Misplaced Pages

Somaliland: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 12:40, 19 June 2017 view source81.99.251.151 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit Revision as of 16:29, 19 June 2017 view source 85.194.4.21 (talk) ←Replaced content with 'North region of Somalia.'Tag: blankingNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
North region of Somalia.
{{about|the current region and government|other uses|Somaliland (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Coord|9|45|N|45|58|E|display=title}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Somaliland
|common_name = Somaliland
|native_name = {{smaller|{{native name|so|Jamhuriyadda Somaliland}}<ref>Name used in and in </ref><br/>{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|<big>جمهورية أرض الصومال</big>}}|italic=no}}</big><br/>{{smaller|''{{transl|ar|Jumhūrīyat Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}''}}}}<br/>Somaliland<ref name="Hassig">Susan M. Hassig, Zawiah Abdul Latif, ''Somalia'', (Marshall Cavendish: 2007), p.10.</ref>
|image_flag = Flag of Somaliland.svg
|image_coat = Official Emblem of Somaliland.svg
|symbol_type = National emblem
|national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|]}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>''Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasūlu-llāhi''<br/>{{small|"]"}}
|national_anthem = <br/>{{lang|so|'']''}}<br/>{{small|''Long life with peace''}}<br/><center>]</center>
|image_map =Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg
|map_caption =Somaliland (dark green), disputed territory (light green)
|status = Unrecognized state<br>Recognized by the United Nations as ''de jure'' part of ] as an autonomous territory
|capital = ]
|coordinates = {{Coord|9|33|N|44|03|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = Hargeisa
|official_languages = {{unbulleted list | ] | ] | }}
|demonym = ];<ref name="2009factbook"/><ref name="Pdllwcpaz">Paul Dickson, ''Labels for locals: what to call people from Abilene to Zimbabwe'', (Merriam-Webster: 1997), p.175.</ref>
<br/>]
|government_type = ] ]
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|]}}
|leader_title2 = Vice-President
|leader_name2 = ]
|leader_title3 = Speaker of the House
|leader_name3 = ]
|legislature = ]
|upper_house = ]
|lower_house = ]
|sovereignty_type = ]
|established_event1 = ]
|established_date1 = {{circa}} 200 {{small|]}}
|established_event2 = ]
|established_date2 = 10th century
|established_event3 = ]
|established_date3 = 1884
|established_event4 = Union, Independence and Original Constitution
|established_date4= 20th century
|established_event5 = '']'' ]
|established_date5 = 26 June 1960
|established_event6 = ] united with ]
|established_date6 = 1 July 1960
|established_event7 = '']'' Republic of Somaliland (internationally unrecognised)
|established_date7 = 18 May 1991
|established_event8 = ]<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="Tukpmorttsep">{{cite web|url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml|title=Issue 270|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|area_km2 = 137600
|area_sq_mi = 53100<ref name=geography>{{cite web|url=http://somalilandgov.com/somaliland-geography/|title=Somaliland Geography|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|percent_water =
|population_estimate = 4,500,000<ref name="REPORTER, I. (2012, September 18). As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub? Retrieved December 26, 2015, from http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582">{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582 | title=As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub? | work=International Business Times | date=18 September 2013 | access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref>
|population_census =
|population_estimate_year = 2013
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 25
|population_density_sq_mi = 66
|population_density_rank =
|GDP_PPP = $1.9 billion <ref name=WB>World Bank. '''' 2017. Accessed 24 April 2017.</ref>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2015
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $347 <ref name=WB/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|HDI =
|HDI_year =
|HDI_rank =
|currency = ]<ref>Note: The Somaliland shilling is not legal tender in the disputed region between Somaliland and Puntland</ref><sup>a</sup>
|currency_code = SLSH
|time_zone = ]
|utc_offset = +3
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|time_zone_DST = not observed
|date_format = d/m/yy (])
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = ] {{flag|Somalia}}
|iso3166code =
|cctld =
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|HDI_category =
}}
'''Somaliland''' ({{lang-so|''Somaliland''}}, {{lang-ar|صوماليلاند}} ''{{transl|ar|Ṣūmālīlānd}}'' or {{lang|ar|أرض الصومال}} ''{{transl|ar|Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}''), officially the '''Republic of Somaliland''' ({{lang-so|''Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland''}}, {{lang-ar|جمهورية صوماليلاند}} ''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd)'', is a ] internationally recognised as an ] of ].<ref name="Tukpmorttsep"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic |publisher=] |date=1 February 2004 |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf |accessdate=2 February 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325022231/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf |archivedate=25 March 2009 }}</ref>

The government of the ] state of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former ] ], which as the ] united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the ] (the former ]) to form the ].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</ref>

Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the ]. It is bordered by the remainder of ] (per international recognition) to the east, ] to the northwest, and ] to the south and west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2010/july/analysis_time_for_jaw_jaw_not_war_war_in_somaliland.aspx|title=Analysis: Time for jaw-jaw, not war-war in Somaliland|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Its claimed territory has an area of {{convert|137600|km2}}, with approximately 4 million residents. The capital and the largest city is ], with the population of around 1,500,000 residents.<ref name=geography/>

In 1988, the ] regime launched a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based ] (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the ].<ref name="Locsg"/> The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, ] from Somalia on 18 May of the same year and reinstated the borders of the former ] independent ].<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="const">{{cite web |title = The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland |publisher = Government of Somaliland |date=1 May 2001|url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Somaliland.pdf |accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref>

Since then, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as the '''Government of the Republic of Somaliland''' ({{lang-so|''Dowlada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland''}}, {{lang-ar|جمهورية صوماليلاند}} ''Dawlat Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd)''.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title = Country Profile |publisher = Government of Somaliland |url = http://somalilandgov.com/country-profile/ |accessdate =8 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |title = De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland |publisher = ], Journal of International Affairs |year = 2008 |url = http://yalejournal.org/sites/default/files/articles/De_Facto_Statehood_-_The_Strange_Case_of_Somaliland_By_Alexis_Arieff.pdf |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5p4r3fdSg?url=http://yalejournal.org/sites/default/files/articles/De_Facto_Statehood_-_The_Strange_Case_of_Somaliland_By_Alexis_Arieff.pdf |archivedate=18 April 2010|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Schoiswohl |first = Michael |title = Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law |publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year = 2004 |location = University of Michigan |page = 351 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GOSbAAAAMAAJ&q=Status+and+(Human+Rights)+Obligations+of+Non-Recognized+De+Facto+Regimes+in+International+Law&dq=Status+and+(Human+Rights)+Obligations+of+Non-Recognized+De+Facto+Regimes+in+International+Law&cd=1 |isbn = 978-90-04-13655-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Regions and Territories: Somaliland |publisher = BBC News |date=25 September 2009|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/3794847.stm |accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> The central government maintains ] with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to ].<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |title = The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia |publisher = New York Times|date=5 June 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html|accessdate=2 February 2010|first=Marc |last=Lacey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Chronology for Issaq in Somalia |work = Minorities at Risk Project |publisher = ] |year = 2004 |url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/469f38dbc.html|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Interview with Ambassador Brook Hailu Beshah |publisher = International Affairs Review|date=8 November 2008 |url=http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/49|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> Ethiopia also maintains a ] in the region.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326070002/http://www.mfa.gov.et/The_Ministry/Ethiopia_Mission_Abroad.php |date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary | publisher = United Nations | date =9 January 2006|url = http://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia991.pdf | accessdate =2 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1503:arab-league-condemns-israel-over-somaliland-recognition&catid=13:headlines&Itemid=19 |title=Arab League condemns Israel over Somaliland recognition |publisher=Ethjournal.com |date=7 March 2010|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> It is a member of the ], an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories.

==History==

{{Main|History of Somaliland}}

{{hatnote|See the ] article for historical information.}}

] complex depicting a long-horned cow.]]

