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| '''Turanid race''' or '''Ural-Altaic race''' is a now ] term, originally intended to cover populations of ] and ] associated with the spread of the ], which are the combination of the ] and ] families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").<ref> by Carleton S. Coon</ref> | |||
| '''Turanid race''' (also '''Turanoid''' or '''South Siberian''' race)<ref>Péter Hajdú, '''', Corvina, 1976, p.138.</ref><ref>, Volume 10, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959, p.272.</ref><ref>György Acsádi, János Nemeskéri. Akdémiai Kiadó, 1970. page 233: *"''(ii) Medium stature, brachycranic, euryprosopic, with moderate flatness. This type has developed at the boundary of the Europoid and Mongoloid main races, and can be classified as belonging to the South-Siberian (Turanoid) type.''"</ref> is a now obsolete term of ] to denote '''South Siberian race''',<ref>Юрий Венедиктович Кнышенко. История первобытного общества (рус.). Изд-во Рост. ун-та (1973). Page 100</ref><ref>Георгий Никитич Румянцев. Происхождение хоринских бурят (рус.). Бурятское книжное изд-во (1962). Page 119</ref> originally intended to cover native populations of ]. It is known as a ] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (]) race with Mongoloid admixtures, which is situated at the boundary of the distribution of the ] and ] "great races".<ref></ref><ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref> In European literature of the period a "Turanid race" was widely known as a Europid subtype, dwelling on the borders of the two racial groups since primeval times.<ref>Egon Eickstedt (Freiherr von), F. Enke, 1934. . * "''... einer Zeit der großen Verwirrung und Verwechslung rassischer, sprachlicher und ethnologischer Namen und Verhältnisse, wurden die Turaniden von Turkestan und Vorderasiens (Osmanli) oft als mongolid angesehen, ein Irrtum, der selbst jetzt noch in manchen Laienköpfen spukt. Heute wird die turanide Rasse aber von allen wissenschaftlichen Autoren zu den Europiden gestellt — jedoch meist mit einer Einschränkung: es werden ihr auch einige mongoloide Züge zugestanden. Tatsache ist, daß die Turaniden seit uralter Zeit, gewissermaßen seitdem die „Menschheit" besteht, an der Grenze der beiden Rassenkreise lebt, und daß sie hier, und zwar zweifellos schon vor der Zeit der endgültigen Differenzierung der Rassen, in Kontakt und biologischer \ erflechtung mit altmongoliden Formen stand.''"</ref> ]'s Turanid race is represented in Siberia among the peoples of the Altay region. This race, he writes, corresponds in his classification to ]'s "Turkic-Tatar" (or "Turanian") race and to ]'s "Turkic".<ref name="Eickstedt, Maksim">Eickstedt, '''', 1934, pp. 169-174. In: Maksim Grigorʹevich Levin, '''', Arctic Institute of North America by University of Toronto Press, 1963, .</ref> Soviet writers regarded the terms "South Siberian" and "Turanian" as the same wherefore for some time it was also associated with the spread of the ] (a now ] linguistic term), which are the combination of the ] and ] families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").<ref>Otto Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture. 1973. Page 359</ref><ref>"AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race", ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'': '''101''':569-570, 1996</ref><ref>G. DEBETS in Soviet Ethnology and Anthropology today. Yu. BROMLEY. 1974. Page 307</ref><ref> by Carleton S. Coon</ref> The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in ] or "]" in the late 19th to 20th century. | |||
| The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid ] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (]) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the ] and Europid "great races".<ref></ref><ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref> | |||
| ]'s map of the races of Europe (1889 - 1901) identified "Turanids" (red) as the dominant group in parts of far ], Northern and Eastern parts of the ], Northeast ], South ] and the central parts of the ], including additional Turanid diffusion areas in ] and ] (red circles).]] | |||
| The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in ] or "]" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turkish race" was proposed as a Europid subtype in European literature of the period. | |||
| This literature was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into ], contributing to the idea of an essence of "]" (''Türklük'') the honour of which came to be protected under ] until the revision of ] in April 2008. The most influential of these sources were ''Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux'' (1756–1758) by ] (1721–1800), and ''Sketches of Central Asia'' (1867) by ] (1832–1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and ''l’histoire de l’Asie'' (1896) by ] (1841–1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of the greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally.<ref>Gülden z Kibris, ''Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü'', Sabanci University (2005)</ref> There was also an ideology of ] in Hungarian fascism. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 16:39, 30 November 2015
Turanid race or Ural-Altaic race is a now obsolete term, originally intended to cover populations of Central Asia and Kazakhstan associated with the spread of the Turanian languages, which are the combination of the Uralic and Altaic families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").
The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid racial type or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (Caucasian) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the Mongoloid and Europid "great races". The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in Pan-Turkism or "Turanism" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turkish race" was proposed as a Europid subtype in European literature of the period.
This literature was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into Ottoman Turkish, contributing to the idea of an essence of "Turkishness" (Türklük) the honour of which came to be protected under Turkish law until the revision of article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code in April 2008. The most influential of these sources were Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux (1756–1758) by Joseph de Guignes (1721–1800), and Sketches of Central Asia (1867) by Ármin Vámbéry (1832–1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and l’histoire de l’Asie (1896) by Leon Cahun (1841–1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of the greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally. There was also an ideology of Hungarian Turanism in Hungarian fascism.
See also
References
- The Races of Europe by Carleton S. Coon
- Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.
- American anthropologist, American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.
- Gülden z Kibris, Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü, Sabanci University (2005)
- Leon Cahun L’histoire de l’Asie (1896).
- Ilse Schwidetzky, Turaniden-Studien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Verlag, Mainz, (1950).