate". UK Patent Office.