] Snakes, sheep and goat polychrome with symbolic elements.]]
<!-- Paleolithic & Neolithic are prehistoric -->

===Prehistory===

{{Main|Caves in Somaliland}}

{{hatnote|See the ] and ]}}

Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the ]. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Robertshaw|title=A History of African Archaeology|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=VuEZAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=J. Currey|isbn=978-0-435-08041-9|page=105}}</ref> The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia|jstor=124524|pmid=16470993|pages=40–56|last=Brandt |first=S. A. |volume=20|issue=1|journal=World Archaeology|year=1988|doi=10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055}}</ref> The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/mananth9a10royauoft/mananth9a10royauoft_djvu.txt|title=Prehistoric Implements From Somaliland|author=H. W. Seton-Karr|publisher=]|accessdate=30 January 2011|volume=9|issue=106|pages=182–183|year=1909|authorlink=Henry Seton-Karr}}</ref>

According to linguists, the first ]-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing ] period from the family's proposed ] ("original homeland") in the ],<ref>Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)</ref> or the ].<ref>Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions" ''Science'' 300, {{doi|10.1126/science.1078208}}</ref>

The ] complex on the outskirts of ] in northwestern Somalia dates back around 5,000 years, and has ] depicting both wild animals and decorated cows.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bakano|first=Otto|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061703/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1|archivedate=21 September 2013 |title=Grotto galleries show early Somali life |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=24 April 2011|accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> Other ]s are found in the northern ] region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the distinctive Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1,000 to 3,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mire|first=Sada|title=The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland|journal=African Archaeological Review|year=2008|volume=25|pages=153–168|url=http://www.mbali.info/doc494.htm|accessdate=22 June 2013|doi=10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/17/cave-paintings-found-in-somaliland|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 September 2010}}</ref> Additionally, between the towns of ] and ] in northern Somalia lies ], the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodd|first=Michael|title=East African Handbook|year=1994|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|isbn=0-8442-8983-3|page=640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ali|first=Ismail Mohamed|title=Somalia Today: General Information|year=1970|publisher=Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVAAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

===Antiquity and classical era===

{{Main article|Somali Architecture}}

Ancient pyramidical structures, mausoleums, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the ], are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula.<ref name="Nthos">{{cite book |last=Njoku|first=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=0-313-37857-6|pages=29–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World|year=2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=1-4488-4797-4|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC}}</ref> This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with ] and ] since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient ].<ref name="Nthos"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Abdel Monem A. H. Sayed|first=Zahi A. Hawass (ed.)|title=Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology|year=2003|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-674-8|pages=432–433|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1E13DorsFMEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> The Puntites traded ], spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and ] with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the ] Queen ] is recorded on the temple reliefs at ], during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.<ref name="Nthos"/> In 2015, isotopic analysis of ancient baboon mummies from Punt that had been brought to Egypt as gifts indicated that the specimens likely originated from an area encompassing eastern Somalia and the Eritrea-Ethiopia corridor.<ref>{{cite web|last1=NATHANIEL J. DOMINY1, SALIMA IKRAM, GILLIAN L. MORITZ, JOHN N. CHRISTENSEN, PATRICK V. WHEATLEY, JONATHAN W. CHIPMAN|title=Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes|url=http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html|publisher=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref>

The ] is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From there, it spread to ] and the ].<ref>Suzanne Richard (2003) , EISENBRAUNS, p. 120 ISBN 1-57506-083-3.</ref> During the classical period, the northern ] city-states of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from ], ], ], ], ], the ], and the ]. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the '']'' to transport their cargo.

After the ] and the Roman naval presence at ] to curb piracy, Arab and Somali merchants agreed with the Romans to bar Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the Arabian peninsula<ref>{{Harvnb|Warmington|1995|p=54}}.</ref> to protect the interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the lucrative commerce between the Red and Mediterranean Seas.<ref name="EHW">{{Harvnb|Warmington|1995|p=229}}.</ref> However, Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the Somali peninsula, which was free from Roman interference.<ref>{{Harvnb|Warmington|1995|p=187}}.</ref>

For centuries, Indian merchants brought large quantities of cinnamon to Somalia and Arabia from ] and the ]. The source of the cinnamon and other spices is said to have been the best-kept secret of Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the Roman and Greek world; the Romans and Greeks believed the source to have been the Somali peninsula.<ref>{{Harvnb|Warmington|1995|pp=185–6}}.</ref> The collusive agreement among Somali and Arab traders inflated the price of Indian and Chinese cinnamon in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe, and made the cinnamon trade a very profitable revenue generator, especially for the Somali merchants through whose hands large quantities were shipped across sea and land routes.<ref name="EHW"/>

===Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages===
]
] (right) and his troops battling King ] and his men. From ''Le livre des Merveilles'', 15th century.]]
{{Main article|Somali aristocratic and court titles|Ifat Sultanate|Adal Sultanate}}

Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established around this period in the area.<ref name="Lewispohoa">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|year=1955|publisher=International African Institute|pages=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> In the 14th century, the ]-based ] battled the forces of the Ethiopian emperor ].<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pankhurst|first=Richard|title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA45|year=1997|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0-932415-19-6}}, page 45</ref> The ] later occupied ] and environs in the 1500s. ], ] of ], subsequently established a foothold in the area between 1821 and 1841.<ref name="Clifford">E. H. M. Clifford, , 87 (1936), p. 289</ref>

===Early modern sultanates===
{{Main article|Dervish state|British Somaliland}}
In the ] period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate and ] began to flourish in Somalia. These included the ].

The first engagement between Somalis of the region and the British was the 1827 "Articles of Friendship and Commerce between the Tribe of ] and England.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_RAOAQAAMAAJ&dq=&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22articles+of+friendship+and+commerce%22|title=The scramble in the Horn of Africa: history of Somalia, 1827-1977|last=Omar|first=Mohamed Osman|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Somali Publications|language=en}}</ref> This was followed by a British treaty with the Governor of ] in 1840. An engagement was then started between the British and elders of Habar Garhajis and Habar Toljaala clans of the ] in 1855, followed a year later by the conclusion of the "Articles of Peace and Friendship" between the Habar Awal and ]. These engagements between the British and Somali clans culminated in the formal treaties the British signed with the henceforth 'British Somaliland' clans, which took place between 1884 and 1886 (treaties were signed with the Habar Awal, Gadabursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Garhajis, Esa, and the Warsangali clans), this paved the way for the British to establish a ] in the region referred to as ].<ref>Hugh Chisholm (ed.), ''The encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information'', Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.</ref> The British garrisoned the protectorate from ] and administered it as part of ] until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the ] until 1905, and afterwards by the ]], ] ].]]

===British Somaliland===

{{Main article|Somaliland campaign|Somaliland campaign (1920)|Italian conquest of British Somaliland}}

].]]

The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the ], pitting the ] led by ] (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah", although he "was neither mad nor a mullah") against the ].<ref>Nicolle (1997), 5.</ref> The British were assisted in their offensives by the ] and ]. During the ] (1914–1918), Hassan also received aid from the ], ] and, for a time, from the Emperor ]. The conflict ended when the British ] the Dervish capital of ] in February 1920.

The Fifth Expedition of the ] in 1920 was the final ] expedition against the ] forces of ] (often called the "Mad Mullah" derogatorily by British ), the ] religious leader. Although the majority of the combat took place in January of the year, British troops had begun preparations for the assault as early as November 1919. The British forces included elements of the ] and the ]. After three weeks of battle, Hassan's Dervishes were defeated, bringing an effective end to their 20-year resistance.<ref name="Baker">{{cite book |title=From Biplane to Spitfire |last=Baker |first=Anne |authorlink=Anne Baker (author) |year=2003 |publisher=] |isbn=0-85052-980-8 |pages=161–162}}</ref>
]
The Italian conquest of British Somaliland was a military campaign in East Africa, which took place in August 1940 between forces of ] and those of several British and ] countries. The Italian expedition was part of the ].

===State of Somaliland===
{{Main article|State of Somaliland}}
], the former ] protectorate.]]
In May 1960, the British government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then ] of British Somaliland, with the intention that the territory would unite with the ]-administered ] (the former ]). The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was scheduled to gain independence on July 1 that year. The legislative councils of both territories agreed to this proposal following a joint conference in ].<ref name="wardheernews.com">http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html</ref>
On June 26, 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later.<ref name="Wssom1"></ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</ref> The following day, on June 27, 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on July 1, 1960.<ref name="wardheernews.com"/>

===Somali Republic===
{{Main article|Somali Republic}}
] including the territory of the Somali Republic.]]

The ] was a ] independent state in the territory of present-day northwestern ].<ref name="Wssom2"></ref> It was the name assumed by the former ] ] in the five days between independence from the ] on 26 June 1960.

On 1 July 1960, the protectorate and the ] (the former ]) united as planned to form the ].<ref name="buluugleey.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm|title=The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960|publisher=Buluugleey.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Tmotss">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx|title=The making of a Somalia state|publisher=Strategy page.com|date=9 August 2006|accessdate=25 February 2009}}</ref> A government was formed by ], with ] as ] and ] as ] (later to become President, from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular ], the Somali people ratified a new ], which was first drafted in 1960.<ref>Greystone Press Staff, ''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338</ref>

In 1967, ] became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Shermarke was assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards. His murder was quickly followed by a military ] on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the ] seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General ], who at the time commanded the army.<ref name="Myswenvwp">Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.</ref> The new regime would go on to rule Somalia for the next 21 years.

