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ISO basic Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz
v t e

I (named i /ˈaɪ/, plural ies) is the 9th letter and the third vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ	Phoenician Yodh	Etruscan I	Greek Iota

In Semitic, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/) in Egyptian, but was reassigned to /j/ (as in English "yes") by Semites, because their word for "arm" began with that sound. This letter could also be used to represent /i/, the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign words.

The Greeks adopted a form of this Phoenician yodh as their letter iota (⟨Ι, ι⟩) to represent /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek), it was also used to represent /j/ and this use persists in the languages that descended from Latin. The modern letter 'j' originated as a variation of 'i', and both were used interchangeably for both the vowel and the consonant, coming to be differentiated only in the 16th century. The dot over the lowercase 'i' is sometimes called a tittle. In the Turkish alphabet, dotted and dotless I are considered separate letters, representing a front and back vowel, respectively, and both have uppercase ('I', 'İ') and lowercase ('ı', 'i') forms.

Use in English

In Modern English spelling, i represents several different sounds, either the diphthong /aɪ/ ("long i") as in kite, the short /ɪ/ as in bill, or the ee sound /iː/ in the last syllable of machine. The diphthong /aɪ/ developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which later changed to /əi/ and finally to the Modern English diphthong /aɪ/ in General American and Received Pronunciation. Because the diphthong /aɪ/ developed from a Middle English long vowel, it is called long i in traditional English grammar.

The letter 'i' is the fifth most common letter in the English language.

The English first-person singular nominative pronoun is "I", pronounced /aɪ/ and always written with a capital letter. This pattern arose for basically the same reason that lowercase "i" acquired a dot: so it wouldn't get lost in manuscripts before the age of printing:

The capitalized “I” first showed up about 1250 in the northern and midland dialects of England, according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. Chambers notes, however, that the capitalized form didn’t become established in the south of England “until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time).”

Capitalizing the pronoun, Chambers explains, made it more distinct, thus “avoiding misreading handwritten manuscripts.”

Use in other languages

In many languages' orthographies, 'i' is used to represent the sound /i/ or, more rarely, /ɪ/.

Forms and variants

In some sans serif typefaces, the uppercase letter I, 'I' may be difficult to distinguish from the lowercase letter L, 'l', the vertical bar character '|', or the digit one '1'. In serifed typefaces, the capital form of the letter has both a baseline and a cap-height serif, while the lowercase L has generally a hooked ascender and a baseline serif.

The uppercase I does not have a dot (tittle) while the lowercase i has one in most Latin-derived alphabets. However, some schemes, such as the Turkish alphabet, have two kinds of I: dotted (İi) and dotless (Iı).

The uppercase I has two kinds of shapes, with serifs () and without serifs (). Usually these are considered equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'.

Computing codes

Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

		File:Sign language .svg	File:BSL letter .svg
Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-24 Unified English Braille

Related letters

• İ i and I ı : Latin dotted and dotless letter i
• Ị ị : Latin I with dot below
• Ĭ ĭ : Latin letter I with breve
• Î  î : Latin letter I with circumflex
• Ǐ ǐ : Latin letter I with caron
• Ɨ ɨ : Latin letter I with stroke
• Ï ï : Latin letter I with umlaut or diaeresis
• Í í : Latin letter I with acute accent
• Ì ì : Latin letter I with grave accent
• Į į : Latin letter I with ogonek
• Ī ī : Latin letter I with macron
• Ĩ ĩ : Latin letter I with tilde
• І і : Cyrillic soft-dotted letter i
• И и : Cyrillic letter i
• י : Hebrew letter Yodh
• L l : Latin letter L
• Ⅰ : Roman numeral of 1
• Ι ι: Greek letter Iota
• 1 : digit one, is writing of letter I

See also

• I (disambiguation)
• Tittle

References

1. Brown & Kiddle (1870) The institutes of English grammar, p. 19.
   Ies is the plural of the English name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered I's, Is, i's, or is.
2. "The Latin Alphabet". du.edu.
3. "Frequency Table". cornell.edu. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
4. O’Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2011-08-10). "Is capitalizing "I" an ego thing?". Grammarphobia. Retrieved 23 December 2014.

External links

• Media related to I at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of I at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of i at Wiktionary

• ISO basic Latin letters
• Vowel letters