===Somali National Movement, Barre persecution===

{{Main article|Somali National Movement|Isaaq genocide}}]]]

The ] of Barre's government was gradually eroded, as many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist ] administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of ], a ] (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.<ref name="Locsg">{{cite web|title=Somalia&nbsp;— Government|url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/ |title=State-sponsored violence and conflict under Mahamed Siyad Barre: the emergence of path dependent patterns of violence |last1=Compagnon |first1=Daniel |last2= |first2= |date=22 October 2013 |website= |publisher=], ] |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> The bombardment was led by General ], Barre's son-in-law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1747697.stm#mshm |title=Analysis: Somalia's powerbrokers |date=8 January 2002 |website= |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>

] found from a mass grave site located in ], Somaliland.]]According to Abou Jeng and other scholars, the Barre regime rule was marked by a targeted brutal persecution of the ] clan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abou Jeng|title=Peacebuilding in the African Union: Law, Philosophy and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUKxfDKkKi0C&pg=PA245 |year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01521-0|page=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Marleen Renders|title=Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPlgycWcpzAC&pg=PA59 |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-21848-3|pages=59–60}}</ref> Mohamed Haji Ingiriis and ] state that the clampdown by the Barre regime against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement targeted the Isaaq clan, to which most members of the SNM belonged. They refer to the clampdown as the Isaaq genocide or Hargeisa holocaust.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Ingiriis |first= Mohamed Haji |date= 2016-07-02 |title= “We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us”: The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 |journal= African Security |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages= 237–258 |doi= 10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 |issn=1939-2206 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dd5ngjjVZb8C&pg=PA504|title=A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin |last=Mullin |first= Chris |date= 2010-10-01 |publisher= Profile Books |isbn= 1847651860 |language=en}}</ref> A ] investigation concluded that that the crime of genocide was "conceived, planned and perpetrated by the Somali Government against the Isaaq people".<ref name="Mburu">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ |title=Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)|last=Mburu|first=Chris|last2=Rights|first2=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human|last3=Office|first3=United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country|date=2002-01-01|publisher=s.n.|language=en}}</ref> The number of civilian casualties is estimated to be between 50,000-100,000 according to various sources,<ref name="Peifer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23 |title=Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention|last=Peifer|first=Douglas C.|date=2009-05-01|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437912814|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa|last=Straus|first=Scott|date=2015-03-24|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801455674|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ|title=Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity|last=Jones|first=Adam|date=2017-01-22|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781842771914|language=en}}</ref>while some reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html|title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Along with the deaths, Barre regime bombarded and razed the second and third largest cities in Somalia, ] and ] respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA152 |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|last=Tekle|first=Amare|date=1994-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415974|language=en}}</ref> This displaced an estimated 400,000 local residents to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=|title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf|journal=|volume=|pages=10|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-s0VcsSW2rAC&pg=PA154 |title=The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent|last=Press|first=Robert M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813017044|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WV0TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances|last=Lindley|first=Anna|date=2013-01-15|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781782383284|language=en}}</ref> another 400,000 individuals were also internally displaced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gajraj|first1=Priya|title=Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics|date=2005|publisher=World Bank|page=10|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=52m9OsGODRUC&pg=PA227 |title=Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions|last=Law|first=Ian|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405859127|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Africa Watch|journal=Volume 5|date=1993|page=4}}</ref>
The counterinsurgency by the Barre regime against the SNM targeted the rebel group's civilian base of support, escalating into a genocidal onslaught against the Isaaq clan. This led to anarchy and violent campaigns by fragmented militias, which then wrested power at a local level.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Alex|last1=de Waal|first2=Jens|last2=Meierhenrich|first3=Bridget|last3=Conley-Zilkic|title=How Mass Atrocities End: An Evidence-Based Counter-Narrative|journal=Fetcher Forum of World Affairs|volume=36|issue=1|pages=15-31|year=2012|url=http://www.fletcherforum.org/home/2016/9/14/how-mass-atrocities-end-an-evidence-based-counter-narrative}}</ref> The Barre regime's persecution was not limited to the Isaaq, as it targeted other clans such as the ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohamed Haji Ingiriis|title=The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzi6CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-6720-3|pages=236–239}}</ref><ref name="Richards2016p98">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Richards|title=Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vz6gCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-00466-0|pages=98–100 with footnotes}}</ref> The Barre regime collapsed in January 1991. Thereafter, as the political situation in Somaliland stabilized, the displaced people returned to their homes, the militias were demobilized or incorporated into the army, and tens of thousands of houses and businesses were reconstructed from rubble.<ref>{{cite book|title=Somaliland: Democratisation and Its Discontents|url= https://www.google.com/books?id=UmoWAQAAIAAJ |year=2003|publisher= International Crisis Group| page= 6| accessdate= 15 May 2017}}</ref>

===Somali Civil War===
], a capital of Somaliland,1991.]]
{{Main article|Somali Civil War}}
] grand conference. At the second national meeting on May 18, the SNM Central Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland in the territory of the former British Somaliland protectorate and formed a government for the self-declared state.<ref>{{cite web|authors=Mohamud Omar Ali, Koss Mohammed, Michael Walls|title=Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building|url=http://apd-somaliland.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Interpeace_APD_Statebuilding_EN.pdf|publisher=Academy for Peace and Development|page=12|accessdate=2 June 2017|quote=On 18th May 1991 at this second national meeting, the SNM Central Committee, with the support of a meeting of elders representing the major clans in the Northern Regions, declared the restoration of the Republic of Somaliland, covering the same area as that of the former British Protectorate. The Burao conference also established a government for the Republic}}</ref>]]
Although the SNM at its inception had a unionist constitution, it eventually began to pursue independence, looking to secede from the rest of Somalia.<ref name="Sqfirhbmsscf"></ref> Under the leadership of ], the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in ] between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution/body_somaliland_constitution.htm#Chapter1|title=Somaliland Constitution|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Tuur then became the newly established Somaliland polity's first President, but subsequently renounced the separatist platform in 1994 and began instead to publicly seek and advocate reconciliation with the rest of Somalia under a power-sharing ] system of governance.<ref name="Sqfirhbmsscf"/> ] was appointed as Tuur's successor in 1993 by the Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in ], which met for four months, leading to a gradual improvement in security, as well as a consolidation of the new territory.<ref>Lewis, ''A Modern History'', pp. 282–286</ref> Egal was reappointed in 1997, and remained in power until his death on 3 May 2002. The vice-president, ], who was during the 1980s the highest-ranking ] (NSS) officer in ] in Siad Barre's government, was sworn in as president shortly afterwards.<ref name="Albla">Human Rights Watch (Organization), Chris Albin-Lackey, ''Hostages to peace: threats to human rights and democracy in Somaliland'', (Human Rights Watch: 2009), p.13.</ref> In 2003, Kahin became the first elected president of Somaliland.

The ] between ] on the one hand, and the ] and its ] allies on the other, has for the most part not directly affected Somaliland, which, like neighbouring ], has remained relatively stable.<ref></ref><ref>The general success of independent Somaliland was discussed by Somali hospital manager Edna Adan Ismail 22 November 2016 on BBC4 radio.</ref>

==Politics and government==

{{Main article|Politics of Somaliland}}

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|width=400|align=right|image1=2017 Freedom House world map.png|caption1=Country ratings from Freedom House's ''Freedom in the World 2017'' survey, concerning the state of world freedom in 2016.<ref> by ''Freedom House'', January 31, 2017</ref>
<center>{{legend inline|#179C86|Free}} {{legend inline|#F6DD4F|Partly Free}} {{legend inline|#706EA4|Not Free}}</center>}}
<!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->
The ''guurti'' worked with rebel leaders to set up a new government, and was incorporated into the governance structure, becoming the Parliament's ].<ref name="Gettleman">{{cite news|title=Somaliland is an overlooked African success story|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/world/africa/07iht-somalia.4826198.html|work=The New York Times|date=7 March 2007|accessdate=27 July 2012|first=Jeffrey|last=Gettleman}}</ref> The government became in essence a "power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans," with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a predetermined formula, although not all clans are satisfied with their representation. In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland transitioned to multi-party democracy.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} The election was limited to three parties, in an attempt to create ideology based elections rather than clan based elections.<ref name="Gettleman"/>

The Executive is led by an elected ], whose government includes a vice-president and a Council of Ministers.<ref name="Administration">{{cite web|url=http://somalilandgov.com/the-administration/ |title=Somaliland Government |publisher=The Somaliland Government |accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> The Council of Ministers, who are responsible for the normal running of government, are nominated by the President and approved by the Parliament's House of Representatives.<ref name="Cabinet">{{cite web|url=http://somalilandgov.com/the-administration/ |title=Somaliland Cabinet |publisher=The Somaliland Government |accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> The President must approve bills passed by the Parliament before they come into effect.<ref name="Administration"/> Presidential elections are confirmed by the National Elections Commission.<ref name="afp_2010-07-01">{{cite news |title=Opposition leader elected Somaliland president |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j8hma5FaM4Jn8UUVlRwwK18hpStQ |agency=] |publisher=]|accessdate=1 July 2010|quote=}}</ref> The President can serve a maximum of two five-year terms.

].]]
Legislative power is held by the ] ]. Its upper house is the ], and the lower house is the ].<ref name="Administration"/> The lower house is chaired by ]. Each house has 82 members. Members of the House of Elders are elected indirectly by local communities for six-year terms. The House of Elders shares power in passing laws with the House of Representatives, and also has the role of solving internal conflicts, and an exclusive power to extend the terms of the President and representatives under circumstances that make an election impossible. Members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people for five-year terms. The House of Representatives shares voting power with the House of Elders, though it can pass a law that the House of Elders rejects if it votes for the law by a 2/3's majority, and has absolute power in financial matters and confirmation of Presidential appointments (except for the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/body_somaliland_parliament.html|title=Somaliland Parliament|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> However, the Parliament provides weak oversight of the executive branch.

The judicial system is divided into district courts, (which deal with matters of family law and succession, lawsuits for amounts up to 3 million ], criminal cases punishable by up to 3 years imprisonment or 3 million SL fines, and crimes committed by juveniles), regional courts (which deal with lawsuits and criminal cases not within the jurisdiction of district courts, labour and employment claims, and local government elections), regional appeals courts (which deal with all appeals from district and regional courts), and the ] (which deals with issues between courts and in government, and reviews its own decisions), which is the highest court and also functions as the Constitutional Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_judicial_system.html|title=Somaliland Judicial System|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>

Somaliland nationality law defines who is a Somaliland citizen,<ref>{{cite book | last=Manby | first=B. | title=Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study | publisher=Open Society Foundations | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-936133-29-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKhONykaQKYC&pg=PA46 | accessdate=2 August 2016 | page=46}}</ref> as well as the procedures by which one may be ] into Somaliland citizenship or ].

The Somaliland government continues to apply the 1962 penal code of the Somali Republic. As such, homosexual acts are illegal in the territory.<ref name="ILGA"></ref>

As of December 2014, Somaliland has three ]: the ], the ], and ]. Under the Somaliland Constitution, a maximum of three political parties is allowed, and parties defined by religion or clan are prohibited, though all official parties are closely affiliated with a clan.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Freedom House ranks the Somaliland government as partly democratic.<ref>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/somaliland</ref>

===Foreign relations===

{{Main article|Foreign relations of Somaliland}}

], President of the Republic of Somaliland, speaking at ] (2010).]]

Somaliland has political contacts with its neighbours ]<ref name="Future recognition">{{cite web | title=Somaliland closer to recognition by Ethiopia | url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/25633 | publisher=Afrol News | accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> and ],<ref name="Djibouti">{{cite web | title=Somaliland, Djibouti in bitter port feud | url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/23556 | publisher=afrol News | accessdate=22 July 2007}}</ref> as well as with ],<ref name="Future recognition"/> ],<ref>{{cite web | title=Somaliland Diplomatic Mission in Sweden | url = http://www.somalilandembassy.se/ | accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Somaliland | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040204/halltext/40204h03.htm | publisher=United Kingdom Parliament | date=4 February 2004 | accessdate=23 July 2007}}</ref> On 17 January 2007, the ] (EU) sent a delegation for foreign affairs to discuss future co-operation.<ref>{{cite web | title=EU Breaks Ice on Financing Somaliland | url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/29775.html | publisher=Global Policy Forum | date=11 February 2003 | accessdate=23 February 2007}}</ref> The ] (AU) has also sent a foreign minister to discuss the future of international acknowledgment, and on 29 and 30 January 2007, the ministers stated that they would discuss acknowledgement with the organisation's member states.<ref>{{cite web | title=AU supports Somali split | url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-02-10-au-supports-somali-split | publisher=Mail and Guardian Online | date=10 February 2006 | accessdate=23 February 2007}}</ref>

In early 2006, the ] extended an official invitation to the Somaliland government to attend the royal opening of the ] in ]. The move was seen as an act of recognition by the Welsh Assembly of the breakaway government's legitimacy. The ] made no comment on the invitation. Wales is home to a significant Somali ] community from Somaliland.<ref>{{cite news | last=Shipton | first=Martin | title=Wales strikes out on its own in its recognition of Somaliland | publisher=Wales Online | date=3 March 2006 | url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/tm_objectid=16766640&method=full&siteid=50082-name_page.html | accessdate=25 June 2010}}</ref>

In 2007, a delegation led by President Kahin was present at the ] in ], ]. Although Somaliland has applied to join the ] under ], its application is still pending.<ref>{{cite web | title=Somaliland on verge of observer status in the Commonwealth | url=http://www.qarannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6381&Itemid=59 | publisher=Qaran News | date=16 November 2009 | accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref>

On 24 September 2010, ], Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, stated that the United States would be modifying its strategy in Somalia and would seek deeper engagement with the governments of Somaliland and Puntland while continuing to support the Somali Transitional Government.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/world/africa/27somalia.html?ref=world | work=The New York Times | title=Helicopter Attacks Militant Meeting in Somalia | first1=Mohamed | last1=Ibrahim | first2=Jeffrey | last2=Gettleman | date=26 September 2010}}</ref> Carson said the US would send aid workers and diplomats to Puntland and Somaliland and alluded to the possibility of future development projects. However, Carson emphasised that the US would not extend formal recognition to either region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/36651|title=afrol News – US near de-facto recognition of Somaliland|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>

The then UK Minister for Africa, ] MP, met President Silanyo of Somaliland in November 2010 to discuss ways in which to increase the UK's engagement with Somaliland.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ukun.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=News&id=204732682 | title=Strengthening the UK's relationship with Somaliland | publisher=Ukun.fco.gov.uk | date=25 November 2010 | accessdate=29 March 2011}}</ref> President Silanyo said during his visit to London: "We have been working with the international community and the international community has been engaging with us, giving us assistance and working with us in our democratisation and development programmes. And we are very happy with the way the international community has been dealing with us, particularly the UK, the US, other European nations and our neighbours who continue to seek recognition."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/feature_button.php?id=20 |title=Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo, President of the Republic of Somaliland – This is Africa |publisher=Thisisafricaonline.com |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=29 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130180830/http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/feature_button.php?id=20 |archivedate=30 January 2011 }}</ref> Recognition of Somaliland by the UK has also been supported by the ], which came 3rd in the popular vote at the 2015 General Election. The leader of UKIP, ], met with Ali Aden Awale, Head of the Somaliland UK Mission on Somaliland's national day, 18 May, in 2015, to express UKIP's support for Somaliland. Nigel Farage said that "Somaliland has been a beacon of peace, democracy and the Rule of Law, in the Horn of Africa for the past 24 years. It is about time the UK and the rest of the international community recognised Somaliland's case for recognition. It's about time peace was rewarded. For the UK to turn its back on their legitimate demands for sovereignty, is wrong. It is extraordinary that we have not been lobbying for their admittance to the Commonwealth. In recent years we have supported the admission of countries such as Mozambique which have no historic links to Britain, but Somaliland, a former protectorate is left in the cold. This must change".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukip.org/ukip_supports_somaliland_national_day|title=UKIP supports Somaliland national day|work=UKIP|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2011, Somaliland and the neighbouring Puntland region each entered a security-related ] with the ]. Following the framework of an earlier agreement signed between the Transitional Federal Government and the Seychelles, the memorandum is "for the transfer of convicted persons to prisons in 'Puntland' and 'Somaliland'".<ref>: "The Government of Seychelles has entered into an agreement with the Transitional Federal Government, and memorandums of understanding with the authorities of "Puntland" and "Somaliland", for the transfer of convicted persons to prisons in "Puntland" and "Somaliland". As set out in the section above concerning Somalia, each proposed transfer under these arrangements requires a request to be made by the Seychelles authorities and the agreement of the relevant Somali authorities."</ref>

===Border disputes===

{{Main article|Puntland–Somaliland dispute}}

Somaliland continues to claim the entire area of the former ].<ref name="const"/> It is currently in control of the western half of the former British Somaliland, with northeastern ] having declared itself a separate, unrecognised autonomous state within Somalia in July 2007, and the disputed southeastern ] state had been under the control of neighbouring ]. A coalition of Gadabuursi intellectuals hailing from the westernmost ] province have threatened to secede if Somaliland's independence is recognised.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/awdal.html | title=Awdal "Republic": Declaration of Independence, Somalia | publisher=] | accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Somaliland: The Myth of Clan-Based Statehood | url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm | publisher=Somalia Watch | date=7 December 2002 | accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>

Tensions between Puntland and Somaliland escalated into violence several times between 2002 and 2009. In October 2004, and again in April and October 2007, armed forces of Somaliland and Puntland clashed near the town of ], the capital of Sool region. In October 2007, Somaliland troops took control of the town.<ref>{{cite web | title=Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia | url=http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/printable.html | publisher=Hoehne, Markus | date=7 November 2007 | accessdate=2 December 2007}}</ref> While celebrating Puntland's 11th anniversary on 2 August 2009, Puntland officials vowed to recapture Las Anod. While Somaliland claims independent statehood and therefore "split up" the "old" Somalia, Puntland works for the re-establishment of a united but ] Somali state.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia | url=http://www.eupjournals.com/doi/abs/10.3366/E0001972009000710?cookieSet=1&journalCode=afr | publisher=Hoehne, Markus | year=2009 | accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref>

Somaliland forces took control of the town of ] in eastern ] on 10 July 2008, along with positions {{convert|5|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} east of the town. The defence forces completed their operations on 9 July 2008 after the Maakhir and Puntland militia in the area left their positions,<ref>{{cite web | title=Somaliland Defence Forces take control of Las Qorey | url=http://www.qarannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2016&Itemid=59 | publisher=Qaran News | date=9 July 2008 | accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref> but control of the territory was later assumed by Puntland as Maakhir was incorporated into the autonomous region in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Maakhir|title=Somalia|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>

In the late 2000s, HBM-SSC (Hoggaanka Badbaadada iyo Mideynta SSC), a local unionist group based in ] was formed with the goal to establish its own regional administration (Sool, Sanaag and Cayn, or SSC).<ref name="Sqfirhbmsscf"/> This later evolved into ], which was established in 2012. The local administration and its constituents does not recognise the Somaliland government's claim to sovereignty or to its territory.<ref name="Srwiks">{{cite news|title=What is Khatumo State?|url=http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/3271/What_is_Khatumo_State|accessdate=14 April 2015|newspaper=Somalia Report|date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

In 2010, the formation of a new autonomous region within a federal Somalia was also declared in the Awdal province. Referred to as ] or the ''Awdal State'', the local administration and the region's residents do not recognise the Somaliland government's claim to sovereignty or to their territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssctimes.com/?p=1447|title=賃貸情報収集術〜目先の利点に騙されない〜|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref><ref></ref>

===Military===

{{Main article|Somaliland Armed Forces}}

The ] are the main military command in Somaliland. Along with the Police Force and all other internal security forces, they are overseen by Somaliland's Ministry of Defence. The current head of Somaliland's Armed Forces is the Minister of Defence, Mudane Ahmed Haj Adami.

]

The Somaliland Army consists of twelve divisions equipped primarily with light weaponry, though it is equipped with some ]s and mobile ]s. Its armoured vehicles and tanks are mostly of Soviet design, though there are some ageing Western vehicles and tanks in its arsenal. The Somaliland Navy (often referred to as a Coast Guard by the ]), despite a crippling lack of equipment and formal training, has apparently had some success at curbing both piracy and illegal fishing within Somaliland waters.<ref>{{cite web| last =Houreld| first = Katharine| title = Somaliland coast guard tries to prevent piracy| work = NavyTimes| publisher = Gannett Government Media Corporation| date = 4 Apr 2011| url = http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/04/ap-piracy-somaliland-coast-guard-040411/ | format = | doi =| accessdate = 27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Hussein| first = Abdi | title = Somaliland's Military is a Shadow of the Past | work = Somalia Report | publisher = Somalia Report | date = 13 August 2011| url = http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1299/Somalilands_Military_Is_A_Shadow_of_the_Past_ | format = | doi = | accessdate = 27 January 2013}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==

[[File:Administrative Regions of Somaliland.png|thumb|Administrative Regions of Somaliland:

{{legend|#EEF48D|1. Awdal}}
{{legend|#E59110|2. Saahil}}
{{legend|#E43838|3. Maroodi-Jeeh }}
{{legend|#47432E|4. Toghdheer}}
{{legend|#817C63|5. Sanaag}}
{{legend|#557C83|6. Sool}}
]]

===Regions===

The following regions are taken from ''Michael Walls: State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation to Institutionalism'' from 2011, ''Somaliland: The Strains of Success'' from 2015 and ActionAID, an humanitarian organization currently active in Somaliland.<ref>

ActionAid International Somaliland (AAIS) supports poor and marginalised communities in three of six Somaliland administrative regions
</ref><ref>State Formation in Somaliland: Bringing Deliberation to Institutionalism. Michael Walls, Planning Unit, UCL February 2011<nowiki/>http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1302550/1/1302550.pdf</ref><ref>Somaliland: The Strains of Success Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°113 Nairobi/Brussels, 5 October 2015

https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf
</ref>{{Main article|Regions of Somaliland}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Rank !! Regions !! Capital !! Districts
|-
|1||] || ] || ] -] -] -]
|-
|2||] || ] || ] -Ma-dheera -Bulahaar -Haggal
|-
|3||] || ] || ] -] -Salaxlay -Faraweyne -Sabawanaag -Caddaadlay -Daarasalaam -Allaybaday -Dacar Budhuq
|-
|4||] || ] || ] -] -] -Sh. Xasan Geelle -Qoryaale
|-
|5||] || ] || ] -] -] -] -] -] -Darar-weyne -] -Xiis
|-
|6||] || ] || ] -] -] -] -]
|}<ref>http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Xeerka_Gobollada_iyo_Degmooyinka_2007.htm</ref>

==Geography==

] are waterfalls located in the ] mountain.]]

] countryside en route to ].]]

Somaliland is situated in northwestern Somalia. It lies between the 08°00' – 11°30' parallel north of the equator and between 42°30' – 49°00' ] east of ]. It is bordered by ] to the west, ] to the south, and the ] region of Somalia to the east. Somaliland has a {{convert|740|km|mi|0}} coastline with the majority lying along the ]. The region is slightly larger than ], with an area of {{convert|137600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.
] Mountains, home to numerous endemic species.]]
Somaliland's climate is a mixture of wet and dry conditions. The northern part of the region is hilly, and in many places the altitude ranges between {{convert|900|and|2100|m|ft|-2}} above sea level. The ], ] and ] (Woqooyi Galbeed) regions are fertile and mountainous, while ] is mostly ] with little fertile greenery around. The Awdal region is also known for its offshore islands, ]s and ]s.
] beach.]]
A scrub-covered, semi-desert plain referred as the '']'' lies parallel to the Gulf of Aden littoral. With a width of {{convert|12|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} in the west to as little as {{convert|2|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} in the east, the plain is bisected by watercourses that are essentially beds of dry sand except during the rainy seasons. When the rains arrive, the Guban's low bushes and grass clumps transform into lush vegetation.<ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> This coastal strip is part of the ] ].

] is a ] in the northern part of the country. Extending from the northwest of ] to several kilometres west of the city of ], it features Somalia's highest ], ], which sits at an elevation of about {{convert|2416|m|ft|0}}.<ref name=2009factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=Somalia|accessdate=31 May 2009|date=14 May 2009|work=]|publisher=]}}</ref> The rugged east-west ranges of the Karkaar Mountains also lie to the interior of the Gulf of Aden littoral.<ref name="Hadden"/> In the central regions, the northern mountain ranges give way to shallow plateaus and typically dry watercourses that are referred to locally as the '']''. The Ogo's western plateau, in turn, gradually merges into the ], an important grazing area for livestock.<ref name="Hadden"/>

===Climate===

]

Across this relatively peaceful corner of the Horn of Africa, where black-headed sheep scamper among the thorn bushes, dainty gerenuk balance on their hind legs to nibble from hardy shrubs, and skinny camels wearing rough-hewn bells lumber over rocky slopes, people long accustomed to a harsh environment find they cannot cope after years of below-average rainfall.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/nov/23/somaliland-climate-change-drought-cyclones-life-or-death-challenge</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = ]
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 31.1
|Feb record high C = 31.7
|Mar record high C = 32.8
|Apr record high C = 32.8
|May record high C = 35.0
|Jun record high C = 33.9
|Jul record high C = 33.9
|Aug record high C = 33.3
|Sep record high C = 32.8
|Oct record high C = 31.7
|Nov record high C = 30.6
|Dec record high C = 28.9
|year record high C = 35.0
| Jan high C = 24.2
| Feb high C = 26.6
| Mar high C = 28.7
| Apr high C = 29.2
| May high C = 30.5
| Jun high C = 31.0
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 29.2
| Sep high C = 30.5
| Oct high C = 28.2
| Nov high C = 26.0
| Dec high C = 23.7
|year high C = 28.1
| Jan mean C = 17.7
| Feb mean C = 18.7
| Mar mean C = 21.6
| Apr mean C = 23.0
| May mean C = 24.1
| Jun mean C = 24.3
| Jul mean C = 23.6
| Aug mean C = 23.6
| Sep mean C = 23.6
| Oct mean C = 24.1
| Nov mean C = 18.7
| Dec mean C = 18.0
| year mean C = 21.7
| Jan low C = 11.6
| Feb low C = 12.6
| Mar low C = 15.0
| Apr low C = 16.6
| May low C = 17.7
| Jun low C = 17.7
| Jul low C = 17.1
| Aug low C = 17.1
| Sep low C = 17.1
| Oct low C = 15.0
| Nov low C = 13.1
| Dec low C = 12.1
|year low C = 15.2
|Jan record low C = 2.8
|Feb record low C = 2.8
|Mar record low C = 3.9
|Apr record low C = 9.4
|May record low C = 11.7
|Jun record low C = 11.7
|Jul record low C = 10.5
|Aug record low C = 11.1
|Sep record low C = 11.1
|Oct record low C = 7.2
|Nov record low C = 4.4
|Dec record low C = 4.4
|year record low C = 2.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 2
|Feb precipitation mm = 2
|Mar precipitation mm = 36
|Apr precipitation mm = 53
|May precipitation mm = 49
|Jun precipitation mm = 61
|Jul precipitation mm = 38
|Aug precipitation mm = 81
|Sep precipitation mm = 61
|Oct precipitation mm = 20
|Nov precipitation mm = 8
|Dec precipitation mm = 1
|year precipitation mm = 412
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1
|Feb precipitation days = 1
|Mar precipitation days = 3
|Apr precipitation days = 6
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 9
|Jul precipitation days = 8
|Aug precipitation days = 10
|Sep precipitation days = 11
|Oct precipitation days = 4
|Nov precipitation days = 1
|Dec precipitation days = 0
|year precipitation days = 61
|Jan humidity = 65
|Feb humidity = 65
|Mar humidity = 58
|Apr humidity = 57
|May humidity = 56
|Jun humidity = 55
|Jul humidity = 53
|Aug humidity = 53
|Sep humidity = 55
|Oct humidity = 56
|Nov humidity = 61
|Dec humidity = 64
|year humidity =
| Jan percentsun = 80
| Feb percentsun = 73
| Mar percentsun = 80
| Apr percentsun = 73
| May percentsun = 64
| Jun percentsun = 73
| Jul percentsun = 64
| Aug percentsun = 64
| Sep percentsun = 73
| Oct percentsun = 80
| Nov percentsun = 80
| Dec percentsun = 80
| year percentsun = 74
|source 1 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (temperatures, humidity and percent sunshine)<ref name = faoclimate>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20161104142616/http://www.faoswalim.org/resources/site_files/W-01%20Climate%20of%20Somalia_0.pdf
| archivedate = 4 November 2016
| url = http://www.faoswalim.org/resources/site_files/W-01%20Climate%20of%20Somalia_0.pdf
| title = Climate of Somalia
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization
| pages = 69–73
| accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref><ref name = faosun>
{{cite web
| url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls
| title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization
| accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = ] (extremes and precipitation)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631700_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Hargeisa / Somalia
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = German
| accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = ]
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 35.3
|Feb record high C = 35.0
|Mar record high C = 35.0
|Apr record high C = 42.2
|May record high C = 47.3
|Jun record high C = 49.1
|Jul record high C = 47.7
|Aug record high C = 46.7
|Sep record high C = 46.0
|Oct record high C = 41.7
|Nov record high C = 36.7
|Dec record high C = 36.1
|year record high C = 49.1
| Jan high C = 27.9
| Feb high C = 29.2
| Mar high C = 30.7
| Apr high C = 31.0
| May high C = 35.7
| Jun high C = 42.8
| Jul high C = 42.9
| Aug high C = 41.9
| Sep high C = 39.7
| Oct high C = 33.1
| Nov high C = 30.0
| Dec high C = 28.6
| year high C = 34.5
| Jan mean C = 25.0
| Feb mean C = 25.0
| Mar mean C = 26.1
| Apr mean C = 28.3
| May mean C = 31.1
| Jun mean C = 33.5
| Jul mean C = 36.1
| Aug mean C = 35.6
| Sep mean C = 33.3
| Oct mean C = 28.8
| Nov mean C = 26.7
| Dec mean C = 26.7
|year mean C = 30.0
| Jan low C = 21.3
| Feb low C = 21.6
| Mar low C = 23.3
| Apr low C = 25.2
| May low C = 27.7
| Jun low C = 31.0
| Jul low C = 31.8
| Aug low C = 31.1
| Sep low C = 29.3
| Oct low C = 24.0
| Nov low C = 22.2
| Dec low C = 21.6
| year low C = 25.8
|Jan record low C = 14.4
|Feb record low C = 15.6
|Mar record low C = 16.7
|Apr record low C = 18.9
|May record low C = 20.6
|Jun record low C = 22.2
|Jul record low C = 20.6
|Aug record low C = 20.0
|Sep record low C = 17.8
|Oct record low C = 16.7
|Nov record low C = 16.1
|Dec record low C = 15.0
|year record low C = 14.4
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 8
| Feb precipitation mm = 2
| Mar precipitation mm = 5
| Apr precipitation mm = 12
| May precipitation mm = 8
| Jun precipitation mm = 1
| Jul precipitation mm = 1
| Aug precipitation mm = 2
| Sep precipitation mm = 1
| Oct precipitation mm = 2
| Nov precipitation mm = 5
| Dec precipitation mm = 5
|year precipitation mm = 52
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 0.6
|Feb precipitation days = 0.6
|Mar precipitation days = 0.5
|Apr precipitation days = 0.7
|May precipitation days = 0.8
|Jun precipitation days = 0.1
|Jul precipitation days = 0.3
|Aug precipitation days = 0.5
|Sep precipitation days = 0.4
|Oct precipitation days = 0.2
|Nov precipitation days = 0.3
|Dec precipitation days = 0.4
|year precipitation days = 5.2
| Jan humidity = 78
| Feb humidity = 79
| Mar humidity = 79
| Apr humidity = 81
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 44
| Aug humidity = 45
| Sep humidity = 51
| Oct humidity = 72
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 76
|year humidity = 67
| Jan percentsun = 80
| Feb percentsun = 80
| Mar percentsun = 80
| Apr percentsun = 83
| May percentsun = 83
| Jun percentsun = 87
| Jul percentsun = 80
| Aug percentsun = 87
| Sep percentsun = 87
| Oct percentsun = 87
| Nov percentsun = 87
| Dec percentsun = 80
| year percentsun =
|source 1 = Arab Meteorology Book (average temperatures, humidity and precipitation),<ref name=climate>{{cite web
| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data
| publisher = Springer
| accessdate = 22 October 2016}}</ref> ] (precipitation days, 1908–1950 and extremes)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631600_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Berbera / Somalia
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = German
| accessdate = 22 October 2016}}</ref>
| source 2 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)<ref name = "Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia">
{{cite web
| url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls
| title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization
| accessdate = 4 November 2011}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| location = ]
| single line = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| Jan high F = 79.7
| Feb high F = 82.4
| Mar high F = 85.5
| Apr high F = 87.3
| May high F = 88.3
| Jun high F = 88
| Jul high F = 84.9
| Aug high F = 86.7
| Sep high F = 88.9
| Oct high F = 85.6
| Nov high F = 81.7
| Dec high F = 79.7
| year high F = 84.9
| Jan low F = 54.9
| Feb low F = 56.8
| Mar low F = 60.1
| Apr low F = 63.1
| May low F = 65.1
| Jun low F = 66.9
| Jul low F = 66.9
| Aug low F = 67.1
| Sep low F = 66.9
| Oct low F = 61.2
| Nov low F = 57.7
| Dec low F = 55
| year low F = 61.8
| Jan precipitation mm = 2
| Feb precipitation mm = 0
| Mar precipitation mm = 6
| Apr precipitation mm = 50
| May precipitation mm = 59
| Jun precipitation mm = 14
| Jul precipitation mm = 13
| Aug precipitation mm = 13
| Sep precipitation mm = 30
| Oct precipitation mm = 26
| Nov precipitation mm = 9
| Dec precipitation mm = 0
| year precipitation mm = 222
| source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=631750&refer=wikipedia |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Burao, Somalia
| publisher = Weatherbase
| year = 2011
| accessdate = November 24, 2011}}</ref>
| source 2 = Climate Data.ORG <ref name="Climate Data.ORG">
{{cite web
| url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/907/ |title =Climate: Burao, Somalia
| publisher = Climate-Data.org
| year = 2013
| accessdate = December 28, 2013
}}
{{Weather box|location = ]
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 24.6
|Feb high C = 25.4
|Mar high C = 27.5
|Apr high C = 27.8
|May high C = 29.3
|Jun high C = 30.0
|Jul high C = 28.8
|Aug high C = 28.8
|Sep high C = 29.0
|Oct high C = 27.4
|Nov high C = 25.8
|Dec high C = 24.4
|Jan low C = 9.7
|Feb low C = 11.7
|Mar low C = 13.8
|Apr low C = 15.7
|May low C = 17.0
|Jun low C = 18.3
|Jul low C = 17.8
|Aug low C = 17.6
|Sep low C = 17.3
|Oct low C = 13.7
|Nov low C = 11.3
|Dec low C = 10.4
|Jan rain mm = 6
|Feb rain mm = 21
|Mar rain mm = 36
|Apr rain mm = 86
|May rain mm = 61
|Jun rain mm = 32
|Jul rain mm = 78
|Aug rain mm = 112
|Sep rain mm = 86
|Oct rain mm = 18
|Nov rain mm = 10
|Dec rain mm = 2
|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'',<ref name="Climate-Data.org"/> altitude: 1454m<ref name="swalim">{{Cite web|url=http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-12%20Land%20Resources%20of%20Somalia.pdf |title=Land Resources Assessment of Somalia |date=June 2009 |publisher=] |page=10 |accessdate=October 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010751/http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-12%20Land%20Resources%20of%20Somalia.pdf |archivedate=October 5, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = ]
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 30.5
|Feb record high C = 33.5
|Mar record high C = 32.0
|Apr record high C = 33.5
|May record high C = 31.5
|Jun record high C = 30.5
|Jul record high C = 30.5
|Aug record high C = 30.0
|Sep record high C = 30.0
|Oct record high C = 29.5
|Nov record high C = 29.5
|Dec record high C = 28.0
|year record high C = 33.5
| Jan high C = 24.5
| Feb high C = 25.5
| Mar high C = 25.5
| Apr high C = 26.5
| May high C = 26.5
| Jun high C = 26.0
| Jul high C = 26.0
| Aug high C = 26.0
| Sep high C = 25.5
| Oct high C = 25.0
| Nov high C = 24.0
| Dec high C = 23.5
|year high C = 25.5
| Jan mean C = 15.0
| Feb mean C = 16.0
| Mar mean C = 17.0
| Apr mean C = 18.0
| May mean C = 19.0
| Jun mean C = 19.5
| Jul mean C = 19.5
| Aug mean C = 19.5
| Sep mean C = 18.5
| Oct mean C = 16.5
| Nov mean C = 15.5
| Dec mean C = 14.5
|year mean C = 17.5
| Jan low C = 5.5
| Feb low C = 7.0
| Mar low C = 8.5
| Apr low C = 10.0
| May low C = 11.5
| Jun low C = 13.0
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 13.5
| Sep low C = 11.5
| Oct low C = 8.5
| Nov low C = 7.0
| Dec low C = 5.5
|year low C = 9.5
|Jan record low C = -3.5
|Feb record low C = 0.5
|Mar record low C = 0.5
|Apr record low C = 2.0
|May record low C = 1.5
|Jun record low C = 4.0
|Jul record low C = 5.0
|Aug record low C = 4.5
|Sep record low C = 3.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -3.0
|Dec record low C = -3.5
|year record low C = -3.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 18
|Feb precipitation mm = 13
|Mar precipitation mm = 33
|Apr precipitation mm = 38
|May precipitation mm = 81
|Jun precipitation mm = 64
|Jul precipitation mm = 10
|Aug precipitation mm = 41
|Sep precipitation mm = 114
|Oct precipitation mm = 8
|Nov precipitation mm = 13
|Dec precipitation mm = 2
|year precipitation mm = 435
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1
|Feb precipitation days = 3
|Mar precipitation days = 6
|Apr precipitation days = 5
|May precipitation days = 8
|Jun precipitation days = 9
|Jul precipitation days = 1
|Aug precipitation days = 5
|Sep precipitation days = 15
|Oct precipitation days = 1
|Nov precipitation days = 2
|Dec precipitation days = 0
|year precipitation days = 56
|time day = 14:00
|Jan humidity = 34
|Feb humidity = 35
|Mar humidity = 42
|Apr humidity = 56
|May humidity = 51
|Jun humidity = 48
|Jul humidity = 43
|Aug humidity = 49
|Sep humidity = 55
|Oct humidity = 43
|Nov humidity = 34
|Dec humidity = 37
|year humidity = 44
|source 1 = ]<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631800_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Erigavo / Somalia
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = German
| accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref>
| date = July 2012}}

==Economy==

{{Main article|Bank of Somaliland|Somaliland shilling}}

] in ].]]

The ] which cannot easily be exchanged outside Somaliland on account of the nation's lack of recognition, is regulated by the ], the ], which was established constitutionally in 1994. It may not be considered valid tender in disputed areas such as ] or the district of ], which are not administered as part of Somaliland and continue to use the ] despite being claimed by the Somaliland government.

Since Somaliland is unrecognised, international donors have found it difficult to provide aid. As a result, the government relies mainly upon tax receipts and ]s from the large ], which contribute immensely to Somaliland's economy.<ref name=ODI1>Daniel Harris with Marta Foresti 2011. . London: ]</ref> Remittances come to Somaliland through ], the largest of which is ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12279880 |title=Somaliland hope |publisher=BBC News |date=26 January 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> one of the few Somali money transfer companies that conform to modern money-transfer regulations. The ] estimates that remittances worth approximately US$1 billion reach Somalia annually from ] working in the ] states, Europe and the United States. Analysts say that Dahabshiil may handle around two-thirds of that figure and as much as half of it reaches Somaliland alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remittances a lifeline to Somalis |url=http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=1687 |publisher=Global Post |date=4 July 2009 |accessdate=2 April 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
].]]

Since the late 1990s, service provisions have significantly improved through limited government provisions and contributions from ], religious groups, the international community (especially the diaspora), and the growing private sector. Local and municipal governments have been developing key public service provisions such as water in Hargeisa and education, electricity, and security in Berbera.<ref name=ODI1/> In 2009, the ] (BCIMR), based in ], opened a branch in ] and became the first bank in the country since the 1990 collapse of the ].

].]]

Various ]s firms also have branches in Somaliland. Among these companies is ], one of the largest operators in Somaliland. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the local market with telecommunications services such as ], ], and ], it has an extensive network that covers all of Somaliland's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Somalia and Somaliland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golis Telecom Somalia Profile|publisher = Golis Telecom website|url=http://www.golistelecom.com/about_g.htm|accessdate=17 December 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022212418/http://golistelecom.com/about_g.htm|archivedate=22 October 2007}}</ref> Telesom also offers among the cheapest international calling rates at US$0.2 less than its nearest competitor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia calling; Mobile phones.(Golis Telecom Somalia)|publisher=Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5328015|accessdate=20 December 2005|date=20 December 2005}}</ref> Other telecommunication firms serving the region include ], ] and ].

Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland's economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the Berbera port and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7935139.stm Riches of Somaliland remain untapped</ref>

] is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of ]s and ]. Mining also has potential, though simple ]ing represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits.<ref name="profile"/>

===Tourism===

{{main article|Tourism in Somaliland}}

] in 1896.]]
The ] and caves at ], situated on the outskirts of ], are a popular local tourist attraction. Totaling ten caves, they were discovered by a ] archaeological team in 2002 and are believed to date back around 5,000 years. The government and locals keep the ]s safe and only a restricted number of tourists are allowed entry.<ref name="Ggsesl">{{cite news|last=Bakano|first=Otto|title=Grotto galleries show early Somali life|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jMNd90UAafsRNEDPyelL7Hee1ydw?docId=CNG.82196a5b15ef45a2d4e744675740cd6a.6e1|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=AFP|date=24 April 2011}}</ref> Other notable sights include the Freedom Arch in Hargeisa and the ] in the city centre. Natural attractions are very common around the region. The ] are twin hills located on the outskirts of Hargeisa that Somalis in the region consider to be a majestic natural landmark.

The Ministry of Tourism has also encouraged travellers to visit historic towns and cities in Somaliland. The historic town of ] is located near Berbera and is home to old British colonial buildings that have remained untouched for over forty years. ] also houses historic and impressive ] buildings. Another equally famous historic city is ]. Zeila was once part of the ], a dependency of ] and ] and a major trade city during the 19th century. The city has been visited for its old colonial landmarks, offshore ]s and coral reefs, towering cliffs, and beach. The ]ic culture of Somaliland has also attracted tourists. Most nomads live in the countryside.

===Transport===

] in ].]]

Bus services operate in ], ], ], ] and ]. There are also road transportation services between the major towns and adjacent villages, which are operated by different types of vehicles. Among these are ]s, ]s, ]es and ]s (LGV).

The most prominent airlines serving Somaliland is ], a Somali-owned private carrier with regular international flights that emerged after ] ceased operations. ] and ] also fly from airports in Somaliland to ], ], ] and ], and offer flights for the ] and ] pilgrimages via the ] in Hargeisa. Other major airports in the region include the ].

=== Ports ===

In June 2016, the Somaliland government signed an agreement with ] to manage the strategic port of ] with the aim of enhancing productive capacity and acting as an alternative port for landlocked Ethiopia.

==Demographics==

===Languages===

{{main article|Languages of Somaliland}}

] ] in the ].]]
Most people in Somaliland speak two of the three official languages: ], ] and ]. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 designates the official language of Somaliland to be Somali,<ref name="const"/> though Arabic is a mandatory subject in school and is used in ]s around the region and ] is spoken and taught in schools. English was proclaimed an official language later, outside the constitution.<ref></ref>

The Somali language belongs to the ] branch of the ] family. Its nearest relatives are the ] and ] languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/b14r67j54k377r7g/|title=A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali|accessdate=28 March 2016 | doi=10.1007/BF01540131|volume=2|journal=Computers and Translation|pages=21–36}}</ref> with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and ]. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the ] coast from ] to south of ], including ], as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional ]s which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (]) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.

Since Somali had long lost its ancient script,<ref>Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, ''The writing of the Somali language'', (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974), p.5</ref> a number of ]s have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the ] is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), ''Middle East annual review'', (1975), p.229</ref>

The script was developed by the Somali linguist ] specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except ''p'', ''v'' and ''z''. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established ] and ], in addition to various indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century.<ref>David D. Laitin, ''Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience'', (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), pp.86–87</ref>

===Religion===

{{See also|Islam in Somalia}}

]ic tablet.]]

With few exceptions, Somalis in Somaliland and elsewhere are ]s, the majority belonging to the ] branch of ] and the ] school of ].<ref name="Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.1</ref> As with southern Somali coastal towns such as ] and ], there is also a presence of ], Islamic mysticism; particularly the Arab Rifa'iya ].<ref name="Lewissaisom">I. M. Lewis, ''Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society'', (The Red Sea Press: 1998), p.11.</ref> Through the influence of the diaspora from Yemen and ], stricter ] also has a noticeable presence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somaliland: Going it alone|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21674835-functional-part-dysfunctional-country-going-it-alone|accessdate=18 October 2015|work=]|date=17 October 2015}}</ref> Though traces of pre-Islamic traditional religion exist in Somaliland, Islam is dominant to the Somali sense of national identity. Many of the Somali social norms come from their religion. For example, most Somali women wear a ] when they are in public. In addition, religious Somalis abstain from ] and ], and also try to avoid receiving or paying any form of interest (]). Muslims generally congregate on Friday afternoons for a sermon and group prayer.

Under the ], Islam is the ] of Somaliland, and no laws may violate the principles of ]. The promotion of any religion other than Islam is illegal, and the state promotes Islamic tenets and discourages behaviour contrary to "Islamic morals".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_constitution.htm|title=Somaliland Constitution|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>

Somaliland has very few ]s. In 1913, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the Somali territories, with about 100–200 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the handful of ] missions in the British Somaliland protectorate.<ref>Charles George Herbermann, ''The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church'', Volume 14, (Robert Appleton company: 1913), p.139.</ref> The small number of Christians in the region today mostly come from similar Catholic institutions in ], ], and ].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Somaliland}}</ref>

Somaliland falls within the Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa as part of Somalia, under the ] . However, there are no current congregations in the territory.<ref>Webpage of </ref> The ] is designated to serve the area as part of Somalia. However, since 1990 there has been no Bishop of Mogadishu, and the Bishop of Djibouti acts as Apostolic Administrator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/moga0.htm|title=Diocese of Mogadishu, Somalia|publisher=|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> The ] also indicates that there are no Adventist members.<ref></ref>

=== Largest cities ===

{{Largest cities of Somaliland}}

==Culture==

{{Main article|Culture of Somaliland}}

===Clan system===

Somaliland has a population of about 3.5 million people. {{As of|2006}}, the largest clan family in Somaliland is the ] making up 85% respectively. The ] of the ] comes second by population and thirdly, the ] of the ] clan<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Research Directorate, Immigration |author2=Refugee Board, Canada |lastauthoramp=yes | date=1 September 1996 | title=Somaliland: Information on the current situation of the Isaaq clan and on the areas in which they live | url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6ac0350 | id=SML24647.E | publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |dead-url=no | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232322/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6ac0350 | archive-date=19 October 2013 | accessdate=27 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=YY94tCLBqp4C&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=Gadabuursi+2nd+largest+clan+in+Somaliland&source=bl&ots=vLyes9D0ZG&sig=eVcY18eNORmS-sOJ9_O-4OHmfQ8&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5rb_T4ZnPAhXIB8AKHRS8AU4Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=Gadabuursi%25202nd%2520largest%2520clan%2520in%2520Somaliland&f=false|title=Countries That Aren't Really Countries|last=|first=|publisher=PediaPress|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=22|language=en|quote=The second largest clan of the region, and that of the current president, is the Gadabuursi.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=me4YBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=GUdabirsi,+the+second+largest+clan+in+Somaliland&source=bl&ots=TSkLOpTDA2&sig=ddPbkKYwJTeOEVPkppIKLMl5McU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ5Z_UiaPPAhWrDMAKHfrPD3AQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=GUdabirsi%252C%2520the%2520second%2520largest%2520clan%2520in%2520Somaliland&f=false|title=Bright spots demonstrate community successes in African agriculture|last=Vries|first=F. W. T. Penning de|date=1 January 2005|publisher=IWMI|year=|isbn=9789290906186|location=|pages=67|language=en|quote=Gadabursi, the second largest clan in Somaliland, was peacefully elected as president.|via=}}</ref>

The ] groupings of the Somali people are important ]s, and have a central role in Somali culture and politics. Clans are ] and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions.

Somali society is traditionally ethnically ]. To extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ] from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the ] clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (], 28; ], 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the ] clan family (] 2, ] 1).<ref>Ioan M. Lewis, ''Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society'', (Red Sea Press: 1994), p.51</ref>

The ] constitute the largest Somali clan in Somaliland. The populations of five major cities in Somaliland – ], ], ], ] and ] – are predominantly Isaaq.<ref> By Philip Briggs. Google Books.</ref> They exclusively dominate the ] and ] regions, and form a majority of the population inhabiting the western and central areas of ] region, including the regional capital ]. The ] also have a large presence in the western and northern parts of ] region as well, centered around ] and its environs. They also live in north-east of ] region. Eastern ]'s residents mainly hail from the Dhulbahante, a subdivision of the ] confederation of ] sub-clans, and are concentrated at ].<ref name="RAS">Royal African Society, African affairs, Volume 101, Issues 402–405, (Oxford University Press: 2002), p.103.</ref> The ], another Harti Darod sub-clan, constitute a large number of residents in the eastern ], and their population is mainly concentrated around ].<ref name=autogenerated3>Royal African Society, ''African affairs'', Volume 101, Issues 402–405, (Oxford University Press: 2002), p.103.</ref> The ] and ] primarily live in the ] region, with the ] centered at ], and the ] concentrated around the ] border at ] .<ref>Samatar, Abdi I. (2001) "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University," {{URL|1=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/bildhaan/vol1/iss1/9|2=Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies: Vol. 1, Article 9}}, p. 132.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AAAwAAQBAJ|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last=Dostal|first=Walter|last2=Kraus|first2=Wolfgang|date=22 April 2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9780857716774|location=|page=296|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=YY94tCLBqp4C&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=Gadabuursi+2nd+largest+clan+in+Somaliland&source=bl&ots=vLyes9D0ZG&sig=eVcY18eNORmS-sOJ9_O-4OHmfQ8&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5rb_T4ZnPAhXIB8AKHRS8AU4Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=Gadabuursi%2525202nd%252520largest%252520clan%252520in%252520Somaliland&f=false|title=Countries That Aren't Really Countries|last=|first=|publisher=PediaPress|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=22|language=en|via=}}</ref>

===Cuisine===

] (''canjeero)''.]]

It is considered polite for one to leave a little bit of food on one's plate after finishing a meal at another's home. This tells the host that one has been given enough food. If one were to clean his or her plate that would indicate that one is still hungry. Most Somalis do not take this rule so seriously, but it is certainly not impolite to leave a few bits of food on one's plate. Somali breakfast typically includes a flatbread called ] (]), as well as ], toast, harakoo, cereal, and ] made of ] or ]. Lunch can be a mixture of rice or pasta with meat and sauce.

Also consumed during lunchtime is a traditional soup referred to as '']'', which is also part of ]i cuisine. Maraq is made of vegetables, meat and beans and is usually eaten with flatbread or ] bread. Later in the day, a lighter meal is served that includes ]s, ], muffo (patties made of oats or corn), or a salad with more lahoh/].

===Arts===

] and ] have been described as the twin pillars of Somali culture. Somali poetry is mainly oral, with both male and female poets. They use things that are common in the Somali language as metaphors. Almost all Somalis are ]s and Islam is vitally important to the Somali sense of ]. Most Somalis do not belong to a specific ] or sect and can pray in any mosque they find.

Celebrations come in the form of religious festivities. Two of the most important are ] and ], which marks the end of the fasting month. Families get dressed up to visit one another, and money is donated to the poor. Other holidays include 26 June and 18 May, which celebrate British Somaliland's independence and the Somaliland region's establishment, respectively; the latter, however, is not recognised by the international community.

] powder is mixed with water and then applied on the hair.]]

In the ]ic culture, where one's possessions are frequently moved, there is little reason for the ] to be highly developed. Somalis embellish and decorate their woven and wooden milk jugs (''haamo''; the most decorative jugs are made in ]) as well as wooden headrests. Traditional dance is also important, though mainly as a form of courtship among young people. One such dance known as ''Ciyaar Soomaali'' is a local favourite.

An important form of art in Somali culture is ] art. The custom of applying henna dates back to antiquity. During special occasions, a Somali woman's hands and feet are expected to be covered in decorative ]. Girls and women usually apply or decorate their hands and feet in henna on festive celebrations like ] or weddings. The henna designs vary from very simple to highly intricate. Somali designs vary, with some more modern and simple while others are traditional and intricate. Traditionally, only women apply it as ], as it is considered a ] custom. Henna is not only applied on the hands and feet but is also used as a ]. Somali men and women alike use henna as a dye to change their ]. Women are free to apply henna on their hair as most of the time they are wearing a ].

==See also==

{{portal|Geography|Africa|<!-- Horn if Africa -->|Somaliland|<!-- Somaliland -->}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources and references==

* {{Catholic|wstitle=Somaliland}}
*
* Hoehne, Markus V. 2009: Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia, ''Africa'' 79/2, pp.&nbsp;252–281.
* Hoehne, Markus V. 2007: Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia: Who cuts the Gordian knot?, published online on 7 November 2007. http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/
* http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582

==Bibliography==

* Bradbury, Mark, ''Becoming Somaliland'' (James Currey, 2008)
* Michael Schoiswohl: ''Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized'' De Facto ''Regimes in International Law: The Case of 'Somaliland''' (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2004), ISBN 90-04-13655-X

==External links==

{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons}}
<!-- ] -->
{{Sister project links|Somaliland|voy=Somaliland}}
* {{wikiatlas|Somaliland}}
* {{GovPubs|somaliland}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Somaliland}}
*
*
*

{{Somaliland topics}}
{{states of Somalia}}
{{Somali Plate}}
{{States with limited recognition}}
{{Africa}}
{{Indian Ocean}}
{{Africa topic}}
{{Geography of Africa}}
{{UNPO}}

]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Revision as of 16:29, 19 June 2017

North region of Somalia.

Somaliland: Difference between revisions Add topic